IBRAIN

BUILDS YOUR CONFIDIENCE

Test / Exam Name: Ch 1 Standard: 10th Subject: Social Studies

Student Name: Section: Roll No.:
Questions: 258 Time: 03:00 hh:mm Marks: 691

Q1. Which one of the following refers to investment? 1 Mark

A The money spent on religious ceremonies. B The money spent on social customs.
C The money spent to buy assets such as land. D The money spent on household goods.
Ans: C The money spent to buy assets such as land.
Q2. Which one of the following is the preceding Government Agency of NITIT Aayog? 1 Mark
A Planning Commission B Election Commission
C University Grants Commission D Union Public Service Commission
Ans: A Planning Commission
Q3. There are two statements given as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read both the statements and choose the correct option. 1 Mark
Assertion (A): Agriculture and industry move hand in hand.
Reason (R): Industrial development is a precondition for eradication of unemployment and poverty from the country.
A Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) B Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R)
is the correct explanation of the Assertion (A). is not the correct explanation of the Assertion (A).
C Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false. D Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Ans: B Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of the Assertion (A).
Q4. Groundwater is an example of …………..resources? 1 Mark
A Renewable. B Non-renewable. C Protected. D Reserve.
Ans: A Renewable.
Q5. For development, people look at a mix of ______. 1 Mark
A Accountability. B Responsibilities. C Goals. D None of the abov.
Ans: C Goals.
Q6. What are the developmental goals of landless rural labourers? 1 Mark
A More days of work and better wages. B Acquirement of land for self tilling.
C More hours of work. D Self-reliance.
Ans: A More days of work and better wages.
Q7. Which one among the following is a developmental goal common to all? 1 Mark
A Freedom B Equal opportunities
C Security and respect D High levels of income and better quality of life.
Ans: D High levels of income and better quality of life.
Explanation:
High levels of income and better quality of life is a developmental goal common to all.
HDI measures the average income, health and education.
Q8. Which of the following things money cannot buy? 1 Mark
A Building. B Pollution free environment.
C Flowers. D Books.
Ans: B Pollution free environment.
Q9. As per 2013 report ________ had the HDI rank of 135 in the world. 1 Mark
A SriLanka. B Pakistan. C India. D Bangladesh.
Ans: C India.
Q10. Countries with per capita income of US$ ………… per annum and above in 2017, are called rich countries? 1 Mark
A 12,126. B 11246. C 12056. D 10056.
Ans: C 12056.
Q11. Proportion of literate population in the 7 years and above age group is termed as: 1 Mark
A Education index. B Mortality ratio. C Literacy rate. D Gross enrolment ratio.
Ans: C Literacy rate.
Q12. Resources which will get exhausted after years of use are:​​ 1 Mark
A Renewable resources. B Non-durable resources.
C Non-renewable resources. D Competing resources.
Ans: C Non-renewable resources.
Q13. What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries? 1 Mark
A Literacy rate B Crude oil reserves C Per capita income D None of these
Ans: C Per capita income
Explanation:
Per capita income is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries.
Per capita income is the total income of the country divided by the number of people in that country.
Q14. Which one is not an important goal of our life? 1 Mark
A Good education. B Blood donation.
C High salaried job. D Facilities for going abroad.
Ans: B Blood donation.
Q15. The percentage of rural children aged 10-14 years attending school in UP is: 1 Mark
A 21% B 23% C 27% D 31%
Ans: D 31%
Explanation:
It is 31%.
Q16. Which of the following is a developed country? 1 Mark
A Indonesia B Bangladesh C America D Sri Lanka
Ans: C America
Explanation:
Indonesia - Developing country.
Bangladesh - Underdeveloped country.
Sri Lanka - Developing country.
America - Developed country.
Q17. Which of the following is a low-Income country? 1 Mark
A South Africa B Singapore C UK D Japan
Ans: A South Africa
Explanation:
UK, Japan, and Singapore are developed economies.
They have high per capita income.
South Africa is a 'Developing Country' with low - income levels.
South Africa is the 2nd largest economy in Africa after Nigeria.
Q18. Which of the following is true of a job which offer high pay but no job security and no time for yourfamily: 1 Mark
A Tension and more ability to work. B Mental torture.
C Loss of sense of security and freedom. D None of the above.
Ans: C Loss of sense of security and freedom.
Explanation:
It will lead to loss of the sense of security and freedom.
Q19. Literary rate for rural women population in UP is: 1 Mark
A 18% B 19% C 20% D 21%
Ans: B 19%
Explanation:
It is 19%.
Q20. What is/are the major long-term objective/ s of Indian planning? 1 Mark
A Increase in national and per capita income B Reducing inequalities
 C Creating employment facilities D All of these
Ans: D All of these
Explanation:
The major long term objectives of Indian Planning are social justice, economic growth, self - sufficiency, economic stability, social
welfare and services, regional development, holistic development, and increase in standard of living.
Q21. ‘‘Different people have different goals of development’’. Explain the statement. 5 Marks

Ans: Different people have different development goods:

1. Few want income.
2. Few want development projects.
3. Few want security and dignity.
4. Few want equality.
5. Few want employment security.
Q22. ‘‘Money cannot buy all the goods and services that you may need to live well’’. Explain the statement 5 Marks

Ans: Money cannot buy all the goods and services that you may need to live well:
1. Besides income, people also seek things like equal treatment & freedom.
2. Security and respect of others.
3. They resent discrimination.
4. One may desire their friendship.
5. Adequate provision of basic health.
6. Good educational facilities.
Q23. Describe the role of early entrepreneurs of India in the development of industries. 5 Marks

Ans: Indian entrepreneurs play a vital role in foreign trade. They have managed to foster Indian products in the foreign market and
give an international recognition to the Indian products. They have traded their products with outside countries and made them
popular.
The British in India began exporting opium to China and took tea from China to England. Many Indians participated in this trade
by providing finance, procuring supplies and shipping consignments. In Bengal, Dwarkanath Tagore made his fortune in the China
trade and established six joint-stock companies in the 1830s and 1840s.
In Bombay, Dinshaw Petit and Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata built huge industrial empires in India. They accumulated their initial
wealth partly from exports to China and partly from raw cotton shipments to England. Merchants from Madras traded with
Burma, Middle East and East Africa. Other trading activities included carrying goods from one place to another, banking,
transferring funds between cities and financing traders. However, Indian traders were barred from trading with Europe in
manufactured goods and had to export raw materials and food grains required by the British. They were also gradually edged
out of the shipping business.
Q24. ‘‘Self Help Groups (SHGs) are the building blocks of organisation of the rural poor’’. Support the statement with examples. 5 Marks

Ans: Self Help Groups:

1. They help rural poor/ women to become self-reliant.
2. Regular meetings of SHG’s provide platform to discuss social issues such as health, nutrition, domestic violence.\
3. SHG’s help borrower to overcome of problem of collateral.
4. They also develop pool of saving.
5. They also reduce poverty.
6. Create opportunities for self-employment.
Q25. ‘‘Democracies do not appear to be very successful in reducing economic inequalities.’’ Justify the statement. 5 Marks

Ans: Success of Democracies in reducing economic inequalities:

1. We find growing economic inequalities in Democratic countries.
2. A small number of ultra rich enjoys a highly disproportionate share of wealth and incomes.
3. Their share in the total income of the country has been increasing.
4. The income of poor have been decline sometimes they find it difficult to meet their basic needs of life.
5. Though democracies gradually reducing the number of poor from poverty & hunger.
Q26. Justify the role of ‘Self Help Groups’ in the rural economy. 5 Marks

Ans: 1. SHGs help the rural poor, in particular women.

2. A typical SHG has 15-20 members, usually belonging to one neighbourhood, who meet and save regularly. Saving per member
varies from Rs 25 to Rs 100 or more, depending on the ability of the people to save. Members can take small loans from the
group itself to meet their needs.
3. The group charges interest on these loans but this is still less than what the moneylender charges. After a year or two, if the
group is regular in savings, it becomes eligible for availing loan from the bank.
4. Loan is sanctioned in the name of the group and is meant to create self-employment opportunities for the members.
5. For instance, small loans are provided to the members for releasing mortgaged land, for meeting working capital needs (e.g.
buying seeds, fertilizers, raw materials like bamboo and cloth), for housing materials, for acquiring assets like sewing machine,
handlooms, cattle, etc.
6. Most of the important decisions regarding the savings and loan activities are taken by the group members. The group decides
as regards the loans to be granted – the purpose, amount, interest to be charged, repayment schedule, etc.
7. Rural household face a problem of getting loan from the formal sector due to the lack of collateral.
8. Self Help Group helps the poor household in getting loans easily and prevents them from falling under the clutches of
moneylenders.
Q27. Give examples to prove that there are other important developmental goals than income. 5 Marks

Ans: Example 1: If you get a job in a far off place, before accepting it, you would try to consider many factors, apart from income such
as facilities for your family, school for your children, working atmosphere or opportunity to learn.
Example 2: A job may give you high pay but no job security and also no time for your family. This will reduce your sense of
security and freedom.
Example 3: If women are engaged in paid work, their dignity in the household and society increases. However, it is also the case
that if there is respect for women, there would be more sharing of housework and a greater acceptance of women working
outside. A safe and secure environment may allow more women to take up a variety of jobs or run a business.
Hence, the developmental goals that people have are not only about better income but also about other important things in life
like sense of security, freedom, opportunities, etc.
Q28. For each of the items given in Table 1.6, find out which country is at the top and which is at the bottom. 5 Marks
Per Capita Income Life expectancy Literacy rate for 15+yrs. Gross enrolment ratio for t HDI rank in the
Country
in US $ at birth Population hree levels world
Sri Lank
a
4390 74 91 69 93
India
3139 64 61 60 126
Myanm
1027 61 90 48 130
ar
2225 63 50 35 134
Pakistan
1490 62 50 61 138
Nepal
1870 63 41 53 137
Banglad
esh

Ans: 1. In view of per capita income, Sri Lanka is at the top while Myanmar is at the bottom.
2. As far as life expectancy at birth is concerned, Sri Lanka is at top and Myanmar is at bottom.
3. As far as literacy rate for 15 + yrs. population is concerned, Sri Lanka is at the top and Bangladesh is at the bottom.
4. As far as gross enrolment ratio for three levels is concerned, Sri Lanka is at the top and Pakistan is at the bottom.
5. As far as HDI rank in the world is concerned, Sri Lanka is at top and Nepal is at the bottom.
Q29. Which states or regions are fast depleting their groundwater reserves? 5 Marks

Ans: The water that is found under the ground in the cracks and spaces in the soil, sand or rocks is called groundwater. It is utilized as
drinking water, for crop irrigation, and in industries. Around 300 districts in India have reported a lowering in the level of the
groundwater by over 4 meters in the past 20 years. This decline is particularly observed in the agriculturally prosperous regions
of Punjab and western Uttar Pradesh, hard rock plateau areas of central and south India, certain coastal areas as well as the
rapidly growing urban centres.
Q30. Suggest some idea to make development more sustainable in nature. 5 Marks

Ans: Sustainable development aims for maintaining the natural resources for the present as well as the future generations for
consistent economic development. Methods through which development can be made sustainable include the following:
1. Substitution: Development of substitutes is a major principle of sustainable development. Non -renewable energy resources
like fossil fuels may be substituted with renewable energy resources.
2. Recycling: Certain resources can be recycled up to a certain limit and hence the declining trend in its quantity can be arrested
for a time span. Iron is such a resource. If iron scraps are recycled in the iron and steel industry it can lower the dependence
on raw iron.
3. Reduction of wastage: if wastages are reduced, a greater quantity of resources are available for consumption and it will lead
to resource conservation.
4. Development of awareness: No conservation programme with regards to sustainable development can be successful if the
people are not involved. Awareness regarding the importance of resources is imperative for its conservation.
5. Increased efficiency: Increased resource demand is met by the increased functional resource value from the same quantity of
resource input. For e.g., modern fuel-efficient cars can cover longer distances for the same amount of petrol.
Q31. Explain two reasons for the need for environment-friendly economic growth and one suggestion achieve it. 5 Marks

Ans: Reasons for the need of environment friendly economic growth:

1. Present production technology has polluted atmosphere and waterbodies with garbage, smoke and poisonous gases.
2. Rapid economic growth and industrialisation have led to reckless exploitation of natural resources (like fossil fuels).
Suggestions to achieve it:
1. Increased use of renewable and clean sources of energy, less use of fossil fuels, organic farming.
2. Measures to reduce global warming and global limits on carbon emission, etc.
Q32. Why are countries of the Middle east not called ‘developed’ in spite of high per capita income? 5 Marks

Ans: The countries of the Middle East are not called developed in spite of high per capita income because of the following reasons.
1. Middle Eastern countries have become rich only with the resources available and they have high per capita income due to the
oil production. So, they have only one major source of income.
2. Although, these countries have very high per capita income, but there is unequal distribution of wealth. The gap between the
rich and the poor is very high in these countries.
3. High per capita income alone is not a criterion of a developed nation as there are many other non-materialistic valuable
things like equality, freedom, security. Without these things, development of a country is not possible.
4. These countries are not considered developed because they lack other basic facilities such as health care and education.
Without these basic facilities people of a country cannot contribute much to the national income and thus no development
takes place.
Q33. What is the significance of sustainable development for a human being? 5 Marks

Ans: Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs. Sustainable development has continued to evolve as that of protecting the world’s
resources while its true agenda is to control the world’s resources. Environmentally sustainable economic growth refers to
economic development that meets the needs of all without leaving future generations with fewer natural resources than those
we enjoy today.
The essence of this form of development is a stable relationship between human activities and the natural world, which does
not diminish the prospects for future generations to enjoy a quality of life at least as good as our own.
Thus, for human beings’ sustainable development is significant as it aims to balance their economic, environmental and social
needs.
Q34. Explain three attributes for comparing notions of development between different countries. 5 Marks

Ans: Three attributes for comparing the notions of development among the countries are:
Per capita Income: It is the average income of the people of the country in a year. According to the World Development Report,
countries with the percapita income of more than Rs. 4,53,000 per year are called rich or the developed countries. The countries
with the per capita income of less than 37,000 are known as low income countries or the poor countries.
Literacy Level: It is an important criteria of development as high literacy level of the people gradually leads the countries on the
path of development.
General Health Standards: Better health standard of the people of country increases the productivity of the workers. Improved
nutrition and reduced diseases in childhood leads to the development of a healthy individual who is an asset to the nation.
Q35. Compare the level of development in India taking at least three states on the basis of various aspects other than income. 5 Marks

Ans: According to the UNDP, human development-or the human development approach-is about expanding the richness of human
life, rather than simply the richness of the economy in which human beings live. The United Nations Development Programme
(UNDP) uses three attributes to measure the Human Development Index (HDI) of a country.
1. Levels of wealth within the country as measured by GDP per capita and adjusted in purchasing power parity (PPP).
2. Health: measured by average life expectancy.
3. Education: measured by the percentage of the population in education at a particular age (primary, secondary and tertiary)
and literacy levels (educational attainment).
The above three attributes present an all-round development picture for respective countries. In India, the HDI for states can
also be calculated in a similar fashion. Since different states have different populations, total income does not work as a good
comparative measure. Average value of income is derived by dividing the total income of the state by the total population and is
also called per capita income. Although average income is used for comparison purposes, it is not an absolute measure as it can
hide disparities as it does not state whether the income distribution is equitable or not. For the purpose of comparison, we are
taking the Infant Mortality Rate, Literacy Rate and Net Attendance Ratio for the states of Haryana, Kerala, and Bihar.
The following table gives the relevant details:
Infant Mortality Rate per 1000 liv Literacy Rate Net Attendance Ratio (per 100 persons) secondary stage
State
e briths (2015-16) % (2011) (age 14 and 15 years) 2013-14
Harya
36 82 61
na
Keral
12 94 83
a
Bihar 42 62 43

On the basis of the above table, we can come to the following conclusions-
Kerala is the most developed between all three states, as not only does it have a low infant mortality rate, it has high levels
of literacy along with a higher ratio of its population invested in secondary education.
Haryana comes next and measures should be taken to develop the state further.
Bihar is the least developed of all states. It has a high infant mortality rate showing that the population does not have
access to proper healthcare. Lower levels of literacy along with low attendance for secondary education is halting its
development process.
If we had only considered the state per capita incomes to judge the level of development in the states, Haryana would have
been the most developed state and Bihar the least developed. But when we compare the other parameters of development, it is
evident that although Haryana has the money, development processes are not being implemented in a manner which would aid
its overall betterment. Kerala, with a lower per capita income, is managing its development better and thus outranking Haryana.
Bihar, on the other hand, seems to be stuck in a vicious cycle where lower per capita income is lowering the development, while
lower education and health levels are lowering the ability of its population to earn more. Thus, Bihar needs better policies to
develop itself.
Q36. What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries? Describe its limitations. 5 Marks

Ans: The main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries:
Countries with per capita income of US
12616perannumandabovein2012, arecalledrichcountriesandthosewithpercapitaincomeofUS 1035 or less are called low-income
countries. India comes in the category of low middle income countries because its per capita income in 2012 was just US$ 1530
per annum. The rich countries, excluding countries of Middle East and certain other small countries, are generally called
developed countries.
Limitations:
Limitations of this criterion are that while average income is useful for competition, it does not tell us how this income is
distributed among people. A country may have more equitable distribution. People may be neither very rich nor extremely poor.
But in another country with same average income, one person may be extremely rich, while others may be very poor. So, the
method of average income does not give correct picture of a country.
This criterion hides disparities among people.
Q37. What is national development? What are the aspects covered under the national development? 5 Marks

Ans: National development means the ideology of different persons regarding countries' development. These ideologies could be at
times conflicting. It is measured by average income and per capita income.
The following aspects or points are covered under the national development:
1. If there are conflicts how does one decide?
2. We also have to think whether there is a better way of doing things.
3. Would the idea benefit a large number of people or only a small group?
Q38. "Money cannot buy all the goods and services that a person may need to live well." Explain the statement with suitable 5 Marks
examples.

Ans: 1. Income by itself is not a completely adequate indicator of material goods and services that citizens are able to use.
2. Our money cannot buy for us a pollution-free environment or ensure that you get unadulterated medicines, unless we can
afford to shift to a community that already has all these things.
3. Money may also not be able to protect us from infectious diseases, unless the whole of our community takes preventive
steps.
4. The average person in Punjab has more income than the average person in Kerala but lags behind, many crucial areas such as
literacy rate, infant mortality rate, etc.
Q39. Distinguish between the following: 5 Marks
1. National income and per capita income.
2. Renewable and non-renewable resources.
3. Developed and underdeveloped countries.

Ans: 1. The sum total of all goods and services produced within a country during a period of one year plus net income from abroad is
called national income. It is the ratio of income of the country for a particular year to the population of that country of that
year whereas per capita income is the total income of the country divided by its total population.
2. Resources that are replenished by nature are known as renewable resources, e.g. groundwater. Resources that are not
replenished that is those which will get exhausted after some time are known as non-renewable resources, e.g., crude oil.
3. A developed country is one which possesses the characteristics of higher standard of living of the people, fuller utilisation of
resources, and a modern technology whereas an underdeveloped country is one which lacks the use of modern technology,
has low per capita income of the people, and under-utilisation of the resources.
Q40. Mention the differences between developed countries and developing countries. 5 Marks

Ans: Comparison Chart

Basis Developed Countries Developing Countries
A country having an effective rate of industri A country which has a slow rate of industrialisati
Definition
alisation and individual income on and low per capita income.
Status Independent and Prosperous Dependent and impoverished.
Available Resource
Effectively utilised Ineffectively utilized.
s
Dependency Self-contained and flourished Dependent and emerging to be developed.
Literacy Rate High Low
High standard of living and a better environm Moderate standard of living in terms of health a
Infrastructure
ent in terms of health and safety nd safety.
They rely on the developed countries for their gr
Growth High Industrial Growth.
owth.
Low infant mortality rate, death rate and birt High infant mortality rate, death rate and birth r
Rates
h rate while high life expectancy rate ate, along with low life expectancy rate.
Poverty and Unem
Low High.
ployment
Generates more re
Industrial sector Service sector.
venue from
Distribution of Inc
Equal Unequal.
ome
HDI (Human Devel
High Low.
opment Index)
GDP High Low.

Q41. Explain the meaning of HDI. Mention three components of measuring HDI. 5 Marks

Ans: HDI stands for Human Development Index. It may be defined as the process of widening people’s choice as well as raising the
level of well-being. The concept of HDI goes beyond income and growth to cover all human choices. It puts the people at the
centre stage and covers all aspects of human development with the object of improving the conditions of people from all angles.
It is a broader approach to development.
Components of Measuring HDI:
1. Life Expectancy: It is the average expected length of life of a person at the time of birth.
2. Per Capita Income: Mean income of the people is an economic unit. It is calculated by dividing the total national income of a
country by population. It is calculated in dollars for all the countries so that it can be compared.
3. Gross Enrolment Ratio for Three Levels: It means enrolment ratio for primary schools, secondary schools and higher
education beyond secondary level.
Q42. Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations to their use? Illustrate with your own examples related to development. 5 Marks

Ans: We use averages because they are useful for comparing differing quantities of the same category. For example, to compute the
per capita income of a country, averages have to be used because there are differences in the incomes of diverse people.
However, there are limitations to the use of averages. Even though they are useful for comparison, they may also hide
disparities. For example, the infant mortality rate of a country does not differentiate between the male and female infants born
in that country. Such an average tells us nothing about whether the numbers of children dying before the age of one are mostly
boys or girls.
Q43. “The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person”. How is this 5 Marks
statement relevant to the disscusion of development? Discuss.

Ans: Consequences of environmental degradation do not respect national or state boundaries; this issue is no longer region or nation
specific. Our future is linked together.
The reckless exploitation of resources which are limited in stock may lead to their exhaustion. The reckless use of fossil fuels and
minerals may disturb the balance in nature. Therefore, it is necessary to use resources judiciously and adopt the environment
friendly strategies of development.
Q44. What does sustainability of develop ment mean? How can sustainable development be achieved? 5 Marks

Ans:
1. Sustainability of development means that development which is not only for the present time but is also for the future
generations. Sustainability is the capacity to use the resources judiciously and maintain the ecological balance.
2. Every generation wants to get the maximum benefits from the available resources but such a thing would be quite disastrous
because the available resources shall be exhausted within a short time and the coming generations will be deprived of such
resources.
3. Environmental degradation can be observed in different ways. Deforestation, falling levels of groundwater, soil erosion, water
pollution, burning of fossil fuels, the hole in the ozone layer and combustion from automobiles causing extreme air pollution
especially in urban areas are some of the examples of environmental degradation.

Sustainable development can be achieved by judicious use of both renewable and non-renewable resources and without
disturbing the balance of environment keeping in mind the requirement for present and future generations.
Q45. What is the implication of having high HDI for the country? 5 Marks

Ans: Human Development Index is known as HDI.

It determines the development of a countries population looking through the per capita income, health, education and many
other social factors.
Through the HDI a countries social health in large and economic health, in general, is reflected. The real development is reflected
through this index.
When a country has a high HDI, it essentially means that the lifespan is higher, the education levels are higher along with higher
per capita income. This makes the country a developed country. Countries like USA, France Japan have high HDIs’ making them
developed countries.
Q46. What is the criterion used by the UNDP for classifying countries? 5 Marks

Ans: United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has used the criterion of Human Development Index to measure the
development of countries.
HDI is calculated on the basis of:
1. Per capita income: When the total national income of the country is divided by its population, we get the per capita income.
2. Life expectancy: It measures the average age of a person in a country. It helps us to know the health facilities of a country.
3. Literacy rate: Education is also one of the most important criteria for the development of a country.
4. Gross enrolment ratio: It measures the education gained at three levels—at the primary, secondary and higher education
level.
Per capita income is also calculated in dollars for all countries so that it can be compared easily. HDI has been calculated for
about 177 countries. According to it, the rank of India is 131 and the rank of Sri Lanka is 73, which is much better than that of
India. We are required to make progress in the education and health sectors as yet.
Q47. What are the developmental goals of landless rural labourers, prosperous farmers and, farmers who depend only on rains? 5 Marks

Ans: Developmental goals and aspirations for these farmers are different:
1. Landless Rural Labourers: They would like to have more days of work and better wages; local schools to provide quality
education to their children; there should not be any social discrimination so that they too can become leaders in the village.
2. Prosperous Farmers: They should have assurance of high family income through higher support prices for their crops through
hardworking and cheap labourers. They also want that they should be able to settle their children abroad.
3. Farmers who depend Only on Rains: These kind of farmers’ main goal is to have irrigational facilities, crop insurances on less
premium and better facilities of life for them as well as their children.
Q48. Name some allied-agricultural activities to need to be promoted to solve the problem of unemployment. 5 Marks

Ans: Agricultural sector often faces underemployment or disguised unemployment in India. To eradicate such disadvantages, There
are many allied agricultural activities that need to be promoted to solve the problem of unemployment like Dairy farming that
can give employment to various people.
Promoting small and medium enterprises that are dependent or related to agriculture like cottage industries etc.
These include a multi-cropping system, promotion and location of agro-based industries in semi-rural and rural areas.
Q49. In Tamil Nadu, 90 per cent of the people living in rural areas use a ration shop, whereas in West Bengal only 35 per cent of rural 5 Marks
people do so. Where would people be better off and why?

Ans:
The people of Tamil Nadu would be better off as 90 percent of the people living in rural areas use a ration shop and able to get
food grains, sugar, kerosene oil etc. from the ration shop at a price lower than the market price. Ration shops play an effective
role in stabilizing the prices and making necessary goods available to poor consumers at affordable price.
Q50. Why is literacy essential for the economic development? Explain. 5 Marks

Ans: Literacy is an essential element for the economic development since:

1. Education only gives us vast knowledge.
2. A literate person is eligible to get suitable employment.
3. Education develops the ability to implement modern technology.
4. With the knowledge of professionals, technology can develop and help in the development of the country.
5. Literate people understand the importance of remaining healthy and stay away from the deadly disease.
Q51. Kerala, with lower per capita income has a better human development ranking than Haryana. Hence, per capita income is not a 5 Marks
useful criterion at all and should not be used to compare states. Do you agree? Discuss.

Ans: Human development ranking is a measure of a country or state's progress in terms of its citizens' well-being, including factors
such as education, healthcare, and standard of living. It is calculated based on a composite index that takes into account various
indicators of human development. Now, coming to the comparison between Kerala and Punjab, it is true that Kerala has a better
human development ranking than Punjab, despite having a lower per capita income. This suggests that per capita income alone
may not be a sufficient indicator of a state's overall development. However, it would be incorrect to say that per capita income is
not a useful criterion at all. Per capita income is an important indicator of a state's economic growth and can have a significant
impact on the overall well-being of its citizens. Higher per capita income can lead to better access to education, healthcare, and
other basic amenities, which in turn can contribute to human development.
Q52. 1. Mention two developmental goals of prosperous farmers from Punjab. 5 Marks
2. Why has Kerala a higher Human Development Index than Punjab in spite of low per capita income?

Ans: 1. Two developmental goals of prosperous farmers from Punjab:

High family income through higher support prices for their crops and through hardworking and cheap labourers.
Ability to get their children settled abroad.
2. Per capita income of Punjab is higher than Kerala as:
Literacy rate of Punjab according to 2011 census is 75.84% and Kerala is 94%, i.e., Punjab lags behind Kerala.
Therefore, income by itself is not a completely adequate indicator of material goods and services that citizens are able to
use.
Over the past decade, health and education indicators have come to be widely used among with income as a measure of
development.
Kerala has a low infant mortality rate as it has adequate provision of basic health and educational facilities.
Q53. Find out the present sources of energy that are used by the people in India. What could be the other possibilities fifty years from 5 Marks
now?

Ans: The details of the current sources of energy being used by the people of North India are as follows:
1. Use of natural gas : Natural gas is also being used a lot as a means of power. Gas is transported to distant places with the help
of pipes. Due to this work is done in many industrial units.
2. Use of hydropower : This is the cheapest renewable resource of energy. It is widely used in homes, offices and industrial
units.
3. Uses of Coal : Coal is used as a fuel and as a raw material in industries. Steam engines in which coal is used are used in
railways and industries.
4. Use of mineral oil : Mineral oil is used in road transport, ships, airplanes etc. Diesel, kerosene, petrol etc. are obtained by
refining oil.
5. Use of other sources of energy : There are some sources of energy which have been used since some time ago. All these
sources are renewable. Such as wind energy, solar energy, biogas, geothermal energy etc. Most of the traditional sources of
energy have been in use for a long time. All these sources are non-renewable, that is, they get exhausted once used. It is not
possible to replenish them. In the coming 50 years, if these resources continue to be used like this, they will be exhausted. If
we have to save these resources, then we have to find new and renewable sources of energy and use them more and more.
Q54. Distinguish between total income and average income. Which one is a better incident of economic development and why? 5 Marks

Ans: Total Income is the income on which tax liability is determined. Total income is also know as the sum of money recieved by an
individual or an organization. It measures the size of the economy.
Average income or Per capita income measures the average income earned per person in a given area (city, region, country, etc.)
in a specified year. It measures the prosperity of the country.
Average income is the better indicator of economic development, because it divides total income by total population and it adds
up-to the countries economy.
Q55. The average person in Punjab has more income than the average person in Kerala but lags behind in other crucial areas. Why? 5 Marks
 OR
Explain with reasons why state of Punjab with a very high per capita income has a very low literacy rate.
OR
How is it that the average person in Punjab has more income than the average person in Kerala but it lags behind many other
crucial areas? Explain.

Ans: 1. Per capita income of Punjab is higher than Kerala.

2. Literacy rate of Punjab according to 2011 census is 75.84% and Kerala is 94%, i.e., Punjab lags behind Kerala.
3. Therefore, income by itself is not a completely adequate indicator of material goods and services that citizens are able to use.
4. Over the past decade, health and education indicators have come to be widely used along with income as a measure of
development.
5. Kerala has a low infant mortality rate as it has adequate provision of basic health and educational facilities.
Q56. What do you understand by sustainability of development? What can be done to make development sustainable? 5 Marks

Ans: Sustainability of development means economic development without any damage to the environment.
However, since the second half of the twentieth century, a number of scientists have been warning that the present type, and
levels of development are not sustainable.
To make development sustainable, non-renewable sources of energy are to be saved for the future generation. The development
of the country would continue but the technology has to be made eco-friendlyso that it does not harm the environment.
Q57. The following table shows the proportion of adults (aged 15-49 years) whose BMI is below normal (BMI <18.5 kg/m2) in India. It 5 Marks
is based on a survey of various states for the year 2015-16. Look at the table and answer the following questions.
State Male (%) Female (%)
Kerala 8.5 10
Karnataka 17 21
Madhya Pradesh 28 28
All States 20 23

Source: National Family Health Survey-4, 2015-16, http://rchiips.org/

1. Compare the nutritional level of people in Kerala and Madhya Pradesh.
2. Can you guess why around one-fifth of people in the country are undernourished even though it is argued that there is
enough food in the country? Describe in your own words.

Ans: 1. Nutritional level of Kerala is higher than that of the Madhya Pradesh.
2. One-fifth of the population in the country are undernourished even though it is argued that there is enough food in the
country because of the following reasons:
The disparity in the distribution of food grains by Public Distribution System (PDS) .
Nutritious food cannot be afforded by the poor population in the country.
Educational backwardness of people results in unemployment because of which people cannot afford the basic necessity
of food.
There is no proper distribution of ration at the fixed price stores.
Q58. Distinguish between developed countries and developing countries. 5 Marks

Ans: S.
Developed Countries Developing countries
No
The rates of saving, investment, capital information are also ver They are on the path of development, and the
1 y high and the commodities are produced on a large scale with level of income is on rise along with the advan
the help of modern technology. cement of technology.
The standard of living of the people is not very
2 The standard of living of the people is very high.
high.
Life expectancy is low due to less health faciliti
3 Life expectancy is high due to good health facilities.
es.
Literacy rates are low due to less educational f
4 Literacy rates are high due to better education.
acilities.
5 Example- USA Example- India.

Q59. What is the necessity of comparing different countries or states? Give one example of a recent model of comparison. 5 Marks

Ans: Different countries in the world are compared in order to find the developmental rates of each country or a state. How can we
find that which country has the highest percapita income or in which country the literacy rates are high? It is only by compariong
various countries we come to know about which country offer better job opportunities or better working conditions. Based on
the development reports also, many investors invest in the country which has better infrastructure, technology and have
politically stable government.
Generally we use a model of comparison which uses per capita income of the country, the literacy rates and the general health
levels of the people as the criteria for comparing the notion of development among the countries.
Q60. Why do different people have different notions of development? Explain with examples. 5 Marks
OR
Why do different individuals have different as well as conflicting notions of development goals?

Ans: 1. Ideologies of different people regarding different notions of development could be at times conflicting.
2. Developmental goals are the aspirations and desires of the people. They are different for different individuals. Since people
come from different situations, therefore, their developmental goals differ.
3. They seek things that are most important for them, i.e., that which can fulfil their aspirations or desires. In fact, at times, two
persons or groups of persons may seek things which are conflicting.
4. A girl expects as much freedom and opportunity as her brother, and that he also shares in the household work. Her brother
may not like this.
5. Similarly, to get more electricity, industrialists may want more dams. But this may submerge the land and disrupt the lives of
people who are displaced such as tribals. They might resent this and may prefer small check dams or tanks to irrigate their
land.
6. The Sardar Sarovar Dam is an example of conflicting developmental goals for the people who are being affected by it. While
the people of Gujarat are happy as they will get water for irrigation and drinking in the areas which are deficient in water but
the people of Madhya Pradesh are disappointed as their villages and large part of land will submerge in water thereby leaving
them landless, uprooted from their place of work with insufficient compensation and no source of job at the place of their
living.
Q61. Write were limitations of the average value. 5 Marks

Ans: Averages are used because to classify the countries based on only their total income is not correct as different countries have
different populations. However, calculations based on average income have its own limitation because it does not tell us about
whether the distribution of income in a country is distributed equally or unequally.
For example, there are two countries X and Y with five citizens each. Following table tells us about the income of these citizens.
Coun Citizen A (Monthly inc Citizen B (Monthly inc Citizen C (Monthly inc Citizen D (Monthly inc Average Inc
try ome in Rs) ome in Rs) ome in Rs) ome in Rs) ome
X 20,000 2,000 1,000 1,000 Rs. 6,000
Y 2,000 3,000 3500 3500 Rs. 3000

In the above example, the average income of country X and Y is Rs. 6000 and Rs. 3,000 respectively. But we see that while the
average income of country X is the double of country Y, there is more disparity of income in country X than in country Y.
Q62. Identify different thrust areas of Human Development. 5 Marks

Ans: Major thrust areas for Human Resource Development (HRD) are:
1. Education in India and development of human resources: To improve the pace of capital formation, human resource
development is essential in the form of change in the existing educational system and also by increasing expenditure on
education. The changes should include elementary education especially universalisation of free and compulsory education up
to the age of 14, to regulate with new facilities being created for deprived sections such as girls, SCs and STs in rural areas,
thrust to vocationalisation of secondary education a centrally sponsored scheme was launched in February, 1998, thrust for
higher education etc.
2. Health and nutrition: Based on Health Survey and Development Committee, 1946 and the Health Survey Planning
Committee, the Government of India raised the health standard provisions to ensure the control of epidemics, better health
services to control various diseases, to train employees in health department and primary health center development in the
rural sector. During the planning period, Government of India initiated family welfare and nutritional programmes for
vulnerable groups, a special health scheme to provide a few medical facilities to relatively neglected sections of the society, to
raise the number of hospital beds in urban areas and rural hospitals, improv­ing the health status of the population by full
coverage and quality of care in infrastructure, manpower, equipment etc.
3. Gender equality: Removal of gender disparity in the educational system, improved working condition, equal treatment and
secured environment for women to take up jobs in the society. In a nation, the empowered women contribute to health,
nutrition and productivity of family which helps to improve the whole community prospects for the future generation.
Q63. Suggest some of the measures for sustainable development. 5 Marks

Ans: 1. Using natural resources properly and scientifically.

2. Reducing pollution or environmental degradation.
3. Protecting flora and fauna from human exploitation.
4. Using even inexhaustible resources (wind, solar energy, etc.) in a cautious manner.
 5. Using land for cultivation wisely so that its fertility is maintained.
6. Controlling over uses and creating an awareness to provide sustainable development.
7. Increased use of renewable resources.
8. Less use of fossil fuels.
9. Introduction of organic farming.
10. Adopting measures to reduce global warming.
Q64. With the help of an example show two groups may have different notions of development. 5 Marks
OR
"What may be development for one may not be development for the other?” Explain by giving examples.

Ans: 1. Sustainability of development means that development which is not only for the present time but is also for the future
generations. Sustainability is the capacity to use the resources judiciously and maintain the ecological balance.
2. Every generation wants to get the maximum benefits from the available resources but such a thing would be quite disastrous
because the available resources shall be exhausted within a short time and the coming generations will be deprived of such
resources.
3. Environmental degradation can be observed in different ways. Deforestation, falling levels of groundwater, soil erosion, water
pollution, burning of fossil fuels, the hole in the ozone layer and combustion from automobiles causing extreme air pollution
especially in urban areas are some of the examples of environmental degradation.
Sustainable development can be achieved by judicious use of both renewable and non-renewable resources and without
disturbing the balance of environment keeping in mind the requirement for present and future generations.
Q65. Discuss the value associated with public facilities. 5 Marks

Ans: Public facilities are services provided by the government to its citizens. Some of the important public facilities include
infrastructure, sanitation, public transport, health care, water, etc. The government's main objective is to provide these public
facilities to citizens and businesses to manage social and economic activities more smoothly. some of the public facilities in India
are:
Infrastructure: Infrastructure includes public roads, bridges, highways, dams and electricity. The government is proposing
various initiatives and programs to put this infrastructure in place. The provision of this basic infrastructure ensures the safe
movement of people and materials in all regions of the country. India has come a long way in infrastructure development, but
much work remains to be done as some remote areas of the country are still not connected to other developed regions.
Public transport: Good public transportation is an essential facility that allows citizens of the country to travel locally and across
the country faster, safer and more affordable. Public transport includes railways, buses, airlines, etc. The connectivity of the
different regions of the country between them is taken into consideration when planning public transport. Railways and buses
have good connectivity in India however, air connectivity remains a problem for some regions but slowly the situation is
improving.
Health care: Health is one of the most important public facilities that must be provided by the government. Planning and
implementation of government medical facilities such as hospitals, health centres and affordable drugs should be carried out in
all regions of the country. In India, the government has set up civilian hospitals and medical centres in various parts of the
country, which provide basic services to advance medical aid to citizens. In addition to this, the government has also set up
research and development centres that are constantly working to develop medical solutions for some of the modern diseases.
Q66. Mention the aspirations or development goals for the following: 5 Marks
1. A boy from rich urban family.
2. A girl from rich urban family.
3. Landless rural labourers.
4. Urban employed youth.

Ans: 1. A boy from rich urban family:

1. Good education.
2. A motor car.
3. Full facilities for going abroad.
2. A girl from rich urban family:
1. To get as much freedom as her brother enjoys.
2. Freedom to decide her own future including her marriage.
3. If possible, to go abroad to get higher education.
3. Landless rural labourers:
1. More days of work and better wages.
2. Educational facilities to provide quality education to their children.
3. No social discrimination so that their children could become leaders in the village.
4. Urban employed youth:
1. To get a better job at the earliest.
2. Banks should provide him loans at cheaper rates.
3. Government should provide him social security as in foreign lands.
Q67. What are public facilities? Give exaples. 5 Marks

Ans: The following points:

1. Public facilities includes facilities like health, electricity, water, sanitation, schools provided by the government.
2. Since these facilities are provided by government, the latter has to ensure that they are within everybody's reach and are
affordable.
3. These facilities are must for a person to live a dignified life.
4. Government must ensure universal access to such facilities.
5. Denial of such facilities would amount to violation of fundamental rights.
6. These facilities are important for the growth and development of the society and country at large.
7. It is imperative that such services reach to all, transcending all differences.
8. These facilities uphold the values of justice, equality in terms of having universal access to these services and fairness.
9. They also uphold freedom to use such services.
10. These services underline the value of leading a dignified life.
Q68. Explain the four measures taken by the Government of India to tackle the problem of poverty. 4 Marks

Ans: Measures taken by the government to tackle the problem of poverty: -

1. Stress given on heavy industries and green revolution trickle down effect.
2. Land reform measures like abolition of Zamindari system, security of tenant farmers against eviction, fixation of rents, fixation
of ceilings on land holdings, distribution of surplus land among the small landless peasants.
3. Encouragements given to cottage industries.
4. Income redistribution measures such as.
a. Taxing the rich and middle classes.
b. Subsidising the provision of essential goods to lower income group.
5. Introduction of various poverty alleviation programmes.
Q69. Describe two different approaches by which the number of the poor are estimated in the country. 4 Marks

Ans: Two approaches.

1. In the first approach, expenditure incurred by a family on various items is used.
2. In the second approach, the income earned by a family is used Brief description be given.
Q70. “Poverty and Occupation are directly linked to each other”. Substantiate this statement with four arguments. 4 Marks

Ans: Poverty and unemployment:

1. Generally, unemployed people are poor.
2. The poor people are unemployed, the landless labourers, the agricultural casual labourers, the tribal and the disabled or
physically challenged.
3. In those states where agricultural labourers forms a great share, poverty is also higher.
4. In urban area, the casual workers, the unemployed daily wage earners, domestic servants, rickshaw pullers, hotel and
restaurant workers, fall in the category of the urban poor.
Q71. Study the data given below in the table and answer the questions that follow: 3 Marks
Some Comparative Data on Punjab, Kerala and Bihar
Net Attendance Ratio for Class I-V
State Infant Mortality Rate per 1,000 (2003) Literacy Rate (%) (2001)
(1995-96)
Punjab 49 70 81
Kerala 11 91 91
Bihar 60 47 41

1. Which state has the highest infant mortality rate?

2. Why has this state the highest infant mortality rate? Give two reasons.

Ans: Table based Question

1. Bihar.
2. Inadequate provision for:
1. Basic health.
2. Educational facilities.
3. PDS.
Q72. Suggest any three ways to improve education in India. 3 Marks

Ans: Ways to improve education in India:

1. Government should open schools and provide facilities so that all children have a chance to study.
2. Steps should be taken to improve girl’s education.
3. Equal opportunity should be provided to both sons and daughters for higher education.
4. States should implement the laws made by central government for free and compulsory education for children up to the age
of 14.
5. Schools should provide nutritious mid day meals to poor students.
6. Vocational education should be provided to students.
7. More schools be opened at rural areas to provide education to poor children.
Q73. Compare India and Sri Lanka on the basis of any three indicators of Human Development Index for 2004. 3 Marks

Ans: 1. Per capita income.

2. Life expectancy at birth.
3. Literacy rate for 15+ years population.
4. Gross enrolment ratio for three levels.
5. Sri Lanka is much ahead of India.
6. India’s HDI rank (126th) is far behind.Srilanka’s 93rd rank.
Q74. On what bases is the criterion used by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) for measuring development 3 Marks
different from the one used by the World Bank? Explain.

Ans: Basis for measuring development according to World Bank and UNDP:
1. According To UNDP
1. Literacy.
2. Longitivity/ health facilities.
3. Living standard as criteria.
2. World Bank measures the same only on the basis of per capita income. Countries have been divided into three categories-
Rich (High Income Group), Middle income group countries and Poor countries (Low Income Group).
3. World Bank only sees the average per capita income but UNDP sees the overall development.
Q75. Suggest any three ways to improve public facilities in India. 3 Marks

Ans: Public facilities are those facilities which are not possible for any individual to access at economic cost, so government provides
such facilities to the public to ensure quality of life and for development of the country.
Four major facilities given by government are as follows:
1. Basic Education: Government provides school and allied educational facilities like playground furniture’s of the school etc
which are enjoyed by all.
2. Basic Health Facilities: Government provides hospitals, vaccine programmes to maintain basic quality of life.
3. Law and Order Facility/ Security: Government provides police outposts, police stations for maintaining security of the public
and it also protects the interest of its citizens by the state laws.
4. Public Distribution System: Government opens PDS shops or ration shops through which basic food items like rice grain,
wheat, pulses etc. are distributed at subsidised rate to the lower income group or poor people. Functioning of these facilities
are dependent on the community awareness and public cooperation.

Q76. Suggest any three ways to improve health and nutritional status of people in India. 3 Marks

Ans: Three ways of improve health and nutritional status of people in India are:
1. Public Distribution System(PDS) shops, such as ration shop must be regulated properly so that the problems of the people get
rectified.
2. Public Distribution System (PDS) must function properly.
3. By providing adequate provision of basic health and educational facilities.
Q77. How do different persons have different developmental goals? Explain with examples. 3 Marks

Ans: Different persons have different developmental goals:

1. Landless rural labourers: Their goal is for more days of work and better wages.
2. Prosperous farmers from Punjab: To assure a high family income through higher support price for their crops. Through hard
working and cheap labourers they desire to settle their children abroad.
3. Urban unemployed youth: To get more employment opportunities and high wages to cater their needs.
4. A girl from a rich urban family: She gets as much freedom as her brother and is able to decide what she wants to do in life.
Her goal would be to pursue her studies abroad.
Q78. ‘The question of sustainability of development raises many fundamentally new issues about the nature and process of 3 Marks
development.” Explain it with examples.

Ans: 1. Conservation of environment is necessary for development.

2. Development can be sustained in any economy by using renewable resources such as groundwater, wind energy and solar
energy.
3. We have a fixed stock of resources on earth which cannot be replenished so need to conserve it for sustainable development.
4. Conservation of resources is not nation specific issue.
5. Our future sustenance is linked with the conservation of resources.
Q79. How is the issue of sustainability important for development? Explain. 3 Marks

Ans: 1. Sustainability is important for development because it results in protecting the people against pollution ensuring their quality
of life and health.
2. Conserving the environment which is necessary for development.
3. Development can be sustained in any economy by using renewable resources such as groundwater, wind energy and solar
energy.
4. Groundwater is an example of renewable resource. These resources are replenished by nature as in the case of crops and
plants. However, even these resources may be overused. For example, in the case of groundwater, if we use more than what
is being replenished by rain then we would be overusing this resource.
5. Non-renewable resources are those which will get exhausted after a few years of use. We have a fixed stock on earth which
cannot be replenished. Over usage of resources need to be checked.
6. Conservation of resources for the future generations.
7. We do discover new resources that we did not know earlier. New sources in this way add to the stock. However, over time,
even this will get depleted/ used.
Q80. ‘‘Different people of urban areas have different developmental goals’’.Explain the statement. 3 Marks

Ans: Different people of urban areas have different development goals:

1. They have different aspirations and desires like equality, security.
2. Urban unemployed youth need better options of employment.
3. Urban women want more liberty and secure environment.
4. Daily wages workers want more and more wages and safe working conditions.
Q81. How is the issue of sustainability important for development? Explain with examples. 3 Marks

Ans: Sustainability is a matter of sharing development opportunity not the poverty and human deprivation. If the present is miserable
and unacceptable to the majority of the world's people it must be changed before it is sustained. In other words, what must be
sustained are worthwhile life opportunities, not human deprivation.
Sustainable development is the real economic development accompanied by an increase in economic welfare which can be
potentially shared by future generations also.
Example:
1. Ground water in India.
2. Exhaustion of Nation Resources.
Q82. Suggest any three ways to maintain Body Mass Index (BMI). 3 Marks

Ans: 1. Eat healthy and nutritious food.

2. Regular exercise.
3. Self monitoring.
Q83. Suggest any three ways to improve the environmental sustainability. 3 Marks

Ans: Ways to improve environmental sustainability:

1. Minimizing the use of non-renewable resources eg.-coal, petroleum, wood etc.
2. Stop overuse of ground water.
3. Develop use of non conventional source of energy eg.-solar energy, wind energy etc.
4. Treatment of hot water and industrial effluents before releasing them in rivers.
5. Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance.
6. Reducing all types of pollution–air, water, land and noise.
Q84. How can the problem of unemployment be eradicated in India? Explain any three ways. 3 Marks

Ans: 1. Every state or region has potential for increasing the income and employment for people in that area. It could be tourism, or
regional craft industry, or new services like IT.
2. Some of these would require proper planning and support from the government. For example, the same study by the
Planning Commission says that if tourism as a sector is improved, every year we can give additional employment to more than
35 lakh people. We must realise that some of the suggestions discussed above would take a long time to implement.
3. For the short-term, we need some quick measures. Recognising this, the central government in India made a law
implementing the Right to Work in about 625 districts of India. It is called Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment
Guarantee Act 2005 (MGNREGA 2005).
4. Under MGNREGA 2005, all those who are able to, and are in need of, work in rural areas are guaranteed 100 days of
employment in a year by the government. If the government fails inits duty to provide employment, it will give
unemployment allowances to the people.
Q85. Describe the role of industries in the development of agriculture. 3 Marks

Ans: 1. As the methods of farming changed and agriculture sector began to prosper, it produced much more food than before. Many
people could now take up other activities. There were increasing number of craftpersons and traders. Buying and selling
activities increased many times.
2. Besides, there were also transporters, administrators, army etc. However, at this stage, most of the goods produced were
natural products from the primary sector and most people were also employed in this sector.
3. Over a long time (more than hundred years), and especially because new methods of manufacturing were introduced,
factories came up and started expanding. Those people who had earlier worked on farms now began to work in factories in
large numbers.
4. People began to use many more goods that were produced in factories at cheap rates. Secondary sector gradually became the
most important in total production and employment. Hence, over time, a shift had taken place. This means that the
importance of the sectors had changed. In thepast 100 years, there has been a further shift from secondary to tertiary sector
in developed countries. The service sector has become the most important in terms of total production.
5. Most of the working people are also employed in the service sector. This is the general pattern observed in developed
countries.
Q86. Study the following table and answer the questions given below. 3 Marks
Undernourished male adults in various villages Undernourished female adults in various villages
Village
(%) (%)
Village A 35 33
Village B 42 38
Village C 52 45
All village
47 46
s

Compare:
1. The nutritional level of village B with village C. What does it imply?
2. Village A with all villages. What does it imply?

Ans: 1. Village B is better nourished than village C. This implies better distribution of food and income among the people of village B.
2. On comparing village A with all villages we find that village A is much more undernourished. This indicates lack of proper
employment facilities and also the distribution of the food.
Q87. It is true that if women are engaged in paid work, their dignity in household and society increases. What conditions can 3 Marks
encourage women to get engaged in paid works?

Ans:
Q88. Which three development goals will you like to prescribe for rural labourers? 3 Marks

Ans: Three development goals for rural labourers:

1. More days of work and better wages.
2. Local schools to provide quality education for their children.
3. There will be no social discrimination.
Q89. Which index is used to compare the nutritional level? 3 Marks

Ans: The index that is applied to analyze the nutritional level is estimated as Body Mass Index (BMI), and it is acquired from the
weight (mass) and height of a person. The BMI is described as the body mass divided by the square of the body height and is
extensively represented in units of kg/m2, emerging from the mass height of the individual measured in kilograms and meters. It
describes individuals as underweight, healthy weight, overweight or fat based on the BMI.
Q90. ‘‘Conflicting goals can be developmental goals”. Elaborate with examples. 3 Marks

Ans: At times, two persons or group of persons may seek things which are conflicting.
A girl expects as much freedom and opportunity as her brother, and that he also shares in the household work. Her brother may
not like this.
Similarly, to get more electricity, industrialists may want more dams. But this may submerge the land and disrupt the lives of
people, who are displaced, such as the tribals.
Q91. How is the developmental report published by the World Bank and UNDP different? 3 Marks

Ans: The principles used by the UNDP for measuring development is different from the one used by the World Bank in the sense that
it (UNDP) uses a combination of factors such as educational level of the people, their health status and per capita income as
indicators of development. It does not rely solely on per capita income, as is the case with the World Bank.
Q92. Although the level of income is an important indicator of development, it is an inadequate measure of the level of development.’ 3 Marks
Justify the statement.
Ans: The level of income is important yet it is an inadequate measure of the level of development because only material can be
bought with money but non-materialistic development does not depend on money.
These may include things like freedom, equality, security, health, access to facilities and education.
These needs can be fulfilled with the help of money or income.
So, it is important for development.
Q93. Which neighbouring country of India has better performance in terms of human development than India? 3 Marks

Ans: Sri Lanka has the more better performance regarding the human development than India. Sri Lanka is the island of the nation of
south India in the Indian ocean. It has the landscapes from the rain forests and the plains from the high lands and the beaches.
Q94. What is Human Development Index? Which organization HDI? Explain the three major indicators of HDI. 3 Marks

Ans: The Human Development Index is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education and per capita income indicators, which r
used to rank countries into four tiers of human development.
The HDI was developed by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq for the UNDP. Published by UNDP compares countries based on
the educational levels of the people and their health status and per capita.
The HDI was calculated in 2010 using the following indicators: Health- Life expectancy at birth. Education- expected years
Scholling for schools- age children and average years of Scholling in the adult population. Income measured by Gross National
Income(GNI) per capita (PPP).
Q95. What is development? What are the two aspects of development? 3 Marks

Ans: Development is such a situation that can fulfil the aspirations or desires of people. It is the progress or improvement in the
lifestyles of the people. Two aspects of development are:
1. Different persons can have different developmental goals.
2. What may be development for one, may not be development for the other.
Q96. In what respects is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development different from the one used by the World Bank? 3 Marks

Ans: World bank only uses per capita income for measuring development while UNDP uses many other factors like infant mortality,
healthcare facility education level which help in improving the quality of life and helps in making the citizens more productive. As
per HDI-2014, India's rank is 135. On the other hand, the World Bank uses per capita income as the only criterion for measuring
development and classifying the countries as rich and poor.
Q97. Why do you think average income is an important criterion for development? Explain. 3 Marks

Ans: Income can enable people to at least make provision for basic necessities of life. If the average income of a country is on a higher
side, its chances of faring better on development index are better. Hence, average income can be an important criterion for
development.
Q98. Give three examples where an average is used for comparing situations. 3 Marks

Ans: In the following cases, an average can be used for comparing the situations:
1. To compare the performance of cricket players.
2. We find out average daily income to compare income and living status of a casual labour.
3. Average is used for comparing performance of students in an examination.
Q99. Read this newspaper report and answer the questions that follow: 3 Marks

1. Who are the people who benefited and who did not?
2. What should be the developmental goal for this country?

Ans: 1. The people who have dumped the toxic waste are the benefitted and the people who haven’t are not benefitted and they
belonged to Abidjan in Ivory Coast, a country in Africa, where people were not aware of hygiene issues and they kept
committing mistakes daily and now they are suffering.
2. The development goals for the citizens of this country are to increase or raise their awareness towards the Pollution due to
which they are getting suffered, like they don’t know about sanitation and they keep dumping tonnes of liquid toxic waste in
 open-air in a city that causes nausea, skin rashes, fainting, diarrhea etc.
Q100.What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries? What are the limitations of this criterion, if 3 Marks
any?

Ans: The main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries:
Countries with per capita income of US
12616perannumandabovein2012, arecalledrichcountriesandthosewithpercapitaincomeofUS 1035 or less are called low-income
countries. India comes in the category of low middle income countries because its per capita income in 2012 was just US$ 1530
per annum. The rich countries, excluding countries of Middle East and certain other small countries, are generally called
developed countries.
Limitations:
Limitations of this criterion are that while average income is useful for competition, it does not tell us how this income is
distributed among people. A country may have more equitable distribution. People may be neither very rich nor extremely poor.
But in another country with same average income, one person may be extremely rich, while others may be very poor. So, the
method of average income does not give correct picture of a country.
This criterion hides disparities among people.
Q101.‘For development people look at a mix of goal’. Support the statements with suitable example. 3 Marks

Ans: It is true that for development, people look at a mix of goals, e.g.:
1. If women are engaged in paid work, their dignity in the household and society increases. So dignity is an important goal.
2. However, it is also the case that if there is respect for women there would be more sharing of housework and greater
acceptance of women working outside.
3. A safe and secure environment may allow more women to take up a variety of jobs or run a business. These are goals other
than income. Hence development goal is not only for better income but for other important things in life.
Q102.Which position was occupied by India in terms of HDI in Human Development Report, 2014? 3 Marks

Ans: India's ranking on Human Development Index (HDI) rose by a notch in 2014 to 130th from 131st out of 188 a year earlier -
according to the 2015 edition of the Global Human Development report, released by the United Nations Development
Programme (UNDP).
Q103.Does availability of good health and educational facilities depend only on amount of money spent by the government on these 3 Marks
facilities? What other factors could be relevant?

Ans: The availability of good health and educational facilities does not solely depend on amount of money spent rather in this case
health facilities are dependent on the capabilities of the doctors and quality of medicines and quantity of staff their behavior
towards patients and many more factors are there. So it would be wrong to say that it is solely dependent on money.
Q104.Explain some of the important ideas of the above section in your own words. 3 Marks

Ans: Different persons can have different developmental goals. What may be development for one may not be development for the
other. It may even be destructive for the other. For example; a dam may be developmental goal for an industrialist, but the same
dam can create havoc with the life of people who need to be evacuated in the catchment area. Different people have different
developmental needs. These needs are based on their particular life situations. For example; for a person in a remote village,
access to an all weather road can be the developmental goal. On the other hand, for a person living in Delhi or Mumbai;
construction of a rapid mass transit system may be the developmental goal.
Q105.Do the following two statements mean the same? Justify your answer. 3 Marks
1. People have different developmental goals.
2. People have conflicting developmental goals.

Ans: Both the statements are true but their meanings are different. Two people may have different developmental goals buy they
need not always be conflicting. For example; construction of a flyover to reduce waiting time at a railway crossing can be the
developmental goal for an office worker. But if the construction of the flyover necessitates demolition of slums, it can be
contradictory for the slum dwellers. But on the other hand, 24 hour electricity supply would be developmental goal for almost
each and every person.
Q106.What aims for maintaining the natural resources for the present as well as the future for consistent economic development? 3 Marks

Ans: The concept of sustainable development is applicable here. The resources have to be wisely and judiciously used. The recycling
methods have to be adopted more. The alternatives to the existing energy sources have to be find out etc.
Q107.According to the World Bank, What are low-income countries? 3 Marks

Ans: The usual definition of a developing country is that adopted by the World Bank: “low-income developing countries” in 1985 were
defined as those with per capita incomes below
400; “middle − incomedevelopingcountries”weredefinedasthosewithpercapitaincomesbetween400 and $4,000. To be sure,
countries with the same per capita income may not otherwise resemble one another: some countries may derive much of their
incomes from capital-intensive enterprises, such as the extraction of oil.
Q108.Start one cause of high infant mortality rate. 3 Marks

Ans: There are many different causes of infant mortality, from infection to birth defects or accidents. The main causes of infant
mortality in the United States are different than the main causes of infant death around the world. In addition, in the United
States and worldwide, the most common causes of infant death in the first weeks after birth are different than those that occur
later in the first year.
Q109.Compare the aspirational goals of a boy from a rich urban family and a girl from a rich urban family. 3 Marks

Ans: The aspirational goals of these urban boys and girls can be different or sometimes conflicting.
1. A boy from a rich urban family: He would like to go for good education to a reputed institution, probably use a good branded
mobile, a laptop, an iPad.
2. A girl from a rich urban family: She should be able to pursue her studies abroad, get as much freedom as her brother and
should be able to decide what she wants to do. She would like to go for professional education and then pursue a job.
Q110.Which neighbouring country of India is ahead of it in HDI ranking? 3 Marks

Ans: Among the other South-Asian countries, Sri Lanka ranked 76 with the HDI value of 0.77 and Maldives stood at 101 with
the HDI value of 0.717 were ahead of India. On the other hand, neighbours Bangladesh and Pakistan were ranked at 136 and 150
respectively. India's HDI value is above the average of 0.638 for the region.
Q111.What are the developmental goals for landless rural labourers? 3 Marks

Ans: Developmental goals for landless rural labourers are more days of work and better wages, local schools, which are able to
provide quality education for their children and there should not be any social discrimination and they too can become leaders
in the village.
Q112.Why are public facilities needed for the development of the country? 3 Marks

Ans: Public facilities are those basic facilities provided by the government to the general public.
Importance of public facilities are:
1. They help in developing by providing easy access to basic necessities.
2. Proper education and value education can be provided by the government.
3. Public distribution system (PDS) provides food security in a country.
Q113.Look at the picture. What should be the developmental goals for such an area? 3 Marks

Ans: The developmental goals for such an area should be:

Availing the loan facility for poor people to make houses and toilets.
A secure ownership should be provided of the land on which they live.
Availing the services like electricity, water and sanitation.
Removing unemployment by providing more and more job opportunities.
Medical facilities and hospitals.
Q114.Think of other examples where collective provision of goods and services is cheaper than individual provision. 3 Marks

Ans: In factories where goods and services are produced at mass scale, in mining areas and in manufacturing units where also goods
are produced and manufactured in bulk. So, few merchants prefer to sell their goods in wholesale and they don’t want any kind
of mediator in their work and all they want is that customers should come to them and purchase goods and services from them
so here both seller and buyer is benefitted in their own ways. Therefore it can be said that collective of goods and services is
cheaper than individual provision.
Q115.Describe the important aspects of our lives other than income. 3 Marks
Ans: Important aspects of our lives which are more important than income:
1. Respect: Respect is very important in India. We should respect each n everyone. Give respect n take respect.
2. Peaceful life: Peace is really important other than income. So living the life peacefully is good.
3. Government facilities: As government schools, colleges n public buildings should be provided by the government.
4. Goverment: People choose their government on their own vote. So it's the most important thing.
Q116.What does human development mean? Beside income, what do the people aspire for? 3 Marks

Ans: Human development means the development of an individual in such way that he could lead a happy life according to his
cherished wish and genius. The measures of looking at development other than income are quality of life and environmental
sustainability. Beside income, people aspire for regular work, better wages and decent price for their crops or other products.
People also want equal treatment, freedom, security and respect of others. They resent discrimination.
Q117.List a few examples of environmental degradation that you may have observed around you. 3 Marks

Ans: Few examples of environmental degradation:

Deforestation.
Soil erosion.
Falling levels of ground water.
Depletion of the ozone layer and combustion from automobiles causing extreme air pollution.
Water Pollution.
Q118.“Money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that you may need to live well.” Is it true or not? Elucidate. 3 Marks

Ans: Income by itself is not a completely adequate indicator of material goods and services that citizens are able to use. Normally,
money cannot buy us a pollution-free environment or ensure that we get unadulterated medicines. Money may also not be able
to protect you from infectious diseases, unless the whole of your community takes preventive steps.
Q119.Write a paragraph on your notion of what should India do, or achieve, to become a developed country. 3 Marks

Ans: When we look at the figures related to Human Development Index, India lags behind on several parameters. Although the life
expectancy, infant mortality, and literacy rate have shown improvement in 2011 census, much more needs to be done. Given the
vast population of India, the absolute number of infants how die before completing one year is very high. This can be attributed
to lack of proper healthcare, drinking water, sanitation and nutrition; especially in rural areas. India needs to develop facilities to
improve on these parameters to become a developed country.
Q120.‘‘Average income is an important criterion for development’’. Justify. 3 Marks

Ans: To check the criterion for the development of countries, their income is considered to be one of the most important attributes.
Countries with higher income are more developed than others with less income.
This is based on the understanding that more income means more of all the things that human beings need. Whatever people
like, and should have, they will be able to get with greater income.
So, greater income itself is considered to be one important goal.
Q121.From the text, find out the per capita income level of about 10-15 low-income countries as per World Development Reports. 3 Marks

Ans: The per capita income level of middle income countries as per World Development Report, 2012 is above US
1, 035perannumandbelowUS 12,600 per annum.
Q122.Mention any three characteristics of development. 3 Marks

Ans: Characteristics of Development:

1. What may be development for one may not be development for the others.
2. For development, people look at mix goals.
3. Income is the most important component of development but along with income, people also seek equal treatment, good
health, peace and security, etc.
Q123.Which three efforts should be made by any country to improve its HDI? 3 Marks

Ans: The three efforts which could be made by any country to improve its HDI are:
1. Providing 100% literacy to the people.
2. Improving health facilities.
3. Creating a pollution-free environment.
Q124.‘‘Girls in India in the rural sector are sometimes not able to get secondary level education’’. Give three reasons for the 3 Marks
statement.

Ans: 1. Gender discrimination: India is a male dominating society. Particularly in rural areas, girl child is discriminated against male
child and are not even sent for education.
2. Poverty: Due to wide-spread poverty in rural areas, people want girls to help in the household work, look after their siblings
and do all household chores.
3. Distance: Secondary schools are not found in all the villages of India, therefore, they don’t prefer their girls to go to distances
like nearby village merely for education.
Q125.What is meant by sustainable economic development? Give its main features. 3 Marks

Ans: Sustainable economic development means that development should take place without damaging the environment and
development in the present should not compromise on the needs of future generation.
Main features of sustainable economic development is:
1. Reduction in polution.
2. Quality of life of future generation should not reduce.
3. Efficient use of natural resources.
Q126.Suggest one measure to ensure sustainable development in the energy sector. 3 Marks

Ans: 1. Reduce our dependency on heavy metals and fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas.
2. Reduce our dependency on synthetic chemicals.
3. Reduce our destruction of nature which includes clearing of forest and natural habitats for human needs.
4. The fourth principal is to ensure that we don’t stop people from meeting their needs in order to achieve environmental
sustainability. We must maintain a balance between environmental and economic sustainability.
Q127."Consequences of environmental degradation do not respect national or state boundaries." Support the statement with 3 Marks
examples.

Ans: Consequences of environmental degradation do not respect national or state boundaries. This issue is no longer a regional or
national issue. Our future is linked together. Sustainability of development is essential for all the mankind and it is our common
responsibility to save the environment. These days, it is matter of discussion among different countries of world. Global
warming, acid rain, etc. are not to be controlled by one nation. It is a global matter of thinking and finding the solutions.
Q128."People have conflicting developmental goals". Support the statement with suitable example. 3 Marks

Ans: Different persons could have different as well as conflicting notions of a country's development. In fact, two persons or groups of
persons may seek things which are conflicting. To get more electricity, industrialists may want more dams. But this may
submerge the land and disrupt the lives of people who are displaced such as tribes. They might resent this and may prefer small
check dams or tanks to irrigate their land.
Q129.Look at data in Tables 1.3 and 1.4. Is Haryana ahead of Kerala in literacy rate etc., as it is in terms of per capita income? 3 Marks

Ans: TABLE 1.3: PER CAPITA INCOME OF SELECT STATES.

State Per Capita Income for 2018-19 (in Rs)
Haryana 2,36,147
Kerala 2,04,105
Bihar 40,982

TABLE 1.4: SOME COMPARATIVE DATA ON HARYANA, KERALA AND BIHAR.

Infant Mortality Rate per 1,000 Literacy Rate (%), Net Attendance Ratio (per 100 persons) secondary stage
State
live births (2018) 2017-18 (age 14 and 15 years) 2017–18
Harya
na 30 82 61
Keral 7 94 83
a 32 62 43
Bihar

1. Kerala has a lower infant mortality rate than Haryana.

2. Kerala has a higher literacy rate and net attendance ratio than Haryana.
3. Literate people in Kerala also have high earning capacity so they can afford basic necessities for their children.
4. It shows Kerala has the adequate provision of basic health and education facilities, availability of a clean environment , and a
strong PDS system .
5. It, therefore, indicates a high level of human development in Kerala compared to Haryana, in spite of a lower per capita
income .
Q130.Besides size of per capita income, what other property of income is important in comparing two or more societies? 3 Marks

Ans: Per capita income is useful for comparison. But it does not indicate how this income is distributed among people. So, apart from
the size of per capita income, equitable distribution of income is important in comparing two or more societies.
Q131.What do you understand by the term life expectancy? 3 Marks

Ans: Life expectancy refers to the number of years a person is expected to live based on the statistical average. Life expectancy varies
by geographical area and by era. In the Bronze age, for example, life expectancy was 26 years, while in 2010, it was 67 years.
Q132.Why is the issue of sustainability important for the development? 3 Marks
Ans: Issue of sustainability is important and desirable for development because.
1. Economic development is a continuous process. Resources are to be used in such a way that they are not exploited. At the
same time, development should not harm the environment.
2. It is desirable because everyone would certainly like the present-level of development to go further or at least be maintained
for the future generations.
Q133.What is the difference between literacy rate of India as per census year 2001 and 2011? 3 Marks

Ans: 2001 2011 Difference

Persons 64.83% 74.04% 9.2%
Males 75.26% 82.14% 6.9%
Females 53.67% 65.46% 11.8%

Q134.Why do different persons have different notions of development? Which of the following explanations is more important and 3 Marks
why?
1. Because people are different.
2. Because life situations of persons are different.

Ans: 2. Because life situations of persons are different. The requirements vary according to the living conditions of people. Therefore,
people seek those things that are most important to them, i.e. the things which can fulfill their aspirations and desires.
Q135.If the body mass Index is more than 25, then what the person would we considered? 3 Marks

Ans: The body mass index (BMI) or Quetelet index is a value derived from the mass (weight) and height of a person. The BMI is
defined as the body mass divided by the square of the body height, and is universally expressed in units of kg/m2, resulting from
mass in kilograms and height in metres.
An individual with a BMI of more than 25 will be considered to be overweight.
Q136.What are the non-material things? 3 Marks

Ans: Non-material things Means not material or composed of matter, not involving, seeking, or primarily concerned with riches or
material things; involving orconcerned with the spiritual, intellectual, or cultural aspects of life.
Q137.Why do different persons have different notions of development. Explain. 3 Marks

Ans: It is because the life situations of persons are different.

People seek things that are most important for them or that which can fulfil their aspirations or desires.
For example: The developmental goals of a boy from a rich urban family would be to get admission in a reputed college,
whereas the developmental goals of a girl from a rich urban family would be to get as much freedom as her brother.
Q138.How do infant mortality rates need to be checked by the government? 3 Marks

Ans: Government should spend a lion’s share for gains in neonatal survival. Child mortality rates can be significantly reduced if
community health workers visit new mothers regularly. Government should run awareness programs in urban as well as rural
parts of the country so that women can access post-natal programs to learn about nutrition, vaccination schedules and breast
feeding. Not only this, government can keep a strict check on health workers’ responsibilities.
Q139.What consequences would we face if non-renewable resources get exhausted in the world? 3 Marks

Ans: 1. Non-renewable resources are those which will get exhausted after years of use. We have a fixed stock on earth which cannot
be replenished.
2. We can discover new resources that we did not know of earlier. New sources in this way add to the stock.
3. However, overtime, even this will get exhausted. In that situation life would be difficult for us. There would be total chaos all
over the world.
Q140.What condition may allow women to take up a variety of jobs or run business? 3 Marks

Ans: One important condition that would allow women to take up work or do business is Women Empowerment.
It means the social conditions prevalent, which guarantee equality and ability for a woman to enjoy all their rights, get access to
resources, income and time, in order to take up employment of their liking or carry out a business for profit. Woman
empowerment is aimed the holistic well-being of a woman.
Q141.Give some examples where factors other than income are important aspects of our lives. 3 Marks

Ans: There are factors other than income which are also important aspects in our lives. For example,
1. In the case of rural woman, gender equality is more important factor than income.
2. For scheduled castes and tribes social equality, self-confidence and self-esteem are more important factor than income.
3. Similarly in the case of child labour, proper education and freedom are more important factor than income.
4. Job security is more important than more income for a casual labour.
Q142.Explain any three examples of what factors other than income are important aspects of our lives. 3 Marks

Ans: Money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that you may need to live well:
1. Money cannot buy us pollution-free environment.
2. Money cannot buy us a disease-free life and might not be able to get protection from infectious disease.
3. Besides money, people also like to have equal treatment in the society, freedom, dignity and honour in their lives, which
money cannot buy them.
Q143.Think of any three development goals of a boy from a rich urban family. 3 Marks

Ans: 1. He may think to get quality education and persue his studies abroad.
2. He may require the availability of vocational education and training.
3. He may require capital to start his own business.
Q144.What is meant by economic development? What are the two bases of measuring economic development of a country? 3 Marks

Ans: Economic development refers to the rate of production is greater than the rate of increase in population and the rate of growth
of GDP is high enough to fulfil the basic needs of the population.
Two bases of measuring development of a country are as follows:
1. Per capita or average income.
2. National income and public facilities.
Q145.Name the state in India having the lowest Infant Mortality Rate. 3 Marks

Ans: Infant Mortality Rate (or IMR) indicates the number of children that die before the age of one year as a proportion of 1000 live
children born in that particular year. The state of Kerala has the lowest Infant Mortality Rate in India where 12 children died
before the age of one year as a proportion of 1000 live children born in 2015-2016.
Q146.Suppose records show that the average income in a country has been increasing over a period of time. From this, can we 3 Marks
conclude that all sections of the economy have become better? Illustrate your answer with an example.

Ans: Increase in average income cannot be a guarantee of overall progress of the economy. As the data of Punjab and Kerala; in this
chapter; show, there are other factors which also need to be analysed before arriving at a conclusion. Some of those factors are;
infant mortality rate, literacy rate etc.
Q147.What is meant by sustainable development? 3 Marks

Ans: Sustainable development is that process of economic development which aims at judicious use of both renewable and non-
renewable resources without harming the balance of environment keeping in mind the requirement for present and future
generations.
Q148.Which values are associated with public facilities? 3 Marks

Ans: 1. Ensuring pollution-free environment.

2. Ensuring unadulterated medicines.
3. Preventing infectious diseases.
4. Providing adequate facilities for education to all children, irrespective of gender or caste.
5. Providing safe drinking water to all.
Q149.Why is sustainable development essential for economic growth? Give two reasons. 2 Marks

Ans: Sustainable development essential for economic growth: -

1. Rapid economic growth and industrialisation have led to reckless exploitation of natural resources.
2. The stock of natural resources like fossil fuels are limited.
3. The growth of all countries in future is likely to be endangered if resources are completely exhausted. Therefore global
concern today is to adopt a strategy of economic growth that is environment-friendly.
4. Although fossil fuels and minerals are essential for economic development, their use damaged the environment and ecology.
5. They cause pollution and disturb the balance in nature.
6. Needs of the future generation should not be compromised otherwise development will be stopped in near future.
Q150.“Health sector interplays the most significant role in human development.” Justify this statement with two arguments. 2 Marks

Ans: Significance of health sector in human development: -

1. It improves the quality of life.
2. It is a part of human development.
3. It effects other sectors of national economy.
4. A wide range of activities such as family welfare, prevention of food adulteration, drugs control, etc. are covered under
health.
Q151.Identify the different thrust areas of human development. Which one of them plays the most significant role in the 2 Marks
development?

Ans: Thrust areas of human development: -

1. Health.
2. Gender equality.
3. Gender empowerment.
Health sector plays the most significant role in the development.
Q152.“Different persons can have different developmental goals.” Support the statement with an example. 2 Marks

Ans: It is true that different persons have different developmental goal.

1. Each person seeks different things that are important for him/her.
2. The economic, social, and cultural needs of every person are different and so the goals are different.
3. Sense of freedom and security are important for few and for others income is the most important aspect.
4. Sometimes two persons or group of persons may seek thing which are conflicting.
Q153.Choose the correctly matched option from the following: 1 Mark
S.No Column I (Category of Person) S.No Column II (Development Goal)
(A) Farmers who depend only on rain for growing crops — More days of work and better wages
(B) Landless rural labourers — Higher support prices for their crops
(C) Prosperous farmers from Punjab — Regular wages
(D) An Adivasi from Narmada Valley — To fulfil livelihood

Ans: (D) An Adivasi from Narmada valley – to fulfill livelihood

Q154.Study the table and answer the question that follow: 1 Mark
Some comparative data on Haryana, Kerala and Bihar
Literacy Ra
te %
Infant Mortality Rate per 1,000 li (2 Net Attendance Ratio (per 100 persons) secondary stage (a
State
ve births (2016) 0 ge 14 and 15 years) 2013-14
1
1)

Harya
33 82 61
na
Keral
10 94 83
a
Bihar 38 62 43

Sources: Economic Survey 2017-18 Vol. 2. Government of India; National Sample Survey Organisation. (Report No. 575). Which
State has the highest literacy rate?

Ans: Kerala.
Q155.Suggest any one measure to promote handspun khadi in India. 1 Mark

Ans: Schemes for promoting Khadi: Govt should promote it by reducing cost of khadi/ by launching of schemes for its promotion/ by
providing loan facilities/ by supporting weavers/ By encouraging new designs of Khadi.
Q156.What is the main criterion for comparing the development of different countries? 1 Mark

Ans: The main criterion for comparing the development:-

Income.
Q157.Give any one example of economic development in dictatorial regimes. 1 Mark

Ans: Economic development in dictatorial regime: Investments in education/ infrastructure/ by opening different DP avenues of
economic growth
Q158.State any two goals of development other than income. 1 Mark

Ans: Respect and equality are two goals other than income.
Q159.According to the World Bank, classify the countries of the world into two groups on the basis of per capita annual income. 1 Mark

Ans: 1. Countries with a per capita income of Rs.45300 per annum & above are rich countries.
2. Countries with a per capita income of Rs.37000 and less:- Low-income countries.
Q160.Study the table and answer the question given below. 1 Mark
Some comparative data on Haryana, Kerala and Bihar
Infant Mortality Rate per 1,000 l Literacy Rate Net Attendance Ratio (per 100 persons) secondary stage
State
ive births (2016) % (2011) (age 14 and 15 years) 2013-14
 Harya
33 82 61
na
Keral
10 94 83
a
Bihar 38 62 43

Sources: Economic Survey, 2017-18 Vol. 2, Government of India; National Sample Survey Organisation (Report No. 575).
Question: In comparison to Kerala which state has the highest infant mortality rate.

Ans: In comparison to Kerala the highest infant mortality rate in Bihar.

Q161.Mention any two important aspects of our lives other than income. 1 Mark

Ans: Important aspects of one’s life other than income are:-

1. Equal treatment.
2. Freedom.
3. Security.
4. Respect for others.
5. Facilities to family.
6. Congenial working atmosphere.
7. Opportunity to learn.
Q162.What is meant by sustainability of development? 1 Mark

Ans: Meaning of sustainability of development:-

It refers to the sustenance of development over a long period. To raise the level of the present development, but not at the cost
of quality of life of future generations.
Q163.Give the meaning of average income of a country. 1 Mark

Ans: Meaning of average income:-

The total income of the country divided by its total population is known as average income.
Q164.Who is a producer? 1 Mark

Ans: People producing goods and services are called producers.

Q165.Human Development Index (HDI) level in India can be improved through_________. 1 Mark

Ans: Human Development Index (HDI) level in India can be improved through HDI-Improvement in education, health and standard
of living.
Q166.What is the criteria used by World Development Report 2006 for classifying countries? 1 Mark

Ans: Per capita income per annum is the criteria used by World Development Report 2006 for classifying countries.
Q167.What may be a goal of prosperous farmer of Punjab? 1 Mark

Ans: Development goals of the prosperous farmers from Punjab are:

Low price food grains.
Hardworking and Cheap Labour.
High prices for their produce.
Cheap inputs used in agriculture.
Q168.What may be a developmental goal of urban unemployed youth? 1 Mark

Ans: To get job, loans for business, start up skill , career counselling.
Q169.What may be a goal of landless rural labourers regarding their income? 1 Mark

Ans: Development goal for a landless rural labourer would be:

To be able to manage his basic necessities of life.
To get more days of work, better wages.
To be able to live a life with dignity.
To aspire to own a small piece of land.
Q170.What may be a developmental goal of a rich farmer? 1 Mark

Ans: Assured a high family income through higher support prices for their crops and through hardworking and cheap labourers; they
should be able to settle their children abroad.
Q171.What may be a developmental goal of a girl who belongs to a rich urban family? 1 Mark

Ans: She gets as much freedom as her brother and is able to decide what she wants to do in life. She is able to pursue her studies
abroad.
Q172.What is National income? 1 Mark
Ans: The sum total of all goods and services produced within a country or nation’s gross domestic product (GDP) plus net income
received from overseas during a period of one year.
Q173.What is HDI Rank of India in the world as per ‘Human Development’ Report, 2014? 1 Mark

Ans: 131.
Q174.What are the essential components of Human Development Index? 1 Mark

Ans: 1. Health status.

2. Literacy rate.
3. Per capita income.
Q175.What is per Capita income? 1 Mark

Ans: When the total income of the country is divided by its population, we get per capita income.
Q176.What do people usually desire? Mention any two points. 1 Mark

Ans: 1. Regular work.

2. Better wages.
Q177.At times, two persons or groups may seek things which are conflicting. Support with an example. 1 Mark

Ans: A girl expects as much freedom and opportunity as her brother, and that he also shares in the household work. Her brother may
not like this.
Q178.Name the state of India where the overuse of groundwater resources is found. 1 Mark

Ans: Punjab.
Q179.What are renewable resources? 1 Mark

Ans: Resources that are replenished by nature as in the case of crops and plants. Ground water is a perfect example.
Q180.What is Net Attendance Ratio? 1 Mark

Ans: Net Attendance Ratio is the total number of children of age group 6-10 attending school as a percentage of total number of
children in the same age group.
Q181.What you understand by HDI? 1 Mark

Ans: HDI stands for Human Development Index.

Q182.Write the per capita income of India, 2015-16 1 Mark

Ans: The per capita income of India, 2015-16 - ₹ 86,879 per annum.
Q183.What is literacy rate measure? 1 Mark

Ans: Literacy rate measures the proportion of literate population in the seven and above age group.
Q184.What is the full form of HDI? 1 Mark

Ans: Human Development Index.

Q185.What is Gross enrolment ratio? 1 Mark

Ans: Gross enrolment ratio is at three levels-enrolment ratio for primary school, secondary school and higher education beyond
secondary school.
Q186.What is meant by the average income? 1 Mark
OR
What is per capita income?

Ans: The average income is the total income of a country divided by its total population. It is also called per capita income.
Total income of a country
Per capital Income = Total population of that country
Q187.What is the literacy rate of Kerala, Punjab and Bihar as per census year 2011? 1 Mark

Ans: As per census year 2011 the literacy rate of Kerala, Punjab, and Bihar are 94%, 75.84% and 63.82% respectively.
Q188.What is meant by human development? 1 Mark

Ans: Human development is the process of enlarging people's choices as well as raising the level of well-being so that they can lead a
meaningful life.
Q189.What can developmental goals be for prosperous farmers from Punjab? 1 Mark

Ans: Assured high family income through higher support prices for their crops, hardworking and cheap labourers. They should be able
to settle their children abroad.
Q190.How do ration shops under the Public Distribution System (PDS) help people? 1 Mark

Ans: Ration shops help by maintaining the nutritional status of the people and making food available at lower cost.
Q191.What does BMI stand for? 1 Mark
Ans: BMI stands for body mass index, and is a figure that attempts to illustrate someone’s approximate health by taking into
consideration his or her height and weight.
Q192.How can we achieve our hopes and possibilities in real life? 1 Mark

Ans: We can achieve our hopes and possibilities in real life through a democratic political process.
Q193.Which countries, according to the World Development Report 2006, are called rich countries? 1 Mark

Ans: Countries with per capita income of ₹ 4,53,000 per annum and above in 2004, are called rich countries.
Q194.State any one reason for overuse of resources. 1 Mark

Ans: Anyone reason for the overuse of resources can be:

1. Overpopulation.
2. Lack of awareness.
3. Excessive use of tubewells, canals, etc. for irrigation.
4. Industrial need.
Q195.What does 'more income' mean? 1 Mark

Ans: More income means more of all things that human beings need. Whatever people like, and should have, they will be able to get
with greater income.
Q196.What is Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)? 1 Mark

Ans: Infant Mortality Rate is the number of children that die before attaining the age of one year as a proportion of 1000 live children
born in that particular year.
Q197.How does UN on the basis of Human Development Report compare countries? 1 Mark

Ans: UNDP compares countries based on:

1. The educational levels of the people
2. Their health status and
3. Per capita income.
Q198.What do you mean by the income of a country? 1 Mark

Ans: The income of a country is the income of all the residents of the country.
Q199.How can we ensure the sustainability of development in our country? Suggest anyone way. 1 Mark

Ans: 1. Introduction of organic farming.

2. Adopting measures to reduce global warming and implement global limits on carbon emission.
Q200.How is BMI (Body Mass Index) calculated? 1 Mark

Ans: BMI is calculated by dividing the weight by the square of the height.
Q201.Which indicators are taken into consideration for measuring Human Development Index (HDI)? 1 Mark

Ans: 1. Per capita income

2. Life expectancy at birth
3. Literacy rate for 15+ population
4. Gross enrolment ratio for three levels.
Q202.Why has Kerala a low infant mortality rate? 1 Mark

Ans: Kerala has a low Infant Mortality rate because it has adequate provision of basic health and educational facilities.
Q203.What can be some of the developmental goals for your village, town or locality? 1 Mark

Ans: As we know that rural areas are very hard to improve specially where there is no literacy and no hygiene. It becomes very
difficult task to convince people for any change as they are very conservative and they don’t want to accept changes rather than
keep following their old and nonsense traditions. So, if I say then many more important development goals should be there like
sanitation, security, per capita income, education etc.
Q204.What are the common developmental goals of a person? 1 Mark

Ans: Common developmental goals are regular work, better wages and better standards of living.
Q205.Explain life expectancy at birth. 1 Mark

Ans: Average expected length of life of a person at the time of birth is known as life expectancy at birth.
Q206.Which region of the world has the largest crude oil reserves? 1 Mark

Ans: Middle East has the largest crude oil reserves.

Q207.What is considered to be one of the most important attributes for comparing countries? 1 Mark

Ans: For comparing countries, their income is considered to be one of the most important attributes.
Q208.Define literacy rate. 1 Mark
Ans: Literacy rate measures the proportion of literate population in the 7 and above age group.
Q209.Which Indian neighbour has a better HDI (Human Development Index) rank than India? 1 Mark

Ans: It is Sri Lanka.

Q210.Is it true that money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that you need to live well? Explain. 1 Mark

Ans: Actually money cannot buy you a pollution free environment or ensure that you get unadulterated medicines, money may also
not be able to protect you from infectious diseases
Q211.What was the per capita income of India in 2004? 1 Mark

Ans: The per capita income of India in 2004 was just ₹ 28,000 per annum.
Q212.Mention two non-material things that people need to live besides seeking more income or any other material goods. 1 Mark

Ans: 1. Equal treatment.

2. Freedom.
Q213.What may allow more women to take up a variety of jobs or run a business? 1 Mark

Ans: A safe and secure environment may allow more women to take up a variety of jobs or run a business.
Q214.Which country in the world has the largest size of illiterate population in the age group of 15+ years? 1 Mark

Ans: It is Bangladesh.
Q215.On the basis of which three indicators of HDI 2004 Sri Lanka has better rank than India? 1 Mark

Ans: 1. Life expectancy.

2. Gross enrollment ratio.
3. Per capita income.
Q216.What is Life Expectancy at birth? 1 Mark

Ans: Life expectancy at birth denotes average expected length of life of a person at the time of birth.
Q217.Why do people look at a mix of goals for development? 1 Mark

Ans: For development, people do look at a mix of goals which not only focus on seeking/ earning more income but also on non-
material aspects like equal treatment, respect of other, dignity of labour, safe and secure work environment, pollution free
surrounding, etc.
Q218.What are non-renewable resources? 1 Mark

Ans: These resources will get exhausted after some time and are not replenished by the nature. Example, crude oil.
Q219.What is Infant mortality rate? 1 Mark

Ans: It is the number of deaths of infants under one year per 1,000 live births in a particular area.
Q220.Which countries, according to the World Development Report 2006, are called low-income countries? 1 Mark

Ans: Countries with per capita income of ₹ 37,000 per annum or less are called low-income countries.
Q221.Mention any one development as goal of landless rural labourers. 1 Mark
OR
What is the development of rural people of India as per your viewpoint?

Ans: Any one development goal of landless rural labourers can be.
1. Regular income.
2. Regular job.
3. Small piece of land.
4. Equal status in society.
Q222.Quote few examples of environmental degradation that can be observed around. 1 Mark

Ans: Falling levels of ground water, water pollution, soil erosion, deforestation, the hole in the ozone layer, burning of fossil fuels etc.
Combustion from automobiles are causing extreme level of air pollution, especially in urban areas.
Q223.The two developmental goals of landless rural labourers are _____ and _____. 1 Mark

Ans: The two developmental goals of landless rural labourers are more days of work and better wages.
Q224.The level of efficiency and productivity is low in a _____ country. 1 Mark

Ans: The level of efficiency and productivity is low in a developing country.

Q225.S. N S. N 1 Mark
Column A Column B
o o
(a) Prosperous farmers from Punjab. (i) More days of work and better wages.
 Availability of additional sources of irrigation faciliti
(b) Landless rural labourers. (ii)
es.
Farmers who depend only on rain for growing cro
(c) (iii) Higher support prices for their crops.
ps.
(d) A girl from a rich urban family. (iv) She gets as much freedom as her brother.

Ans: (d) A girl from a rich urban family. (iv) She gets as much freedom as her brother.

Q226.Choose the incorrect option from column A and column B. 1 Mark

S. N Column A S. N Column B
o. Category of person o. Developmental goals/ Aspirations
(a) Landless rural labourers. (i) More days of work and better wages.
(b) Prosperous farmers from Punjab. (ii) Availability of other sources of irrigation.
Farmers who depend only on rain for growing crop
(c) (iii) Assured a higher support prices for their crops.
s.
Regular job and high wages to increase her incom
(d) A rural woman from a land owning family. (iv)
e.

Ans: Incorrect option:

4. A rural woman from a land owning family- Regular job and high wages to increase her income.
Q227.The Human Development Index (HDI) rank of India in the world is 151 as per 2016. (True/ False) 1 Mark

Ans: False.
Q228.Longevity implies how long a newborn is expected to live.(True/ False) 1 Mark

Ans: True.
Q229.Assertion (A): Different people having different development goals. 1 Mark
Reason (R): People want freedom, equality, security and respect.
A both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) B both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R)
is the correct explanation of Assertion (A). is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A) .
C Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false. D Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is correct.

Ans: A both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
Q230.Assertion (A): The availability of resources is a necessary condition for the development of any region, but mere availability of 1 Mark
resources in the absence of corresponding changes in technology and institutions may hinder development.
Reason (R): There are many regions in our county that are rich in resources but these are included in economically backward
regions.
A both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) B both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R)
is the correct explanation of Assertion (A). is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A) .
C Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false. D Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is correct.

Ans: B both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A) .
Q231.Assertion (A): India has experienced some significant changes in the contribution to GDP by the primary sector 1 Mark
Reason (R): In terms of GDP, the service sector emerged as the largest producing sector in India replacing the primary sector.
A both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) B both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R)
is the correct explanation of Assertion (A). is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A) .
C Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false. D Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is correct.

Ans: D Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is correct.

Q232.Assertion (A): Suppose the literacy rate in a state is 78% and the the net attendance ratio in secondary stage is 47%. 1 Mark
Reason (R): More than half of the students are going to other states for elementary education.
A both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) B both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R)
is the correct explanation of Assertion (A). is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A) .
C Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false. D Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is correct.

Ans: A both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
Q233.Assertion (A): Developmental goals that people are not only about better income but also about other important things in life. 1 Mark
 Reason (R): A safe and secure environment may allow more women to take up a variety of jobs or run a business.
A both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) B both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R)
is the correct explanation of Assertion (A). is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A) .
C Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false. D Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is correct.

Ans: B both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A) .
Q234.Assertion (A): Kerala has a low Infant Mortality Rate. 1 Mark
Reason (R): Kerala lacks the provision of basic health and educational facilities.
A both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) B both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R)
is the correct explanation of Assertion (A). is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A) .
C Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false. D Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is correct.

Ans: C Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false.

Q235.Assertion (A): A country at present has very high national income due to surplus oil resource. However it is essential to look for 1 Mark
alternative sources of income also.
Reason (R): Oil is a natural resource that is non-renewable in nature. If it is not used judiciously then it will get exhausted soon.
A both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) B both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R)
is the correct explanation of Assertion (A). is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A) .
C Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false. D Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is correct.

Ans: A both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
Q236.Assertion (A): Sustainable development is a crucial step for the development of a country. 1 Mark
Reason (R): Sustainability is the capability to use the resources judicious and maintain ecological balance.
A both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) B both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R)
is the correct explanation of Assertion (A). is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A) .
C Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false. D Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is correct.

Ans: B both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A) .
Q237.Assertion (A): A high average income is not indicative of the overall wellbeing of a country. 1 Mark
Reason (R): Average income does not cover human development indicates like level of education, health and public facilities.
A both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) B both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R)
is the correct explanation of Assertion (A). is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A) .
C Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false. D Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is correct.

Ans: A both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
Q238.Source B: Public and Private Sectors Another way of classifying economic activities into sectors could be on the basis of who 5 Marks
owns assets and is responsible for the delivery of services. In the public sector, the government owns most of the assets and
provides all the services. In the private sector, ownership of assets and delivery of services is in the hands of private individuals
or companies. Railways or post office is an example of the public sector whereas companies like 'Tata Iron and Steel Company
Limited (TISCO) or Reliance Industries Limited (RIL) are privately owned. Activities in the private sector are guided by the motive
to earn profits. To get such services we have to pay money to these individuals and companies. The purpose of the public sector
is not just to earn profits. Governments raise money through taxes and other ways to meet expenses on the services rendered
by it. Modern day governments spend on a whole range of activities. What are these activities? Why do governments spend on
such activities? Let's find out.
1. Who owns the assets and is responsible for the delivery of services in the Public sector and Private sector? Give examples.
1. In the public sector, the government owns most of the assets and provides all the services. In the private sector, ownership
of assets and delivery of services is in the hands of private individuals or companies. Railways or post office is an example
of the public sector whereas companies like 'Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited (TISCO)' is privately owned.
2. In the primary sector, the government owns most of the assets and provides all the services. In the private sector,
ownership of assets and delivery of services is in the hands of private individuals or companies. Railways or post office is an
example of the public sector whereas companies like 'Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited (TISCO)' is privately owned.
3. In the public sector, the government owns most of the assets and provides all the services. In the private sector, ownership
of assets and delivery of services is in the hands of private individuals or companies. Railways or post office is an example
of the private sector whereas companies like 'Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited' is publicly owned.
 4. In the private sector, the government owns most of the assets and provides all the services. In the public sector, ownership
of assets and delivery of services is in the hands of private individuals or companies. Railways or post office is an example
of the public sector whereas companies like 'Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited (TISCO)' is privately owned.
2. What does TISCO stand for?
1. It is Tata Ion and Steel Company Limited.
2. It is Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited.
3. It is Tata Iron and Steel Corporation Limited.
4. It is Tata Iron and Steel Company Limitation.
3. What does RIL stand for?
1. It stands for Rely Industries Limited.
2. It stands for Reason Industries Limited.
3. It stands Reliance Industries Limited.
4. It stands for Roosewon Industries Limited.
4. Fill in the blanks: Activities in the private sector are guided by ____.
1. The motive to earn food.
2. The motive to earn profits.
3. The motive to earn better livelihood.
4. The motive to earn land.

Ans: 1. (a) In the public sector, the government owns most of the assets and provides all the services. In the private sector, ownership
of assets and delivery of services is in the hands of private individuals or companies. Railways or post office is an example of
the public sector whereas companies like 'Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited (TISCO)' is privately owned.
2. (b) It is Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited.
3. (c) It stands Reliance Industries Limited.
4. (b) The motive to earn profits.
Q239.The value of final goods and services produced in each sector during a particular year provides the total production of the sector 5 Marks
for that year. And the sum of production in the three sectors gives what is called the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of a country.
It is the value of all final goods and services produced within a country during a particular year. GDP shows how big the economy
is. In India, the mammoth task of measuring GDP is undertaken by a central government ministry. This Ministry, with the help of
various government departments of all the Indian states and union territories, collects information relating to total volume of
goods and services and their prices and then estimates the GDP. When we produce a good by exploiting natural resources, it is
an activity of the primary sector. The secondary sector in which natural products are changed into other forms through ways of
manufacturing that we associate with industrial activity. After primary and secondary, there is a third category of activities that
falls under the tertiary sector and is different from the above two. These are activities that help in the development of the
primary and secondary sectors. These activities, by themselves, do not produce a good but they are an aid or a support for the
production process.
1. The money value of all the final goods and services produced within a country during a particular year is called:
1. Gross domestic product
2. Net domestic product
3. National product
4. Production of secondary sector.
2. Which sector has emerged as the largest producing sector in India?
1. Primary sector
2. Secondary sector
3. Tertiary sector
4. None of the above.
3. Information and communication technology is associated with:
1. Primary sector
2. Secondary sector
3. Tertiary sector
4. None of the above.
4. Life insurance is an activity of the:
1. Primary sector
2. Secondary sector
3. Tertiary sector
4. None of the above.
5. Manufacturing & Industrial activities are a feature of which sector?
1. Primary sector
2. Secondary sector
 3. Tertiary sector
4. None of the above.

Ans: 1. (a) Gross domestic product

2. (c) Tertiary sector
3. (c) Tertiary sector
4. (c) Tertiary sector
5. (b) Secondary sector
Q240.Source A: Underemployed As a result, more than half of the workers in the country are working in the primary sector, mainly in 5 Marks
agriculture, producing only a quarter of the GDP. In contrast to this, the secondary and tertiary sectors produce four-fifths of the
produce whereas they employ less than half the people. Does this mean that the workers in agriculture are not producing as
much as they could ? What it means is that there are more people in agriculture than is necessary. So, even if you move a few
people out, production will not be affected. In other words, workers in the agricultural sector are underemployed.
1. Why are workers in the agricultural sector said to be underemployed?
1. In agriculture there are more people employed than is necessary. Even if we move a few people out, production will not be
affected. In other words, workers in the agricultural sector said to be underemployed.
2. In agriculture there are less people employed than is necessary. Even if we move a few people out, production will not be
affected. In other words, workers in the agricultural sector said to be underemployed.
3. In agriculture there are more people employed than is necessary. Even if we move a few people out, production will not be
affected. In other words, workers in the secondary sector said to be underemployed.
4. In agriculture there are more people unemployed than is necessary. Even if we move a few people out, production will not
be affected. In other words, workers in the agricultural sector said to be underemployed.
2. Fill in the blanks: The secondary and tertiary sectors produce ____ of the produce.
1. Three-fifty
2. Four-fifths
3. One-third
4. One-fourth
3. Fill in the blanks: Workers in the agricultural sector are _____.
1. Employed
2. Underemployed
3. Unemployed
4. In debt
4. How many workers are working in the Primary Sector?
1. Less than half of the workers in the country are working in the primary sector.
2. More than one-third of the workers in the country are working in the primary sector.
3. More than half of the workers in the country are working in the primary sector.
4. Less than two-third of the workers in the country are working in the primary sector.

Ans: 1. (a) In agriculture there are more people employed than is necessary. Even if we move a few people out, production will not be
affected. In other words, workers in the agricultural sector said to be underemployed.
2. (b) Four-fifths
3. (b) Underemployed
4. (c) More than half of the workers in the country are working in the primary sector.
Q241.The organised sector offers jobs that are the most sought-after. But the employment opportunities in the organised sector have 5 Marks
been expanding very slowly. It is also common to find many organised sector enterprises in the unorganised sector. They adopt
such strategies to evade taxes and refuse to follow laws that protect labourers. As a result, a large number of workers are forced
to enter the unorganised sector jobs, which pay a very low salary. They are often exploited and not paid a fair wage. Their
earnings are low and not regular. These jobs are not secure and have no other benefits. Since the 1990s, it is also common to see
a large number of workers losing their jobs in the organised sector. These workers are forced to take up jobs in the unorganised
sector with low earnings. Hence, besides the need for more work, there is also a need for protection and support of the workers
in the unorganised sector.
1. What was the setback for workers who lost their jobs in organised sector & joined unorganised sector, in 1990s?
1. Now they had more liberty.
2. They were earning more money.
3. They still had to pay huge taxes.
4. Their jobs were unsecure, less paid with no benefits.
2. Which of the following communityis likely to be in the unorganised sector?
1. Brahmins
2. Kshatriyas
3. Shudras/ Outcastes
 4. Vaishyas
3. In urban premises, Unorganised sector labourers are engaged in:-
1. Trade, transport & small scale industries.
2. Call centre & Peon
3. Large Factories
4. Health workers & Clerk
4. Why do organised sector enterprises disguise themselves as unorganised sector?
1. To work for social welfare
2. To evade taxes
3. To protect their labourers
4. To give more benefits to their workers.
5. Which category do nearly 80% of rural household belong to?
1. Weavers
2. Blacksmiths
3. Small & marginalized farmers
4. Carpenters

Ans: 1. (d) Their jobs were unsecure, less paid with no benefits.
2. (c) Shudras/ Outcastes
3. (a) Trade, transport & small scale industries.
4. (b) To evade taxes
5. (c) Small & marginalized farmers.
Q242.Organized sector covers those enterprises or places of work where the terms of employment are regular and therefore, people 5 Marks
have assured work. It is called organized because it has some formal processes and procedures. They are registered by the
government and have to follow its rules and regulations which are given in various laws such as the Factories Act, Minimum
Wages Act, Payment of Gratuity Act, Shops and Establishments Act. Workers in the organized sector enjoy security of
employment. They are expected to work only a fixed number of hours. If they work more, they have to be paid overtime by the
employer. They also get several other benefits from the employers. They get paid leave, payment during holidays, provident
fund, gratuity etc. They are supposed to get medical benefits and, under the laws, the factory manager has to ensure facilities
like drinking water and a safe working environment. When they retire, these workers get pensions as well.
1. The above passage relates to:
1. Organized sector
2. Unorganized sector
3. Employment
4. Environmental society
2. An organized sector is one in which, there are:-
1. Workers union
2. Private enterprises
3. Some formal processes and procedures.
4. Un-numbered workers are employed
3. It is mandatory for organized sector to:
1. Extend working hours of the workers
2. Not to register themselves with the government
3. Protect the benefits of the owners
4. Follow the rules and regulation framed under various laws like factory Act, Minimum Wages Act etc…
4. The workers of organized sector have the privileges of:
1. Enjoying holidays
2. Working on alternative days
3. Security of job, medical benefits, overtime for additional working hours etc.
4. Resign and join as per their choice
5. In an organized sector, workers enjoy better working conditions because.
1. It is backed by NGOs
2. They are government registered
3. They receive huge funds from industrialists
4. They are supported by family background

Ans: 1. (a) Organized sector

2. (c) Some formal processes and procedures.
3. (d) Follow the rules and regulation framed under various laws like factory Act, Minimum Wages Act etc…
4. (c) Security of job, medical benefits, overtime for additional working hours etc.
5. (b) They are government registered
Q243.After primary and secondary, there is a third category of activities that falls under tertiary sector and is different from the above 5 Marks
two. These are activities that help in the development of the primary and secondary sectors. These activities, by themselves, do
not produce a good but they are an aid or a support for the production process. For example, goods that are produced in the
primary or secondary sector would need to be transported by trucks or trains and then sold in wholesale and retail shops. At
times, it may be necessary to store these in godowns. We also may need to talk to others over telephone or send letters
(communication) or borrow money from banks (banking) to help production and trade. Transport, storage, communication,
banking, trade are some examples of tertiary activities. Since these activities generate services rather than goods, the tertiary
sector is also called the service sector.
1. Which economic sector is considered the first sector?
1. Tertiary sector
2. Secondary Sector
3. Primary sector
4. Third Sector
2. What comes under the tertiary sector?
1. Only transport and trade are examples of tertiary activities.
2. Transport, storage, communication, banking. trade are some examples of tertiary activities.
3. Only storage and communication some examples of tertiary activities.
4. Only banking is an example of tertiary activities.
3. Which sector is known as service sector?
1. Tertiary sector
2. Secondary Sector
3. Primary Sector
4. Third Sector
4. Fill in the blanks: These activities (of service sector), by themselves, do not _____ but they are an ___ or a support for the
production process.
1. Lend help, support
2. Produce commodities, support
3. Produce aid, good
4. Produce a good, aid

Ans: 1. (c) Primary sector

2. (b) Transport, storage, communication, banking. trade are some examples of tertiary activities.
3. (a) Tertiary sector
4. (d) Produce a good, aid
Q244.Source C: Casual Worker This underemployment can also happen in other sectors. For example there are thousands of casual 5 Marks
workers in the service sector in urban areas who search for daily employment. They are employed as painters, plumbers, repair
persons and others doing odd jobs. Many of them don't find work everyday. Similarly, we see other people of the service sector
on the street pushing a cart or selling something where they may spend the whole day but earn very little. They are doing this
work because they do not have better opportunities.
1. Who are Casual Workers?
1. There are thousands of casual workers in the primary sector in urban areas who search for daily employment. They are
employed as painters. Plumbers, repair persons and others doing odd jobs. Many of them don't find work everyday.
2. There are thousands of casual workers in the service sector in rural areas who search for daily employment. They are
employed as painters. Plumbers, repair persons and others doing odd jobs. Many of them don't find work everyday.
3. There are thousands of casual workers in the service sector in urban areas who search for daily employment. They are
employed as painters. Plumbers, repair persons and others doing odd jobs. Many of them find work everyday.
4. There are thousands of casual workers in the service sector in urban areas who search for daily employment. They are
employed as painters. Plumbers, repair persons and others doing odd jobs. Many of them don't find work everyday.
2. Fill in the blanks: There are thousands of casual workers in the service sector in ___ areas who search for daily
employment.
1. Rural
2. Compact
3. Urban
4. Large
3. Do the casual workers earn a lot?
1. They may work the entire day but earn lesser than what they deserve.
2. They may work the entire day but earn more than what they deserve.
3. They may not work the entire day but earn lesser than what they deserve.
 4. They may not work the entire day but earn more than what they deserve.
4. If they earn less, why do they still continue with the same job?
1. It is because they do have better opportunities.
2. It is because they don't have better opportunities.
3. It is because they enjoy their work.
4. It is because they can't resign on their own.

Ans: 1. (d) There are thousands of casual workers in the service sector in urban areas who search for daily employment. They are
employed as painters. Plumbers, repair persons and others doing odd jobs. Many of them don't find work everyday
2. (c) Urban
3. (a) They may work the entire day but earn lesser than what they deserve.
4. (b) It is because they don't have better opportunities.
Q245.Total income is not such a useful measure. Since, countries have different populations, comparing total income will not tell us 5 Marks
what an average person is likely to earn. Are people in one country better off than others in a different country? Hence, we
compare the average income which is the total income of the country divided by its total population. The average income is also
called per capita income.In World Development Reports,brought out by the World Bank, this criterion is used in classifying
countries. Countries with per capitain come of US
12, 056perannumandabovein2017, arecalledrichcountriesandthosewithpercapitaincomeofUS 955 or less are called low-income
countries. India comes in the category of low middle income countries because its per capita income in 2017 was just US$ 1820
per annum. The rich countries, excluding countries of Middle East and certain other small countries, are generally called
developed countries.
1. Countries with per capita income of US$ 12,056 per annum and above are called _____________________ .
1. Low income countries
2. Rich countries
3. Small countries
4. None of these
2. We compare the average income by _______.
1. Total income of the country divided by the total population.
2. Total population multiplied by total income.
3. Both A and B
4. None of these
3. The rich countries exclude the countries of _____________.
1. Middle East
2. Certain other small countries
3. Srilanka
4. All of these
4. The average income is:
1. Income per person
2. Income per family
3. Income per month
4. Income per earning person
5. Which category does India belong to with respect to its per capita income?
1. Low income countries
2. Rich countries
3. High Income countries
4. Low middle income countries

Ans: 1. (b) Rich countries

2. (a) Total income of the country divided by the total population.
3. (d) All of these
4. (a) Income per person
5. (d) Low middle income countries.
Q246.Source B: Unorganized Sector In contrast, Kamal works in the unorganised sector. The unorganised sector is characterised by 5 Marks
small and scattered units which are largely outside the control of the government. There are rules and regulations but these are
not followed. Jobs here are low-paid and often not regular. There is no provision for overtime, paid leave, holidays, leave due to
sickness etc. Employment is not secure. People can be asked to leave without any reason. When there is less work, such as
during some seasons, some people may be asked to leave. A lot also depends on the whims of the employer. This sector includes
a large number of people who are employed on their own doing small jobs such as selling on the street or doing repair work.
Similarly, farmers work on their own and hire labourers as and when they require.
1. What are the characteristics of unorganised sectors?
 1. The unorganised sector is characterised by large and scattered units which are largely outside the control of the
government. Jobs here are low-paid and often regular. There is no provision for overtime, paid leave, holidays, leave due to
sickness etc.
2. The unorganised sector is characterised by small and scattered units which are largely outside the control of the
government. Jobs here are low-paid and often not regular. There is no provision for overtime, paid leave, holidays, leave
due to sickness etc.
3. The unorganised sector is characterised by small and scattered units which are largely outside the control of the
government. Jobs here are well-paid but often not regular. There is no provision for overtime, paid leave, holidays, leave
due to sickness, etc.
4. The unorganised sector is characterised by small and scattered units which are largely outside the control of the
government. Jobs here are low-paid and often not regular. But there is provision for overtime, paid leave, holidays, leave
due to sickness etc.
2. Are there any benefits to this sector as was in the organised sector?
1. No, there is no provision for overtime, paid leave, holidays, leave due to sickness etc. Employment is not secure. People can
be asked to leave without any reason.
2. Yes, there is provision for overtime, paid leave, holidays, leave due to sickness etc. But employment is not secure. People
can be asked to leave without any reason.
3. Yes, there is no provision for overtime, paid leave, holidays, leave due to sickness etc. But employment is secure.
4. No, there is no provision for overtime, paid leave, holidays, leave due to sickness etc. Employment is not secure. People can
be asked to leave without a specific reason.
3. Fill in the blanks: Jobs here are ____ and often ____ .
1. Low-paid, regular
2. Well-paid, not regular
3. Low-paid, not regular
4. Well-paid, regular
4. Fill in the blanks: Kamal works in the ____ .
1. Organised sector
2. Primary sector
3. Secondary sector
4. Unorganised sector

Ans: 1. (b) The unorganised sector is characterised by small and scattered units which are largely outside the control of the
government. Jobs here are low-paid and often not regular. There is no provision for overtime, paid leave, holidays, leave due
to sickness etc.
2. (a) No, there is no provision for overtime, paid leave, holidays, leave due to sickness etc. Employment is not secure. People
can be asked to leave without any reason.
3. (c) Low-paid, not regular
4. (d) Unorganised sector
Q247.The value of final goods and services produced in each sector during a particular year provides the total production of the sector 5 Marks
for that year. And the sum of production in the three sectors gives what is called the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of a country.
It is the value of all final goods and services produced within a country during a particular year. GDP shows how big the economy
is. In India, the mammoth task of measuring GDP is undertaken by a central government ministry. This Ministry, with the help of
various government departments of all the Indian states and union territories, collects information relating to total volume of
goods and services and their prices and then estimates the GDP.
1. The source given above relates to which of the following options?
1. World bank
2. GDP (Gross Domestic Product)
3. GNP
4. GNH (Gross National Happiness)
2. Why are only final goods and services counted and not intermediate goods?
1. The value of intermediate gods needs not to be added. None of the above.
2. There are no such intermediate goods.
3. The value of final goods already included the value of the intermediate goods that are used in making the final goods.
4. None of the above.
3. The value of all final good and services produced with a country during a particular year is known as.
1. GDP
2. GNP
3. GST
4. SGST
 4. The GDP of a country shows:
1. How well off the people of that country
2. How much employment rate is there in a country
3. Standard of living of people
4. How big the economy of the country is.
5. The task of data collection on GDP is done by:
1. NGOs
2. IMF
3. Ministry of State Government
4. Ministry of Central Government

Ans: 1. (b) GDP ( Gross Domestic Product)

2. (c) The value of final goods already included the value of the intermediate goods that are used in making the final goods.
3. (a) GDP
4. (d) How big the economy of the country is.
5. (d) Ministry of Central Government
Q248.This sector is characterised by small and scattered units which are largely outside the control of the government. There are rules 5 Marks
and regulations but these are not followed. Jobs here are low-paid and often not regular. There is no provision for overtime, paid
leave, holidays, leave due to sickness etc. Employment is not secure. People can be asked to leave without any reason. When
there is less work, such as during some seasons, some people may be asked to leave. A lot also depends on the whims of the
employer. This sector includes a large number of people who are employed on their own doing small jobs such as selling on the
street or doing repair work. Similarly, farmers work on their own and hire labourers as and when they require.
1. which sector are we talking about?
1. Private sector
2. Public sector
3. Organised sector
4. Unorganised sector
2. Which of the following is applicable for a worker, who works in the above mentioned sector?
1. She gets medical allowance
2. She got an appointment letter stating the terms and conditions of work when she joins work.
3. She gets a regular salary at the end of the month.
4. She is not paid for leave.
3. choose the correct meaning of the organised sector:
1. It covers those enterprises where the terms of employment are regular.
2. It is outside the control of the government.
3. Jobs are not regular
4. It provides low salaries.
4. Read the statements given below and choose the incorrect options:
1. There is no provision for overtime, paid leave, holidays, etc. in the organised sector.
2. workers in organised sector enjoy security of employment
3. organised sector covers those places of work where the terms of employment are regular.
4. workers in the organised sector expected to work only a fixed number of hours.
5. A sector that lies outside the control of government is:
1. Organized sector
2. Public sector
3. Private sector
4. Unorganised sector

Ans: 1. (d) Unorganised sector

2. (d) She is not paid for leave.
3. (a) It covers those enterprises where the terms of employment are regular.
4. (a) There is no provision for overtime, paid leave, holidays,etc. in the organised sector.
5. (d) Unorganised sector.
Q249.Source A: Sectors of Economic Activities (Primary Sector) There are many activities that are undertaken by directly using natural 5 Marks
resources. Take, for example, the cultivation of cotton. It takes place within a crop season. For the growth of the cotton plant, we
depend mainly, but not entirely, on natural factors like rainfall, sunshine and climate. The product of this activity, cotton, is a
natural product. Similarly, in the case of an activity like dairy, we are dependent on the biological process of the animals and
availability of fodder etc. The product here, milk, also is a natural product. Similarly, minerals and ores are also natural products.
 When we produce a good by exploiting natural resources, it is an activity of the primary sector. Why primary? This is because it
forms the base for all other products that we subsequently make. Since most of the natural products we get are from
agriculture, dairy, fishing, forestry, this sector is also called agriculture and related sector.
1. Why is Primary Sector also called agriculture and related sector?
1. When we produce a good by properly using natural resources, it is an activity of the Primary Sector. Since most of the
natural products we get are from agriculture, dairy, fishing, forestry etc. So, this sector is also called agriculture and related
sector.
2. When we produce a good by exploiting natural resources, it is an activity of the Primary Sector. Since most of the natural
products we get are from agriculture, dairy, fishing, forestry etc. So this sector is also called agriculture and related sector.
3. Since most of the natural products we get are from agriculture, dairy, fishing, forestry etc. and Primary Sector solely
depends on Secondary Sector, so this sector is also called agriculture and related sector.
4. When we produce a good by exploiting natural resources, it is an activity of the Secondary Sector. Since most of the natural
products we get are from agriculture, dairy, fishing, forestry etc. So this sector is also called agriculture and related sector.
2. Name some natural products.
1. Airplanes and boats
2. Cars and trucks
3. Minerals and ores, and milk, etc.
4. Trains and pulleys
3. When does the cultivation of cotton take place?
1. During the fall
2. During the winter season
3. During the shredding season
4. Within the crop season
4. What do we mostly depend on for the growth of cotton?
1. For the growth of the cotton plant, we depend mainly, but not entirely, on natural factors like rainfall, sunshine and
climate.
2. For the growth of the cotton plant, we depend mainly on natural factors like rainfall, sunshine and climate.
3. For the growth of the cotton plant, we depend mainly on sunshine and climate.
4. For the growth of the cotton plant, we depend mainly on rainfall, sunshine.

Ans: 1. (b) When we produce a good by properly using natural resources, it is an activity of the Primary Sector. Since most of the
natural products we get are from agriculture, dairy, fishing, forestry etc. So, this sector is also called agriculture and related
sector.
2. (c) Minerals and ores, and milk, etc.
3. (d) Within the crop season
4. (a) For the growth of the cotton plant, we depend mainly, but not entirely, on natural factors like rainfall, sunshine and
climate.
Q250.SOURCE B: (Secondary Sector) The secondary sector covers activities in which natural products are changed into other forms 5 Marks
through ways of manufacturing that we associate with industrial activity. It is the next step after primary. The product is not
produced by nature but has to be made and therefore some process of manufacturing is essential. This could be in a factory, a
workshop or at home. For example, using cotton fibre from the plant, we spin yarn and weave cloth. Using sugarcane as a raw
material, we make sugar or gur. We convert earth into bricks and use bricks to make houses and buildings. Since this sector
gradually became associated with the different kinds of industries that came up, it is also called as industrial sector.
1. Which activities are covered in Secondary Sector?
1. The Secondary sector covers activities in which natural products are changed into other forms through ways of
manufacturing that we associate with primary activity. The product is produced by nature manufacturing.
2. The Secondary sector does not cover activities in which natural products are changed into other forms through ways of
manufacturing that we associate with industrial activity.
3. The Secondary sector covers activities in which natural products are changed into other forms through ways of
manufacturing that we associate with industrial activity. This could be in a factory, workshop or it could be made at home.
4. The Secondary sector covers activities in which natural products aren't changed into other forms through ways of
manufacturing that we associate with industrial activity.
2. What do we make from sugarcane?
1. Using sugarcane as a raw material, we make sugar or gur.
2. Using sugarcane as a raw material, we make sugar and candy floss.
3. Using sugarcane as a raw material, we make gur and nuts.
4. Using sugarcane as a raw material, we make only gur.
3. How do we acquire bricks?
1. We convert water into bricks.
 2. We convert earth into bricks.
3. We convert sand into bricks.
4. We convert clay into bricks.
5. How do we make use of the bricks?
1. We use them to build tents.
2. We use them as a weapon.
3. We use them for decoration.
4. We use them to build houses and buildings.

Ans: 1. (c) The Secondary sector covers activities in which natural products are changed into other forms through ways of
manufacturing that we associate with industrial activity. This could be in a factory, workshop or it could be made at home.
2. (a) Using sugarcane as a raw material, we make sugar or gur.
3. (b) We convert earth into bricks
4. (d) We use them to build houses and buildings.
Q251.Read the given source and answer the questions that follow: 4 Marks
INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT
By the first decade of the twentieth century a series of changes affected the pattern of industrialization in India. As the swadeshi
movement gathered momentum, nationalists mobilised people to boycott foreign cloth. Industrial groups organised themselves
to protect their collective interests, pressurising the government to increase tariff protection and grant other concessions. From
1906, moreover, the export of Indian yarn to China declined since produce from Chinese and Japanese mills flooded the Chinese
market. So industrialists in India began shifting from yarn to cloth production. Cotton piece goods production in India doubled
between 1900 and 1912.
Yet, till the First World War, industrial growth was slow. The war created a dramatically new situation. With British mills busy
with war production to meet the needs of the army, Manchester imports into India declined. Suddenly, Indian mills had a vast
home market to supply. As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs : jute bags, cloth for army
uniforms, tents and leather boots, horse and mule saddles and a host of other items. New factories were set up and old ones ran
multiple shifts. Many new workers were employed and everyone was made to work longer hours. Over the war years industrial
production boomed.
1. What was the Swadeshi Movement?
2. Why did the Cotton piece goods production in India double between 1900 to 1912?
3. Explain any two events that helped India to regain its market.

Ans: 1.
1. In the Swadeshi Movement, leaders appealed to people to use indigenous and national goods and to boycott foreign goods
2.
1. Indian yarnexport to China declined since produce from Chinese and Japanese mills flooded the Chinese market.
2. Industrialists in India began shifting from yarn to cloth production. Hence cotton piece goods production in India doubled
between 1900 and 1912.
3.
1. As the Swadeshi Movement gathered momentum, nationalists mobilised people to boycott foreign cloth.
2. Industrial groups organised themselves to protect their collective interests, pressurising the government to increase tariff
protection and grant other concessions.
3. From 1906, moreover, the export of Indian yarn to China declined.
4. Outbreak of the First World War due to which Manchester imports into India declined.
5. New factories were set up and old ones ran multiple shifts
Q252.Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow: 4 Marks
CRUDE OIL RESERVES
Regions/ Countries Reserves (2017) (Thousand Million Barrels) Number of Years Reserves will last
Middle East 808 70
United States of America 50 10.5
World 1697 50.2

The table gives an estimate of reserves of crude oil (column1). More importantly, it also tells us for how many years the stock of
crude oil will last if people continue to extract it at the present rate. The reserves would last only 50 years more. This is for the
world as a whole. However, different countries face different situations. Countries like India depend on importing oil from
abroad because they do not have enough stocks of their own. If prices of oil increase this becomes a burden for everyone. There
are countries like the USA which have low reserves and hence want to secure oil through military or economic power. The
question of sustainability of development raises many fundamentally new issues about the nature and process of development.
1. The stock of Crude Oil for the world will last for how many more years?
1. 70 years
 2. 60 years
3. 40 years
4. 50 years
2. The reserve of Crude Oil available in the Middle is how many times more than the reserves in the USA?
1. 15 times
2. 16 times
3. 14 times
4. 17 times
3. Which among the following is a Judicious use of Crude Oil Reserves.
1. Importing from other countries for domestic use.
2. Overuse of non renewable resources.
3. Use of alternative sources of resources.
4. None of these.
4. How do powerful countries secure oil for their use?
1. Through military or economic power.
2. By buying from the Middle East at higher prices.
3. By using alternative sources of energy.
4. Putting a restriction on usage of Crude oil in their territories.

Ans: 1. (d) 50 years

2. (b) 16 times
3. (c) Use of alternative sources of resources.
4. (a) Through military or economic power.
Q253.Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow: 4 Marks
One way to find out if we are properly nourished is to calculate what nutrition scientists call it BMI. This is easy to calculate. Let
each student in the class find out his or her weight and height. Take the weight of each student in kilograms (kg). Then, take the
height by drawing up a scale on the wall and measuring accurately with the head straight. Convert the height recorded in
centimeters into meters. Divide the weight in kg by the square of the height. The number you get is called BMI. Then, look at the
BMI-for-Age tables given on pages 90–91. A student’s BMI could be within the normal range or less than that (underweight) or
more (obesity). For example, if a girl student is 14 years and 8 month old and the BMI is 15.2, then she is undernourished.
Similarly, if the BMI of a boy aged 15 years and 6 months is 28, then he is overweight. Discuss the life situation, food and exercise
habits of students, in general, without body shaming anyone.
1. What is BMI?
1. Body mass information.
2. Body mean information.
3. Body mean index.
4. Body mass index.
2. Identify the correct formula to calculate the BMI.
1. Height/ Weight2
2. Weight/ height2
3. Weight/ height
4. Weight2/ heigh
3. Rahul is 5 ft 6 inches tall and he weighs 82 kilos. Calculate his BMI.
1. 23.5
2. 29.2
3. 27.6
4. 21.3
4. According to Rahul’s BMI, he is _______.
1. Overweight.
2. Underweight.
3. Normal.
4. Obese.

Ans: 1. (d) Body mass index.

2. (b) Weight/ height2
3. (b) 29.2
4. (a) Overweight.
Q254.Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow: 4 Marks
 Do you know that in India about 60 percent of the population belongs to the age group 5-29 years? Out of this, only about 51
per cent are attending educational institutions. The rest and particularly those aged less than 18 years may be at home or many
of them may be working as child labourers. If these children are to attend schools, we will require more buildings, more teachers
and other staff. A study conducted by the erstwhile Planning Commission estimates that nearly 20 lakh jobs can be created in
the education sector alone. Similarly, if we are to improve the health situation, we need many more doctors, nurses, health
workers etc. to work in rural areas. These are some ways by which jobs would be created and we would also be able to address
the important aspects of development. Every state or region has potential for increasing the income and employment for people
in that area. It could be tourism, or regional craft industry, or new services like IT. Some of these would require proper planning
and support from the government. For example, the same study by the Planning Commission says that if tourism as a sector is
improved, every year we can give additional employment to more than 35 lakh people.
1. The erstwhile Planning commission is now named as:
1. Planned Commission.
2. NITI Aayojana.
3. NITI Aayog.
4. Planned Aayojana.
2. The total number of children of age group 14 and 15 years attending schools as a percentage of total number of children in
the same age group is called:
1. Gross enrolment ratio.
2. Literacy rate.
3. Net attendance ratio.
4. None of these.
3. Tertiary sector is becoming so important in India because:
1. These activities do not produce a good by themselves.
2. These activities help in the development of the primary and secondary sectors.
3. These activities are an aid or support for the production process.
4. These activities generate goods rather than services.
4. The primary sector continues to be the largest employer even now because:
1. People barely manage to earn a living.
2. Enough jobs were not created in the secondary and tertiary sectors.
3. Government has not taken any responsibility for providing basic services.
4. None of these.

Ans: 1. (c) NITI Aayog.

2. (c) Net attendance ratio.
3. (b) These activities help in the development of the primary and secondary sectors.
4. (b) Enough jobs were not created in the secondary and tertiary sectors.
Q255.Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow: 4 Marks
Some comparative data on Kerala, Haryana and Bihar
Literacy r
Infant mortality rate per 1,000 li Net attendance ratio (per 100 per persons) secondary stage (a
State ate %
ve births (2017) ge 14 and 15 years) 2013-2014
2011
Harya
30 82 61
na
Keral
10 94 83
a
Bihar 35 62 43

Kerala, out of 1000 children born, 10died before completing one year of age but in Haryana the proportion of children dying
within one year of birth was 30, which is two times more than that of Kerala. On the other hand, the per capita income of
Haryana is more than that of Kerala. Just think of how dear you are toy our parents, think of how every one is so happy when a
child is born. Now, try to think of parents whose children die before they even celebrate their first birthday. How painful it must
be to these parents? Next, note the year to which this data pertains. It is 2017. So we are not talking of old times; it is70 years
after independence when our metro cities are full of high rise buildings and shopping malls. The problem does not end with
Infant Mortality Rate. The last column of table 1.4 shows around half of the children aged 14-15 in Bihar are not attending school
beyond Class 8. This means that if you went to school in Bihar nearly half of your elementary class would be missing. Those who
could have been in school are not there. If this had happened to you, you would not be able to read what you are reading now.
How is it that the average person in Haryana has more income than the average person in Kerala but lags behind in these crucial
areas? The reason is money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that you may need to live well. So, income by
itself is not a completely adequate indicator of material goods and services that citizens are able to use. For example, normally,
 your money cannot buy you a pollution-free environment or ensure that you get unadulterated medicines, unless you can afford
to shift to a community that already has all these things. Money may also not be able to protect you from infectious diseases,
unless the whole of your community takes preventive steps. Even now, in many areas, children, particularly girls, are not able to
go to high school because the government/ society has not provided adequate facilities. Kerala has a low Infant Mortality Rate
because it has adequate provision of basic health and educational facilities. Similarly, in some states, the Public Distribution
System (PDS)functions well. Health and nutritional status of people of such states is certainly likely to be better.
1. Identify the IMR of Haryana in 2017 and the literacy rate of Haryana in 2011 from the following options.
1. 30%, 82%
2. 94%, 62%
3. 40%, 94%
4. None of these.
2. From the above passage, identify the reason behind the low infant mortality rate of kerala.
1. Status of people.
2. Adequate provision of basic health and educational facilities.
3. The per capita income is more.
4. All of these.
3. Identify the things that we cannot buy with money.
1. Pollution free environment.
2. Protect us from infectious diseases.
3. Clothes and cars.
4. Both A and B.
4. The passage given above is related to which of the following options?
1. Exhaustion of natural resources.
2. Tax.
3. Income and public facilities.
4. All of these.

Ans: 1. (a) 30%, 82%

2. (d) All of these.
3. (a) Pollution free environment.
4. (a) Exhaustion of natural resources.
Q256.Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow: 4 Marks
Suppose for the present that a particular country is quite developed. We would certainly like this level of development to go up
further or at least be maintained for future generations. This is obviously desirable. However, since the second half of the
twentieth century, a number of scientists have been warning that the present type, and levels, of development are not
sustainable.
Groundwater is an example of renewable resources. These resources are replenished by nature as in the case of crops and
plants. However, even these resources may be overused. For example, in the case of groundwater, if we use more than what is
being replenished by rain then we would be overusing this resource.
Consequences of environmental degradation do not respect national or state boundaries; this issue is no longer region or nation
specific. Our future is linked together. Sustainability of development is comparatively a new area of knowledge in which
scientists, economists, philosophers and other social scientists are working together.
1. Pick out the cause that enhances environmental degradation.
1. Planting trees.
2. Prevention of factory wastes getting mixed up with river water.
3. Ban on using plastic bags.
4. Allowing an increase in the level of exhaust fumes emited by cars, buses trucks etc.
2. Which of the following statement defines sustainable development?
1. Sustainable use of natural resources without considering the need of future generations.
2. The present generation fulfills its needs while considering the needs of the future generations as well.
3. It means the utilisation of natural resources by the past, present and the future generations.
4. To meet the needs of the future generations even if the needs of the present generation is not met.
3. What kind of development should be achieved by making a sincere attempt to preserve the environment and resources.
1. Economic Development.
2. Social Development.
3. Sustainable Development.
4. Political Development.
4. The future generation may not have sufficient resources as compared to the present generation because:
1. Resources are being used judiciously by the present generation, which will make them exhausted.
 2. Resources are being used optimally by the present generation which will make them exhausted.
3. Resources are being overused by present generation, which will make them exhausted.
4. Resources are not being used by the present generation, which will make them exhausted.

Ans: 1. (d) Allowing an increase in the level of exhaust fumes emited by cars, buses trucks etc.
2. (b) The present generation fulfills its needs while considering the needs of the future generations as well.
3. (c) Sustainable Development.
4. (c) Resources are being overused by present generation, which will make them exhausted.
Q257.Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow: 4 Marks
''Here are many activities that are undertaken by directly using natural resources. Since most of the natural products we get are
from agriculture, dairy, fishing, forestry, this sector is also called agriculture and related sectors. The secondary sector covers
activities in which natural products are changed into other forms through ways of manufacturing. This could be in a factory, a
workshop, or at home. For example, using cotton fibre from the plant, we spin yarn and weave cloth. Since this sector gradually
became associated with the different kinds of industries that came up, it is also called the industrial sector. After primary and
secondary, there is a third category of activities that falls under the tertiary sector and are different from the above two. These
are activities that help in the development of the primary and secondary sectors. These activities, by themselves, do not
produce a good but they are an aid or support for the production process. For example, goods that are produced in the primary
or secondary sector would need to be transported by trucks or trains and then sold in wholesale and retail shops. At times, it
may be necessary to store these in godowns. Transport, storage, communication, banking, trade are some examples of tertiary
activities. Since these activities generate services rather than goods, the tertiary sector is also called the service sector. The
service sector also includes some essential services that may not directly help in the production of goods. For example, we
require teachers, doctors, and those who provide personal services such as washermen, barbers, cobblers, lawyers, and people
to do administrative and accounting work''
1. Secondary sector: Workers in a match factory, Tertiary sector: _______.
1. Beekeeper.
2. Milk vendor.
3. Handloom worker.
4. Tailor.
2. Which is the correct option for classification based on nature of activities?
1. Organised and unorganised sector.
2. Public sector and private sector.
3. Primary, secondary and tertiary sector.
4. None of these.
3. "After primary and secondary, there is a third category of activities that falls under the tertiary sector and is different from
the above two." Which of the following is incorrect regarding the given statement?
1. These activities do not produce a good by themselves.
2. These activities help in the development of the primary and secondary sectors.
3. These activities are an aid or support for the production process.
4. These activities generate goods rather than services.
4. Choose the incorrect pair:
1. Call centre employee-Secondary sector.
2. IT specialists-Quaternary sector.
3. Potter-Primary Sector.
4. Money Lender-Tertiary sector.

Ans: 1. (b) Milk vendor.

2. (c) Primary, secondary and tertiary sector.
3. (d) These activities generate goods rather than services.
4. (a) Call centre employee-Secondary sector.
Q258.Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow: 4 Marks
For comparing countries, their income is considered to be one of the most important attributes. Countries with higher income
are more developed than others with less income. This is based on the understanding that more incomemeans more of all things
that human beings need. Whatever people like, and should have, they will be able to get with greater income. So, greater
income itself is considered to be one important goal. The rich countries, excluding countries of the Middle East and certain other
small countries, are generally called developed countries.
1. Which country can be considered as a developed country in the modern world? Select your answer from the following
statements.
1. Countries which have accumulated huge amounts of wealth and always secures the future of their citizens. These countries
are considered to be developed.
2. Countries which are among the highest in the 'Human Development Index' are considered to be the developed countries.
 3. Only rich countries are considered to be developed because people have money to buy everything needed for human
beings both material and non-material.
4. Iran is a rich country and therefore it is a developed country.
2. What is considered to be one of the most important attributes when we compare countries at the level of development?
1. Industrial development.
2. Resources of the country.
3. Income.
4. Import-export.
3. The Middle East countries even though are rich countries; but they are not considered as a developed country because.
1. Its high income is because of Oil exports and not because of development.
2. It has all the facilities of a developed country because of its high income.
3. Even after sufficient development they are still not considered as developed countries.
4. It does not have many facilities so they are not treated as developed countries.
4. ______ is the total income of the country divided by its total population.
1. Gross income.
2. Per capita income.
3. Total income.
4. Net income.

Ans: 1. (b) Countries which are among the highest in the 'Human Development Index' are considered to be the developed countries.
2. (c) Income.
3. (A) Its high income is because of Oil exports and not because of development.
4. (B) Per capita income.