IMPERIAL ACADEMY OF STUDIES

ASSIGNMENT CH-1 SETS

SETS

A well-defined collection of objects is called a set. Sets are denoted by capital letters A, B, C, X, Y, Z, etc. and elements
of a set are denoted by a, b, c, x, y, z, etc.

If a is an element of set A, then we say that a belongs to A. The phrase ‘belongs to’ is denoted by the Greek symbol 
(epsilon). Thus, we write as a  A and b does not belongs to set A is written as b  A.

Representation of Sets

There are two ways of representing a set:

i) Roster form or Tabular form or Listing method: In the roster form, we list all the elements of the set
within curly braces { } and separate them by commas.
ii) Set–builder form or Rule method: In the set-builder form, we list the property or properties satisfied by all
the elements of the sets.

Example Questions

EXAMPLE – 1 Which of the following are sets? Justify your answer.

(i) The collection of all the months of a year beginning with the letter J.
(ii) All prime numbers less than 11.
(iii) The collection of all even integers.
(iv) The collection of all rational numbers lying between – 2 and 2.
(v) The collection of all boys in your class.
(vi) The collection of questions in this Chapter.
(vii) The collection of ten most talented writers of India.
(viii) The collection of most dangerous animals of the world.
(ix) Difficult problems in Mathematics.
(x) The collection all rivers flowing in India.
(xi) The collection of 4 rivers flowing in India.

EXAMPLE – 2 Write all the elements of each of the following sets:

(i) {𝑥: 𝑥 is an odd natural number}.

(ii) 𝑥: 𝑥 is an integer, − < 𝑥 < .
(iii) {𝑥: 𝑥 is an integer, 𝑥 ≤ 4}.
(iv) {𝑥: 𝑥 is a letter in the word ′LOYAL }.
(v) {𝑥: 𝑥 is a consonant in the English alphabet which precedes k}
(vi) {𝑥: 𝑥is a month of a year not having 31 days}.
(vii) Set of all natural numbers between 20 and 25.
(viii) Set of factors of 12.
(ix) Set of vowels in the English alphabet which precedes o.

EXAMPLE – 3 Write the following sets in roster form:

(i) {𝑥: 𝑥is an integer and − 3 < 𝑥 ≤ 5}.

(ii) {𝑥: 𝑥is a two − digit natural number having sum as 8}. [NCERT]
(iii) {𝑥: 𝑥is a prime number which is divisor of 60}. [NCERT]
(iv) 𝑥: 𝑥 = , 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑛 < 5 .
(v) The set of all even integers lying between -5 and 5.
(vi) The set of all letters in the word ‘TRIGONOMETRY’. [NCERT]
(vii) The set of all digits in our decimal system.

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(viii) The fractions whose numerator is 3 and denominator is an even natural number less than 10.
(ix) {𝑥: 𝑥is a positive integer less than 10 and 2x – 1 is an odd number}
(x) Write the solution of the equation x2 + x – 2 = 0 in roster form.

EXAMPLE – 4 Write the following sets in the set-builder form:

(i) {0}.
(ii) {3, 6, 9, 12}. [NCERT]
(iii) {2, 4, 8, 16, 32}. [NCERT]
(iv) {1, 4, 9……, 100}. [NCERT]
(v) {15, 16, 17, 18, 19}.
(vi) , , , , , . [NCERT]
(vii) , , ,
(viii) The natural numbers which are multiples of 4 and less than 25.
(ix) The set of all letters in the word –STATEMENT.
(x) Set of odd natural numbers.

EXAMPLE – 5 Let A= {1, 2, {3, 4}, 5}. Which of the following are incorrect and why?

(i) 6 ∈ A. (ix) {{3, 4}} ∈ A.

(ii) {6} ∈ A. (x) {1, 2, 3} ∈ A.
(iii) 1 ∈ A. (xi) {{1, 2, 3,}} ∈ A.
(iv) {1} ∈ A. (xii) {1, 2, 5} ∈ A.
(v) 3 ∈ A. (xiii) {{1, 2, 5}} ∈ A.
(vi) {3} ∈A. (xiv)∅ ∈ A.
(vii) {{3}} ∈ A. (xv) {∅} ∈ A.
(viii) {3, 4} ∈ A.

EXAMPLE – 6 Let A= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. Insert the appropriate symbol ∈ or ∉ in the blank spaces:

(i) 5…A. (iv) 4…A.

(ii) 8…A. (v) 2…A.
(iii) 0…A. (vi) 10…A.

EXAMPLE – 7 If X = {1, 2, 3}, if n represents any member of X, write the sets containing all numbers
represented by the following:

(i) 4n. (ii) ,

EXAMPLE – 8 If X = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} and n represents any member of X, write the following as set:
n=X, but 2n ∉ X.

EXAMPLE – 9 State whether the following statements are true or false. Justify your answer.

(i) 37 ∉ {x/x has exactly two positive factors}.

(ii) 28 ∉ {y/ the sum of all positive factors of y is 2y}.

EXAMPLE 10 Match each of the sets on the left described in the roster form the same set on the right
described in the set-builder form:

(i) {1, 2, 3, 6} (a) {𝑥: 𝑥 is a prime number and a divisor of 6}

(ii) {2, 3} (b) {𝑥: 𝑥 is an odd natural number less than 10}
(iii) {D, O, C, T, R} (c) {𝑥: 𝑥is natural number and divisor of 6.
(iv) {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} (d) {𝑥: 𝑥 is a letter of the word DOCTOR}

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ASSIGNMENT CH-1 SETS
Exercise 1.1

1. Which of the following are sets? Justify your answer.

(i) Every day of the week beginning with S.
(ii) The collection of all odd integers.
(iii) Popular leaders of the country.
2. Which of the following are sets? Justify your answer. [NCERT]
(i) The collection of all natural numbers is less than 100.
(ii) A team of eleven best cricket batsmen of the world.
(iii) The collection of all novels written by Munshi Premchand.
3. Write all the elements of each of the following sets:
(i) Set of natural numbers less than 8.
(ii) Set of prime numbers less than or equal to 11.
(iii) Set of months of a year beginning with the alphabet M.
(iv) Set of vowels in the English alphabet.
(v) {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ 𝑍and x > -3}
(vi) {𝑥: 𝑥 is a letter in the word ‘MOTHER’}
4. Write the following sets in roster form:
(i) The set of all even prime numbers.
(ii) {x : x ϵ N, x< 2 and x > 10}
5. Write the following sets in roster form: [NCERT]
(i) The set of all letters in the word ‘BETTER’.
(ii) {x : x is a natural number less than 6}
(iii) {x : x is a positive integer and x² < 40}
(iv) {x : x is an integer and – 3 < x < 7}
6. Write the following sets in set-builder form: [NCERT]
(i) {5,25,125,625}
(ii) {2,4,6,…}
(iii) {1,4,9,16,25,…}
7. Write the following sets in set-builder form:
(i) The set of all even natural numbers.
(ii) The set of all letters in the word ‘TEACHER’.
8. Match each of the sets on the left described in the roster form with the same set on the right
described in the set-builder form: [NCERT]
(i) {P,R,I,N,C,A,L} (a) {x : x is a positive integer and is a divisor of 18}
(ii) {0} (b){x : x is an integer and x² - 9 = 0}
(iii) {1,2,3,6,9,18} (c) {x : x is an integer x + 1 = 1}
(iv) {3, -3} (d) {x : x is a letter of the word ‘PRINCIPAL’}
9. Let A = {-2,-1,0,1,2}. Insert the appropriate symbol ϵ or ϵ in blank spaces:
(i) 1…A (iv) -1…A
(ii) 2…A (v) -2…A
(iii) 3…A (vi) -3…A
10. Let A = {1,2,3, {3,4}}. Insert the appropriate symbol ϵ or ϵ in blank spaces:
(i) 1…A (iv) 3…A
(ii) 3…A (v) 4…A
(iii) 4…A (vi) {3,4}…A
11. Given that E = {2,4,6,8,10}. If n represents any member of E, then write the sets containing all
numbers represented by the following:

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ASSIGNMENT CH-1 SETS
(i) N + 1. (ii) n².

TYPES OF A SETS

i) Empty set: A set which does not contain any element is called an empty set or the void set or
the null set and it is denoted by { } or ϕ.
ii) Singleton set: A set consisting of a single element, is called a singleton set.
iii) Finite and Infinite sets: A set which is empty or consists of a finite number of elements is
called a finite set, otherwise, the set is called an infinite set.
iv) Equivalent sets: Two finite sets A and B are said to be equal, if they have equal number of
elements, i.e. n(A) = n (B).
v) Equal sets: Two sets A and B are said to be equal, if they have exactly the same elements
and we write A = B. Otherwise, the sets are said to be unequal and we write A  B.

Example Questions

EXAMPLE – 1 State which of the following sets are empty or non-empty sets:

(i) The set of all even prime numbers.

(ii) The set of all even prime numbers greater than 2.
(iii) The set of circles passing through the origin (0,0).
(iv) {x : 1 < x < 2, x is a natural number}.
(v) {x : x² - 2 = 0 and x is rational number}.
(vi) {x : x is a point common to any two parallel lines}.
(vii) {x : x² = 4, x is odd}.
(viii) {x : x² = 25, x is an odd integer}.

EXAMPLE – 2 State which of the following sets are finite or infinite sets:

(i) {1,2,3,…}.
(ii) {x : x ϵ N and (x – 1)(x – 2) = 0}.
(iii) {x : x is a point common to any two parallel lines}.
(iv) The set of lines which are parallel to the x- axis.
(v) The set of circles passing through the origin (0,0).
(vi) The set of numbers which are multiple of 5.
(vii) The set of animals living on the earth.

EXAMPLE – 3 Write the cardinal number, if defined, of the following sets:

(i) A = The set of positive integers less than 0.

(ii) B = The set of positive integers less than 5.
(iii) C = The set of positive integers greater than 50.
(i) D = {x : x is a prime factor of 12}.
(ii) E = The set of prime numbers less than 17.
(iii) F = {x : x is a digit in binary number system}.
(iv) G=The set of all vowels in the word ‘MATHEMATICS’.
(v) H= {x : x ϵ N and (x – 1)(x + 2) = 0}.
(vi) I = {50,51,52,…,200}.
(vii) J= {x : x ϵ Q and x² - 5 = 0}.
(viii) K = {x : x ϵ C and x² + 1 = 0}.

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 IMPERIAL ACADEMY OF STUDIES
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EXAMPLE – 4 State which of the following pair of sets are equal. Justify your answer.

(i) A={a,b,c,d} and B = {d,e,b,a}.

(ii) A={x : x is a multiple 0f 10 and B = {10,15,20,25,30,…}.
(iii) A={2,3} and B = {x : x is solution of x² + 5x = 6 = 0}.
(iv) A={n : n ϵ Z and n² ≤ 4} and B = {x : x ϵ R and x² - 3x + 2 = 0}.
(v) A= {x : x is a letter in the word ‘FOLLOW’} and
B={y : y is a letter in the word ‘WOLF}.

EXAMPLE – 1 Find the value ofn(S)+n(P), where S = {x│x is a positive multiple of3 less than 100} and
P = {x│x is a prime number less than 20}.

EXAMPLE– 2 From the sets given below, select equal and unequal sets:

A = {0}, B = {x : x > 15 and x < 5},

C = {x : x – 5 = 0}, D = {x : x² = 25},

E = {x : x is an integral positive root of the equation x² - 2x – 15 = 0}

Exercise 1.2

1. State which of the following sets are empty or non-empty sets: [NCERT]

(i) Set of odd natural numbers divisible by 2.

(ii) Set of even prime numbers.

(iii) {x : x is a number,x< 5 and x > 7}.

2. State whether the following set is empty or non-empty:

{x : x is a student of your school presently studying in both XI and XII}.

3. State which of the following sets are finite or infinite sets: [NCERT]

(i) The set of months of a year.

(ii) The set of positive integers greater than 100.

(iii) The set of letters in the English alphabet.

(iv) {x : x ϵ N and x² = 4}

(v) {x : x ϵ N and 2x – 1 = 0}

(vi) {x : x ϵ N and x is odd}

(vii) {1,2,3,…,99,100}

4. Write the cardinal number of all the finite sets in the above question.

5. State which of the following pairs of sets are equal. Justify your answer. [NCERT]

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(i) A = {4,8,12,16} and B = {8,4,16,18}.

(ii) P = The set of letters in ‘ALLOY’ and Q = The set of letters in ‘LOYAL’.

6. State which of the following pairs of sets are equal. Justify your answer.

(i) A = {1,2,3} and B = {x : x ϵ R and x² - 2x + 1 = 0}

(ii) A = {2,4,6,8,10} and B = {x : x is positive even integer and x ≤ 10}.

(iii) A = {n : n ϵ Z and n² ≤ 11} and B = {x : x ϵ R and x² - 5x + 4 = 0}.

7. From the sets given below, select equal sets: [NCERT]

A = {2,4,8,12}, B = {1,2,3,4}, C = {4,8,12,14}, D = {3,1,4,2}

E = {-1,1}, F = {0,a}, G = {1,1}, H = {0,1}

8. Show that the set of letters needed to spell ‘CATARACT’ and the set of letters needed to spell ‘
TRACT’ are equal. [NCERT]

SUBSET

A set A is said to be a subset of a set B, if every element of A is also an element of B. In symbols, we can
write A  B, if x  A  x  B

Also, if A  B and A  B, then A is called a proper subset of B and B is called superset of A.

i) Every set is a subset of itself.

ii) The empty set is a subset of every sets.
iii) The total number of subsets of a finite set containing n elements is 2n.

Diagrammatical Representation: All the subsets can be represented diagrammatically as given below

Subsets of the Set of Real Numbers

We know that, every real number is either a rational or an irrational number and the set of real
numbers is denoted by R. There are many important subsets of set of real numbers which are given
below

i) Natural numbers: The numbers being used in counting as 1, 2, 3, 4 …., called natural
numbers. The set of natural numbers is denoted by N.

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Thus, N = { 1, 2, 3, 4, …..)
ii) Whole numbers: The natural numbers along with number 0 (zero) form the set of whole
numbers i.e. 0, 1, 2, 3, ….. , are whole numbers. The set of whole numbers is denoted by W.
Thus , W = {0, 1, 2, 3, …… )
iii) Integers: The natural numbers, their negatives and zero make the set of integers and it is
denoted by Z.
Z = { ….. , - 5, - 4, - 3, - 2, - 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ….}
p
iv) Rational numbers: A number of the form , where p and q both are integers and q  0
q
(division by 0 is not permissible), is called a rational number.
The set of rational numbers is generally denoted by Q.
Thus, Q = : 𝑝 ⥂, 𝑞 ⥂∈ 𝑍𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑞 ≠ 0 ⥂
v) Irrational numbers: A number that cannot be written in the form p / q, where p and q both
are integers and q  0, is called an irrational number.
The set of irrational numbers is denoted by T.
Thus, T = {x: x  R and x  Q}

Intervals as Subsets of R

Let a and b be two give real numbers such that a < b, then
i) The set of real numbers {x : a < x < b} is called an open interval and is denoted by
(a, b).
ii) The set of real numbers {x : a  x  b} is called a closed interval and is denoted by
[a, b].
iii) Intervals closed at one end and open at the other are known as semi – open or semi –
closed intervals. [a, b) = {x : a  x < b} is an open interval from a to b which includes
a but excludes b. (a, b] = {x : a < x  b} is an open interval from a to b which
excludes a but includes b.

Universal Set

If there are some sets under consideration, then there happens to be a set which is a superset
of each one of the given sets. Such a set is known as the universal set and is denoted by U.

Example Questions

EXAMPLE – 1 Let A = {a,e,i,o,u} and B = {a,b,c,d}. Is A a subset of B? Is B a subset of A?

EXAMPLE – 2 Decide, among the following sets, which sets are subsets of one and another:

A = {x : x ϵ R and x satisfies x² - 8x + 12 = 0}, B = {2,4,6},

C = {2,4,6,8,…}, D = {6}.

EXAMPLE – 3 Let A = {1,2,{3,4},5}. Which of the following are incorrect and why?

(i) 6 ⊂ A. (ii) {6} ⊂ A.

(iii) 1 ⊂ A. (iv) {1} ⊂ A.

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(v) 3 ⊂ A. (vi) {3} ⊂ A.

(vii) {{3}} ⊂ A. (viii) {3,4} ⊂ A.

(ix) {{3,4}} ⊂ A. (x) {1,2,3} ⊂ A.

(xi) {{1,2,3}} ⊂ A. (xii) {1,2,5} ⊂ A.

(xiii) {{1,2,5}} ⊂ A. (xiv) φ ⊂ A.

(xv) {φ} ⊂ A.

EXAMPLE – 4 Make correct statements by filling in the symbols ⊂ or  in the blank spaces:

(i) {a,b,c}…{b,c,d}.
(ii) {x : x is a circle in the plane}… { x : x is a circle in the same plane with radius 1 unit}.
(iii) {x : x is an equilateral triangle in a plane}… { x : x is a triangle in the same plane}.
(i) x : x is a student of class XI of your school}… {x : x is a student of your school}.

(ii) {x : x is a student of your school}…{ x : x is a student of class XI of your school}.

EXAMPLE – 5 Write the following intervals in the set-builder form:

(i) (4,7). (v) (-1,).

(ii) [-2,4]. (vi) [8, ).
(iii) [3,4). (vii) (-,-5).
(iv) -5, -3]. (viii) (-,1].
(ix)

EXAMPLE – 6 Write the following sets as intervals:

(i) {x : x ϵ R and 0 ≤ x ≤ 5}. (iii) {x : x ϵ R and -4 ≤ x < -1}.

(ii) {x : x ϵ R and 6 < x ≤9}. (iv) {x : x ϵ R and -3 < x <3}.

EXAMPLE – 7 Write universal sets for each of the following:

(i) The set of all integers.

(ii) The set of right triangles in a plane. [NCERT]

(ii) The set of all rectangles in a plane.

EXAMPLE – 8 Given that N = {1,2,3,…,100}, then write

(i) the set A, whose element are represented by x + 2, where x ϵ N.

(ii) the subset B or N, whose element are represented by x + 2, where x ϵ N.

EXAMPLE – 9 Write down all the subsets of the following sets:

(i) φ (ii) {a}. (iii) {a,b}. (iv) {1,2,3}.

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EXAMPLE – 10 Find the number of subsets of the following sets:

(i) φ. (ii) {2}. (iii) {a,b}. (iv) {1,2,3}.

EXAMPLE – 11 List all the proper subsets of the set {1,2,3}.

EXAMPLE – 12 Find the number of proper subsets of the following sets:

(i) {α,β}. {ii} {a,b,c}

EXAMPLE – 13 Two finite sets have m and n elements. The total number of subsets of first set is 112
more than the total number of subsets of second of second set. Find the values of m and n.

EXAMPLE – 14 In each of the following, determine whether the statement is true or false. If it is true,
prove it. If it is false give an example.

(i)If x∈A and A ∈ B, but x ∉ B. (ii) If A ⊆ B and B ∈ C, then A ∈ C.

(iii) If A⊆ B and B ⊆ C, then A ⊆ C. (iv) If A ⊈ B and B ⊈ C, then A⊈ A.

Ex 1.3

1. Consider the sets ∅, A = {1,3} , B = {1,5,9} , C = {1,3,5,7,9}. Insert the symbol ⊆ or ⊈ between
each of the following pairs of sets: [NCERT]

(i) ∅….B (ii) A……B

(iii) A…C (iv) B……C

2. Make correct statements by filling in ⊆ or ⊈ in the blank spaces: [NCERT]

(i) {2,3,4}…..{1,2,3,4,5}.

(ii) {x : x is a triangle in a plane}……{x : x is a rectangle in the plane}.

(iii) {x : x is an even natural number}……{x : x is an integer}.

3. Examine whether the following statements are true or false:

(i) {a,e} ⊆ {x : x is a vowel in English alphabet}.

(ii) {a,b} ⊈ {b,c,a}. (iii) {1,2,3} ⊆ {1,3,5}.

(iv) {a} ⊆ {a,b,c}. (v) {a} ∈ {a,b,c}.

(vi) {x : x is an even natural number less than 6} ⊆ {x : x is a natural number which divides 36}.

4. Write the following intervals in the set-builder form:

(i) (0,4). (ii) [3,9]. (iii) [-1, ∞). (iv) (-∞, -6].

5. Write universal sets for each of the following:

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(i) The set of all natural numbers.

(ii) The set of isosceles triangle in a plane. [NCERT]

(iii) The set of all squares in a plane.

6. Given A = {1,3,5}, B = {2,4,6} and C = {0,2,4,6,8}, which of the following may be considered as
universal set(s) for all the sets A, B and C: [NCERT]

(i) ∅. (ii) {0,1,2,3,4,5,6}.

(iii) {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}. (iv) {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}.

7. Write down all the subsets of the following sets:

(i) {2,5}. (ii) {-1,0,1}. [NCERT]

8. List all the proper subsets of the following sets:

(i) {a,b}. (ii) {p,q,r}.

9. Find the number of proper subsets of the following sets:

(i) {-1,-2}. (ii) {a,e,i,o,u}.

10. Two finite sets have m and n elements respectively. The total number of subsets of first set is 56
more than the total number of subsets of the second set. Find the values of m and n.

VENN DIAGRAM

Venn diagrams are the diagrams, which represent the relationship between sets. In Venn
diagrams, the universal set is represented usually by a rectangular region and its subset are
represented usually by circle or a closed geometrical figure inside the universal set. Also, an
element of a set is represented by a point within the circle of set.

Operations on Sets

i) Union of sets: The union of two sets A and B is the set of all those elements which
belong to either in A or in B or in both A and B. It is denoted by A  B.
Thus , A  B = {x : x  A or x  B}

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ii) Intersection of sets: The intersection of two sets A and B is the set of all those elements
which are common to both A and B. It is denoted by A  B.

Thus, A  B = {x : x  A and x  B}

iii) Disjoint sets: Two sets A and B are said to be disjoint sets, if they have no common
elements i.e. if A  B = ϕ.

Laws of Algebra of sets

i) Idempotent laws: For any set A, we have

a) A  A = A b) A  A = A
ii) Identity laws: For any set A, we have
a) A  ϕ = A b) A  U = A
iii) Commutative laws: For any two sets A and B, we have
a) A  (B  C) = (A  B)  (A  C)
b) A  (B  C) = (A  B)  (A  C)
iv) Associative laws: For any three sets A, B and C, we have
a) A  (B  C) = (A  B)  C
b) A  (B  C) = (A  B)  C
v) Distributive laws: If A, B and C are three sets, then
a) A  (B  C) = (A  B)  (A  C)
b) A  (B  C) = (A  B)  (A  C)

Example Questions

EXAMPLE – 1 Let A = {a,e,I,o,u} and B = {a,b,c}. find A U B.

EXAMPLE – 2 Let A = {1,2,3} and B = ∅. Find A U B.

EXAMPLE – 3 If A = {1,2,3,4}, B = {3,4,5,6}, C = {5,6,7,8} and D = {7,8,9,10}, find

(i) A U B (ii) A U C (iii) B U C (iv) B U D

(v) A U B U C (vi) A U B U D (vii) B U C U D

EXAMPLE-4 Let A = {x : x ∈ ℕ, x is a factor of 6} and B = {x ∈ ℕ : x is a factor of 8}. Find A U B.

EXAMPLE-5 Let X and Y be sets given by X = {x :x is a natural number and multiple of 3}

and Y = {x : x is a natural number less than 6}. Find X U Y .

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 IMPERIAL ACADEMY OF STUDIES
ASSIGNMENT CH-1 SETS
EXAMPLE-6 Let P = { : x ∈ ℕ,x<7} and Q = : x ∈ ℕ, x < 4 Find Q U P .

EXAMPLE-7 Let A = {a,b},B = {a,b,c} . Is A  B ? What is A U B?

EXAMPLE-8 Let X = {Ram, Geeta, Akbar} be the set of student of Class XI, who are in school hockey
team. Let Y = {Geeta, David, Ashok} be the set of student from Class XI who are in the school
football team. Find X U Y and interpret the set.

Example-9 If X = {a,b,c,d} and Y = {f,b,d,g}, find X ⋂ Y.

EXAMPLE-10 Let A = {1,2,3} and B = ∅. Find A⋂ B.

EXAMPLE-11 If A = { 3,5,7,9,11}, B = {7,0,11,13}, C= {11,13,15} and D= {15,17} ; find

(i) A⋂B. (ii) A⋂ C⋂ D. (iii) A ⋂ (B U D).

(iv) (A ⋂ B) ⋂ (B U C). (v) (A U D)⋂ (B U C).

EXAMPLE – 12 Let P = { : x ∈ ℕ, 𝑥 < 7} and Q = { : x ∈ ℕ, x < 4 }. Find P ∩ Q.

EXAMPLE – 13 Let X and Y be the sets given by X = {x : x is a natural number and 1 < x < 6} and Y
= {x : x is a natural and 6 < x < 10}. Find X ∩ Y.

EXAMPLE – 14 Which of the following pairs of sets are disjoint:

(i) {a,e,i,o,u} and {c,d,e,f}. [NCERT]

(ii) {a,e,i,o,u} and {c,d,f}.

(iii) {1,2,3,4} and {x : x is a natural number and 4 < x < 6}. [NCERT]

(iv) {x : x is an even integer} and {x : x is an odd integer}. [NCERT]

EXAMPLE – 15 Find sets A, B and C such that A ∩ B, B ∩ C and A ∩ C are non-empty sets and A ∩ B
∩C ≠ ∅.

EXAMPLE– 16 Using properties of sets, show that

(i) A U (A ∩ B) = A. (ii) A ∩ (A U B) = A.

EXAMPLE– 17 Show that A U B = A ∩ B implies A = B

EXAMPLE – 18 Let A, B and C be the sets such that A U B = A U C and A ∩ B =. Show that B = C.

EXAMPLE– 19 Show that A ∩ B = A ∩ C need not imply B = C.

Ex 1.4

1. If A = {3,4,5,6} and B = {4,6,8,10,12}, find A U B.

2. Find the union of each of the following pairs of sets:

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 IMPERIAL ACADEMY OF STUDIES
ASSIGNMENT CH-1 SETS
(i) X = {1,3,5}, Y = {1,2,3]. (ii) A = {2,4,6,8}, B = {6,8,10,12}.

(iii) A = {x : x is a natural number and 1 < x < 6},B = {x : x is a natural number and 6 < x < 10}.

3. Find A U B, where A = {2,3,5,7,9} and B = ∅.

4. Let A = {a,b,c,d,e,f}, B = {a,e,i,o,u} and C = {u,v,w}. find A U B and A U B U C.

5. Let A = {a,e,i,o,u} and B = {a,i,u}. Show that A U B = A.

6. If A = {x : x is a prime number less than 8} and B = {x : X ∈ ℕ,x < 6}, then find A U B.

7. Given that P = {3x : x ∈ ℕ, 1 < x < 4} and Q = {x : x ∈ ℕ, 2 < x < 6}.Find P U Q.

8. If A and B are two sets such that A ⊆ B, then what is A U B?

9. If P = {2,3,5,7,11,13} and Q = {1,3,5,7}, then find P∩Q.

10. Let A = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10} and B = {2,3,5,7}. Find A∩B and hence show that A∩B = B.
11. Find the intersection of each of the following pair of sets: [NCERT]
(i) X = {1,3,5}, Y = {1,2,3}. (iii) A = {2,4,6,8}, b = {6,8,10,12}
(ii) A = {a,e,I,o,u}, B = {a,b,c}.
(iv) A = {x : x is a natural number and multiple of 3}, b = {x : x is a natural number less than 6}.
12. If A = {3,5,7,9,11}, B = {7,9,11,13}. C = {11,13,15}. D = {15,17}, then find the value of
(i) B∩C. (iii) B∩D. (v) A∩D.
(ii) A∩C. (iv) A∩ (BUC).
13. If A = {x : x is a multiple of 2} and B = {x : x ϵ N,x< 5}. then find A∩B.
14. If A = {x : x is an even prime number} and B = {x : x ϵ N,x< 5}. Then find A∩B.
15. Let A = {2x : x ϵ N}, B = {4x : x ϵ N} and C = {5x : x ϵ N}. Find A∩B, B∩C and C∩A.
16. If A = {x : x is a natural number}, B = {x : x is an even natural number}, C = {x : x is an odd natural
number} and D = {x : x is a prime number}, the find the value of
(i) A∩B. (iii) A∩D. (v) B∩D.
(ii) A∩C. (iv) B∩C. (vi) C∩D.
17. Which of the following sets are disjoint?
A = {2,1,4}, B = {-1,5,1}, C = {2,9}.
18. State whether the following statements are true or false. Justify. [NCERT]
(i) {2,3,4,5} and {3,6} are disjoint sets.
(ii) {a,e,i,o,u} and {a,b,c,d} are disjoint sets.
(iii) {2,6,10,14} and {3,7,11,15} are disjoint sets.
(iv) {2,6,10} and {3,7,11} are disjoint sets.
19. Let A and B be sets. If A∩X =B∩X = φ and AUX = BUX for some set X, show that A = B.

COMPLEMENT OF A SET

The complement of a set is the set of all elements that belong to the universal set but do not belong to the
given set. Let A be a subset of the universal set U. The complement of set A denoted by A’, is
defined as: A’ = {x ∈ U: x  A}

In other words, it consists of all elements in the universal set that are not in A.

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 IMPERIAL ACADEMY OF STUDIES
ASSIGNMENT CH-1 SETS

Properties of Complement of a Set:

1. A  A’ = U: The union of a set and its complement is the universal set.

2. A  A’ = : The intersection of a set and its complement is the empty set.
3. (A’)’ =A: The complement of the complement of a set is the set itself.
4. U’ = : The complement of the universal set is the empty set.
5. ’ = U: The complement of the empty set is the universal set.
6. A  B if and only if B’  A’: If set A is a subset of set B, then the complement of B is a subset of
the complement of A.
7. De Morgan's Laws:
(a) (A  B)’ = A’ B’: The complement of the union of two sets is equal to the intersection of
their complements.
(b) (A  B)’ = A’ B’: The complement of the intersection of two sets is equal to the union of
their complements.

DIFFRENCE OF TWO SETS

The difference of set A from set B, denoted as A-B, is the set of elements that are in set A but not in set
B. In other words, it contains all the elements of A that are not present in B.

Formally, the difference of two sets A and B is defined as: A−B = {x ∈ A: x B}

This means that if an element x is in set A and is not in set B, it belongs to the difference set A-B.

The difference between set B from set A, denoted as B-A, is the set of elements that are in set B but not
in set A. Formally, the difference of set B from set A is defined as: B−A = {x ∈ B: x A}

This means that if an element x is in set B but is not present in set A, it belongs to the difference set B-A.

Example Questions

EXAMPLE – 1 Let U = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10} and A = {1,3,5,7,9}. Find A’.

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 IMPERIAL ACADEMY OF STUDIES
ASSIGNMENT CH-1 SETS

EXAMPLE – 2 Given a universal set U = {1,2,3,4,5}. Find the complement of the set A, where A = φ.

EXAMPLE – 3 Let U = {1,2,3,4,5,6}, A = {2,3} and B = {3,4,5}. Find

(i) A’. (ii) (A’)’. (iii) A’UB’.

(iv) A’∩B’. (v) (AUB)’. (vi) (A∩B)’.

EXAMPLE – 4 Taking the set of natural numbers as the universal set, write down the complements of
the following set:

(i) {x : x is an even natural number}. (iv) {x : x is a perfect square}.

(ii) {x : x is a prime number}. (v) {x : 2x + 5 = 9}.
(iii) X : x is a positive multiple of 3}. (vi) {x : x ϵ N and 2x + 1 > 1
(vii) {x : x is a natural number divisible by 3 and 5}.

EXAMPLE – 5 Let U be universal set of all the students of Calss XI of a co-ed school and A be the set of
all girls in Class XI. Find A’.

EXAMPLE – 6 Let U be the set of all triangles in a plane. If A is the set of all triangles with at least one
angle different from 60◦, what is A’?

EXAMPLE – 7 For any two sets A and B, prove that A∩(A’UB) = A∩B.

EXAMPLE– 8 For any two sets A and B, prove that A∩(AUB)’ = φ.

EXAMPLE - 9 Let A = {1,2,3,4,5,6}, B = {2,4,6,8}, Find A – B and B – A.

Example - 10 If X = {a,b,c,d} and Y = {f,b,d,g} , find X – Y and Y – X.

EXAMPLE - 11 Given A = {1,2,3,4,5}, B = {2,4,6} and C = {3,5,7}. Find A- (B U C) and A – (B ∩ C).

EXAMPLE - 12 Let U = {1,2,3,4,5,6}, A = {2,3} and B = {3,4,5}. Find

(i) B’ – A’. (ii) (B – A)’.

EXAMPLE - 13 If ℝ is the set of all real numbers andℚ is the set of all rational numbers, then what is
ℝ − ℚ?

EXAMPLE – 14 For any two sets A and B, prove that:

(i) A U (B – A) = A U B. (ii) (A ∩ B) U (A – B) = A.

EXAMPLE - 15 For any two sets A and B, prove that ( A – B) = ( A U B) – (A U B).

EXAMPLE– 16 For any three sets A, B and C, prove that:

(i) (A – B)U(A – C) = A – (B ∩ C). (ii) (A – B)∩(A – C) = A – (B U C).

EXAMPLE - 17 For any three sets. A,B and C,prove that:

(i) A∩ (B-C) = (A ∩ B) – (A ∩ C). (ii) A – (B –C) = (A – B) U (A ∩ C).

EXAMPLE – 18 Show that the following four conditions are equivalent.

(i) A ⊆ B. (ii) A – B = ∅ (iii) A U B = B. (iv) A∩ B =A.

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 IMPERIAL ACADEMY OF STUDIES
ASSIGNMENT CH-1 SETS
EXAMPLE- 19 If A ⊆ B, then show that C – B ⊆ C – A.

Ex 1.5

1. If U = {a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h}, find the complements of the following sets: [NCERT]

(i) A = {a,b,c}. (iii) C = {a,c,e,g}.
(ii) B = {d,e,f,g}. (iv) D = {f,g,h,a}
2. Let U = {x : x ϵ N,x ≤ 10} and A = {x: x is a prime number < 8}. Find A’.
3. Let U = {x : x ϵ N,x ≤ 10} and A = {x ϵ N : x is a perfect square less than 10}. Find A’.
4. Taking the set of natural numbers as the universal set, write down the complements of the following
sets:
(i) {x : x is an odd natural number}. (iii) {x : x + 5 = 8}.
(ii) {x : x is a perfect cube}. (iv) {x : x ≥ 7}.
5. Let U = {1,2,3,4,5,6}, A = {2,3} and B = {3,4,5}. Find A’. B’. A’∩B’, AUB and hence show that
(AUB)’= A’∩B’. [NCERT]
6. Given universal set is U = {x : x ≤ 10,x ϵ N}. If A = {x : x ϵ N,x is prime} and B = {x : x ϵ N,x is
even}, write A∩B’ in roster form.
7. If U = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}, A = {2,4,6,8} and B = {2,3,5,7}. Verify that [NCERT]
(i) (AUB’) = A’∩B’. (ii) (A∩B)’ = A’UB’.
8. If U = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}, A = {1,2,3,4}, B = {2,4,6,8}, C = {3,4,5,6}, find [NCERT]
(i) A’ (iii) (AUB)’.
(ii) (AUC)’. (iv) (A’)’.
9. Let U = {1,2,3,4,5,6}, A = {2,3} and B = {3,4,5}. Find A’ U B’.
10. Fill in the blanks to make each of the following a true statement: [NCERT]
(i) AUA’ = … (iii) A∩A’ = …
(ii) Φ’∩A = … (iv) U’ ∩A = …
11. Let V = {a,e,I,o,u} and B = {a,I,k,u}. Find V – B and B – V [NCERT]
12. Given L= {1,2,3,4}, M = {3,4,5,6} and N = {1,3,5}. Find L – (M U N) and L – (M ∩ N).
13. If A = {3,6,9,12,15,18,21}, B = {4,8,12,16,20}, C = {2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16}.
D = {5,10,15,20}; find
(i) A – B (ii) A – C (iii) A – D
(iv) B – A (v) C – A (vi) D – A
(vii) B – C (viii) B – D (ix) C – B
(x) D – B (x) C – D (xi) D – C

ANSWERS

Answers 1.1

1. (i), (ii) (iii) {1,2,3,4,5,6} (iv) {-2,-

2. (i), (iii) 1,o,…,6}
3. (i) {1,2,3,4,5,6,7}
(ii) {2,3,5,7,11} 6. (i) {x:x=5ᴺ,n ϵ N and n ≤ 4}
(iii) {March, May}
(iv) {a,e,I,o,u} (ii) {x : x = 2ᴺ,n ϵ N}
(v) {-2, -1,0, 1,2,…} (iii) {x :xis a letter in the world
(vi) {M,O,T,H,E,R} ‘TEACHER’}
4. (i) {2} (ii) { } 8. (i) -(d); (ii) –(c);
5. (i) {B,E,T,R} (ii) {1,2,3,4,5} (iii) -(a); (iv) – (b)

CLASSES BY- PRERNA JAIN PH-9716533377 16

 IMPERIAL ACADEMY OF STUDIES
ASSIGNMENT CH-1 SETS
9. `(i) ϵ (ii) ϵ (iii) ϵ (iii) {x : x ∈ ℝ and -1 < x <∞}

(iv) { x : x ∈ ℝ and - ∞ < x < - 6}

(iv) ϵ (v) ϵ (vi)
ϵ 5. (i) The set of all integers (or rational
numbers or real numbers)
10. (i) ϵ (ii) ϵ (iii) ϵ
(ii) The set of all triangles in the
(iv) ϵ (v) ϵ (vi) ϵ plane

11. (i) {3,5,7,9,11}, (ii) {4,16,36,64,100} (iii) The set of all quadrilaterals in
the plane
Answers 1.2
6. (iv)
1. (i) empty, (ii) non-empty, (iii) empty
7. (i) ∅, {2}, {5}, {2,5}
2. empty
(ii) ∅, {-1}, {0}, {1}, {1}, {-1,0}, {-
3. (i) finite (ii) infinite 1,1), {0,1}, {-1,0,1}
(iii) finite (iv) finite 8. (i) ∅, {a}, {b}
(v) finite (vi) infinite (ii) ∅, {p}, {q}, {r}, {p,q}, {p,r}, {q,r}
(vii) finite 9. (i) 3 (ii) 31
4. (i) 12 , (ii) not defined, (iii) 26, (iv) 1 10. M = 6, n = 3
(v) 0, (vi) not defined , (vii) 100
Answer 1.4
5. (ii)
1. {3,4,5,6,8,10,12}
6. (ii)
2. (i) {1,2,3,5}
7. B = D, E = G
(ii) {2,4,6,8,10,12}
Answers 1.3
(iii) {2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}
1. (i) ⊆ , (ii) ⊈
3. {2,3,5,7,9}
(iii) ⊆ (iv) ⊆
4. {a,b,c,d,e,f,I,o,u},
2. (i) ⊆ (ii) ⊈ (iii) ⊆ {a,b,c,d,e,f,I,o,u,v,w}
3. (i) True (ii) False 6. {1,2,3,4,5,7}

7. {3,4,5,6,7,9}
(iii) False (iv) True
8. B
(v) False (vi) True
9. {3,5,7}
4. (i) {x : x ∈ ℝ and 0 < x < 4} 10. 2,3,5,7}
11. (i) {1,3}
(ii) {x : x ∈ ℝ and 3 < x < 9} (ii) {a}

CLASSES BY- PRERNA JAIN PH-9716533377 17

 IMPERIAL ACADEMY OF STUDIES
ASSIGNMENT CH-1 SETS
(iii) {6,8} 5. A’ = {1,4,5,6}, B’ = {1,2,6},A∩B’ =
{1,6}, AUB = {2,3,4,5}
(iv) {3} 6. {3,5,7}
12. (i) {11,13}
(ii) {11} 8. (i) {5,6,7,8,9}
(iii) φ
(iv) {7,9,11} (ii) {7,8,9}
(v) φ
(iii) {5,7,9}
5. {2,4}
(iv) {1,2,3,4}
6. {2}
9. {1,2,3,4,5,6}
7. {4x : x ϵ N}, {20x : x ϵ N}, {10x : x ϵ
N} 10. (i) U

8. (i) B (ii) A

(ii) C (iii) φ

(i) D (iv) φ
(ii) Φ 11. V – B = {e,o}, B – V = {k}
(iii) {2}
(iv) D – {2} 12. L – (M U N) = {2}, L – (M ∩ N) =
{1,2,4}
9. B and C
13. (i) {3,6,9,15,18,21}
10. (i) False
(ii) {3,9,15,18,21}
(ii) False
(iii) {3,6,9,12,18,21}
(iii) True
(iv) {4,8,16,20}
(iv) True
(v) {2,4,8,10,14,16}
Answers 1.5
(vi) {5,10,15}
1. (i) {d,e,f,g,h}
(ii) {a,b,c,h} (vii) {20}
(iii) {b,d,f,h}
(iv) {b,c,d,e} (viii){4,8,12,16}
2. {1,4,6,8,9,10}
3. {2,3,5,6,7,8,10} (ix) {2,6,10,14}
4. (i) {x : x is an even natural naumber}
(x) {5,10,15}
(ii) {x : x ϵ N and x is not a perfect
cube} (xi) {2,4,6,8,12,14,16}
(iii) {x : x ϵ N and x ≠ 3}
(iv) {x : x ϵ N and x < 7} (xii) {5,15,20}

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