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Fundamentals of Web Application
Development
OCTOBER, 2024
 Fundamentals of Web Application Development

Application Types

They are many application types are as follows:

• Console Based Applications

• Windows / Desktop / GUI Based Applications

• Web Based Applications

• Enterprise Based Applications

• Mobile Based Applications

• Web Service Based Applications

• Cloud Based Applications

• Etc.,

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Application Types

Console Based Applications

• An application that uses the command line for input and output rather than a graphical interface (GUI).

• For example, utility programs that perform a single function or that run in the background are often
written as console apps.

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Application Types

Windows / Desktop / GUI Based Applications

• An application that runs stand-alone in a desktop or laptop computer.

• This type of applications allows users to interact with electronic devices through graphical icons.

• Desktop applications are good for single user application where data synchronization is not so
crucial.

• For Example: Microsoft Windows, macOS, Ubuntu Unity, and GNOME Shell for desktop
environments, etc,.

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Application Types

Pros of Windows / Desktop / GUI Based Applications

It offers,

• Offline capabilities

• More security

• Rely on your computer speed

• Cheaper from a long-term perspective

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Application Types

Cons of Windows / Desktop / GUI Based Applications

• Not portable

• Need to install an app

• Maintenance is the responsibility of the end user

• Cross-platform functionality

• Extra storage needed

• Etc.,

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Application Types

Web Based Applications

• In simple terms a program residing on server and end user accessing it via web clients (web browsers)
are known as web application.

• Example: Common web applications include email, online retail sales, wikis, instant messaging services
and more.

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Origin of Internet and World Wide Web

Internet

• The Internet is a global, interconnected computer network in which every computer connected to it
can exchange data with any other connected computer.

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Origin of Internet and World Wide Web

Internet

• The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that uses(TCP/IP) to serve billions
of users worldwide.

• It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and
government networks of local to global scope, linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical
networking technologies.

• We can exchange Data graphics, sound, software, text and etc., to people through a variety of
services and tools for communications.

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Origin of Internet and World Wide Web

ARPANET

• The origins of the Internet date back to research commissioned by the United States government in the
1960s to build robust, fault-tolerant communication via computer networks

• Research Project of MIT funded by ARPA ( Advanced Research Projects Agency of the department of
Defense).

Goal

• To allow multiple users to send and receive information simultaneously over the same
communication paths.

History of Internet: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet

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Origin of Internet and World Wide Web

Internet Timeline

Why after WWW the

internet usage is
increase in
exponential manner?

?
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Origin of Internet and World Wide Web

WWW?

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Origin of Internet and World Wide Web

• World Wide Web (WWW): It is a kind of Internet based Service.

• It allows users to locate and view multimedia-based documents on almost any subject over the
Internet.

• In 1989, Tim Berners-Lee of CERN( the European organization for Nuclear Research) to develop a
technology for sharing information via hyperlinked text documents.

• He developed HTML, URLs, and HTTP.

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Evolution of Web

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Web 1.0 : Static Web (1990-2000)

• 1990s & early 2000s.

• “read-only web.”

• Limited interaction between sites and web users.

• Supports only static pages.

• The first shopping cart applications, which most e-commerce website owners use in some shape or form,
basically fall under the category of Web 1.0.

• The goal was to present products to potential customers, much like a catalog or a brochure.

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Web 2.0: Dynamic web (2000 – 2010)

• “read-write” web

• The change from static web pages to dynamic or user-generated content and the growth of social
media.

• It has the ability to contribute content and interact with other web users.

• It allows user to use the web as platform to create collaborative, community based sites like social
networking sites, blogs, etc

• Few remarkable developments of Web 2.0 are Twitter, YouTube, eZineArticles, Flickr and Facebook.

• It introduced Rich Internet Applications(RIAs).

• Added rich features & functionality.

• Provided Look & Feel and Responsiveness

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Web 3.0: The semantic executing web (2010 – 2020)

• “read-write-execute” web

• It supports interactive services and machine-to-machine interactions.

• The Semantic Web is a developing extension of the World Wide Web in which the semantics of web
information and services are defined, allowing the web to comprehend and respond to requests from
humans and computers to use web content.

• A web service is a software system designed to support computer-to-computer interaction over the
Internet.

• By combining a semantic markup and web services, Web 3.0 promises the potential for applications that
can speak to each other directly, and for broader searches for information through simpler interfaces.

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Web 2.0 to Web 3. 0

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Web 4.0: IOT (2020 – 2030)

• Intelligence + Self Learning + Self Organizing Web

• Web 4.0 is also known as the symbiotic web.

• The goal of the symbiotic web is the interaction between humans and machines in symbiosis (a
mutually beneficial relationship between different people or groups).

• The line between human and device will blur.

• Web 4.0 will interact with users in the same way that humans communicate with each other.

• Web 4.0 environment will be an “always on,” connected world.

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Web 5.0: Open, Linked, and Intelligent Web = Emotional Web (2030 – 2040)

• read-write-execution-concurrency web.

• Web 5.0 still is in developing mode

• Web 5.0 will be about the (emotional) interaction between humans and computers.

• The interaction will become a daily habit for a lot of people based on neurotechnology.

• With headphones on, users will interact with content that interacts with their emotions or changes in
facial recognition.

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Basic terminologies
• Web Browser and Web Server

• Website and Webpage

• Website and Web Application

• Website and Portal

• Online and offline

• Intranet and Internet

• IP Address and DNS

• URI or URL

• HTTP

• Etc,.
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Basic terminologies: Web Browser

Web Browser

• The primary purpose is to bring information resources to the user.

• An application for retrieving, presenting, and traversing information resources to the client.

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Basic terminologies
Web Server

• The term web server or webserver can mean one of two things:

• A computer program that accepts HTTP requests and returns HTTP responses with optional data
content.

• A computer that runs a computer program as described above.

• A Web server typically serves static content residing on a file system (HTML Pages, images, audio and
video files).

• Web servers route requests for dynamic content (Non-Web Content) using “Web Gateways”.

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Basic terminologies

• A Computer or a system that hosts a website on the internet.

• Hosting means that all the web pages and their supporting files are available on that computer.

• The Web server helps to send any web page from the website.

• Without a Webserver, a website cannot be viewed globally.

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Basic terminologies

Online & Offline

• When you are connected to the internet with your computer, laptop or mobile device you are said to
be online.

• Once your device or system gets disconnected with internet, you are said to be offline.

Webpage and Website

• HTML documents are referred to as Web Pages.

• Collection of interlinked web pages with related information is referred to as website.

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Basic terminologies

Website and Web Application (Web App)

• There is a thin line between websites and web applications. A Website is a group of interlinked web
pages that can be accessed globally using a domain name and a Web application is a software or
program which can be accessed by the web browser.

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Basic terminologies

Website​ Web Application​

A collection of multiple web pages that are grouped Web Application or Web App - is a kind of software
together and connected in various ways often called application that can be accessed over the internet
a "web site" or a "site“. using Browser.
A website is a collection of linked web pages that Sometimes the Web App require Authentication to
share a unique domain name​ access the functionality​
Each web page of a website​ It combines server-side code (backend) and client-
provides have explicit links that allows the user to side script (Frontend)to make a Web Application.
move from one page to other.
Example: Amazon, Youtube, Blogs, etc. Example: Google Apps​

Access Web App Globally = Frontend script + Backend code + Web Server + Domain
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Basic terminologies

Website and Portal

• A website is a set of interlinked web pages hosted from the same domain, which can be accessed
through a web address.

• A portal is usually user-centric whereas a website is owned by an organization or company etc.

• Websites are for driving traffic, whereas web portals are for limiting traffic to a specific group of users.

• Most web portals require a user to log in, which allows the site to deliver more specific content and
services based on who that user is.

• Websites are destinations that everyone can get to, and are generally designed for a broader audience.

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Basic terminologies

Internet and Intranet

• The Internet is a globally-connected network of computers that enables people to share information
and communicate with each other.

• An intranet, on the other hand, is a local or restricted network that enables people to store, organize,
and share information within an organization.

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Basic terminologies

IP Address

• Any computer connected to the Internet has an Internet Protocol (IP) address. This unique address, or
number, is in the form of xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx, where xxx is an integer between 1 and 255. This number
identifies the computer and the network to which it is connected.

• Example: 165.165.100.2

• Since humans have trouble remembering numbers like this, these addresses are mapped to names like
"www.google.com".

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Domain Name Systems (DNS)

• It is the phonebook of the Internet. Humans access information online through domain names, like
google.com or espn.com.

• Web browsers interact through Internet Protocol (IP) addresses.

• DNS translates domain names to IP addresses so browsers can load Internet resources.

• Example: 165.165.100.2

• Since humans have trouble remembering numbers like this, these addresses are mapped to names like
"www.google.com" .

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Basic terminologies

URL or URI (Uniform Resource Locator / Indicator)

• URLs are location dependent

• It contains four distinct parts: the protocol type, the machine name, the directory path and the file name.

• There are several kinds of URLs: file URLs, FTP URLs, and HTTP URLs.

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Basic terminologies

Top level
Subdomain Domain Webpage

Domain Directories
Protocol Name

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HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)

• HTTP is a web communication protocol.

• HTTP is a request/response standard of a client and a server.

• Typically, an HTTP client initiates a request.

• Resources to be accessed by HTTP are identified using Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs).

• HTTP defines various methods indicating the desired action to be performed on the identified resource.

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HTTP Methods
• HTTP defines eight important methods (sometimes referred to as "verbs") indicating the desired action to
be performed on the identified resource.

• HEAD - it mirrors some functionality of another METHOD

• GET - to retrieve information

• POST - to submit an attribute or entity to a given resource

• PUT - is somewhat the polar opposite of GET. It places that resource in the remote directory.

• DELETE - deletes a targeted resource

• TRACE - carries out a message loop-back test.

• OPTIONS - requests permitted communication options for a given URL or server.

• CONNECT - creates communication with a resource rather than directly interacting with said resource.

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Anatomy of an HTTP GET request

• The path to the resource, and any parameters added to the URL are all included on the “request line”.

Source: www.oreilly.com

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Anatomy of an HTTP GET request

Source: www.oreilly.com

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Anatomy of an HTTP POST request

• HTTP POST requests are designed to be used by the browser to make complex requests on the server.

• For instance, if a user has just completed a long form, the application might want all of the form’s data to be

added to a database.

• The data to be sent back to the server is known as the “message body” or “payload” and can be quite

large.

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Anatomy of an HTTP POST request

Source: www.oreilly.com

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Anatomy of an HTTP POST request

Source: www.oreilly.com

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Port

• Port is a 16-bit number that identifies a specific software program on the server hardware.

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Web Address or URL

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Basic Web System Architecture

Single Tier Architecture

• One-tier architecture involves putting all of the required components for a software application or
technology on a single server or platform.

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Basic Web System Architecture

Client – Server Model

• The web is a two-tiered architecture.

- A web browser displays information content,

- and a web server that transfers information to the client.

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Basic Web System Architecture

Web Architecture Extension

• This basic web architecture is fast evolving to serve a wider variety

of needs beyond static document access and browsing. The
Common Gateway Interface (CGI) extends the architecture to
three-tiers by adding a back-end server that provides services to
the Web server on behalf of the Web client, permitting dynamic
composition of web pages. Helpers/plug-ins and Java/JavaScript
provide other interesting Web architecture extensions.

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Basic Web System Architecture

Database-driven Web Architecture

• One of the most common types of dynamic web pages is the database driven type. It means that you
have a web page that grabs information from a database (the web page is connected to the database by
programming,) and inserts that information into the web page each time it is loaded.

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Basic Web System Architecture

Application Server

• Application servers are software that help enterprises develop, deploy and manage large numbers of

applications that are mostly distributed in nature.

• From a developer's point of view, the central difference that an application server brings about is the

separation of business logic from the presentation logic and the database logic.

• Essentially, application servers help us build true 3-tier applications where the database is logically

separated (sometimes physically separated too) from the business logic.

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Basic Web System Architecture

Developing a server involves dealing with many complicated issues:

– Concurrency

– Providing access to all possible production databases

– Network connection management

– database connection pooling

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Basic Web System Architecture

Examples:

• BEA’s Weblogic (J2EE)

• IBM’s Websphere (J2EE)

• Microsoft’s IIS (ISAPI)

• Microsoft’s MTS (Microsoft Transaction Server)

• iPlanet (Formerly Netscape) (NSAPI, J2EE)

• TOMCAT

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Web server vs. Application server

The Web server

• A Web server handles the HTTP protocol. When the Web server receives an HTTP request, it responds
with an HTTP response, such as sending back an HTML page.

• To process a request, a Web server may respond with a static HTML page or image, send a redirect, or
delegate the dynamic response generation to some other program such as CGI script, JSP, Servlet, ASP
or some other server-side technology.

• Whatever their purpose, such server-side programs generate a response, most often in HTML, for
viewing in a Web browser.

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Web server vs. Application server

The application server

• Application server exposes business logic to client applications through various protocols, possibly
including HTTP.

• While a Web server mainly deals with sending HTML for display in a Web browser, an application server
provides access to business logic for use by client application programs.

• The application program can use this logic just as it would call a method on an object (or a function in the
procedural world).

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Sample Real World Scenario

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Static vs Dynamic websites

• A static web site is a web site where the content, the HTML and graphics, are always static—it is
served up to any visitor the same, unless the person who created the web site decides to manually
change the copy of it on the server.

• On a dynamic web site on the other hand, the content on the server is the same, but instead of just
being HTML, it also contains dynamic code, which may display different data depending on information
you feed to the web site. Another thing to note is that special software must be installed on the server to
create a dynamic web site.

e.g., Javascript, Jquery, PHP, ASP.Net etc.,

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Client-side Processing

• Some processing needs to be “executed” by the browser, either to form the request for the dynamic Web
page or to create or display the dynamic Web page.

• The client-side environment used to run scripts is usually a browser.

• The processing takes place on the end users computer.

• The source code is transferred from the web server to the users computer over the internet and run
directly in the browser.

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Server-side Processing

In server-side processing, the Web server:

– Receives the dynamic Web page request

– Performs all of the processing necessary to create the dynamic Web page

– Sends the finished Web page to the client for display in the client’s browser

• The server-side environment that runs a scripting language is a web server. A user's request is fulfilled by

running a script directly on the web server to generate dynamic HTML pages.

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Client-side and Server-side Script

Client Side Script Server Side Script

Scripts that runs on the client machines browser. Scripts on the web server to produce a response
that is customized for each client’s request to the
website.
Executed in the client side or web browser Executed in the back end or the web server

Provides less security for the data Provides more security for the data

Ex: HTML, CSS, JavaScript, Jquery, AJAX, Ex: PHP and Python Web Framework, JSP, ASP,
Angular JS Framework, Bootstrap Framework Ruby, Perl, Node JS Framework

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Guide to Web Application Development

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Guide to Web Application Development

Technologies

• There are two main categories of coding, scripting and programming for creating Web Applications:

1. Client-Side Scripting / Coding

2. Server-Side Scripting / Coding

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Guide to Web Application Development

Program Libraries

• Program libraries are a collection of commonly used functions, classes or subroutines which provide
ease of development and maintenance.

Web Application Frameworks

• Web Application Frameworks are sets of program libraries, components and tools organized in an
architecture system allowing developers to build and maintain complex web application projects using a
fast and efficient approach.

• These are designed to streamline programming and promote code reuse.

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Web Application Frameworks

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Quiz

1. An icon or image or text on a web page associated with

another webpage is called

a) URL b) Hyperlink

c) Plug-in d) None of the above

Ans: b) Hyperlink

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Quiz

2. Dynamic web page ___________________

b) generates on demand
a) is same every time
by a program or a request
whenever it displays
from browser

a) Both a & b d) None of the above

Ans: b) generates on demand

by a program or a request
from browser

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Quiz

3. Web browser is _____________

a) a program that can b) a program used to view

display a web page html documents

c) it enables users to
access the resources d) All the above
through internet

Ans: d) All the above

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Quiz

5. URL stands for

a)Unique Reference Label b) Uniform Reference Label

c) Uniform Resource d) Unique Resource

Locator Locator

Ans: c) Uniform Resource

Locator

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Quiz

6. _________ is a repository of information linked together from

points all over the world.

a) The www b) HTTP

c) HTML d) None of the above

Ans: a) The www

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Quiz

7. www is based on which model?

a) Local - Server b) Client-Server

c) 3 tier d) None of these

Ans: b) Client-Server

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Quiz

8. A ________ is typically a database containing information

about domain names and their correspondence IP address

a) Telnet b) FTP

c) TCP d) DNS

Ans: d) DNS

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Quiz

9. ISP stands for

a) International Server b) Internal Storage

Protocol Protocol

c) Internet Service d) Internet Storage

Provider Provider

Ans: c) Internet Service

Provider

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Quiz

10. ………………. is a 32-bit number, normally expressed as four

octets between the periods.

a) Port b) Domain name

c)IP address d) None of these

Ans: c) IP address

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