Transformers
Ø This is how first experiment
by Faraday was done
Ø He only got a deflection of
the galvanometer when the
switch is opened or closed
Ø Steady current does not
make induced emf.
1
Experimental Observation of Induction
This effect can be quantified by Faraday’s Law
2
Electromagnetic Induction
èFaraday discovered that a changing magnetic flux leads to
a voltage in a wire loop
u Induced voltage (emf) causes a current to flow !!
èSymmetry: electricity magnetism
u electric current magnetic field
u magnetic field electric current
3
What does Faraday’s law say?
èFaraday’s law says that
u a) an emf is induced in a loop when it moves through an electric
field
u b) the induced emf produces a current whose magnetic field
opposes the original change
u c) the induced emf is proportional to the rate of change of
magnetic flux
4
TYPES OF INDUCED EMF
èStatically induced emf
u Conductor remains stationary and flux linked with it is changed
(the current which creates the flux changes i.e increases or
decreases)
TYPES
lSelf induced
l Mutually induced
èDynamically induced emf
u Fieldis stationary and conductors cut across it
u Either the coil or the magnet moves.
5
Induction in Stationary Circuit
èSwitch closed (or opened)
u Current induced in coil B
èSteady state current in coil A
u No current induced in coil B
A
B
6
Transformer
An A.C. device used to change high
voltage low current A.C. into low voltage high
current A.C. and vice-versa without changing the
frequency
In brief,
1. Transfers electric power from one circuit to
another
2. It does so without a change of frequency
3. It accomplishes this by electromagnetic induction
4. Where the two electric circuits are in mutual
inductive influence of each other.
7
Principle of operation
It is based on
principle of MUTUAL
INDUCTION.
According to which
an e.m.f. is induced
in a coil when
current in the
neighbouring coil
changes.
8
Constructional detail : Shell type
• Windings are wrapped around the center leg of a
laminated core.
9
Core type
• Windings are wrapped around two sides of a laminated
square core.
10
Sectional view of transformers
Note:
High voltage conductors are smaller cross section conductors
than the low voltage coils
11
Construction of transformer from stampings
12
Core type
Fig1: Coil and laminations of Fig2: Various types of cores
13
core type transformer
Shell type
• The HV and LV windings
are split into no. of
sections
• Where HV winding lies
between two LV windings
• In sandwich coils leakage
can be controlled
Fig: Sandwich windings
14
Cut view of transformer
15
Transformer with conservator and breather
16
Working of a transformer
1. When current in the primary coil
changes being alternating in nature,
a changing magnetic field is
produced
2. This changing magnetic field gets
associated with the secondary
through the soft iron core
3. Hence magnetic flux linked with
the secondary coil changes.
4. Which induces e.m.f. in the
secondary.
17
18
Ideal Transformers
èZero leakage flux:
-Fluxes produced by the primary and secondary
currents are confined within the core
èThe windings have no resistance:
- Induced voltages equal applied voltages
èThe core has infinite permeability
- Reluctance of the core is zero
- Negligible current is required to establish magnetic
flux
èLoss-less magnetic core
- No hysteresis or eddy currents
19
Ideal transformer
V1 – supply voltage ; I1- noload input current ;
V2- output voltgae; I2- output current
Im- magnetising current;
E1-self induced emf ; E2- mutually induced emf
20
Ideal Transformer - Voltage
!!
"! "" "! "# # = $!
!#
! !
#A !! #! #" !" %C'(
" "
!
f !=
$! " !! "" ##"
This changing flux through
coil 2 induces a voltage, v2 !!
across coil 2 "! "# # = $ !
!#
!!
"! #! !$ #! !! !!
= = "! = "" Turns ratio " =
"" # " !! # " !" !"
!$
21
Ideal Transformer - Current
"! "" Magnetomotive force, mmf
! !
#A !! #! #" !" %C'( F = !"
" "
f
The total mmf applied to core is F = !!"! " ! """ = R !
For ideal transformer, the reluctance R is zero.
!!"! = ! """ !!
"" = "!
!"
22
Ideal Transformer - Power
"! ""
! !
#A !! #! #" !" %C'( ! = "#
" "
Power delivered to primary Power delivered to load
!! = "!#! !! = "!#!
!! !!
"! = "" "" = "! !! = "!#! = ""#" = !"
!" !"
Power delivered to an ideal transformer by the source is
transferred to the load.
23
emf equation of a transformer
The magnetic flux Φm set up in the core of a transformer when an alternating voltage is
applied to its primary winding is also alternating and is sinusoidal.
Let Φm be the maximum value of the flux and f be the frequency of the
supply. The time for 1 cycle of the alternating flux is the periodic time T, where T = 1/f
seconds.
The flux rises sinusoidally from zero to its maximum value in 1/4 cycle, and
the time for 1/4 cycle is 1/4f seconds.
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Transformer Summary
1. Transformers will work only with AC supply. There is no rotating parts. Only
the flux is changing (alternating) and the conductor is stationary. Hence it is
statically induced emf (self induced emf and mutual induced emf )
2. We assumed that all of the flux links all of the windings of both coils. Thus, the
voltage across each coil is proportional to the number of turns on the coil.
#"
"" (! ) = "! (! )
#!
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2. We assumed that the reluctance of the core is negligible, so the total
mmf of both coils is zero.
#"
"! (! ) = "! (! )
#!
3. A consequence of the voltage and current relationships is that all of the
power delivered to an ideal transformer by the source is transferred to the
load.
!" = !!
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