International Efforts Towards

BiodiversityConservation
7
and ourneedforrfood security, medicines, fresh ai
organisations - United Nations shelter, and a clean and healthy
In 1980, three International and water, live.
Environment Programme (UNEP), the and WWF environment in which to
(IUCN),
Union for Conservation of Nature conservation o It has 3 main
objectives:
International together prepared a world biodiversity, The conservation of biological
diversity
strategy. It was a plan to conserve " The sustainable use of the components of
which all life
preserve vital ecosystem processes on uses biological diversity.
depends for survival, and develop sustainable " The fair and equitable sharing of the benefit
they published
of organisms and ecosystems. In 1991, caring for the arising out of the utilization of genetic: resources
a newversion of this document called
World
Earth. Following the publication of the 1992, SupplementaryAgreements of CBD
Conservation Strategy and Earth summit in
several steps have been taken. oThe Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the
Convention on Biodiversity
RIO DECLARATION,1992 " It was adopted in January 2000 and entered in
The Rio Declaration on Environment and force on 11th September, 2003. It is also known as
Development,often shortened to the Rio Declaration, the Biosafety Protocol. The Biosafety Protocol
was a short document produced at the 1992 United seeks toprotect biological diversity from the
Nations "Conference on Environment and potential risks posed by living modified
Development" (UNCED), informally known as the organisms resulting from modern biotechnology
Earth Summit, and signed by over 179 countries. The Biosafety Protocol makes clear that products
The Rio Declaration consisted of 27 principles from new technologies must be based on the
intended to guide countries in future sustainable precautionary principle and allow developing
development. nations to balance public health againsteconomic
benefits.
Agenda 21
oAgenda 21 is a non-binding, voluntarily It lets countries ban imports of a genetically
implemented action plan of the United Nations modified organism if they feel there is not
with regard to sustainable development. enough scientific evidence that the product is
oIt is aproduct of the Earth Summit (UN Conference safe. It also requires exporters to label shipmens
containing genetically modified commodities
on Environment and Development) held in Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992. such as corn or cotton.
The protocol defines aLiving Modified Onganism
Convention on Biodiversity (CBD) (LMO) as any living organism that possesses a
o It was signed by 150 government leaders at the novel combination of genetic material, obtained
1992 Rio Earth Summit. The Convention on through the use of modern biotechnology.
Biological Diversity is dedicated to promoting " Modern biotechnology is defined in the Protocol
sustainable development. to mean the application of in vitro nucleic acid
oIt has been conceived as a practical tool for techniques, or fusion of cells beyond the
translating the principles of Agenda 21 into reality. natural
taxonomic family, that overcome
The Convention recognizes that biological diversity physiological reproductive or recombination
is about more than plants, animals and micro barriers which are not limited to the technique
organisms and their ecosystems, it is about people LIsed in traditional breeding and selection.
104 DRISHTIPUBLICATIONS
InternationalI EffortsTowards Biodiversity Conservation QUICK BOOK
The Protocol established a Biosafety
House (BCH), in order to facilitate Clearing Conference of the Parties (COP)
ofscientific, techrnical,
the exchange The Conference of the Parties is the governing
environmental and legal body of the convention, and advances implementation
information and to assist Parties to implement
the Protocol. of the convention through the decisions it takes at its
o Nagoya Protocol periodic meetings.
The Nagoya Protocol on access to
genetic
resources and the fair and equitable sharing of UNFCCC
Conference of Parties (COP)
benefits arising from their utilization to the
Convention on Biological Diversity is a Supreme decision-making body of Meets every year (unless the
supplementary agreement to the 1992 Convention UNFCCC Parties decide otherwise)
on Biological Diversity (CBD). Meets in Bonn, the Secretariat (unless
aParty offers to host the session)
First COP- held in Berlin, Germany
(1995)
The Nagoya Protocol on ABS was adopted on 29
October 2010in Nagoya, Japan and entered into COPs and Their Major Outcomes
force on 12 October 2014.
. The Nagoya Protocol applies to genetic resources cOP 3 (1997)
Kyoto, Japan
COP 7 (2001) cOP 8 (2002)
New Delhi, India
Marrakech, Morocco
that are covered by the CBD, and to the benefits Adopted Kyoto Pro Marrakech Accords "Delhi Decleration (development
needs of the poorest countries
tocol (legally binded signed (set stage for
arising from their utilization. developed countrles
to reduce emission
ratification of Kyoto
Protocol)
Technology transfer for climate
change (CC) mitigation)
" The Nagoya Protocol also covers traditional targets)

knowledge (TK) associated with genetic COP 15 (2009)

Copenhagen, Denmark
cOP 14(2008)
Poznan, Poland
COP 13 (2007)
Bali, Indonesia
resources that are covered by the CBD and the Developed countries "Adeotation Fund under Beli Road Mep nd Beli
pledged up to $30 Kyoto Protocol launched ction plen (on shared
benefits arising from its utilization. bilion in fast-start " Poznan Strategic vision, mitigation,
fnance (for 2010-12) Programme on adaptation, technology
" Its aim is the implementation of one of the three Technology Transfer and financing)

objectives of the CBD, the fair and equitable COP 18 (2012)

-
COP 19 (2013)
COP 16 (2010)
sharing of benefits arising out of the utilization Cancun, Mexico Doha, Qatar
Doha Amendment to
Warsaw, Poland
Warsaw Framework
of genetic resources, thereby contributing to the "Cancun Agreements
(assist developing nations
in dealing with CC)
Kyoto Protocol (reducing
GHG emissions by 18%
for REDD Plus
"Warsaw lntermetionel
conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. "Established: Green compared to 1990 levels) Mechenism for LoSs
Climate Fund nd Demege
ONagoya-Kuala Lumpur Supplementary Protocol
" The Nagoya-Kuala Lumpur Supplementary COP 24(2018)
Katowice, Poland
COP 21 (2015)
Paris, France
Protocol on Liability and Redress was adopted Rulebook for Paris "Paris Agreement (dobal teme. well beow 2C
on 15 October 2010 at the fifth meeting of the Agreement (actions to
be taken as per NDCs)
above pre-industrial times
"Climate fnence by rich countries
Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting "yearly $100bn funding pledge by rich countries)

of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, held in COP 26 (2021)

Nagoya, Japan, and entered into force on 5 March Glasgow, UK
" India announced Net Zero Targete 2070
2018. " Indla called for "phase-down of coal-based power
"Glasgow Breakthrough Agenda (by 41 countrles +
"Nagoya-Kuala Lumpur Supplementary Protocol India)

dealt with liability and redress for damage

resulting from Living Modified Organisms COP 27 (2022)
Sharm-el-Sheikh, Egypt
(LMOs). There are divergernt views on the issue "Lose &Oamage Fund
"USD 3.1bn plan for early weming eystem
of LMOs, particularly with reference to their "a7-led 'alobal Shold Financing Facility' for countries suffering climate
long-termn impacts on biodiversity, human health
disastars
"Afrlcan Carbon Market Initiati

and socio-economic situation. Protocol would

"Aotion for Water Adaptation end Reeilonce (AWARe) initiative
Mangroe Allence (in partnerership with lndia)
"indla's Long-Tern Low Ensleaion Development Strategy
protecting
grow stronger and more effective in
biodiversity from potential adverse effects of
LMOs. AICHIBIODIVERSITY TARGETS
Note: The International Day for Biological Diversity oThe Parties (Countries) under theConvention of
S observed on 22nd May every year to increase Biodiversity (CBD), meet at regular intervals. These
issues. meetings are called Conference of Parties (COP).
and awareness of biodiversity
understanding DRISHTIPUBLICATIONS 105