LM Maths Section 2 LVersion
Uploaded by
Eric AnnanLM Maths Section 2 LVersion
Uploaded by
Eric AnnanSECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
Mathematics Year 1
SECTION
2 FRACTIONS AND
PERCENTAGES
1
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
NUMBER FOR EVERYDAY LIFE
Proportional Reasoning
INTRODUCTION
Hello, learner! In this section, we’re going to explore the fascinating world of
fractions. Fractions are a fundamental concept in mathematics that represents part-
to-whole relationships. Understanding fractions is crucial for problem-solving in
various aspects of life; from cooking and shopping to science and engineering.
In this section, you will learn to;
• Establish the concept of fractions and investigate the connections between
fractions and decimal numbers.
• Establish basic rules for operations on fractions: addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division.
• Investigate the connections between fractions and decimal numbers.
• Establish additive and multiplicative inverses of fractions using multi-
purpose model charts.
• Review the concept of fractions and investigate the connections between
fractions and decimal numbers.
• Develop models to examine connections between and among fractions,
percentages and decimal numbers and generalise.
• Analyse daily activities/issues/businesses involving fractions, percentages
and decimals.
• Apply fractions, percentages and decimals to problems involving personal
or household finance (such as utility bills, exchange rates, project
budgeting, school sees, shopping, etc.)
• Apply fractions, percentages, decimals to real life problems involving
Percentage increase and percentage decrease, Profit, and loss,
• Establish appropriate procedures solving problems involving simple and
compound interests.
2
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
Key Ideas:
• Fractions represent parts of a whole or a ratio between two numbers.
• Fractions consist of a numerator (the top number) representing the part
being considered and a denominator (the bottom number) representing
the total number of equal parts into which the whole is divided.
• Fractions can also be expressed as decimal numbers, where the numerator
is divided by the denominator. For example, 1__2 is equivalent to 0.5 as a
decimal.
• Fractions and decimal numbers represent parts of a whole. Fractions
consist of the number of selected parts (numerator) over a total number of
equal parts (denominator), while decimals are a division of the numerator
by the denominator. They are different notations for the same concept
and are interchangeable in many cases.
• Both fractions and decimals can be operated on using similar arithmetic
operations.
• Additive and Multiplicative inverses of fractions, and Model charts for
Visualization are some of the key concepts that can be used to deepen
your understanding of fractions, decimals, and their interconnectedness
as well as improve your understanding of operations on fractions.
• Application of Percentages is about using percentages to solve real-world
problems, such as discounts, commissions, profit and loss, percentage
increase and decrease and percentage profit.
• Systematic approaches to calculate simple interest include identifying
the principal amount, interest rate, and period involved.
THE CONCEPT AND OPERATIONS OF
FRACTIONS 1
In this lesson, we’ll delve into the concept of fractions, learn how to perform
operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, and apply these
skills to real-world scenarios. You’ll discover how fractions connect to other math
topics, such as decimals, percentages, and ratios.
3
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
The Concept of Fractions
A fraction is a concept which represents a numerical value and defines parts of a
whole/unit, a group or a ratio.
Parts of Fractions
Fractions include two parts, the numerator and the denominator.
1. Numerator: It is the upper part of the fraction, that represents the number of
sections of the fraction.
2. Denominator: It is the lower, or bottom part, of the fraction that represents
the total parts into which the fraction is equally divided.
Example
73 is a fraction, then 3 is the numerator and 7 is the denominator.
If __
Types of Fractions
1. Proper fractions: Proper fractions are those where the numerator is less than
the denominator. For example, __25 is a proper fraction since “the numerator
is less than the denominator”.
2. Improper fractions: Improper fractions are fractions where the numerator
is greater than the denominator. For example, __57is an improper fraction since
“the numerator is greater than the denominator”.
3. Mixed fractions: Mixed fractions are a combination of the integer part and
a proper fraction. These are also called mixed numbers or mixed numerals.
For example: 5__37 , 1__23 , 9__32 , 8__
11
12
4. Like fractions: These are fractions that are alike or the same. For example,
take __31 and __
23 ; they are alike since they have same denominator.
5. Unlike fractions: Unlike fractions, are those that are dissimilar. They have
different denominators. For example, __12 and __
23 are unlike fractions.
4
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
6. Equivalent fractions are fractions that represent the same value or
proportion, even though they have different numerators (top numbers) and
denominators (bottom numbers). In other words, two fractions are equivalent
if, when simplified or converted, they equal the same fraction.
For example:
12 = __
__ 36
24 = __
All of these fractions represent the same value, which is one-half.
7. Unit fractions: A fraction is known as a unit fraction when the numerator
is equal to 1.
12
i. One half of a whole = __
13
ii. One-third of a whole = __
14
iii. One-fourth of a whole = __
One-fifth of a whole = __15
Application of the Concept and Examples
Activity 2.1
(To be carried out in school with support from the teacher).
1. Model and represent fractions using a number line, paper strips, or
Cuisenaire rods.
a) Representing fractions on a number line. If you have to represent __41
26 parts of a whole on a line, then we have the figure below.
and __
5
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
b) You can also use a paper strip to model and represent the fractions
1 and __
__ 17 as;
6
16
_
17
_ 17
_
c) For Cuisenaire rods, once we know which of the rods represents 1,
we can use it to compare and represent other fractions. Take a look
at the illustration below.
Now, model fractions of a similar nature, such as 1__2 , 1__4 , 3__7 , 5__2 , etc. using paper
strips, Cuisenaire rods, number lines, etc.
Dear learner! I hope you can now perform the activity using these resources and
other appropriate resources.
Benchmark fractions are simple, commonly used fractions that are easy to
visualize and serve as reference points for estimating or comparing other fractions.
The most frequently used benchmark fractions include:
1. 0 (zero)
2. 14 (One-quarter / one-fourth)
__
3. 12 (one-half)
__
4. 34 (Three-fourths)
__
5. 1 (one whole)
6
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
Equivalent Fractions
Equivalent fractions are different fractions that represent the same value or
proportion. They have different numerators and denominators but simplify to the
same fraction. For example, __12 , __36 , and __48 are all equivalent fractions because they
all represent the same portion of a whole.
Looking at the three fractions, you realise that although they all have different
numerators and denominators, they are the same since they represent the same
portion. Therefore, the three fractions are equivalent.
Establish equivalent fractions from benchmark fractions using
interactive approaches.
Take a look at this example, we can create equivalent fractions by multiplying the
numerator and the denominator by the same factor.
i. __ 24 , __36 , __
12 , __ 48 , __ 5
10 …
Take a look at these other examples;
ii. 13 , __
__ 26 , __ 39 , __ 12 4 , …
3 __
iii. __ 14 , __ 28 , __ 12 , 16 4 , …
3 __
15 , __
iv. __ 10 2 , __ 15 , 20 4 , …
3 __
v. __ 16 , __ 12 2 , __ 18 4 , …
, 24
Alright Learner! I hope you can create more equivalent fractions.
7
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
Tip!!
You can also generate equivalent fractions by dividing the numerator and the
denominator by a common factor. For example;
…_ 6 , __
12 , __
36 18 9 3
3 , __
1
Activity 2.2: Equivalent Fractions Matching Game
Materials:
• Fraction cards (with fractions in various forms)
• Blank cards to write fractions
• Grid sheets for recording results
• Scissors, markers, and rulers (for making cards)
Instructions:
1. Preparation:
• Have a partner or work individually.
• Obtain fraction cards or design your fraction cards. The cards
should contain various fractions (e.g., 1__2 , 2__4, 3__6, 4__8 , etc.) and blank
cards to allow you to generate your own equivalent fractions during
the activity.
• Note that the fraction cards you design should include some
equivalent fractions but mixed with non-equivalent ones.
2. Matching Game:
• Step 1: Pick the fraction cards.
• Step 2: Find all the equivalent fractions within their set of cards.
They must match fractions that are equivalent by comparing the
12 = __
values (e.g., __ 24 ).
• Step 3: After finding a match, you must explain why the fractions
are equivalent by simplifying one fraction or multiplying both the
numerator and denominator by the same number/factor.
3. Challenge Round (Creating Equivalent Fractions):
• Step 1: Once you have matched all equivalent fractions, take the
blank cards and create your own equivalent fractions.
8
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
• Step 2: Swap their newly created equivalent fractions with someone
to verify whether the fractions are truly equivalent.
4. Reflection
• Explain how you understand equivalent fractions and tell how you
feel about the activity.
Rules for operations on fractions
Let us now establish some basic rules necessary for operations on fractions.
Rule 1: Addition and subtraction of fractions are possible with a common
denominator.
Rule 2: When we multiply two fractions, then the numerators are multiplied
together as well as the denominators are multiplied together.
Rule 3: When we divide a fraction by another fraction, we have to find the
reciprocal of the second fraction and then use Rule 2 above.
Adding Fractions
Like fractions: The addition of fractions is easy when they have a common
denominator, meaning the denominators are the same.
For example,
1. 37 + 1_7
__
2. 32 + __
__ 13
Solution
We need to add the numerators since the denominators are common (ie, the same).
Thus,
1. 3 __
__
7 7
3 +7 1 = __
+ 1 = _____ 47
2). 2 + __
__
3 3
2 +
1 = ____ 3
1 __
= 33 =1,
9
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
Unlike fractions: Adding fractions with different denominators.
Example
14 + __
1) __ 21
Solution
One of the denominators is a factor or multiple of the other and we need to adjust
the denominators to be the same before adding. Thus,
14 + __
_ 12 = __ 14 + __ 12 × __
22 = __
14 + __ 1 +4 2 = __
24 = _____ 34 Example
2) __ 31 + __ 34 = ?
Solution
The denominators are neither factors nor multiples of the other and we need to
adjust the denominators to be the same before adding. Thus, multiply __13 by __44 and
3 __
__
4 3
× 3
__ 34 = __
13 + __ 31 × __ 43 × __
44 + __ 33 = __ 4 + __
12 9
12 412
= ____ +9 __
= 13
12
Using equivalent fractions to make unlike fractions common before
adding them.
Example
34
13 + __
__
Solution
Using equivalent fractions of __13 = __ 39 = ___
26 = __ 4 = __
12 5
15 = __ 6
18 = …
9
Similarly, __43 = __
86 = __
12 12
= __ 15 = __
= __
16 20 24
18 = …
4 and __ 9
Fractions with common denominators are __
12 12 .
9
34 ≡__
Implies __13 + __ 4 +__
12 12 12
= __
13
∴ _13 + __ 13
34 = __ 12
10
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
Using Lowest Common Multiples (LCM) to solve addition of fraction
problems:
58 .
Add the fractions __15 + __
We need to simplify them by finding the LCM of denominators 1__5 + 5__8 and then
making it common for both fractions.
LCM = __51 + __ 8 +4025 = __
58 = ______ 33
40
Subtraction of fractions with same denominators
If the denominators are same, so we can simply subtract the numerators.
Example
57 − __
__ 5−2
27 = ____7
= __
3
7
Subtraction of fractions with different denominators
If the denominators of two fractions are different, we need to simplify them by
finding the least common multiple (LCM) of the denominators and making them
the same for both fractions.
Example
1. 23 – __
__ 14
The two denominators are 3 and 4. Hence, LCM of 3 and 4 is 12
Therefore, multiplying __23 by __44 and __14 by __33 , we get;__
8
3 = __
− __
12 12 12
5
Multiplication of Fractions
Example
1. __
5 4
3
2 × __
Here we simply multiply the numerators together and then the denominators
together. There is no need to have a common denominator.
Solution
25 × __
__ 52 ×× 43 = __
34 = _____ 6
20 = __ 3
10
11
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
Division of Fractions
Example
1. __ 34
23 ÷ __
Here we think Keep, Change, Flip.
This means we Keep the first fraction the same, we Change the sign from division
to multiply and we Flip the second fraction, so its denominator becomes the
numerator and the numerator becomes the denominator.
Solution
37 ÷ __
__ 34 = __
37 × __
43 = __ 12 = __
21 47
Activity 2.3
1. If I have a fraction bar and I shade in two out of the four equal parts,
what fraction of the whole bar is shaded?
2. 35 would look like?
Can you show on the fraction circle what __
3. If I have a fraction bar that is divided into eight equal parts, and I shade
in six of those parts, what fraction of the bar is shaded? Is this fraction
in its simplest form?
4. If I have a square and I divide it into four equal parts, what fraction does
each part represent?
5. We have a rectangle, and we divide it into six equal parts horizontally.
26 of the rectangle?
How would you represent __
6. If we partition a circle into ten equal slices and shade in three of them,
what fraction of the circle is shaded?
Activity 2.4
1. You have a large pizza with 8 slices, and you want to share it equally
among 4 friends. How would you represent the fraction of the pizza that
each friend receives? Is this fraction in its simplest form?
12
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
2. If you have a chocolate bar divided into 12 equal pieces and you want
to share it equally among yourself and two friends, what fraction of the
chocolate bar would each person get? Is this fraction in its simplest form?
3. You have a rectangular pizza that is cut into 10 equal slices. If you eat 3
slices, what fraction of the pizza have you eaten?
4. You order a round pizza that is divided into 6 equal slices. If you eat 2
slices and your friend eats 3 slices, what fraction of the pizza has been
eaten altogether?
5. If a recipe calls for __12 cup of flour and you want to make a double batch,
how much flour would you need in total?
6. If a recipe requires __43cup of sugar, but you only want to make half of the
recipe, how much sugar would you use?
Note: You may replace ‘pizza’ with appropriate food in your community. An
example is Fufu.
Activity 2.5: Fraction Challenge: Mastering Operations with Fractions
You will practice adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing fractions
through a fun, hands-on activity with your classmates.
Station 1: Addition of Fractions
At this station, you will be given fraction cards. Follow these steps:
1. Pick two cards randomly from the deck.
2. Add the two fractions together. If the denominators are different, find the
least common denominator (LCD) and make the denominators the same
before adding.
3. Simplify the fraction to its lowest terms.
4. Each group member will complete two rounds of addition.
Example
You pick __14 and __
23 .
• Find the LCD of 4 and 3, which is 12.
3 8
• Convert the fractions to __ 12
and __
12
.
3 8
• Add __
12 + __
12 11
= __ 12
.
13
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
• 11
Your answer is __
12
.
Station 2: Subtraction of Fractions
Here, you will practice subtracting fractions. Follow these steps:
1. Pick two fraction cards from the deck.
2. Subtract the second fraction from the first. If the denominators are
different, find the LCD and adjust the fractions before subtracting.
3. Simplify the fraction to its lowest terms.
4. Each group member will complete two rounds of subtraction.
Example
You pick __56 and __
13 .
• Find the LCD of 6 and 3, which is 6.
• Convert the fractions to __56 and __
26 .
• Subtract 5 /6 − __ 36 .
62 = __
• 12 .
Simplify to __
Station 3: Multiplication of Fractions
At this station, you will practice multiplying fractions. Follow these steps:
1. Pick two fraction cards from the deck.
2. Multiply the numerators together and the denominators together.
3. Simplify the fraction to its lowest terms.
4. Each group member will complete two rounds of multiplication.
Example
25and 3 _4 .
You pick __
• Multiply the numerators: 2 × 3 = 6.
• Multiply the denominators: 5 × 4 = 20.
6 3
• The product is __
20 , which simplifies to __
10 .
14
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
Station 4: Division of Fractions
Here, you will practice dividing fractions. Follow these steps:
1. Pick two fraction cards from the deck.
2. Flip the second fraction (take its reciprocal) and multiply it by the first
fraction.
3. Simplify the fraction to its lowest terms.
4. Each group member will complete two rounds of division.
Example
You pick __38 and __
45 .
• Take the reciprocal of __ 54 .
45 , which is __
• 15
Multiply 38 × 54 = __ 32
.
• 15
Your answer is __
32
(already in lowest terms).
Final Challenge: Fraction Word Problems
After all groups have rotated through each station, you will complete a final
challenge together. Your teacher will give your group 3 real-life word problems
involving addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division of fractions. Work
as a team to solve these problems, showing all your steps clearly.
Reflection and Sharing
Once all groups have completed the stations and final challenge, we will come
together as a class to discuss what you found challenging and how you solved
the different types of problems. You’ll also have the opportunity to explain
your thinking to the class!
EXTENDED READING
1. Watch this video on the concept of fractions using the link provided
https://youtu.be/kZzoVCmUyKg?si=Z28AI72cTWGCB4OC.
2. Watch this video on the concept and operations on fractions using the link
provided. https://youtu.be/wrQTYCkmI3c?si=h_Syh7dTcKPyg1n8.
3. Watch this video on operations on fractions using the link provided.
https://youtu.be/iabIxg7ET5Q?si=fDdPeOxFj2PDQrSe.
15
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
THE CONCEPT AND OPERATIONS OF
FRACTIONS 2
In this lesson, we are going to look at the connections between Fractions and
Decimals in mathematics.
Fractions and decimals are essential tools for representing quantities that are
not whole numbers. In our daily lives, we encounter fractions and decimals in
various contexts, such as cooking recipes (where ingredients are often measured
in fractions), financial transactions (where prices and quantities are expressed as
decimals), and measurements (where lengths, weights, and volumes are commonly
represented using fractions or decimals)
Multi-purpose model charts, such as number lines, grids, and diagrams provide
visual representations that aid in understanding the relationships between fractions,
decimals, and their inverses. By using these visual aids, you can develop a deeper
conceptual understanding of how fractions and decimals relate to each other and
how their additive and multiplicative inverses can be determined.
Understanding these concepts is crucial not only for basic arithmetic but also for
more advanced mathematical reasoning and problem-solving skills, paving the
way for success in future academic and professional endeavours.
Problem-Solving on Common Fractions
Here we will explore how to convert decimals to fractions and vice versa.
Decimals: In mathematics, decimals are numbers that consist of both a whole
number part and a fractional part, separated by a decimal point. The dot that
divides the whole part from the fractional part is known as the decimal point.
Decimals can represent whole numbers (without a decimal point), fractions (with
a decimal point), and may either repeat a pattern (repeating decimals) or not (non-
repeating decimals).
16
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
From the above illustration, 863 represents the whole part and the 267 after the
decimal point represents the fractional part.
Examples of decimals include
a) 35.7 ( equivalent to ___ 357
10
)
b) 1
0.5 (equivalent to __
2 )
c) 3.142 (approximation of pi (π))
d) 0.75 (equivalent to __ 34 )
e) 2.012.
Establishing decimals as fractions
Hello learner! To express decimals as common fractions, below are the general
steps to guide you.
Step 1: count the number of decimal places and express it as a power of 10. That
is 10n, where n is the number of decimal places counted.
Step 2: remove the decimal point from the number to make it a whole number
Step 3: divide the whole number by a power of 10 obtained in step 1.
Step 4: express the fraction obtained in its lowest form.
I hope you have carefully studied the steps. Let us now look at some examples;
1. Convert 0 .5 into a fraction.
Step 1: count the number of decimal places in 0.5. Since 0.5 has only one
decimal place, the power of 10 is written as 101which is the same as 1 0
Step 2: remove the decimal point from the number to make it a whole
number
Removing the decimal point from 0.5 gives us 05 which is the same as 5.
Step 3: divide the whole number by 10n, where n is the number of decimal
places counted
5
0.5 =__
10
Step 4: express the fraction obtained in its lowest form.
_ 5
10 = 1_
2. Express 0.25 as a fraction
Removing the decimal point gives us 025 which is the same as 25 and since
17
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
0.25 has two decimal places, we divide the whole number by 102 which is
also the same as 100
025 ___ 25 1
0.25 = ___ __
2 = 100 = 4
10
3. Express 2 .689as a fraction
Solution
Let’s count the number of decimal places in 2 .689. This gives us 103=1000
Removing the decimal point out of the number also gives us 2 689
• 2689
____
1000
and this is in its simplest form
Establishing fractions as decimals
Dear learner, can you now establish fractions as decimals? Good.
To express a fraction as a decimal number, multiply the numerator and denominator
by a common natural number such that the denominator becomes a power of 10.
The power of 10 must be a multiple of the denominator and this indicates the
number of decimal places the numerator should be expressed.
Click on the link below to watch how to convert common fractions to decimals
https://youtu.be/lh2mp0aqSh8
Here are some worked examples;
• 12 = __
__ 12 × __ 55 = __ 5
10 = 0.5
• 14 = __
__ 14 × __ 25
25 100
= ___
5
= 0.25
2 = __ 2 × __ 8
• __
25 25 44 = ___ 100 = 0.08
Look for other examples, try them and compare your answers to those of your
friends.
Activity 2.6
12 as decimal.
Establish __
Dear learner here is an activity to guide you.
a) Take a square paper and divide it into 10 equal parts.
b) Consider each square as 0.1
c) fold the paper into two equal parts and shade one part.
18
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
d) You will observe that each half contains exactly 5 boxes. This represents
0.5.
12 = 0.5
Thus, __
I hope you have found this activity interesting. Try more examples.
Percentages
Percentage: it is a number that can be expressed as a fraction out of a hundred.
Percentage also represents the number of parts in every 100. We use fractions and
percentages to describe parts of shapes, quantities and measures.
Example
40%, 2.5%, 75%, 2 3 _4 % etc.
Converting Percentages to fractions
Have you tried converting your exam scores from percentage to its fractional
value or vice versa?
Study the examples below and carry out the activities that follow.
1 = ___50
• 50 % = 50 × ___
100 100 12
= __
1 = ___25
• 25 % = 25 × ___
100 100 14
= __
1 = ___80
• 80 % = 80 × ___
100 100 45
= __
• 0.4 % = __ 4 × ___
10 1 = ____
100 4 = ___
1000 1
250
To convert a percentage to a fraction, rewrite the figure of the percentage as “out
of 100”
34 %means “three-fourth of a hundred” or __34 ÷ 100 = __34 × ___
That is __ 1
100
Activity 2.7
Let us explore some examples in the activities below.
Here are some steps to guide you
1. Convert 1 2 1_2 %into a fraction.
19
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
Solution:
Consider the steps below:
Step 1: Convert 12__21 %into an improper fraction.
25
Thus, 12__12 % = __ 2
%
Step 2: Replace the percent symbol(%) with ___ 1 .
100
2
25
1 % = __
So, 12__ 2
25
÷ 100 = __ 2
× ___ 1 = ____
100 5
200
Step 3: Reduce it to the lowest form, to get 12__12 % = __
18 .
Conclude that 12__12 % = __
18
2. 75
Convert __ 2
%into a fraction
Solution
75
__
2
75
% = __ 2
× ___ 1 = ___
100 5
200 38
= __
3. Your friend spends 4__3 %of her pocket money with you during break.
What fraction does that represent?
Solution
43 % = __
_ 43 × ___ 1 = ___
100 4 = ___
300 1
75
Now, can you try converting these fractions back to percentages?
Converting a fraction to a percentage only requires the multiplication of the
fraction by 100.
Examples
5
• 12 = 0.5 = __
__ 10 × 100 = 50% or __ 12 × 100 = 50%
25
• 41 = 0.25 = ___
__ 100 × 100 = 25%
3
• __10 10
3 × 100 = 30%
= __
• __ 1 = __ 1 × 100 = __ 4 %
75 75 3
100
• __1
8 × 100 = ___ 8 = __ 25
2
= 12 1 %
__
2
20
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
Example
11 in a class test. What would be his score as a percentage?
Amewu scored __
20
Solution
11
_ 11 × 100 = 55%
= __
20 20
Activity 2.8
Establish 25% as a fraction
a) Take a 10 by 10 square paper.
b) Consider each square as 1unit.
c) Count and shade 25 boxes. This represents 25 out of a hundred. That
25
___
is 100
d) You will observe that the 25 boxes represent one-quarter of the square
14
paper. This represents __
25
Thus, 25 % = ___
100 14
= __
Addition and Subtraction of Fractions
Hello learner! In the previous lesson you learned how to perform operations
on proper and improper fractions. In this lesson, we shall look at addition and
subtraction of fractions where the fractions are mixed numbers.
Let’s now consider the addition and subtraction of mixed numbers by following
these activities.
Example 1
Add 3__25 to 5__23 ,
Solution
Step I: Add the whole numbers and then add the fractions separately as shown
below;
( 3 + 5)+ (__ 23 ) = 8 + (__
25 + __ 6
15 15 )
10
+ __ 6 +
= 8 + _____
15
10
16
Step II: Simplify to get = 8 + ___
15
21
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
1 =
Step III: Convert the improper fraction into a mixed number = 8 + 1 + __
1 15
9 + __
15
1 .
Step IV: Simplify to get 9__
15
Example 2
In an athletic competition, Jamal covered a distance of 3__12 km while Ama covered
a distance of 3__56 km. Determine how far Jamal is behind Ama.
Solution
We need to find the difference in their distances ⇒3__12 − 3__56
Step 1: Subtract the whole numbers and then subtract the fractions separately as
shown below;
(3 − 3)+ (__ 56 ) = 0 + (__
12 − __ 56 ) = 0 + ____
36 − __ 3 −
6
5
Step II: Simplify to get = 0 + (− __
26 ) = − __
26 = − __
13
Therefore, Jamal was behind Ama by __13 km
Example 3.
Elinam was asked by her teacher to stand exactly halfway between the numbers
2 __67 and 2 __
11 on the tape measure provided. On what number on the tape
28
measure is the teacher expecting her to stand?
Solution
Halfway between 2__67 and 2__
11
28
(2__67 + 2__
28 )
11
_________
⇒
2
(2 + 2) + (__ 28 )
67 + __
11
______________
⇒
2
4+( 28 28 )
24
__ 11
+ __
___________
⇒
2
35
4 + __
28
⇒ ______
2
4 + __45 4
⇒ 2 = __
____ 2 + (_
54 ÷ 2)
22
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
58
⇒ 2 + __
⇒ 2__58
Example 4.
Abubakari has investments in two different rural banks in his community. If one
investment yields 3 1_4 %interest and the other yields 2__43%interest annually, what
will be his total interest each year?
Solution
Interest on investment one =3__14 %
Interest on investment two = 2__34 %
Total interest =3__14 % + 2__34 %
= (3 + 2) + (__ 34 )
14 + __
= 5 + (_ 4 )
1 + 3
= 5 + ( 1)= 6%
Therefore, Abubakari’s total interest each year is 6 %
23
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
Additive and Multiplicative Inverses of Fractions
Using Multi-Purpose Model Charts
In the previous section, you learned additive and multiplicative inverses of
numbers and their examples. In this section, we are going to apply them as we
look at the additive inverse and multiplicative inverse of fractions.
Additive inverse(s):
Hello Learner! Have you ever added two fractions and the result is zero (0)?
A number that, when added to the original number, results in a sum of zero is
called the additive inverse of the original number.
i.e. If __ab + c__ = 0, __dc is additive inverse of 32 + (
__ab .Eg. If __ 32 ) = 0, then (
− __ 32 ) is
– __
32 .
the additive inverse of __
Click on the link below to watch a video on additive inverse of fractions:
https://youtu.be/vrTm_fMO47c
Examples
1. 12 is − __
The additive inverse of __ 12 + (−__12 ) = 0
12 , because __
2. 35 is __
The additive inverse of − __ 35 + (__
35 , because − __ 35 ) = 0
3. 2 3_4 is the additive inverse of − 2__34 , because 2__34 + (− 2__34 ) = 0
4. 58 pounds on one of its sides, what weight
If a balance scale has a weight of __
must be added to the other side to balance it?
Solution
Since one side has a weight of 5__8 pounds, balancing it requires that you take the
weight off the scale
58 + (− __
⇒ __ 58 ) = __
58 − (__
58 ) = 0
Multiplicative inverse(s):
Can you think of a pair of fractions whose product is 1?
A number that, when multiplied by an original number, results in a product of 1
is called the multiplicative inverse of the original number.
i.e. if ab × c__ = 1, then
__ dc is a multiplicative inverse ofa__or vice versa
__
24
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
32 = __
23 × __
E.g. __ 66 = 1, hence __ 32 or vice versa
23 is a multiplicative inverse of __
Study the Multipurpose fractional chart below on multiplicative inverses and
establish the pairs of numbers whose product is always 1, some of them are
already done for you.
11
_ 12
_ 13
_ 14
_ 15
_ 16
_ 17
_ 18
_ 19
_ _ 1
10
21
_ 22
_ 23
_ 24
_ 25
_ 26
_ 27
_ 28
_ 29
_ _ 2
10
31
_ 32
_ 33
__ 34
_ 35
_ 36
_ 37
_ 38
_ 39
_ _ 3
10
41
_ 42
_ 43
_ 44
_ 45
_ 46
_ 47
_ 48
_ 49
_ _ 4
10
51
_ 52
_ 53
_ 54
_ 55
_ 56
_ 57
_ 58
_ 59
_ _ 5
10
61
_ 62
_ 63
_ 64
_ 65
_ 66
_ 67
_ 68
_ 69
_ _ 6
10
71
_ 72
_ 73
_ 74
_ 75
_ 76
_ 77
_ 78
_ 79
_ _ 7
10
81
_ 82
_ 83
_ 84
_ 85
_ 86
_ 87
_ 88
_ 89
_ _ 8
10
91
_ 92
_ 93
_ 94
_ 95
_ 96
_ 97
_ 98
_ 99
_ _ 9
10
10
_
1
10
_
2
10
_
3
10
_
4
10
_
5
10
_
6
10
_
7
10
_
8
10
_
9
_10
10
Dear learner, I hope you have explored the Multipurpose fractional chart and
identified numerous pairs of numbers that are the multiplicative inverses of each
other. Now compare your answers to that of your friends.
Examples
1. 58 × __
__ 85 = 1, here multiplicative inverse of __
58 is __
85 since their product is 1.
2. 72 × __72 = 1, similarly, multiplicative inverse of __72 is __72 since their product is 1.
__
3. 13 × __
__ 31 = 1, also, multiplicative inverse of __ 13 is __ 31 since their product is 1.
After going through these examples, I hope you have made some observations
and generalizations. Share them with your friend/class teacher.
25
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
Activity 2.9: Exploring Additive and Multiplicative Inverses of Fractions
Using Multi-Purpose Model Charts
Objective:
You will use multi-purpose model charts to practice finding the additive and
multiplicative inverses of fractions. This hands-on activity will help you
understand the concept of inverses in
fractions and how they work.
Materials:
• Multi-purpose model charts
(fraction strips, fraction circles, or
grids)
• A set of fraction cards
• Pencils and paper
• Calculator (optional)
Part 1: Additive Inverses of Fractions
The additive inverse of a fraction is a number that, when added to the fraction,
results in zero.
Steps:
1. Group Activity: Form groups of 3-4 students. Each group will receive a
set of fraction cards and a multi-purpose model chart (fraction strips or
grids).
2. Pick a Fraction: Draw a fraction card from the deck. For example, you
25 .
pick __
3. Visual Representation: Use your model chart to identify the
25 . Thus, colour the __
fraction __ 25 on the chart.
4. Find the Additive Inverse: Now, find the fraction that, when added
25 , results in zero.
to __
25 is − 2_5 .
o Hint: The additive inverse of __
5. Demonstrate with the Model: Solve to show that __25 + (− __
5 )
2 = 0.
Discuss with your group how the two fractions cancel each other out to
give zero.
26
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
6. Repeat: Each group member should pick a different fraction card,
represent it on the chart, and find its additive inverse.
Part 2: Multiplicative Inverses of Fractions
The multiplicative inverse (or reciprocal) of a fraction is a number that,
when multiplied by the fraction, results in 1.
Steps:
1. Pick a Fraction: Draw a new fraction card from the deck. For example,
you pick __34
2. Visual Representation: Use the model chart to represent the fraction __43.
3. Find the Multiplicative Inverse: Now, find the fraction that, when
34 , gives 1.
multiplied by __
o Hint: The multiplicative inverse of 34 is __
__ 43 .
4. Demonstrate with the Model: Discuss with your group how
3 __
multiplying __× 4 results in 1. You can use multiplication of the
4 3
12 = 1.
numerators and denominators to show that the product is __
12
5. Repeat: Each group member should pick a different fraction, represent
it on the chart, and find its multiplicative inverse.
Extra Challenge:
After completing both parts of the activity, as a group, answer the following
challenge questions:
1. 78 ? How do you know?
What is the additive inverse of __
2. Find the multiplicative inverse of 5__6 . Use multiplication to verify your
answer.
3. What happens if you multiply a fraction by its additive inverse? Discuss
the result with your group.
EXTENDED READING
1. Baffour Ba Series: Core Mathematics for Schools and Colleges (Pages 40 –
41)
2. Click on the link below to watch a video on the multiplicative inverse of
fractions: https://youtu.be/nE7LwfhhPpE
27
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
OPERATIONS ON COMMON FRACTIONS
Hello, learner! Today, we’re going to explore the exciting world of connections
between fractions, percentages, and decimal numbers. This topic is a crucial
milestone in our mathematical journey, as it reveals the relationships between
these fundamental concepts.
We will delve into the equivalencies and conversions between these representations,
discovering how they are used in different contexts. We will build on our previous
knowledge of fractions, decimals, and percentages, and see how they fit together
like pieces of a puzzle.
We will work together to build a strong foundation, and I encourage you to ask
questions, share your ideas, and learn from each other.
Connections Between and Among Fractions,
Percentages and Decimal Numbers
Converting percentages into fractions
To convert a percentage into a fraction, write the figure of the percentage as “out
of 100”
Example
Convert the following percentages into fractions:
a) 25%
b) 50%
c) 9%
Solution
a) 25%
_ 25 25 ÷ 25 1
100 = _______
100
÷ 25 4
= __
14
Thus, 25% as a fraction is __
b) 50%
50 50 ÷ 50
_
100 = _______
100 1
= __
÷ 50 2
12
Thus, 50% as a fraction is __
28
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
c) 9%
_ 9
100
9
Thus, 9% as a fraction is ___
100
Converting a fraction into a percentage
To turn a fraction into a percentage, we multiply the fraction by 100 and express
in % form.
Example
Convert the following fractions into percentages:
a) 25
__
b) 17
__
20
c) 16
__
Solution
a) 25
__
25 × 100 = __
__ 25 × ___ 1001
= ___
200
5
= 40%
Thus, __ 25 as a percentage is 40%.
b) 17
__
20
17
_
20
× 100 = __ 17
20
× ___ 100
1
= ____ 1700
20
= 85%
Thus, __ 1720
as a percentage is 85%.
c) 16
__
16 × 100 = __
_ 16 × ____ 100
1
= ____ 100 6
100
= _____ 6÷2
÷2
50
= ___ 3
= 16.67%
Thus, __ 16 as a percentage is 16.67%.
29
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
Converting from decimals to fractions
1. Write the decimal as a fraction:
Place the decimal number over 1 (e.g., 0.75 becomes 0.75/1).
2. Multiply numerator and denominator: Multiply both by 10 for each digit
after the decimal point (e.g., 0.75/1 has two numbers after the decimal point,
so we multiply by 100 and it becomes 75/100).
3. Simplify the fraction: Reduce the fraction by dividing both the numerator and
the denominator by their greatest common divisor (e.g., 75/100 simplifies to
3/4)
Example
Convert the following decimals to fractions
a) 0.3
b) 0.05
Solution
a) 0.3
0.3
0.3 = ___ 1
0.3
= _______× 10
1 × 10
= __ 3
10
3
Therefore, the decimal 0.3as a fraction is __
10
b) 0.05
0.05
0.05 = ____ 1
0.05100
× 100
= _________ 5
= ____
100
5
Therefore, the decimal 0.05 as a fraction is ___
100 , and this simplifies to
5 ÷5
______ 1 .
= __
100 ÷ 5 20
30
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
Converting from fractions to decimals
Example
Convert the following fractions to decimals:
12
a) __
b) 15
__
Solution
12
a) __
12 = 0.5
_
Therefore, 1__2 as a decimal is 0.5 (You may use a calculator and do the
calculation 1 ÷
2 = 0.5)
b) 15
__
15 = 0.2
_
15 as a decimal is 0.2
Therefore, __
Converting from decimals to percentages
To convert a decimal to a percentage, you multiply the decimal by 100 and then
add the percentage symbol (%).
Example
Convert the following decimals to percentages:
a) 0.2
b) 0.04
c) 0.52
Solution
a) 0.2
0.2 × 100 = 20%
Therefore, 0.2 as a percentage is 20%
b) 0.04
0.04 × 100 = 4%
Therefore, 0.04 as a percentage is 4%
31
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
c) 0.52
0.52 × 100 = 52%
Therefore, 0.52 as a percentage is 52%
Converting from percentages to decimals
To convert a percentage to a decimal, you divide the percentage by 100.
Example
Convert the following percentages to decimals:
a) 75%
b) 25%
c) 9%
Solution
a) 75%
___ 75
100 = 0.75(You may use a calculator)
Therefore, 75% as a decimal is 0.75
b) 25%
_ 25
100 = 0.25
Therefore, 25% as a decimal is 0.25
c) 9%
_ 9
100 = 0.09
Therefore, 9% as a decimal is 0.09
32
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
Activity 2.10: Converting Between Fractions, Decimals, and Percentages
Objective: In this activity, you will practice converting fractions to decimals,
decimals to percentages, percentages to decimals, and percentages to fractions.
This will help you understand the relationship between these forms and apply
them to real-life situations.
Instructions:
1. Work in pairs or groups to complete the following tasks. For each task,
show your steps clearly.
Task 1: Converting Fractions to Decimals
Convert the following fractions to decimals:
• 14
__
• 25
__
• 78
__
__ 3
• 10
Steps:
Divide the numerator (top number) by the denominator (bottom number)
to get a decimal.
Write down the decimal equivalent of each fraction.
Task 2: Converting Decimals to Percentages
Convert the following decimals to percentages:
• 0.25
• 0.75
• 0.5
• 0.2
33
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
Steps:
Multiply the decimal by 100 to convert it to a percentage.
Add a percentage sign (%) to your answer.
Task 3: Converting Percentages to Decimals
Convert the following percentages to decimals:
• 25%
• 40%
• 75%
• 12.5%
Steps:
Divide the percentage by 100 to convert it to a decimal.
Write your answer as a decimal without the percentage sign.
Task 4: Converting Percentages to Fractions
Convert the following percentages to fractions:
• 50%
• 80%
• 25%
• 60%
Steps:
Write the percentage as a fraction over 100.
Simplify the fraction by dividing both the numerator and denominator
by their greatest common factor (GCF).
Task 5: Converting Fractions to Percentages
Convert the following fractions to percentages:
• 12
__
• 34
__
• 58
__
__ 7
• 10
34
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
Steps:
Divide the numerator by the denominator to get a decimal.
Multiply the decimal by 100 to convert it to a percentage.
Task 6: Real-Life Application
Scenario: You are helping your parents calculate discounts during a sale at
the market. The original price of a bag of rice is 80 cedis, and the store offers
a 15% discount.
1. Calculate how much money you will save with the discount.
2. Find the new price of the bag of rice after applying the discount.
Steps:
• Convert the percentage discount to a decimal.
• Multiply the decimal by the original price to find the amount saved.
• Subtract the discount from the original price to find the new price.
Task 7: Convert Between All Forms
Pick any two of the numbers below and convert it into all forms (fraction,
decimal, and percentage):
• 0.6
• 35%
• 45
__
Steps:
• Start with any form (fraction, decimal, or percentage).
• Convert it to the other two forms following the methods you practised in
the previous tasks.
35
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
Solving fractions involving the four basic
operations
When solving problems involving the four basic operations, you must follow the
BODMAS or PEDMAS principle carefully. Let us take a look at these examples;
Example 1
Solve the following fraction problem using BODMAS principles:
Problem:
43 + (__
__ 78 ) − __
25 × __ 13
Step-by-step solution:
1. Apply the BODMAS principle:
BODMAS stands for Brackets, Orders (powers and roots), Division,
Multiplication, Addition, and Subtraction. First, we solve the expression
inside the brackets and perform any multiplication before addition and
subtraction.
2. Solve the expression inside the brackets:
78 :
25 × __
Inside the brackets, we have __
25 × __
_ 25 ×× 78 = __
87 = _____ 4 = __
40 7
20
3. Rewrite the expression: Now that we have solved the multiplication inside
the brackets, the expression becomes:
34 + __
_ 7
20 13
− __
4. Find a common denominator:
The denominators are 4, 20, and 3. The least common denominator (LCD)
of 4, 20, and 3 is 60.
• Convert 3/4 to a fraction with a denominator of 60:
_ 34 ×
34 = _____ 15 __
= 45
× 15 60
7
• Convert __
20 to a fraction with a denominator of 60:
_7
7 × 3 = __
= _____
20 20 × 3 60
21
• Convert __ 13 to a fraction with a denominator of 60:
13 ×× 20
13 = ______
_
20
20
= __ 60
36
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
5. Rewrite the expression with the common denominator:
45
_
60
+ ___
60
20
21 − ___
60
6. Perform the addition and subtraction:
45 __
• First, add __
60 + 21
60
:
45 + 21 __ 66 __
_
60
= 60 = 11
10
20
11 − __ 11 to a fraction with a denominator of
• Now, subtract __
10 60
: Convert __
10
60:
11
_ 11 × 6 = ___
= _____
10 10 × 6
66
60
66
Then: __ 20 = ______
− __
60 60
6660
−20 __
= 46 23
= __
60 30
7. 23
Final answer: The result is __
30
.
Example 2
Solve the following fraction problem using BODMAS principles:
Problem:
__ 23 + (__
56 ÷ __ 35 ) − __
14 × __ 12
Step-by-step solution:
1. Apply the BODMAS principle:
First, solve the expression inside the brackets and then handle division and
multiplication before addition and subtraction.
2. Solve the expression inside the brackets:
35 :
14 × __
Inside the brackets, we have __
35 =
14 × __
__ 14 ×
____ × 3 __
= 3
5 20
3. Rewrite the expression:
After solving the multiplication in the brackets, the expression becomes:
56 ÷ __
__ 23 + __ 3
20 12
− __
4. Perform the division:
Now, we perform the division __56 ÷ __23
When dividing fractions, multiply by the reciprocal of the divisor:
56 ÷ __
__ 56 × __
23 = __ 56 ×× 32 = __
32 = _____ 5
12 54
= __
37
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
5. Rewrite the expression: Now the expression becomes:
54 + __
__ 3
20 12
− __
6. Find a common denominator:
The denominators are 4, 20, and 2. The least common denominator (LCD)
is 20.
54 to a fraction with a denominator of 20:
• Convert __
__ 45 ×
54 = ____ × 5 __
= 25
5 20
21 to a fraction with a denominator of 20:
• Convert __
12 ×× 10
12 = ______
__
10
10
= ___20
7. Rewrite the expression with the common denominator:
25
__ 3 − __
+ __
20 20
10
20
8. Perform the addition and subtraction:
25 __
First, add __ + 3 :
20 20
2520
_ +3 _ 28 __
=20 = 75
Now, subtract __ 10
75 − __ 21
75 to a fraction with a denominator of 20:
: Convert __
57 ×
75 = ____
__ × 4 __
= 28
4 20
Then:
28 ___ 10 9
__
20 − 20 28 20
− 10
= _______ 18
= __
20 10
= ___
9
9. Final answer: The result is __ 10 .
Activity 2.11: Solving Fractions Using BODMAS Rule
Objective: In this activity, you will practice solving fraction problems that
involve all four basic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and
division) using the BODMAS/PEDMAS rule. This will help you understand
how to apply the correct order of operations when working with fractions.
Instructions:
1. Work individually, in pairs or in groups to solve the following
problems. Be sure to follow the correct order of operations using the
BODMAS rule:
38
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
2. Show all steps clearly for each problem, and make sure you simplify
your answers as much as possible.
Task 1: Problem 1 (Brackets first)
Solve the following expression:
(__ 12 ) × __
34 + __ 56
Steps:
• First, solve inside the brackets by adding __34 and __
12
• Then, multiply the result by __56 .
Task 2: Problem 2 (Division and Multiplication first)
Solve the following expression:
35 ÷ __14 × __
__ 23
Steps:
• First, perform the division of 3__5 by 1__4 by multiplying 3__5 by the
14 .
reciprocal of __
• Then, multiply the result by __23 .
Task 3: Problem 3 (Mixed operations)
Solve the following expression:
58 − (__
__ 25 ) + __
14 × __ 37
Steps:
• First, solve the multiplication inside the brackets.
• 58 − (result from brackets).
Then, perform the subtraction __
• 37 to the result.
Finally, add __
39
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
Task 4: Problem 4 (Combining all operations)
Solve the following expression:
(__ 16 ) ÷ __
23 + __ 78 − __ 53
14 × __
Steps:
• First, solve inside the brackets by adding __23 and __
16 .
• Then, divide the result by __78 .
• After that, perform the multiplication __ 35 .
14 × __
• Finally, subtract the result of the multiplication from the division.
Task 5: Problem 5 (Challenging mixed operation)
Solve the following expression:
___ 9
10 + (__ 49 ) ÷ (__
13 × __ 7
12 16 )
− __
Steps:
• First, solve the multiplication inside the first set of brackets.
• Then, solve the subtraction inside the second set of brackets.
• Perform the division of the two results from the brackets.
9
• Finally, add __
10 to the result.
Task 6: Real-Life Problem
Scenario: You and your friend are sharing a pizza. You ate 3__8 of the
5
pizza, and your friend ate __
12
. Later, another friend came and ate 1__6 of
what was left. How much of the pizza is left?
Steps:
• First, add the amounts you and your friend ate: __38 + __ 5
12 .
• Subtract this sum from 1 (the whole pizza).
• Then, subtract the __16 eaten by your other friend from the remaining
amount.
Task 7: Final Reflection
After completing the tasks, discuss with your group:
• Which operation was the most difficult to apply?
40
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
• How did using the BODMAS rule help you solve these problems?
• Share your strategies for simplifying fractions and working through
multi-step problems.
Convert fractions from one form into other forms
When you are asked to convert fractions from one form to another, it typically
means transforming the fraction from one representation to another while
maintaining its equivalent value.
Improper Fractions to Mixed Fractions
To change an improper fraction to a mixed fraction, you need to follow these
steps:
a) Divide the numerator by the denominator.
b) The quotient (result of the division) will be the whole number part of the
mixed fraction.
c) The remainder will be the numerator of the fractional part.
d) The denominator of the fractional part will be the same as the original
denominator.
Example
Convert the following improper fraction into a mixed fraction
a) 53
__
b) 72
__
Solution
53
a) Given: __
53 = 5 ÷ 3 = 1, remainder 2, = 1 __23
__
Therefore, the improper fraction __53 can be expressed as the mixed number 1
2_3
b) Given: __ 72
27 = 7 ÷ 2 = 3, remainder 1= 3__12
_
41
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
Therefore, the improper fraction __72 can be expressed as the mixed number 3
1_2
Mixed fractions to improper fractions
To change a mixed fraction to an improper fraction, you need to follow these
steps:
a) Multiply the whole number part (the integer) by the denominator (the bottom
number).
b) Add the numerator (the top number) to the product from step 1.
c) Keep the denominator (the bottom number) the same.
Example
Convert the following mixed fractions into improper fractions
a) 3 __14
b) 5 __34
Solution
a) Given: 3__14
3 × 44 + 1 = __
3__14 = ________ 13
4
13
Therefore, the mixed fraction3__14 can be expressed as the improper fraction __4
34
b) Given: 5 __
5 × 44 + 3 = __
5__34 = _______ 23
4
Therefore, the mixed fraction 5__34 can be expressed as the improper fraction __
23
4
Activity 2.12
Otonko has 1__4 of a piece of Kenkey left over from last night’s dinner. His
friend, Raymond, brings over __61of a piece of Kenkey that he didn’t finish from
his lunch.
a) How much Kenkey will Otonko and Tinyor have in total if they combine
their leftovers?
b) Convert the total fraction of their leftovers to a percentage.
42
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
c) Convert the total fraction of their leftovers to a decimal.
Steps:
i. Identify the fractions
ii. Find the lowest common multiple (LCM) of 4 and 6
iii. Convert each fraction to have a common denominator
iv. Add the fractions
v. Multiply the results by 100 to convert to a percentage
vi. Divide the numerator by the denominator to convert to a decimal
Activity 2.13
Amina wants to prepare shitofor her son, Abu, for school. The usual recipe
for shito requires 3__4 tablespoon of pepper. However, Amina wants to make
only __23 of the usual quantity. How much pepper will she need?
Steps
i. Identify the quantities involved.
ii. Determine the fractions to multiply.
iii. Multiply the numerators and denominators.
iv. Reduce the fraction to its simplest form if necessary
Activity 2.14
The library at Nchumuruman Community SHS has a bookshelf that is 3__4
occupied by books. If the bookshelf can hold a total of 24 books, how many
more books can be added to the bookshelf?
Steps:
Step 1: Understand the Problem:
• The bookshelf can hold a total of 24 books.
• 34 of the bookshelf is occupied by books.
Currently, __
• You need to find out how many more books can be added to the bookshelf.
43
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
Step 2: Calculate the Number of Books Currently on the Bookshelf:
• To find out how many books are currently on the bookshelf, multiply the
total capacity by the fraction that is occupied.
Step 3: Perform the Multiplication:
• 34
Multiply the total number of books (24) by the fraction occupied __
Step 4: Calculate the Number of Books that Can Still Be Added:
• Subtract the number of books currently on the bookshelf from the total
capacity
EXTENDED READING
1. Baffour – Ba Series: Core Maths for Schools and Colleges, (Pages 28 - 30)
2. Akrong Series: Core Mathematics for Senior High Schools (6th ed.), (Pages
30 – 31)
3. Click on the link attached to watch a video on how to convert percentages
to fractions and follow a step-by-step demonstration of this calculation.
https://youtu.be/gUlbT4-NEdg
4. Click on the link attached to watch a video on how to convert fractions
to decimals using long division method and follow a step-by-step
demonstration of this calculation: https://youtu.be/do_IbHId2Os
5. Click on the link attached to watch a video on how to divide fractions
and follow a step-by-step demonstration of this calculation: https://youtu.
be/4lkq3DgvmJo
6. Click on the link attached to watch a video on how to multiply fractions
and follow a step-by-step demonstration of this calculation: https://youtu.
be/vn7AC43cmZ0
44
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
APPLICATION OF PERCENTAGES 1
Hello, learner! We are going to explore the powerful world of percentages.
Percentages are a fundamental concept in mathematics that helps us understand
proportions, changes, and relationships in various aspects of life. We will delve
into the application of percentages, learning how to calculate and interpret them
in real-world contexts. You will discover how percentages are used in finance,
business, science, and everyday life to make informed decisions, compare data,
and measure growth.
1. Percentage increase refers to how much a value has grown, expressed as
a percentage of its original value. It measures the relative increase from an
initial amount to a new amount.
increase
Percentage increase = __________
original price
× 100%
2. Percentage decrease refers to the reduction in a value, expressed as a
percentage of its original value. It measures the relative decrease from an
initial amount to a new, smaller amount.
decrease
Percentage decrease = __________
original price
× 100%
3. Commission is a fee or percentage of a sale amount paid to a salesperson or
agent for facilitating the sale of goods or services. It is usually calculated as
a percentage of the total sales made.
4. Discount: A discount is a reduction in the original price of a product or
service. It is often offered to encourage purchases and is usually expressed
as a percentage of the original price.
5. Profit: Profit is the financial gain made when the selling price of a product or
service is greater than its cost price. It is the difference between the revenue
from sales and the total expenses incurred.
6. Percentage profit is the profit expressed as a percentage of the cost price. It
is calculated using the formula:
Percentage profit = ( cost price )
profit
_______
× 100%
7. Loss: Loss occurs when the selling price of a product or service is less than
the cost price. It is the amount of money lost in a transaction when the cost
exceeds the revenue generated from the sale.
45
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
Application of the Concept in Daily Activities and
Examples
Examples
1. In July 2021 there was an increment in the price of
diesel per litre from GH¢9.50 to GH¢13.20, which
later declined to GH¢12.50. Find
a. percentage increase
b. percentage decrease.
Solution
increment
Percentage increase = __________
original price
× 100 %
13.29.5
− 9.5
= ________
3.7
= ____
9.50 × 100 %
= 38.95 % .
decrement
Percentage decrease = __________
original price
× 100 %
13.213.2
− 12.5
= _________
0.7
= ____
13.20 × 100 %
= 5.30%
2. Safia deposited GH¢4,000.00into a bank account and the annual simple
interest rate is 8 % .How much interest is added to the account after 4 years?
Solution
Principal = GH¢4,000.00 , rate = 8 % , time = 4 years
Principal × Time × Rate GH¢ 4,000.00 × 8 × 4
PTR
Interest = ____
100
= _________________
100
= ________________
100
= GH¢1,280
46
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
Profit and loss
1. A shopkeeper bought 1kg of apples for GH¢100.00and sold it for GH¢120.00
per kg. Calculate the profit gained by the shopkeeper?
Solution
Cost Price for apples is GH¢100.00,
Selling Price for apples is GH¢120.00,
Then profit gained by shopkeeper is; P
= SP – CP
P = 120− 100 = GH¢20.00
2. Referring to the above example, calculate the percentage of the profit gained
by the shopkeeper.
Solution
We know, Profit percentage = ( cost price )
profit
_______
× 100%
Therefore, Profit percentage = (_________
GH¢100.00 ) × 100% = 20 % .
GH¢20.00
3. At Maame Adisa’s retail shop, the marked price of an item is GH¢ 1700.00.
If a customer pays GH¢1540.00 for the item after discount, then calculate
the discount.
Solution
Given: Marked Price = GH¢ 1700
Selling Price = GH¢ 1540
By using the formula,
Selling price = Marked price – Discount
So, discount = Marked Price – Selling Price
Discount = 1700 – 1540 = GH¢ 160
∴ The discount is GH¢ 160.00
47
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
4. Fafa bought a fan for GH¢1000 and sold it at a loss of 15%. Calculate the
selling price of the fan?
Solution
Cost Price of the fan is GH¢1000.00
Loss percentage is 15%
As we know, Loss percentage = ( cost price )
profit
_______
× 100%
15 = (_____
1000 )
LOSS × 100%
Therefore, Loss = GH¢150.00
As we know,
Loss = Cost Price − Selling Price
So, Selling Price = Cost Price − Loss
= 1000 − 150
Selling Price = GH¢850.00
Alternatively, Loss = 15% of 1000 =150 therefore, SP = 1000 − 150 = 850
Calculating Commission and Discount
1. An item is marked at GH¢ 990.00. If a percentage discount allowed on the
item is 10%, find the selling price.
Solution
Given: Marked price = GH¢ 990.00
discount = 10%
Let the percentage of discount be x
∴ x = 10%
By using the formula,
(Marked price × discount %)
Discount = _____________________
= _______
100%
990 × 10
100%
= GH¢ 99.00
Now, Selling price = Marked price – Discount= 990 – 99 = GH¢ 891.00
∴ The selling price is GH¢ 891.00
48
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
Note This!!
Alternatively, we can find 10% and subtract or find 90% of the amount as we
pay 100 – 10, = 90% of the full amount.
2. At Melcom Shopping Mall, a discount of 20% is allowed on an item selling
at GH¢ 900.00. Find the marked price.
Solution
Given: Selling Price = GH¢ 900.00
Discount = 20%
Now, let us consider the marked price as GH¢ ×.
Given discount is 20% on the marked price.
20x
Discount = ___
100 = 0.2x
By using the formula,
Selling Price = Marked Price – Discount
900 = × – 0.2x
900 = 0.8x
900
x=_
0.8
= GH¢1125
∴ The marked price is GH¢ 1125.00
Alternatively, 80% = 900 [100 - 20% = 80%] So 100% = 900 * 100/80 =
GH¢ 1125.00
Alternatively, we use proportions to find the marked price as follows
80% = 900 [100 − 20% = 80%]
So 100% = 900 * 100 / 80 = GH¢ 1125.00
49
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
3. Christopher sold food grains for GH¢9200 as an agent. He received a
commission at a rate of 2%. How much commission did he get?
Solution
Given:Selling Price = GH¢ 9200.00
Commission rate = 2%
By using the formula, Commission = Commission Rate × Selling Price
= (2/100) × 9200
= GH¢ 184.00
∴ The agent got a commission of GH¢ 184.00
4. Kande sold flowers worth GH¢ 15,000.00 by giving 4%commission to the
agent. Find
a. the commission she paid,
b. the amount received by Kande.
Solution
Given: Selling Price = GH¢ 15000.00
Commission rate = 4%
By using the formula,
Commission = Commission Rate × Selling Price
Commission = ___4 × 15000
100
= GH¢ 600
Kande paid a commission of G
H¢ 600.00
Amount received by Kande = Selling Price – Commission
Amount received = 15000 – 600 = GH¢ 14400.00
∴ The amount received by Kande is GH¢14400.00
50
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
Activity 2.15
The price of a laptop was initially GH¢ 4,800. After a 20% discount, the
laptop’s price was reduced. What is the new price of the laptop after the
discount?
Follow the steps to solve the problem:
Step 1: Find the amount of the discount
= 20% of GH¢4,800
= (20/100) × GH¢4,800
= GH¢960 GH¢4,800
Step 2: Subtract the discount from the original price
= GH¢4,800 - GH¢960
= GH¢3,840
Therefore, the new price of the laptop after the discount is GH¢3,840.
Here’s the summary:
Original price = GH¢4,800
Discount = 20% of GH¢4,800 = GH¢960
New price = GH¢4,800 - GH¢960 = GH¢3,840
Alternatively, for percentage decrease, we can subtract to get 1 00 % − 20 %
= 80 % = 0.8
Now, by multiplying 0.8× GH¢4,800.00= GH¢3,840 . 00
Activity 2.16
A company experienced a 15% increase in sales this year compared to the
previous year. If the sales for the previous year were GH¢8 million, what
were the sales for the current year?
Follow the steps to solve the problem:
Step 1: Identify the original value (previous year’s sales)
= GH¢8,000,000
Step 2: Identify the percentage increase = 15%
15% INCREASE
51
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
Step 3: Calculate the increase in value = Original value × Percentage increase
= GH¢8,000,000 × (15/100)
= GH¢1,200,000
Step 4: Calculate the new value (current year’s sales) = Original value +
Increase in value
= GH¢8,000,000 + GH¢1,200,000
= GH¢9,200,000
Therefore, the sales for the current year are GH¢9,200,000.
Alternatively, for a percentage increase, we can add to get 100 % + 15 % =
115 % = 1.15
Now, by multiplying 1.15× GH¢8,000,000= GH¢9,200,000
Activity 2.17
A market stall in Korkorse offers a 15% discount on
all student bags. If a bag originally costs GH¢50, how
much will you pay after the discount?
Follow the steps below to solve this problem:
15
%
D
IS
Step 1: Identify the original price = GH¢50
CO
U
N
T
Step 2: Identify the discount percentage = 15%
Step 3: Calculate the discount amount = Original
price × Discount Percentage
= GH¢50 × (15/100)
= GH¢7.50
Step 4: Calculate the new price = Original price - Discount amount
= GH¢50 - GH¢7.50
= GH¢42.50
Answer: You will pay GH¢42.50 for the bag after the discount.
52
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
Activity 2.18
Mr. Gregory Gbandi who is a yam farmer in Kpassa made a profit of
GH¢10,000 from his yam farm after sales. If he has to pay a 15% tax on his
profit, how much tax will he pay?
Follow the steps below to solve this problem:
Step 1: Identify the profit = GH¢10,000
Step 2: Identify the tax percentage = 15%
Step 3: Calculate the tax amount = Profit × Tax percentage
= GH¢10,000 × (15/100)
= GH¢10,000 × 0.15
= GH¢1,500.00
Answer: Mr Gregory Gbandi will pay GH¢1,500 as tax.
Activity 2.19
Mr. Tinyor Raymond who is a shoemaker in Prestea sold a pair of shoes for
GH¢600 and incurred a cost of GH¢480 to produce them. Calculate the profit
or loss.
Follow the steps below to solve this problem:
Step 1: Identify the selling price = GH¢600
Step 2: Identify the cost price = GH¢480
Step 3: Calculate the profit = Selling price - Cost price
= GH¢600 - GH¢480
= GH¢120
Answer: Mr. Tinyor Raymond made a profit of GH¢120.00
Activity 2.20: Application of Percentages in Real-Life Scenarios
Objective: In this activity, you will apply the concepts of percentages to solve
real-life problems related to discounts, commissions, percentage increases
and decrease, profit, loss, and their percentages. By completing the tasks,
53
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
you will understand how percentages are used in everyday situations like
shopping, sales, and business.
Materials Needed:
• Calculator
• Notebook
• Pen or pencil
Task 1: Calculating Discount
Problem: You want to buy a new phone that originally costs GHS 1,200, but
the store is offering a 15% discount on all electronics.
1. Calculate the amount of the discount.
2. Determine how much you will pay after the discount is applied.
Task 2: Determining Commission
Problem: A real estate agent sells a house for GHS 250,000. The agent earns
a 3% commission on the sale.
1. Calculate the commission the agent will earn.
2. If the agent’s monthly target is to earn GHS 10,000 in commissions, how
many houses of this price must they sell to meet their target?
Task 3: Percentage Increase in Rent
Problem: Your rent last year was GH¢ 800 per month, but this year your
landlord increases it by 12%.
1. Calculate the new rent after the increase.
2. By how much has your rent increased in cedis?
Task 4: Calculating Profit
Problem: You buy 100 shirts at GH¢ 20 each and sell them for GH¢ 30 each.
1. Calculate the total cost of buying the shirts.
2. Calculate the total revenue from selling the shirts.
3. Determine the total profit made from selling all the shirts.
54
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
Task 5: Calculating Loss
Problem: You bought 50 pairs of shoes for GH¢ 80 each but could only sell
them for GH¢ 60 each.
1. Calculate the total cost of buying the shoes.
2. Calculate the total revenue from selling the shoes.
3. Determine the total loss.
EXTENDED READING
1. Aki – Ola Series: Core Mathematics for SHS, Revised Edition, (Pages 295
– 325)
2. Akrong Series: Core Mathematics for Senior High Schools, 6th ed. (Pages
352 – 387)
3. Baffour Ba Series: Core Mathematics for Schools and Colleges (Pages,
363, 458)
4. Click on the link below to watch how to calculate Percentage increase and
decrease. https://youtu.be/MTxNPBupKMo
5. https://youtu.be/FdSVZ5cvhi4
55
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
SIMPLE AND COMPOUND INTERESTS
Hello, learner! We are going to explore the world of interest - Simple and
Compound Interest. This topic is a vital milestone in our mathematical journey,
as it helps us understand how money grows and how financial decisions impact
our lives.
Simple and compound interest are fundamental concepts in personal finance,
economics, and business. Understanding how interest works is crucial for making
informed decisions about saving, investing, borrowing, and managing debt.
We will be learning how to calculate simple and compound interest, understanding
the differences between them, and exploring real-world applications, such as:
Saving for goals, like college or retirement, Investing in stocks or real estate,
understanding credit card debt and loans and analyzing the impact of inflation and
interest rates on personal finance.
In this lesson, we shall look at Simple and Compound interest and applications
involving percentages.
Application of Percentages 2: Problem-Solving
Involving Percentages
Hello learner, in week 6 of this section, we learnt the meaning of percentage
increase and percentage decrease, profit and loss. In this week, we shall explain the
meaning of the following terms: Principal, Interest, Time, Rate, Simple Interest
and compound Interest. Problems involving real-life applications of these terms
will also be discussed.
Principal: This is the sum of money lent or borrowed or invested initially. The
principal is denoted by the letter P.
56
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
Interest: This is the extra money paid for taking the money as a loan. This is often
expressed as a percentage.
Rate: Rate is the rate of interest at which the principal amount is given to someone
for a certain time, the rate of interest can be 5 % , 10 % , or 13 % , etc. The rate of
interest is denoted by the letter R or r.
Time: Time is the duration for which the principal amount is given to someone.
Time is denoted by the letter T or t.
Simple Interest
Simple interest is a type of interest that is calculated only on the principal amount
of a loan or deposit, without taking into account any interest that has accumulated
previously. It is called “simple” because the interest is applied only to the original
amount borrowed or deposited, and it doesn’t compound over time.
To put it concisely, Simple Interest is a method of interest that always applies
to the original, ‘principal’, amount, with the same rate of interest for every time
cycle. It can be calculated with the formula:
P ×100
R×T
( )
Simple Interest, S.I.= _________ or P × R × T, where
P = Principal, R Rate of Interest in % per annum, and T = number of years. The
R .
rate of interest is in percentage is written as ___
100
(P × R × T)
Through change of subject, the formula S . I. = _________
100 can be written as
(100× S.I.) (100× S .I .) (100 × S . I. )
P =_________
R × T , R = _________
P × T Or T = _________
P×R
Amount in account= Principal + Simple Interest
A = P + S.I.
A = P + PTR.
A = P(1 + TR).
Example 1
Jane invests G
H¢25,000.00in a building society account. At the end of the year
her account is credited with 2% interest. How much interest had her GH¢25,000.00
earned in the year?
Solution
(P × R × T)
S.I. = _________
100
57
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
(GH¢25,000.00 × 2 × 1)
_________________
S . I. =
100
= G
H¢500.00
Example 2
Adepa invested G H¢280.00in a venture that pays R
%interest. After the first year
she received GH¢5.60interest. What is the value of R, the rate of interest?
Solution
After one year, the interest rate is given by
(100× S . I . )
R = __________
P × T
(100 × GH¢5.60.)
R = _____________
GH¢280.00
×1
(GH¢560 . 00)
R = ___________
GH¢280.00
R=2
Therefore, the interest rate, R is 2%.
Example 3
A student plans to save money for their college education. They have a target to
earn GHS 1,500 in interest over 4 years. The bank offers a simple interest rate
of 5% per year. How much money should the student invest (as the principal) to
reach their target?
Solution
We use the formula for simple interest:
P ×100
R×T
I = ________
Where:
• I is the interest earned (GH¢ 1,500),
• P is the principal (the amount to be calculated),
• R is the rate of interest (5% per year),
• T is the time in years (4 years).
Step 1: Rearrange the formula to solve for P
IR××100
P = ______T
58
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
Step 2: Substitute the known values
1,500 × 100
P = _________
5 × 4
P = 150,00020
Step 3: Calculate the value of P
P = 7,500
Final Answer: The student needs to invest GH¢ 7,500 as the principal to earn
GH¢ 1,500 in interest over 4 years at a 5% simple interest rate.
Example 4
A farmer borrows GH¢ 8,000 from a bank to buy farming equipment. The bank
charges a simple interest rate of 6% per year. The farmer pays GH¢ 2,400 as
interest. How long (in years) will it take the farmer to repay the loan with this
amount of interest?
Solution
We use the formula for simple interest:
P ×100
R×T
I = ________
Where:
• III is the interest paid (GH¢ 2,400),
• PPP is the principal (GH¢ 8,000),
• RRR is the rate of interest (6% per year),
• TTT is the time in years (to be calculated).
Step 1: Rearrange the formula to solve for T
T= IP××100
______
R
Step 2: Substitute the known values
2,400 × 100
T = _________
8,000 × 6
240,000
T = _______
48,000
Step 3: Calculate the value of T
T = 5 years
Final Answer: It will take the farmer 5 years to repay the loan with GH¢ 2,400
in interest at a 6% simple interest rate.
59
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
Compound Interest
Compound interest is a type of interest where the interest earned on an investment
or loan is added to the principal amount, and subsequent interest calculations
are based on this new total. In other words, interest is earned on both the initial
principal and the accumulated interest from previous periods. Compound interest
allows for exponential growth of an investment or debt over time.
To put it concisely, Compound Interest: is an interest calculated on the principal
and the existing interest together over a given time. In compound interest, the
principal amount with interest after the first unit of time becomes the principal
for the next unit.
For example, when compounded annually for 2 years, the principal amount with
interest accrued at the end of first year becomes the principal for the second year.
Compound Interest Formula:
Total compounded amount = p(1 + ___ )
nT
R
100
Where:
• P is the principal amount
• R is the rate of interest
• n is the number of times the interest is compounded annually
• T is the overall tenure.
R nT − p
= p(1 + ___
Compound Interest 100 )
Amount per annum = p(1 + r)T
2T
Amount per semi-annual = p(1 + __
2r )
4T
Amount per quarter-annual = p(1 + __
4r )
12T
Amount per month = p(1 + __ )
r
12
Amount per day = p(1 + ___ )
r 365T
365
Example 1
Calculate the compound interest on GH¢3000 at 5% for 2 years, compounded
annually.
60
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
Solution
Amount with CI = 3000 (1+ 5/100)2 = GH¢3307.50
CI = 3307.5 – 3000 = GH¢307.50
Therefore, the compound interest is GH¢307.50
Example 2
You invest GH€5000.00 at an annual compound interest rate of 6%. What will be
the future value of your investment after 5 years?
Solution
Principal amount (P) = GH€5000.00
Annual interest rate (r) = 6% or 0.06
Time period (t) = 5 years
Formula for future value (FV) with annual compounding:
FV = P(1 + r)t
Substituting the values: FV = 5000 × (1 + 0.06)5 ≈ GH€6691.13
Activity 2.21
Suppose a household has a total monthly income of GH¢3000.00. Their utility
bills for the month are as follows:
To analyze the proportion of each utility bill:
Water bill
i) Water bill proportion = (__________
Total income
) × 100
= (____
100
3000 ) × 100
= 3.33%
61
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
ii) Electricity bill proportion = ( __________
Total income )
Electricity bill
× 100
= (____
150
3000 ) × 100
= 5%
iii) Telephone bill proportion = (__________
Total income ) × 100
Telephone bill
= (____
50
3000 ) × 100
= 1.67%
Conclusion
Proportional reasoning allows for a clear understanding of how utility expenses
contribute to the overall budget. By analysing proportions, individuals
can identify areas where adjustments may be necessary to achieve better
financial balance. This mini-project demonstrates the practical application of
proportional reasoning in managing utility bills effectively.
Dear learner! I hope with the above sample activity, you can perform a similar
activity using data from your community.
Activity 2.22: Banking Terms Matching
Match the banking terms with their definitions.
Banking Terms Definitions
Fixed Deposit The duration for which money is invested or borrowed,
typically in years
Savings Account The initial amount of money deposited or invested
Principal Amount A type of account where individuals can deposit money
and earn interest
Interest Rate The percentage at which interest is calculated on the
principal amount
Time Financial product where a sum of money is deposited
for a specific period at a fixed interest rate
62
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
Activity 2.23: Comparing different interest rates for various banks.
Study the table below and answer the questions that follow.
Bank Annual Percentage Yield
Absa: 2.5%
Fidelity 3.0%
Bank of Africa 2.2%
Ghana Commercial Bank 2.8%
Bonzali Rural Bank 2.4%
Zenith Bank 3.2%
If Ama plans to start saving towards her future education at the tertiary level,
what advice will you give her? Consider the following factors as well: account
fees, minimum balance requirements, and customer service.
Activity 2.24: Amina’s Savings Growth Challenge.
Calculate the interest Amina will earn for depositing money in a Bank with
the information below.
Materials Needed:
- Calculator.
- Pen and paper.
Instructions:
1. Amina’s initial deposit amount is GH¢1000.00.
2. Amina’s annual interest rate is 4%.
3. Calculate the interest Amina will earn in one year using the formula:
Interest = Principal × Rate × Time
In this case, Interest = GH¢1000.00 × 0.04 × 1.
4. Perform the calculation to find the interest earned in one year.
5. To find the simple interest earned over 2 years, multiply the interest
earned in one year by 2.
Note: You may use a calculator to compare with your answer.
6. Write down or calculate the total interest earned over 2 years.
63
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
Congratulations! You’ve successfully completed Amina’s Savings Growth
Challenge.
EXTENDED READING
1. Watch this video (on simple interest) using the link provided: https://youtu.
be/NCYNXkbTTUo
2. Watch this video (on simple interest) using the link provided:
https://youtu.be/XjD4nl7Llww
64
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Review Questions 2.1
1. Amina designed a pie with four slices of equal dimensions. She decided
to give out two slices of the pie to her son. Represent this with a fraction
and put it in its simplest form.
2. 34 of an amount of money and your friend owes __
If you owe someone __ 57 of
the amount, find the sum of the debt of you and your friend.
3. In a school choir of 45 members, __35 of the members are female. How many
female members are in the choir?
4. A bakery has a stock of 76 loaves of bread, and __34 of them are whole wheat
bread. How many loaves of whole wheat bread are there?
5. In a company of 120 employees, __35 of them are full-time employees. How
many temporary employees are there?
6. 23 of them are fiction books.
A library has a collection of 90 books, and __
How many non-fiction books are in the collection?
Review Questions 2.2
1. Naa–Ayorkor uses 0.75 cups of flour to prepare akple for her household.
How many fractions of a cup is this?
2. A wholesale shop is giving out a discount of 0.4% of the original prices of
its electrical gadgets. Determine what fraction it is?
3. 4 of her 60 pins to hold a fabric for sewing. How
A seamstress used __
15
many pins must she remove from the dress after sewing?
4. 58 inch of a piece of wood. Examine the length of
A carpenter cuts off __
wood he must add to return the wood to its original length?
7
5. Adobea’s body temperature has dropped by __
10
degree Celsius, how much
temperature rise is required to get her back to the original temperature?
65
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
6. 35 of his house chores this morning before taking his breakfast.
Semenyo did __
What percentage of the house chores has he done?
7. Using the expanded form, express the following decimal numbers in the
ba , where b ≠ 0
form __
Hint 0.75 = (75 × ___
100 100 4 )
75
1 =___ 3
= __
a) 0.45
b) 1.25
c) 45.5
Review Questions 2.3
1. Express 60% as a fraction in its simplest form.
2. Convert 0.8 to a proper fraction in its simplest form.
3. What is 3 out of 8 expressed as a percentage?
4. If 18 out of 30 students prefer gablee, what percentage of the students prefers gablee?
5. 58 as a decimal (correct to two decimal places).
Express __
6. Suglo has 20 items on her shopping list. At the market, she realised from
her list that she completed 40% of her shopping. Determine how many
more items she has to buy?
Review Questions 2.4
1. A company’s sales increased by 20% this year compared to the previous
year. If the sales for the previous year were GH¢250,000, what were the
sales for the current year?
2. A retail store purchases a television set for GH¢800 and plans to sell it
with a mark-up of 30%. If the VAT rate is 12.5%, what will be the final
selling price of the television set, including VAT?
3. A real estate agent earns a commission of 3% on the sale of a property.
If the property was sold for GH¢450,000, how much commission did the
agent receive?
4. A clothing store experienced a 25% decrease in sales during the previous
year compared to the year before that. If the sales for the year before last
were GH¢120,000, what were the sales for the previous year?
66
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
5. A household’s monthly electricity bill is calculated based on the number
of units consumed and the rate per unit. If the household consumed 600
units of electricity in a month and the rate per unit is GH¢0.75, calculate
the total electricity bill for that month.
6. A family’s monthly water bill consists of a fixed service charge of GH¢15
and a usage charge based on the number of cubic meters consumed. If the
usage rate is GH¢2.50 per cubic meter and the family consumed 25 cubic
meters of water in a month, calculate the total water bill for that month.
7. A small business has to pay a monthly Internet service fee of GH¢120 and
a usage charge based on the amount of data consumed. If the usage rate is
GH¢0.10 per gigabyte (GB) and the business consumed 250 GB of data
in a month, calculate the total Internet bill for that month.
Review Questions 2.5
1. Aisha purchased a smartphone for GH¢500.00. After using it for a year,
she decided to upgrade to a newer model. She sold her old smartphone
for GH¢400.00. What was the percentage decrease in the value of Aisha’s
smartphone over the year?
2. A bakery sells cupcakes for GH¢2.00 each. Due to an increase in the cost
of ingredients, the bakery decides to raise the price of cupcakes by 25%.
What is the new price of a cupcake?
3. Edith invested GH¢5000.00 in a fixed deposit account that earns an annual
interest rate of 4.5%. How much simple interest will she earn after 2 years?
4. John borrowed GH¢10,000.00 from a bank to purchase a car. The bank
charges an annual simple interest rate of 6%. If John repays the loan after
3 years, how much interest will he have to pay?
5. Hajara invested GH¢20,000.00 in a rental property. After deducting
expenses, she earns a net income of GH¢15,000.00 in a year. What is the
effective annual simple interest rate on her investment?
6. Find the compound interest on GH¢10000.00 at 12% rate of interest for 1
year, compounded half-yearly.
7. The difference between SI and CI compounded annually on a certain sum
of money for 2 years at 8% per annum is GH¢ 12.80. Find the principal.
8. You deposit GH¢2000.00 into a savings account with a 4% annual interest
rate compounded quarterly. How much will you have after 3 years?
67
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
9. You borrow GH¢10,000.00 at an annual interest rate of 8% compounded
semi-annually. What will be the total amount owed after 2 years?
10. You borrow GH¢10,000.00 at an annual interest rate of 8%. Compare the
total amount owed after 5 years if the interest is compounded annually
versus calculated as simple interest.
11. You deposit GH¢2000.00 into a savings account with a 6% annual interest
rate. Determine the difference in the final amount after 10 years if the
interest is compounded annually versus compounded quarterly.
12. A shopkeeper bought a batch of shirts for GH600.00 He sold __43 of them at
a price that gave him a profit of 25%, and the rest at a price that resulted
in a loss of 10%. What was his overall profit or loss?
13. A company sells a product at a profit of 20%. If the selling price of the
product is GH¢240.00, what is the cost price?
14. Kwame’s water bill increased from GH¢150.00 to GH¢180.00. What is
the percentage increase in his water bill?
15. If Abena’s electricity bill decreased from GH¢250.00 to GH¢200.00, what
is the percentage decrease in her electricity bill?
16. Yaw’s gas bill increased from GH¢120.00 to GH¢150.00. What is the
percentage increase in his gas bill?
17. Kofi’s internet bill decreased from GH¢80.00 to GH¢60.00. What is the
percentage decrease in his internet bill?
18. Ama’s total utility bill for water, electricity, and gas increased from
GH¢400.00 to GH¢450.00 What is the percentage increase in her total
utility bill?
68
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
REFERENCES
1. Asiedu, P. (2016). Mathematics for Senior High Schools 1. S. Coleman, K.
A. Benson, H. A. Baah–Yeboah (Eds.). Aki - Ola Publications.
2. Andrzej Trybulec. Enumerated sets. Formalized Mathematics, 1, 1990.
3. Asiedu, P. (Millennium Edition 5). Core Mathematics for Senior High
Schools in West Africa. Aki - Ola Publications.
4. Hesse, C. A. (2011). Akrong Series: Core Mathematics for Senior High
Schools (6th ed.)
5. Martin, J. et. al. (1994). Mathematics for teacher training in Ghana: Tutor
notes. Accra: Unimax Publishers. Martin, J. et. al. (1994). Mathematics for
teacher training in Ghana:
6. Students activities. Accra: Unimax Publishers. Otoo, D. ( 2017). Concise
Core Mathemathics for SHS. Goyal brothere parkshan.
7. Roy, G. J. (2014). Developing Prospective Teachers’ Understanding
of Addition and Subtraction with Whole Numbers. Issues in the
Undergraduate Mathematics Preparation of School Teachers, 2.
69
SECTION 2 Fractions and Percentages
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
List of Contributors
NAME INSTITUTION
Janet Waponade OLA SHS
Yamusah Issahaku Kumbungu SHS
Joseph Bakpil Nagbija Nchumuruman SHS, Chinderi
Modzaka Godfred Keta SHTS, Keta
70
You might also like
- Fractions - Definition, Types, Properties and Examples100% (1)Fractions - Definition, Types, Properties and Examples19 pages
- Resource - 20250704151254 - Chapter FractionNo ratings yetResource - 20250704151254 - Chapter Fraction40 pages
- Fractions: The Fundamental Building Blocks of Mathematics: Definition and NotationNo ratings yetFractions: The Fundamental Building Blocks of Mathematics: Definition and Notation2 pages
- Teaching Mathematics in The Primary Grades (EED 3) MODULE 2No ratings yetTeaching Mathematics in The Primary Grades (EED 3) MODULE 245 pages
- Teaching Mathematics in The Primary Grades (EED 3)No ratings yetTeaching Mathematics in The Primary Grades (EED 3)31 pages
- Introduction To Fractions: What Is A Fraction?No ratings yetIntroduction To Fractions: What Is A Fraction?7 pages
- Slidesgo Fraction Frenzy Unraveling The Magic of Parts and Wholes 20250116134621zapfNo ratings yetSlidesgo Fraction Frenzy Unraveling The Magic of Parts and Wholes 20250116134621zapf14 pages
- Daily Review: The Things We Already Know!No ratings yetDaily Review: The Things We Already Know!28 pages
- Fractions - Basic Ideas: 2 2. Equivalent Fractions 4 3. Different Types of Fraction 5No ratings yetFractions - Basic Ideas: 2 2. Equivalent Fractions 4 3. Different Types of Fraction 57 pages
- Grade-06 Mathematics Chapter07 FractionsNo ratings yetGrade-06 Mathematics Chapter07 Fractions16 pages
- Presented By: Rizza M. Pacheo, Sr. Kristina Tay, Sr. War War, LwinNo ratings yetPresented By: Rizza M. Pacheo, Sr. Kristina Tay, Sr. War War, Lwin57 pages
- Week 13 - Equivalent Fractions - Simplify FractionsNo ratings yetWeek 13 - Equivalent Fractions - Simplify Fractions6 pages
- Video Math Tutor: Basic Math: Lesson 6 - Fractions100% (6)Video Math Tutor: Basic Math: Lesson 6 - Fractions83 pages
- Comparing Fractions Presentation in Blue & Green Minimalist StyleNo ratings yetComparing Fractions Presentation in Blue & Green Minimalist Style15 pages
- GEd 104 Research Paper Content and FormatNo ratings yetGEd 104 Research Paper Content and Format3 pages
- First Quarterly Examination in Elementary Mathematics Grade 5No ratings yetFirst Quarterly Examination in Elementary Mathematics Grade 56 pages
- Selina Solution Concise Maths Class 6 Chapter 15No ratings yetSelina Solution Concise Maths Class 6 Chapter 1538 pages
- Unit 4 Packet Exponents and Logs Fall 15No ratings yetUnit 4 Packet Exponents and Logs Fall 1526 pages
- Accentuate The Negative UNIT TEST-Study Guide: Name: - PeriodNo ratings yetAccentuate The Negative UNIT TEST-Study Guide: Name: - Period3 pages
- 203S.HW 11 (14.3) (Homework) : Current Score Due DateNo ratings yet203S.HW 11 (14.3) (Homework) : Current Score Due Date13 pages
- Mathematics: Quarter 1 - Module 2: Rational Algebraic Expressions100% (1)Mathematics: Quarter 1 - Module 2: Rational Algebraic Expressions26 pages
