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 A House for Everyone
“In this era of gender revolution, A House for Everyone reminds us that gender isn’t
two boxes but a rainbow with room for children of every gender. Jo Hirst’s brilliant book
teaches all our children about gender identity and gender expressions while celebrating
gender acceptance – let’s bring it to every classroom and household.”
– Diane Ehrensaft, Ph.D., author of The Gender Creative Child and Gender Born, Gender Made
and Director of Mental Health of the Child and Adolescent Gender Center

“A House for Everyone is a vibrant, upbeat story about inclusion and acceptance, looking
past stereotypes and embracing human differences. It’s a much-needed resource in the
Gender Identity category.”
– Rebecca Seymour, Little Parachutes

At lunchtime, five young friends gather at school to work together building their
house. Each one of them has a special job to do, and each one of them has a different
way of expressing their gender identity. Jackson is a boy who likes to wear dresses.
JO HiRSt

JO HiRSt
Ivy is a girl who likes her hair cut really short. Alex doesn't feel like “just” a boy or
“just” a girl. They are all the same, they are all different – but they are all friends.
Illustrated by Naomi Bardoff
This is a very simple story that challenges gender stereotypes and shows 4–8-year-
olds that it is OK to be yourself.

Ages 4–8

Jo Hirst is a former primary teacher and author of The Gender Fairy, a book
for transgender children. She works extensively supporting and advocating
for families of gender diverse children throughout Australia. Jo lives by the
seaside in Melbourne, Australia, with her partner and two sons.
A House for Everyone
of related interest

WHO ARE YOU?

The Kid’s Guide to Gender Identity
Brook Pessin-Whedbee
Illustrated by Naomi Bardoff
ISBN 978 1 78592 728 7
eISBN 978 1 78450 580 6

VINCENT THE VIXEN

A Story to Help Children Learn about Gender Identity
Alice Reeves
Illustrated by Phoebe Kirk
ISBN 978 1 78592 450 7
eISBN 978 1 78450 826 5
Part of the Truth & Tails Children’s Books series

ARE YOU A BOY OR ARE YOU A GIRL?

Sarah Savage and Fox Fisher
Illustrated by Fox Fisher
ISBN 978 1 78592 267 1
eISBN 978 1 78450 556 1

THE PRINCE AND THE FROG

A Story to Help Children Learn about Same-Sex Relationships
Olly Pike
ISBN 978 1 78592 382 1
eISBN 978 1 78450 731 2

CAN I TELL YOU ABOUT GENDER DIVERSITY?

A guide for friends, family and professionals
CJ Atkinson
Illustrated by Olly Pike
ISBN 978 1 78592 105 6
eISBN 978 1 78450 367 3
Part of the Can I tell you about…? series

MINNIE AND MAX ARE OK!

A Story to Help Children Develop a Positive Body Image
Chris Calland and Nicky Hutchinson
Illustrated by Emmi Smid
ISBN 978 1 78592 233 6
eISBN 978 1 78450 514 1
A House for
Everyone
A Story to Help Children Learn about
Gender Identity and Gender Expression

J o H irs t
I l l u s trated by Naom i B ar doff
First published in 2018
by Jessica Kingsley Publishers
73 Collier Street
London N1 9BE, UK
and
400 Market Street, Suite 400
Philadelphia, PA 19106, USA

www.jkp.com

Copyright © Jo Hirst 2018

Illustrations copyright © Naomi Bardoff 2018

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any

material form (including photocopying, storing in any medium by electronic
means or transmitting) without the written permission of the copyright owner
except in accordance with the provisions of the law or under terms of a licence
issued in the UK by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd. www.cla.co.uk or in
overseas territories by the relevant reproduction rights organisation, for
details see www.ifrro.org. Applications for the copyright owner’s written
permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to
the publisher.

Warning: The doing of an unauthorised act in relation to a copyright work may

result in both a civil claim for damages and criminal prosecution.

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

A CIP catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN 978 1 78592 448 4

eISBN 978 1 78450 823 4

Printed and bound in China

Lunchtime is our favourite
part of the day.
We build a house
for everyone.
We collect everything
we need from around
the playground.
“I’ll get all the sticks we need,”
says Ivy. “It won’t take long.”
She is the fastest runner in our
group. She gathers large sticks
from all over the playground.
Ivy is a girl. She likes to have
her hair cut really short.

Her favourite clothes

are shorts and a T-shirt,
and she never, ever
chooses to wear a dress.
“I’ll build the house,” says Alex. “I’ll make sure it
holds together and does not fall down.”
Alex loves to build. They have the biggest LEGO®
collection of all of our friends.

They take the sticks that Ivy has collected and

carefully balance them up against the fence.
Alex does not feel like “just” a boy
or “just” a girl.
They feel very uncomfortable being
called he or she.

Alex prefers people to

use their name “Alex”
or “they.”
“I’ll decorate the house,” says Sam.
“When I have finished it will look amazing!”

Sam is very artistic and loves putting

different colours together.

He collects flowers and leaves from all the

different plants and trees in the playground.
He drapes them carefully on the house. When
he is finished it looks beautiful.
Sam is a boy. He loves to wear his hair long.
His favourite sport is basketball.

Sometimes, when he plays basketball,

he wears his hair in a ponytail.
“We will need something
to sit on,” says Jackson.
“I’ll take care of that.”
Jackson is very, very
strong.

He carries the biggest, heaviest rocks

from the playground into our house.
The big flat rocks make comfortable
seats for everyone.
Jackson is a boy. He loves to wear dresses.
At home he has a huge collection of sparkly shoes.

Dresses are not just for girls. Clothes are for everyone.
We can all wear the clothes that we like.
“What about a sign for visitors?”
asks Tom. “I’ll make that!”
Tom loves spelling.
He uses small rocks to spell the
word “Welcome” at the entrance
of our house.
Tom is a boy.

When he was born everyone thought he was a girl. They gave

him a girl’s name. This made Tom sad.
When he grew up he told everyone he was a boy. Now everyone
calls him “he” and “Tom.” This makes Tom really happy.
With all of us working together the house is soon ready.
Ivy brings her dinosaur
collection into the house.
We make a rock mountain
for the dinosaurs.

Jackson brings his tiny

teddies into the house.
We each get to hold one.
Alex brings their LEGO® into the house.
We build a LEGO playhouse for the teddies.

Tom brings his favourite joke book

to the house and tells us some
funny jokes.

Sam brings his basketball to

the house. We go outside and
play basketball for a while.
Other friends come and join us.
The house starts to get really crowded
but it’s lots of fun!
Ivy yells, “To the monkey bars everyone!”
 We all love the monkey bars!

Even though we are all a little bit different,

we are still the same and we are all friends.
NOTES FOR GROWN-UPS

A House for Everyone shows children that, while

we are all special and unique, we are all the same at Gender identity How you feel inside
heart and can all be friends. It provides an easy way about whether you are a boy or a girl or
to show children the difference between gender something else.
identity and gender expression.
Gender expression How you express yourself
This simple story is a useful tool for helping to break on the outside through things like clothing,
down some of the gender stereotypes that are mannerisms and hairstyle.
prevalent in our society and lets all children know
Transgender Someone who does not identify
it’s OK to be themselves.
with the gender they were assigned at birth
Life would be pretty boring if we were all the same. Transgender children are insistent, consistent
Gender diversity is something we can embrace and and persistent that their gender identity does
celebrate. not match the gender they were assigned
at birth. The character Tom, in the book, is
transgender.
SUPPORTING CHILDREN Non binary Someone who does not
identify exclusively as male or female. Some
Some children might have a gender expression that transgender children identify as non binary.
doesn’t match some of our current gender norms. The character Alex, in the book, is non binary.
That might have nothing to do with their gender
Cisgender Someone who identifies as the
identity.
gender they were assigned at birth.
Some children might need time to explore their The characters Ivy, Sam and Jackson, in the
gender identity to work it out. book, are cisgender.

It’s important that all children are free to be

themselves. Children need to feel safe and
comfortable to thrive, and have the very best
mental health and academic outcomes that we can
give them.
TOPICS FOR DISCUSSION LESSON PLAN

Toys and Games Lead a discussion with the children about who they
like to play with during their playtime.
• Ask the children what games they like to play?
• Ask them why they like their friends. What are
• Can anyone play these games? some of the things their friends are good at?
What are the children good at? Are they good at
• You may like to point out to the children that toys
the same things?
are there for all children to play with. There are
no toys that “belong” to girls or boys. • What are some of the things about the children
and their friends that are the same? What are
some of the things about the children and their
Hair friends that are different?

• What are some of the things the children like

• Ask the children how they like to wear their hair.
most about their friends that are different
• Can anyone wear their hair like that? to them?

• You may like to point out sports stars/well-

Using different craft materials, ask the children to
known people/adults who have hairstyles that
make a picture of themselves and a friend playing
break gender stereotypes.
at playtime. Ask the children to include some of the
things they like about their friends that are the
same as them and also some of the things they like
Clothes
about their friend that are different to them.

• Ask the children what they like to wear and

Use these pictures to make a class mural with the
why. You may like to point out that clothes are
heading “We are all the same. We are all different.
for everyone and the important thing is to feel
We are all friends.”
comfortable in them.
FURTHER READING AUTHOR BIO

Gender Born, Gender Made – Dr Diane Ehrensaft Jo Hirst is a former primary school
teacher and author of The Gender
The Gender Creative Child – Dr Diane Ehrensaft
Fairy, Australia’s first book for
The Transgender Child – Rachel Pepper, transgender children. She wrote
Stephanie Brill The Gender Fairy for her own son.
Jo works extensively supporting
Who Are You? The Kid’s Guide to Gender Identity –
and advocating for families
Brook Pessin-Whedbee, Naomi Bardoff
throughout Australia.
The Gender Fairy – Jo Hirst
Jo grew up in in a family that did not believe in
The Boy and the Bindi – Vivek Shraya gender stereotyping. Her father was an English
teacher with a passion for storytelling and her
Are You a Boy or Are You a Girl? – Sarah Savage,
mother was a builder who loved working with her
Fox Fisher
hands. The two came together to create a happy,
supportive and loving environment.

Jo followed in her parents footsteps, studying

primary teaching, with a focus on children’s
RESOURCES literature, and raising a loving family of her own.

Jo lives by the seaside in Melbourne, Australia with

her partner and two children.

Human Rights Campaign – Supporting and caring

for transgender children
www.hrc.org

Gender Spectrum
www.genderspectrum.org

Mermaids
www.mermaidsuk.org.uk

Parents of Gender Diverse Children

www.pgdc.org.au

Trans Student Educational Resources

www.transstudent.org
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
exclusive of drummers and fifers, with summary of the French force at
different periods, extracted from the imperial muster-rolls
 L I S T O F P L AT E S .

to face
No. 1. Explanatory Sketch of the Siege of Tortoza 41
page
to face
2. Explanatory Sketch of the Siege of Taragona 75
page
3. Explanatory Sketch of the Operations and Combat of to face
240
Elbodon page
to face
4. Explanatory Sketch of the Siege and Battle of Saguntum 283
page
to face
5. Explanatory Sketch of the Siege and Battle of Valencia 297
page
to face
6. Explanatory Sketch of general Hill’s Operations 324
page
to face
7. Explanatory Sketch of the Siege of Tarifa 331
page
to face
8. Explanatory Sketch of the Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo 386
page
to face
9. Explanatory Sketch of the Siege of Badajos, 1812 419
page

E R R ATA .

Page 3, line 23, for “armies” read “parties.”

35, 9, for “prisoners” read “provisions.”
 NOTICE.

In addition to the manuscript authorities used for the former

volumes, several memoirs, journals, and notes of officers employed
in the different operations have been consulted for this volume.
Amongst others, the Journal of general Harvey of the Portuguese
service, and some original papers supplied by sir Howard Douglas.
 In a recent controversy, I have expressed my belief that the
French army at Albuera, instead of being more, was less numerous,
than I had represented it in my account, of that battle. The following
letter, since procured, decides the question:—

Extrait d’une lettre écrite de Seville le 4 Mai, 1811, par M. le

mal duc de Dalmatie, général-en-chef de l’armée du midi, à
S. A. S. le prince de Wagram et de Neufchatel, major-
général.

Le général Latour Maubourg a été obligé de se replier sur

Constantina et Alamis, Cordove est menacée par un corps Anglais,
Portugais, et Espagnol, beaucoup de troupes se concentrent en
Estramadure; Badajoz est investie. Le général Blake a réuni sur
l’Odiel une armée de quinze à seize mille hommes, et paroit se
préparer à marcher sur Seville. Le restant du quatrième corps est en
opérations contre les troupes qui out débauché de Murcie. Si
j’enumere bien, je suis en cet instant attaqué sur divers points par
plus de soixante mille hommes indépendamment de troupes qui sont
restées à Cadiz et à l’isle de Léon, et de celles qu’il y a à Tarrifa, à
Algesiras, et à Gibraltar, que je dois contenir, le danger est pressant,
je dois faire face de tous côtés assurer de nouveaux triomphes aux
armées de S. M. l’empereur, et éviter les facheux événemens, que
l’on prépare contre l’armée du midi. J’espère réussir, mais le succès
sera complet si les secours que j’attends arrivent apropos; voici mes
dispositions. Je pars dans quatre jours avec vingt mille hommes,
trois mille chevaux, et trente pièces de canon, pour rejetter au delà
de la Guadiana les corps ennemis qui se sont répandus en
Estremadure, dégager Badajos et faciliter l’arrivée du général comte
d’Erlon. Si les troupes que ce général amène peuvent se réunir avec
celles que je conduirai et si les troupes qui sont parties des armées
du nord et du centre, dont j’ai en partie disposé, arrivent à tems,
j’aurai en Estremadure trente-cinq mille hommes, cinq mille chevaux,
et quarante pièces de canon de campagne; alors je livre bataille aux
ennemis quand bien même toute l’armée Angloise qui est sur le
continent y seroit réunie, et ils seront vaincus.
Si une partie des renforts que j’attends manquent je ferai avec ce
que j’aurai, tout ce que pourrai vers le but proposé.
Le général-en-chef de l’armée impériale du midi,
(Signée) Mal Duc de Dalmatie.
Pour extraits conformes.
 To her grace the duchess of Abrantes.
September 11, 1833.
Madam,
In the eighth volume of your “Mémoires,” which I have only just seen, I find the
following passages:—
“Toutefois, pourquoi donc m’étonner de la conduite des Portugais? N’ai je pas
vu ici, en France, un des frères d’armes de Junot souffrir qu’on imprimât, dans un
ouvrage traduit de l’Anglais, des choses revoltantes de fausseté sur lui et sur le
maréchal Ney?...... Cet ouvrage, fait par un colonel Napier, et qui a trouvé grâce
devant le ministère de la guerre parce qu’il dit du bien du ministre, m’a été donné à
moi, à moi la veuve de Junot, comme renfermant des documents authentiques.
J’ai du y lire une indécente attaque contre la vie privée d’un homme dont on ne
pouvait dire aucun mal comme militaire dans cette admirable affaire de la
Convention de Cintra, puisque les Anglais ont fait passer à une commission
militaire ceux qui l’avaient signée pour l’Angleterre; et les beaux vers de Childe
Harold suffisent seuls à la gloire de Junot, quand l’original de cette convention ne
serait pas là pour la prouver. Heureusement que je le possède, moi, cet original, et
même dans les deux langues. Il n’est pas dans M. Napier;”————
It is not permitted to a man to discover ill-humour at the expressions of a lady;
yet when those expressions are dishonouring to him, and that reputation and
talents are joined to beauty to give them a wide circulation, it would indicate
insensibility to leave them unnoticed.
To judge of the talents of a general by his conduct in the field has always been
the undisputed right of every military writer. I will not therefore enter upon that
subject, because I am persuaded that your grace could not mean to apply the
words “revolting falsehoods” to a simple judgement of the military genius of the
duke of Abrantes. Indeed you intimate that the offensive passages are those
directed against his private life, and touching the Convention of Cintra. I think,
however, your grace has not perused my work with much attention, or you would
scarcely have failed to perceive that I have given the Convention of Cintra at
length in the Appendix.
But, in truth, I have only alluded to general Junot’s private qualities when they
bore directly upon his government of Portugal, and, by a fresh reference to my
work, you will find that I have affirmed nothing of my own knowledge. The
character of the late duke of Abrantes, as drawn by me, is that ascribed to him by
the emperor Napoleon, (see Las Cases,) and the authority of that great man is
expressly quoted. It is against Napoleon therefore, and not against me, who am
but a repeater of his uncontradicted observations, that your resentment should be
directed.
 If your grace should deign to dispose of any further thought upon me or my
work, I would venture to suggest a perusal of the Portuguese, and English, and
Spanish, and German histories of the invasion of Portugal; or even a slight
examination of only a small part of the innumerable, and some of them very
celebrated periodicals which treat of that event. You will be then convinced that, so
far from having wantonly assailed the character of general Junot, I have made no
slight effort to stem the torrent of abuse with which he has been unjustly
overwhelmed; and believe me, madam, that the estimation in which an eminent
man will be held by the world is more surely to be found in the literature of different
countries than in the fond recollection of his own family. I admired general Junot’s
daring character, and having enough of the soldier in me to like a brave enemy, I
have, wherever the truth of history would permit, expressed that feeling towards
him and towards other French generals whose characters and whose acts have
been alike maligned by party writers in this country: such indeed has been my
regard for justice on this point, that I have thereby incurred the charge of writing
with a French rather than a national bias, as your grace will discover by referring to
my lord Mahon’s History of the War of the Succession, in which his lordship has
done me the honour to observe that I have written “by far the best French
account yet published of the Peninsular War.”
For my own part I still think that to refrain from vulgar abuse of a gallant enemy
will not be deemed un-English, although lord Mahon considers it wholly French;
but his lordship’s observation incontestibly proves that I have discovered no undue
eagerness to malign any of the French generals; and with respect to the duke of
Abrantes, I could shew that all the offensive passages in my work rest upon the
published authority of his own countrymen, and especially of his great master the
emperor Napoleon, and that they are of a milder expression than those authorities
would have warranted. It is, however, so natural and so amiable in a lady to defend
the reputation of her deceased husband, that rather than appear to detract in any
manner from the grace of such a proceeding, I choose to be silent under the
unmitigated severity of your grace’s observations.
Not so, however, with respect to that part of your remarks which relate to
marshal Ney. After carefully re-examining every sentence I have written, I am quite
unable to discover the slightest grounds for your grace’s accusations. In all parts of
my work the name of Ney is mentioned with praise. I have not, indeed, made
myself a partizan of marshal Ney in relating his disputes with marshals Soult and
Massena, because I honestly believed that he was mistaken; neither have I
attributed to him unbounded talents for the higher parts of war, but this is only
matter of opinion which the world is quite capable of appreciating at its true value;
and upon all other points I have expressed admiration of marshal Ney’s
extraordinary qualities, his matchless valour, his heroic energy!
 In the hope that your grace will now think it reasonable to soften the asperity of
your feelings towards my work, I take my leave, with more of admiration for your
generous warmth in defence of a person so dear to you, than of any sentiment of
resentment for the harsh terms which you have employed towards myself. And I
remain, madam,
Your very obedient servant,
William Napier, Colonel.
 HISTORY

OF THE

PENINSULAR WAR.
 BOOK XIII.

CHAPTER I.
While marshal Beresford followed Soult towards Llerena 1810.
lord Wellington recommenced the siege of Badajos, but the
relation of that operation must be delayed until the transactions
which occurred in Spain, during Massena’s invasion of Portugal,
have been noticed, for it is not by following one stream of action that
a just idea of this war can be obtained. Many of lord Wellington’s
proceedings might be called rash, and others timid, and slow, if
taken separately; yet, when viewed as parts of a great plan for
delivering the whole Peninsula, they will be found discreet or daring,
as the circumstances warranted: nor is there any portion of his
campaigns, that requires this wide-based consideration, more than
his early sieges; which, being instituted contrary to the rules of art,
and unsuccessful, or, when successful, attended with a mournful
slaughter, have given occasion for questioning his great military
qualities, which were however, then most signally displayed.
In the northern provinces the events were of little interest. Gallicia
after the failure of Renovales’ expedition and the shipwreck that
followed, became torpid; the junta disregarded general See Vol. III p. 404.
Walker’s exhortations, and, although he furnished vast
supplies, the army, nominally twenty thousand strong, mustered only
six thousand in the field: there was no cavalry, and the infantry kept
close in the mountains about Villa Franca, while a Official abstract of
weak French division occupied the rich plains of Leon. general Walker’s
despatches
General Mahi having refused to combine his
operations with those of the Anglo-Portuguese army, was thought to
be disaffected, and at the desire of the British authorities had been
removed to make way for the duke of Albuquerque: he was however
immediately appointed to the command of Murcia, by Blake, in
defiance of the remonstrances of Mr. Wellesley, for Official abstract of
Blake disregarded the English influence. Mr. Wellesley’s
despatches MSS.
When Albuquerque died, Gallicia fell to Castaños, and while that
officer was co-operating with Beresford in Estremadura, Santocildes
assumed the command. Meanwhile Caffarelli’s reserve having joined
the army of the north, Santona was fortified, and See Vol. III pp. 312,
Bessieres, as I have before observed, assembled 407, and 475.
seven thousand men at Zamora to invade Gallicia.
In the Asturias, Bonet, although harassed, on the side of Potes, by
the Guerillas from the mountains of Liebana; and on the coast by the
English frigates, remained at Oviedo, and maintained his
communications by the left with the troops in Leon. In November
1810 he defeated a considerable body of insurgents, and in
February 1811 the Spanish general St. Pol retired before him with
the regular forces, from the Xalon to the Navia; but this retreat
caused such discontent in Gallicia that St. Pol Mr. Stuart’s Papers,
advanced again on the 19th March, and was again MSS.
driven back. Bonet then dispersed the Partidas, and was ready to aid
Bessieres’ invasion of Gallicia; and although the arrival of the allied
forces on the Coa in pursuit of Massena stopped that enterprise, he
made an incursion along the coast, seized the Spanish stores of
English arms and clothing, and then returned to Oviedo. The war
was, indeed, so little formidable to the French, that in May Santander
was evacuated, and all the cavalry in Castile and Leon joined
Massena for the battle of Fuentes Onoro, and yet the Gallician and
Asturian regular armies gained no advantage during their absence.
The Partidas, who had re-assembled after their defeat by Bonet,
were more active. Porlier, Campillo, Longa, Amor, and Merino cut off
small French parties in the Montaña, in the Rioja, in Biscay, and in
the Baston de Laredo; they were not, indeed, dangerous in action,
nor was it very difficult to destroy them by combined movements, but
these combinations were hard to effect, from the little accord
amongst the French generals, and thus they easily maintained their
posts at Espinosa de Monteres, Medina, and Villarcayo. Campillo
was the most powerful after Porlier. His principal Intercepted letter of
haunts were in the valleys of Mena and Caranza; but general Barthelemy
he was in communication with Barbara, Honejas, and to general Drouet,
1810. MSS.
Curillas, petty chiefs of Biscay, with whom he
concerted attacks upon couriers and weak detachments: and he
sometimes divided his band into small parties, with which he overran
the valleys of Gurieso, Soba, Carrado, and Jorrando, partly to raise
contributions, partly to gather recruits, whom he forced to join him.
His chief aim was, however, to intercept the despatches going from
Bilbao to Santander, and for this purpose he used to infest Liendo
between Ovira and Laredo, which he was enabled the more safely to
do, because general Barthelemy, the governor of the Montaña, was
forced to watch more earnestly towards the hilly district of Liebana,
between Leon and the Asturias. This district was Porlier’s strong-
hold, and that chief, under whom Campillo himself would at times
act, used to cross the Deba and penetrate into the valleys of
Cabuerniego, Rio Nauza, Cieza, and Buelna, and he obliged the
people to fly to the mountains with their effects whenever the French
approached: nevertheless the mass were tired of this guerilla system
and tractable enough, except in Liebana.
To beat Campillo once or twice would have been sufficient to ruin
him, but to ruin Porlier required great combinations. It was necessary
to seize Espinosa, not that of Monteres, but a village in the
mountains of Liebana, from whence the valleys all projected as from
a point, and whence the troops could consequently act towards
Potes with success. General Barthelemy proposed this plan to 1811.
Drouet, then with the 9th corps on the Upper Douro, whom he
desired to co-operate from the side of Leon, while Bonet did the
same from the side of the Asturias: but though partially adopted, the
execution was not effectually followed up, the districts of Liebana
and Santander continued to be disturbed, and the chain of Partidas
was prolonged through Biscay and the Rioja, to Navarre.
In this last province Mina had on the 22d of May defeated at 1811.
the Puerto de Arlaban, near Vittoria, twelve hundred men who May.
were escorting a convoy of prisoners and treasure to France; his
success was complete, but alloyed by the death of two hundred of
the prisoners, unfortunately killed during the tumult; and it was
stained by the murder of six Spanish ladies, who, for being attached
to French officers, were in cold blood executed after Mr. Stuart’s Papers,
the fight. Massena, whose baggage was captured, MSS.
was to have travelled with this escort, but disliking the manner of the
march, he remained in Vittoria until a better opportunity, and so
escaped.
These partizan operations, combined with the descents on the
coast, the aspect of the war in Estremadura, and the unprotected
state of Castile, which was now menaced by Santocildes, were
rendered more important by another event to be noticed hereafter:
Bessieres therefore resolved to contract his position in the north; and
first causing Reille and Caffarelli to scour Biscay and the Rioja, he
ordered Bonet to abandon the Asturias. On the 14th of June that
general, having dismantled the coast-batteries, sent his sick and
baggage by sea to Santander and marched into Leon, where
Santocildes, who had now increased the Gallician field army to
thirteen thousand men, was menacing Astorga, which place the
French evacuated after blowing up some of the works. Serras and
Bonet then united on the Esla, and being supported by three
thousand men from Rio Seco, skirmished at the Ponte de Orvigo on
the 23d, but had the worst, and general Valletaux was killed on their
side: and as lord Wellington’s operations in Estremadura soon drew
the French armies towards that quarter Santocildes held his ground
at Astorga until August. Meanwhile two thousand French were
thrown into Santona, and general Rognet coming, from the side of
Burgos, with a division of the young guard, made a fruitless incursion
against the Partidas of Liebana.
This system of warfare was necessarily harassing to the 1811.
French divisions actually engaged, but it was evident that June.
neither the Asturias nor Gallicia could be reckoned as good
auxiliaries to lord Wellington. Gallicia with its lordly junta, regular
army, fortified towns, rugged fastnesses, numerous population, and
constant supplies from England, was of less weight in the contest
than five thousand Portuguese militia conducted by Trant and
Wilson. The irregular warfare was now also beginning to produce its
usual effects; the tree though grafted in patriotism bore strange fruit.
In Biscay, which had been longest accustomed to the presence of
the invaders, the armed peasantry were often found fighting in the
ranks of the enemy, and on one occasion did of themselves attack
the boats of the Amelia frigate to save French military Appendix, No. I.
stores! Turning now to the other line of invasion, we Section 1.
shall find the contest fiercer, indeed, and more honourable to the
Spaniards, but the result still more unfavourable to their cause.

O P E R AT I O N S I N T H E E A S T E R N P R O V I N C E S .

It will be remembered that Suchet, after the fall of Mequinenza,

was ordered to besiege Tortoza while Macdonald marched against
Taragona. Massena was then concentrating his army for the invasion
of Portugal, and it was the emperor’s intention that Suchet should,
after taking Tortoza, march with half of the third corps to support the
prince of Esling. But the reduction of Tortoza proved a more tedious
task than Napoleon anticipated, and as the course of events had
now given the French armies of Catalonia and Aragon a common
object, it will be well to compare their situation and resources with
those of their adversary.
Suchet was completely master of Aragon, and not more by the
force of his arms, than by the influence of his administration; the
province was fertile, and so tranquil in the interior, that his
magazines were all filled, and his convoys travelled under the care of
Spanish commissaries and conductors. Mina was however in
Navarre on his rear, and he communicated on the right bank of the
Ebro with the Partidas in the mountains of Moncayo and Albaracin;
and these last were occasionally backed by the Empecinado, Duran,
and others whose strong-holds were in the Guadalaxara, and who
from thence infested Cuença and the vicinity of Madrid. From
Albaracin, Villa Campa continued the chain of partizan warfare and
connected it with the Valencian army, which had also a line of
operation towards Cuença. Mina, who communicated with the
English vessels in the bay of Biscay, received his supplies from
Coruña; and the others, in like manner, corresponded with Valencia,
from whence the English consul Tupper succoured them with arms,
money, and ammunition. Thus a line was drawn quite across the
Peninsula which it was in vain for the enemy to break, as the retreat
was secure at both ends, and the excitement to renewed efforts
constant.
On the other flank of Suchet’s position the high valleys of the
Pyrenees were swarming with small bands, forming a link between
Mina and a division of the Catalonian army stationed about the Seu
d’Urgel, which was a fortified castle, closing the passage leading
from the plain of that name to the Cerdaña: this division in
conjunction with Rovira, and other partizans, extended the irregular
warfare on the side of Olot and Castelfollit to the Ampurdan; and the
whole depended upon Taragona, which itself was supported by the
English fleet in the Mediterranean. Aragon may therefore be
considered as an invested fortress, which the Spaniards thought to
reduce by famine, by assault, and by exciting the population against
the garrison; but Suchet baffled them; he had made such judicious
arrangements that his convoys were secure in the interior, and all the
important points on the frontier circle were fortified, and connected,
with Zaragoza, by chains of minor ports radiating from that common
centre. Lerida, Mequinenza, and the plain of Urgel in Catalonia, the
fort of Morella in Valencia, were his; and by fortifying Teruel and
Alcanitz he had secured the chief passages leading through the
mountains to the latter kingdom: he could thus, at will, invade either
Catalonia or Valencia, and from Mequinenza he could, by water,
transport the stores necessary to besiege Tortoza. Nor were these
advantages the result of aught but his uncommon talents for war, a
consideration which rendered them doubly formidable.
The situation of the French in Catalonia was different. Macdonald,
who had assumed the command at the moment when Napoleon
wished him to co-operate with Suchet, was inexperienced in the
peculiar warfare of the province, and unprepared to execute any
extended plan of operations. His troops were about Gerona and
Hostalrich, which were in fact the bounds of the French conquest at
this period; for Barcelona was a military point beyond their field
system, and only to be maintained by expeditions; and the country
was so exhausted of provisions in the interior, that the army itself
could only be fed by land-convoys from France, or by such coasters
as, eluding the vigilance of the English cruizers, could reach Rosas,
St. Filieu, and Palamos. Barcelona like the horse-leech continually
cried for more, and as the inhabitants as well as the garrison
depended on the convoys, the latter were enormous, reference
being had to the limited means of the French general, and the
difficulty of moving; for, although the distance between Hostalrich
and Barcelona was only forty miles, the road, as far as Granollers,
was a succession of defiles, and crossed by several rivers, of which
the Congosta and the Tordera were considerable obstacles; and the
nature of the soil was clayey and heavy, especially in the defiles of
the Trenta Pasos.
These things rendered it difficult for Macdonald to operate in
regular warfare from his base of Gerona, and as the stores for the
siege of Taragona were to come from France, until they arrived he
could only make sudden incursions with light baggage, trusting to the
resources still to be found in the open country, or to be gathered in
the mountains by detachments which would have to fight for every
morsel. This then was the condition of the French armies, that
starting from separate bases, they had to operate on lines meeting at
Tortoza. It remains to shew the situation of the Catalan general.
After the battle of Margalef, Henry O’Donnel reunited his 1810.
scattered forces, and being of a stern unyielding disposition, July.
not only repressed the discontent occasioned by that defeat, but
forced the reluctant Miguelettes to swell his ranks and to submit to
discipline. Being assisted with money and arms by the British
agents, and having free communication by sea with Gibraltar, Cadiz,
and Minorca, he was soon enabled to reorganize his army, to collect
vast magazines at Taragona, and to strengthen that place by new
works. In July his force again amounted to twenty-two thousand men
exclusive of the Partidas, and of the Somatenes, who were useful to
aid in a pursuit, to break up roads, and to cut off straggling soldiers.
Of this number one division under Campo Verde, was, as I have
before said, in the higher valleys, having a detachment at Olot, and
being supported by the fortified castles of Seu D’Urgel, Cardona,
Solsona, and Berga. A second division was on the Llobregat,
watching the garrison of Barcelona, and having detachments in
Montserrat, Igualada, and Manresa to communicate with Campo
Verde. The third division, the reserve and the cavalry were on the
hills about Taragona, and that place and Tortoza had large garrisons.
By this disposition, O’Donnel occupied Falcet, the Col de
Balaguer, and the Col del Alba, which were the General Doyle’s
passages leading to Tortoza; the Col de Ribas and Correspondence,
MSS.
Momblanch, which commanded the roads to Lerida;
San Coloma de Queralt and Igualada, through which his connection
with Campo Verde was maintained; and thus the two French armies
were separated not only by the great spinal ridges Colonel Green’s do
descending from the Pyrenees, but by the position of MSS.
the Spaniards, who held all the passes, and could at will concentrate
and attack either Suchet or Macdonald. But the Catalonian system
was now also connected with Valencia, where, exclusive of
irregulars, there were about fifteen thousand men under General
Bassecour. That officer had in June occupied Cuença, yet having
many quarrels with his officers he could do nothing, and was driven
from thence by troops from Madrid: he returned to Official Abstracts of
Valencia, but the disputes continued and extended to Mr. Wellesley’s
Despatches, MSS.
the junta or congress of Valencia, three members of
which were by the general imprisoned. Nevertheless, Mr. Stuart’s Papers,
as all parties were now sensible that Valencia should MSS.
be defended at Tortoza, Bassecour prepared to march to its succour
by the coast-road where he had several fortified posts. Thus, while
Suchet and Macdonald were combining to crush O’Donnel, the latter
was combining with Bassecour, to press upon Suchet; and there was
always the English maritime force at hand to aid the attacks or to
facilitate the escape of the Spaniards.
In the above exposition I have called the native armies by the
names of their provinces, but in December 1810 the whole military
force being reorganized by the regency the armies were designated
by numbers. Thus the Catalonian forces, formerly called the army of
the right, was now called the first army. The Valencians, together
with Villa Campa’s division, and the partidas of the Empecinado and
Duran, were called the second army. The Murcian force was called
the third army. The troops at Cadiz, at Algesiras, and in the Conde
Niebla were called the fourth army. The remnants of Romana’s old
Gallician division which had escaped the slaughter on the Gebora
formed the fifth army. The new-raised troops of Gallicia and those of
the Asturias were called the sixth army. And the partidas of the
north, that is to say, Mina’s, Longa’s, Campillo’s, Porlier’s, and other
smaller bands formed the seventh army.
Such was the state of affairs when Napoleon’s order to besiege
Tortoza arrived. Suchet was ready to execute it. More than fifty
battering guns selected from those at Lerida were already equipped,
and his depôts were established at Mequinenza, Caspe, and
Alcanitz. All the fortified posts were provisioned; twelve thousand
men under general Musnier, intended for the security of Aragon,
were disposed at Huesca and other minor points on the left bank of
the Ebro, and at Daroca, Teruel, and Calatayud on the right bank;
and while these arrangements were being executed, the troops
destined for the siege had assembled at Lerida and Alcanitz, under
generals Habert and Laval, their provisions being drawn from the
newly conquered district of Urgel.
From Mequinenza, which was the principal depôt, there was
water-carriage, but as the Ebro was crossed at several points by
rocky bars, some of which were only passable in full water, the
communication was too uncertain to depend upon, and Suchet
therefore set workmen to reopen an old road thirty miles in length,
which had been made by the duke of Orleans during the war of the
succession. This road pierced the mountains on the right bank of the
Ebro, passed through Batea and other places to Mora, and from
thence by Pinel to Tortoza, running through a celebrated defile called
indifferently the Trincheras and the Passage of Arms. When these
preliminary arrangements were made general Habert assembled his
division at Belpuig near Lerida, and after making a feint as if to go
towards Barcelona, suddenly turned to his right, and penetrating
through the district of Garriga, reached Garcia on the left bank of the
Lower Ebro the 5th of July. Laval at the same time quitted Alcanitz,
made a feint towards Valencia by Morella, and then See plans, No. 1 &
turning to his left, came so unexpectedly upon Tortoza 3.
by the right bank of the Ebro, that he surprised some of the outposts
on the 2d, and then encamped before the bridge-head. The 4th he
extended his line to Amposta, seized the ferry-boat of the great road
from Barcelona to Valencia, and posted Boussard’s cuirassiers, with
a battalion of infantry and six guns, at Uldecona, on the Cenia river,
to observe Bassecour’s Valencians.
During these operations Suchet fixed his own quarters at Mora,
and as the new road was not finished, he occupied Miravet, Pinel,
and the Trincheras, on its intended line; and having placed flying
bridges, with covering works, on the Ebro, at Mora and Xerta, made
those places his depôt of siege. He likewise seized the craft on the
river, established posts at Rapita, near the mouth of the Ebro, and at
Amposta, and made a fruitless attempt to burn the boat-bridge of
Tortoza, with fire vessels. Following Napoleon’s order, Macdonald
should at this time have been before Taragona; but on the 9th,
Suchet learned, from a spy, that the seventh corps was still at
Gerona, and he thus found himself exposed alone to the combined
efforts of the Catalans and Valencians. This made him repent of
having moved from Aragon so soon, yet thinking it would be bad to
retire, he resolved to blockade Tortoza; hoping to resist both
O’Donnel and Bassecour until Macdonald could advance.
The Spaniards who knew his situation, sallied on the right bank
the 6th and 8th, and on the 10th his outposts on the left bank were
driven in at Tivisa by a division from Falcet, which, the next day, fell
on his works at Mora, but was repulsed; and the 12th, general Paris
pushed back the Spanish line, while Habert took post in force at
Tivisa, by which he covered the roads to Xerta and Mora.
O’Donoghue, who commanded Bassecour’s advanced guard, now
menaced Morella, but general Montmarie being detached to its
succour, drove him away.
The 30th, O’Donnel having brought up fresh troops to Falcet,
made a feint with ten thousand men against Tivisa, and then
suddenly entered Tortoza, from whence at mid-day, on the 3d of
August, he passed the bridge and fell with the bayonet on Laval’s
entrenchments. The French gave way at first, but soon rallied, and
the Spaniards fearing for their communications regained the town in
disorder, having lost two hundred prisoners besides killed and
wounded.
 This operation had been concerted with general Caro, who 1810.
having superseded O’Donoghue, was now marching with the August.
Valencians by the coast-road towards Uldecona: Suchet therefore,
judging that the intention of the Spaniards was to force him away
from the Lower Ebro, before Macdonald could pass the Llobregat,
resolved first to strike a sudden blow at the Valencians, and then turn
upon the Catalans. In this view he contracted his quarters on the
Ebro, and united at Uldecona, on the 13th, eleven battalions with
eight hundred horsemen. Caro was then in a strong position
covering the two great routes to Valencia, but when the French, after
driving in his advanced guard from Vinaros, came up, his Valencians
would not stand a battle, and being followed beyond Peniscola
separated and retreated in disorder by different roads. Whereupon
Suchet returned to Mora, and there found an officer of Macdonald’s
army, who brought information that the seventh corps was at last in
the plains of Reus, and its communications with the third corps open.

O P E R AT I O N S O F T H E S E V E N T H C O R P S .

When Macdonald succeeded Augereau he found the troops 1810.

in a state of insubordination, accustomed to plunder, and June.
excited to ferocity by the cruelty of the Catalans, and by the conduct
of his predecessor; they were without magazines or Vacani.
regular subsistence, and lived by exactions: hence the
people, driven to desperation, were more like wild Victoires et
beasts than men, and the war was repulsive to him in Conquêtes
François.
des

all its features. It was one of shifts and devices, and

he better understood methodical movements; it was one of plunder,
and he was a severe disciplinarian; it was full of cruelty on all sides,
and he was of a humane and just disposition. Being resolved to
introduce regular habits, Macdonald severely rebuked the troops for
their bad discipline and cruelty, and endeavoured to soothe the
Catalans, but neither could be brought to soften in their enmity; the
mutual injuries sustained, were too horrible and too recent to be
forgiven. The soldiers, drawn from different countries, and therefore
not bound by any common national feeling, were irritated against a
general, who made them pay for wanton damages, and punished
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