The Routledge Handbook of

Cultural Tourism

The Routledge Handbook of Cultural Tourism explores and critically evaluates the debates and
controversies in this field of Tourism. It brings together leading specialists from a range of dis-
ciplinary backgrounds and geographical regions, to provide state-of-the-art theoretical reflection
and empirical research on this significant stream of tourism and its future direction.
The book is divided into seven inter-related sections. Part I looks at the historical, philosophical
and theoretical framework for cultural tourism. This section debates tourist autonomy role play,
authenticity, imaginaries, cross-cultural issues and inter-disciplinarity. Part II analyses the role
that politics takes in cultural tourism. This section also looks at ways in which cultural tourism is
used as a policy instrument for economic development. Part III focuses on social patterns and
trends, such as the mobilities paradigm, performativity, reflexivity and traditional hospitality, as
well as considering sensitive social issues such as dark tourism. Part IV analyses community and
development, exploring adaptive forms of cultural tourism, as well as more sustainable models
for indigenous tourism development. Part V discusses landscapes and destinations, including the
transformation of space into place, issues of authenticity in landscape, the transformation of
urban and rural landscapes into tourism products, and conservation versus development dilem-
mas. Part VI refers to regeneration and planning, especially the creative turn in cultural tourism,
which can be used to avoid problems of serial reproduction, standardisation and homogenisation.
Part VII deals with the tourist and visitor experience, emphasising the desire of tourists to be
more actively and interactively engaged in cultural tourism.
This significant volume offers the reader a comprehensive synthesis of this field, conveying
the latest thinking and research. The text is international in focus, encouraging dialogue across
disciplinary boundaries and areas of study and will be an invaluable resource for all those with
an interest in cultural tourism.
This is essential reading for students, researchers and academics of Tourism as well as those of related
studies, in particular Cultural Studies, Leisure, Geography, Sociology, Politics and Economics.

Melanie Smith is an Associate Professor and Researcher in Tourism at the Budapest Business
School in Hungary.

Greg Richards is Professor in Leisure Studies at Tilburg University and Professor in Events at
NHTV Breda University of Applied Sciences in the Netherlands.
The Routledge Handbook of
Cultural Tourism

Edited by
Melanie Smith and Greg Richards
First published 2013
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2013 Melanie Smith and Greg Richards
The right of the editors to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the
authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78
of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any
form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented,
including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and
are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Smith, Melanie.
The Routledge handbook of cultural tourism / Melanie Smith and Greg Richards.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Heritage tourism–Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Richards, Greg. II. Title.
G156.5.H47S558 2012
338.4'791–dc23
2012019572

ISBN: 978-0-415-52351-6 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-0-203-12095-8 (ebk)
Typeset in Bembo
by Taylor & Francis Books
 Contents

List of illustrations x
List of contributors xiii
Preface xxv
Acknowledgements xxviii

Introduction 1

PART I
History, philosophy and theory 7

1 The nineteenth-century ‘golden age’ of cultural tourism: How the beaten

track of the intellectuals became the modern tourist trail 11
David M. Bruce

2 Cultivated pursuits: Cultural tourism as metempsychosis and metensomatosis 19

Tony Seaton

3 Talking tourists: The intimacies of inter-cultural dialogue 28

Mike Robinson

4 The (im)mobility of tourism imaginaries 34

Noel B. Salazar

5 Reflections on globalisation and cultural tourism 40

Yvette Reisinger

6 Philosophy and the nature of the authentic 47

Sean Beer

7 The multilogical imagination: Tourism studies and the imperative for

postdisciplinary knowing 53
Keith Hollinshead and Milka Ivanova

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Contents

PART II
Politics, policy and economics 63

8 Tourism policy challenges: Balancing acts, co-operative stakeholders and

maintaining authenticity 67
Can-Seng Ooi

9 Co-operation as a central element of cultural tourism: A German

perspective 75
Patrick S. Föhl and Yvonne Pröbstle

10 Territory, culture, nationalism, and the politics of place 84

Heather Skinner

11 Cultural lessons: The case of Portuguese tourism during Estado Novo 89

Maria Cândida Pacheco Cadavez

12 The establishment of national heritage tourism: Celebrations for the

150th anniversary of the unification of Italy 94
Monica Gilli

13 Potential methods for measuring the economic impacts of cultural

tourism 100
Tereza Raabová, Petr Merta and Alena Tichá

14 The economic impacts of cultural tourism 110

Juan Gabriel Brida, Marta Meleddu and Manuela Pulina

15 The economic value of cultural tourism: Determinants of cultural

tourists’ expenditures 116
Celeste Eusébio, Maria João Carneiro and Elisabeth Kastenholz

16 Can the value chain of a cultural tourism destination be measured? 127

Juan Ignacio Pulido Fernández and Marcelino Sánchez Rivero

PART III
Social patterns and trends 137

17 Cultural tourism and the mobilities paradigm 141

Kevin Hannam and Sujama Roy

18 Erasmus students: The ‘ambassadors’ of cultural tourism 148

Karolina Buczkowska

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 Contents

19 Performing and recording culture: Reflexivity in tourism research 156

Kevin Meethan

20 Cosmopolitanism and hospitality 165

David Picard

21 Hospitality 172
Tom Selwyn

22 A darker type of cultural tourism 177

Karel Werdler

23 Tattoo tourism in the contemporary West and in Thailand 183

Erik Cohen

PART IV
Community and development 191

24 Tourism, anthropology and cultural configuration 195

Donald Macleod

25 Souvenirs and cultural tourism 201

Michael Hitchcock

26 Documenting culture through film in touristic settings 207

Michael Ireland

27 Understanding indigenous tourism 214

Xerado Pereiro

28 Indigenous tourism and the challenge of sustainability 220

Jarkko Saarinen

29 Ma-ori tourism: A case study of managing indigenous

cultural values 227
Anna Thompson-Carr

30 Social entrepreneurship and cultural tourism in developing

economies 236
Philip Sloan, Willy Legrand and Claudia Simons-Kaufmann

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Contents

PART V
Landscapes and destinations 243

31 Space and place-making: Space, culture and tourism 247

David Crouch

32 The development of the historic landscape as a cultural tourism product 252

Marjan Melkert and Wil Munsters

33 Finding a place for heritage in South-East Asian cities 259

Joan Henderson

34 Campus tourism, universities and destination development 265

Simon Woodward

35 Cultural heritage resources of traditional agricultural landscapes,

inspired by Chinese experiences 273
Myriam Jansen-Verbeke, Yehong Sun and Qingwen Min

36 Special interest cultural tourism products: The case of Gyimes

in Transylvania 283
Lóránt Dávid, Bulcsú Remenyik and Béla Zsolt Gergely

PART VI
Regeneration and planning 293

37 Tourism development trajectories: From culture to creativity? 297

Greg Richards

38 Critiquing creativity in tourism 304

Philip Long and Nigel D. Morpeth

39 Cultural tourism development in the post-industrial city:

Development strategies and critical reflection 311
Clare Carruthers

40 After the crisis: Cultural tourism and urban regeneration in Europe 317
James Kennell

41 From the dual tourist city to the creative melting pot: The liquid
geographies of global cultural consumerism 324
Antonio Paolo Russo and Alan Quaglieri-Domínguez

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 Contents

42 Regeneration and cultural quarters: Changing urban cultural space 332

C. Michael Hall

43 ‘Ethnic quarters’: Exotic islands or trans-national hotbeds of innovation? 339

Stephen Shaw

44 Ethnic tourism: Who is exotic for whom? 346

Anya Diekmann

PART VII
The tourist and visitor experience 355

45 The tactical tourist: Growing self-awareness and challenging the

strategists – visitor groups in Berlin 361
Gernot Wolfram and Claire Burnill-Maier

46 Cultural routes, trails and the experience of place 369

Nicola MacLeod

47 Cultural value perception in the memorable tourism experience 375

Zsuzsanna Horváth

48 An experiential approach to differentiating tourism offers in

cultural heritage 383
Sonia Ferrari

49 Visitor experiences in cultural spaces 389

László Puczkó

50 Engaging with Generation Y at museums 396

Anna Leask and Paul Barron

Conclusion 404

Index 410

ix
 Illustrations

Figures
1.1 Florence – a watercolour view in the nineteenth century 13
2.1 Literary journeys in South West Wales 2003 – the brochure and compact disc 21
2.2 Titan’s brochure, ‘Elegant River Cruises’ 25
4.1 Exciting tourism imaginaries at the Water Castle in Yogyakarta, Indonesia 37
8.1 A modern Shanghai that wows residents and tourists 70
9.1 Increase in degree of interconnection with different forms of collaboration 79
9.2 Organisation forms of economic activities of cultural institutions in the cultural
tourism field 80
13.1 Direct, indirect and induced impacts 104
13.2 Process of calculation of economic impact via input-output analysis 105
16.1 Value chain of the cultural destination 129
19.1 The Berlin Wall as a shrine: portraits of those who died attempting to escape to
West Berlin 160
19.2 The wall as seen from the roof of the Document Centre, looking towards
what was once East Berlin 161
19.3 The end of Ackerstrasse, formerly in East Berlin, showing the development
of the wall at that site 162
23.1 Complex tattoo in the distinct Wat Bang Phra style, 2011 185
23.2 Tattooed foreign visitor participating in the prayer at the ‘Tattoo Festival’, 2009 186
26.1 Barry Cockcroft (Yorkshire TV Producer) with the Sennen Cove Lifeboat and Crew 211
29.1 Takiroa Rock Art site 232
29.2 Visitors at Te Ana Ma-ori Rock Art Centre, Timaru 233
32.1 At festive occasions we meet flint experts at Neanderthaler sites 254
32.2 ‘Roman’ soldiers marching on Roman tracks help visitors to experience the
history of the region. This is evidence-based storytelling 257
34.1 Three-gap place branding model 266
34.2 Brasenose College, Oxford, which attracts around 6,000 paying visitors a year 267
35.1 Iconic old house in Longxian village 279
35.2 Drum tower in Xiaohuang village 280
36.1 The location of the Gyimes area in the Carpathian Basin 284
40.1 Economic aspects of cultural regeneration 318
40.2 Visit Stokes Croft poster 321
41.1 Urban populations and evolutionary patterns 327
41.2 Tourist points and spaces of ‘contact’ in Barcelona 330

x
 Illustrations

43.1 Montréal’s historic Chinatown welcomes cultural tourists 339

44.1 Country of origin 349
44.2 Country of residence 349
44.3 Activities during the visit 350
44.4 Accommodation used 351
45.1 Tactical tourists form the smallest segment of the market, but are the most
likely to seek original experiences 363
49.1 The experience grid 392

Tables
7.1 Exhibit 1 – The protean character of diasporic self-making: 10 major insights
on difficult contemporary inscriptions of diasporic identity 58
8.1 Comparison of tourism development approaches in Denmark and Singapore 72
13.1 Example of calculations of economic impacts of Prague Quadrennial 2011 107
13.2 Cost–benefit analysis versus input-output analysis 107
13.3 Total economic benefits framework 108
15.1 Profile of the visitors 120
15.2 Regression model explaining travel expenditure per person and per day 122
15.3 Variables and research hypotheses 123
18.1 Growing number of Erasmus students 1987/88–2009/10 149
18.2 Completed or planned studies abroad as part of the Erasmus Programme 151
18.3 Motivations for LLP/Erasmus Programme stay 151
18.4 Interest in the culture of the places visited among all students and among
former Erasmus students 151
18.5 The cultural tourist identity of students 152
22.1 Dark exhibitions in the Netherlands, 1980–2011 179
22.2 Permanent collections related to dark themes 180
29.1 Visitor attractions developed by Nga-i Tahu Tourism Ltd 231

Boxes
1.1 Case study: Forster using Baedeker 15
2.1 Metempsychosis case study: in the footsteps of Dylan Thomas in South
Wales, 2003 20
2.2 Metensomatosis case study: Titan River Cruises and cultural tourism 24
4.1 Case study: Indonesia 36
5.1 Case study: globalisation of the didgeridoo 43
7.1 Case study 58
8.1 Case study: Denmark and Singapore 71
10.1 Case study: Brand England and the power of narrative 85
12.1 Case study: celebrations for the 150th anniversary of the unification of Italy 96
13.1 Case study: Prague Quadriennial 106
17.1 Case study: cultural tourism and mobilities at the Darjeeling Himalayan
Railway (DHR) 144
18.1 Case study: cultural preferences of Polish Erasmus students 150
24.1 Case study: commemorating cultural heritage on La Gomera 197
26.1 Case study: The Last Place in England 210

xi
Illustrations

28.1 Case study: the representations of OvaHimbas in Namibian tourism promotion 223
29.1 Case study: Te Ana Ma-ori Rock Art Centre 232
30.1 Chumbe Island Coral Park Ltd in Zanzibar, Tanzania 238
30.2 The Periyar Tiger Reserve, Kumily in Kerala, India 239
30.3 Inkaterra – pioneering ecotourism in Peru 240
32.1 Case study: the Historic Landscape Park Voerendaal, Province of Limburg,
the Netherlands 257
33.1 Case study: the case of Kampung Baru 262
35.1 Case study: traditional houses in Longxian village 278
35.2 Case study: drum tower in Xiaohuang village 280
38.1 Case study: tourism and creativity – the case of Sheffield 308
39.1 Case study: Liverpool – the world in one city 313
40.1 Case study: the People’s Republic of Stokes Croft, Bristol, UK 320
41.1 Spaces of contact in the development of a cultural tourist destination:
illustrations from Barcelona and its post-bohemian population 328
42.1 Case study: cultural quarters and serial reproduction 335
43.1 Case study: re-constructing Brick Lane as ‘Banglatown’ 342
45.1 Case study: Route 65 Wedding and Route 44 Neukölln 366
46.1 Case study: town trails and experiential design 372
48.1 Case study: Emozioni da Museo 386
49.1 Case study: visitor experience of Hungarian Museums 393
50.1 Case study: Royal Bank of Scotland Museum Lates at the National Museum
of Scotland (NMS) 399

xii
 Contributors

Paul Barron is Reader in the School of Marketing, Tourism and Languages, Edinburgh
Napier University. Paul’s research interests include students’ educational experiences and
emerging markets in the tourism industry. Paul is currently Hospitality Editor for the Journal
of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport and Tourism Education.

Sean Beer, International Centre for Tourism and Hospitality Research, School of Tourism,
Bournemouth University, UK. Originally Sean trained as an agricultural scientist studying at
Reading University in the UK and Massey University in New Zealand. Work relating to the
food supply and local food increasingly lead to an involvement with the tourism and hos-
pitality industries. This academic work has been backed up with considerable practical
experience gained in family and other businesses, locally and internationally. His principle
research interests include: the food supply chain, consumer behaviour, rural business, society
and development. Currently he is part way through his PhD, a body of work that is looking
at human perceptions of the authenticity of food.

Juan Gabriel Brida is Associate Professor of Economics at the School of Economics and
Management, Free University of Bolzano. His research interests and expertise are in the areas
of tourism economics and economic growth. He has a degree in Mathematics from the
Universidad de la Republica (Uruguay) and a PhD in Economics from the University of
Siena.

David Macaulay Bruce is a Visiting Research Fellow in Tourism at University of West of

England, Bristol (formerly Principal Lecturer, Bristol Business School, UWE). As Academic
Adviser to European Walled Towns (formerly the Walled Towns Friendship Circle),
research interests are in and about walled towns – their history, tourism and sustainable
development. (See www.walledtownsresearch.org for relevant publications.) Nineteenth-
century tourism history associated with Mariana Starke, Baedeker, Murray and other guide
books is a further research area. He studied History, Political Economy and Town Planning
at St Andrews (MA) and Edinburgh (MPhil) Universities, and is professionally qualified in
Town Planning (MRTPI), Transport (MCILT) and Tourism (MTS).

Karolina Buczkowska (PhD) is a tourism lecturer at the University School of Physical

Education (AWF) in Poznan, Poland. There she is also the tutor of the Cultural Tourism
and Tourism Journalism courses and the Departmental Co-ordinator of the LLP/Erasmus
Program. She is the Deputy Editor-in-Chief of Cultural Tourism, a Polish scientific internet
journal (Turystyka kulturowa), and a member of the Association for Tourism and Leisure

xiii
Contributors

Education (ATLAS) Cultural Tourism Research Group. She has published three books and
over 25 articles concerning cultural tourism.

Claire Burnill-Maier studied English and Drama Education at the University of Exeter and,
following a three-year period of living, working and extensive travel in Asia, she then
returned to the UK. Having developed an interest in the field of Cultural Studies during the
course of completing her MSc in Development Studies at the University of Bath, she now
lives in Germany and lectures in Cultural Sciences and English in Austria.

Maria Cândida Pacheco Cadavez is a Lecturer in English Language and Culture at the
Estoril Higher Institute for Hotel and Tourism Studies, in Portugal. She has a Master’s
degree in English Culture Studies with the thesis A Room with a View to the World: Tourism,
Globalization and Culture. As a PhD student in Cultural Sciences at Lisbon University, she is
currently working on the institutional importance of tourism representations in a nationalist
environment. She has participated in several international congresses and published articles
about her main academic research interests, which include tourism, culture, nationalism,
globalization and visual studies.

Maria João Carneiro is an Assistant Professor of Tourism and a researcher at the GOVCOPP
Research Unit at the University of Aveiro. Her research interests include competitiveness in
tourism, tourism impacts, image and positioning of tourism destinations, consumer behaviour
in tourism, and tourism destination marketing. She is co-ordinator of the degree in Tourism
at the University of Aveiro.

Clare Carruthers is a Lecturer in Tourism and Marketing at the School of Hospitality and
Tourism Management, University of Ulster. Her current research interests include culture-led
regeneration of post-industrial cities, the role of the European City of Culture in urban
tourism, and urban tourism destination marketing.

Erik Cohen is the George S. Wise Professor of Sociology (emeritus) at the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem, where he taught between 1959 and 2000. He has conducted research in Israel,
Peru, the Pacific Islands and, since 1977, in Thailand. He is the author of more than 180
publications. His recent books include Contemporary Tourism: Diversity and Change (Elsevier,
2004), and Explorations in Thai Tourism (Emerald, 2008). He is a founding member of the
International Academy for the Study of Tourism. Erik Cohen presently lives and does
research in Thailand.

David Crouch is a cultural geographer whose research and writing include critically conceptual
and empirically informed work on leisure and tourism, cultural and cultures of tourism. He
has written and edited 10 books and authored numerous academic papers and chapters, as
well as more popular essays and TV, across geography, culture, landscape and land use,
tourism, leisure, art theory and practice. He has also worked with the UK government and
regional agencies.

Lóránt Dávid was born in Hungary, and graduated in History, Geography, European Studies
and Tourism. He is a college professor in Tourism at Károly Róbert College, Gyöngyös, and
an Honorary Associate Professor at Szent István University, Gödöllő in Hungary. He has
longstanding teaching, publication and research interests in tourism, regional development

xiv
 Contributors

and environmental studies. More recently he has been undertaking research on tourism
management. He is the author and editor of over 10 books as well as over 100 journal
articles and book chapters, and has been active in a number of international research and
teaching associations.

Anya Diekmann is Associate Professor and Head of Tourism (Master de Gestion et Analyse du
tourisme) and co-director of the tourism research department LIToTeS (Laboratoire Inter-
disciplinaire Tourisme, Territoires et Sociétés) at the Université libre de Bruxelles (Belgium).
Since her PhD on the relationship between heritage sites and tourist consumption, she has
collaborated on numerous national, European and international research projects related to
cultural tourism development. Moreover, for several years her research has focused on cul-
tural and slum tourism in India as well as ethnic tourism in Europe. Her publications include
work on social tourism and cultural tourism with a particular focus on heritage, urban and
ethnic tourism. In 2011 she co-authored with Kevin Hannam Tourism and India: A Critical
Introduction (Routledge), and she is co-editor with Scott McCabe and Lynn Minnaert of
Social Tourism in Europe: Theory and Practice (Channel View), and together with Kevin
Hannam in 2010 Beyond Backpacker Tourism: Mobilities and Experiences (Channel View).

Celeste Eusébio is an Assistant Professor of Tourism and a researcher at the GOVCOPP

Research Unit at the University of Aveiro. Her research interests include tourism economics,
tourism impacts, tourism forecasts and consumer behaviour in tourism. She is vice-coordinator
of the degree in Tourism at the University of Aveiro.

Juan Ignacio Pulido Fernández is the director of Laboratory of Analysis and Innovation in
Tourism (LAInnTUR) at the University of Jaén. He is an Associate Professor in the
Department of Economics and his academic background focuses on sustainability of tourism,
destination management and economic development, tourism impacts, and innovation. Juan
Ignacio has published a number of articles in international peer-reviewed journals and several
books, conference papers and book chapters among other prestigious publishing by, among
others, Routledge and Springer-Verlag. He has served as main researcher in several national
and international research projects. He currently chairs the Spanish Association of Scientific
Experts in Tourism (AECIT).

Sonia Ferrari has been Associate Professor of Tourism Marketing, Event Marketing and Place
Marketing in the University of Calabria, Italy, since 2005. She has been researcher in the same
University since 1993. She has also taught Management, Service Management and Tourism
Management. She has been the Director of the Tourism Science degree course and Director
of the Valorizzazione dei Sistemi Turistico Culturali degree course in University of Calabria
since 2007. Her main fields of study and research are quality in services (also in tourism),
tourism marketing, place marketing, event marketing and experiential marketing.

Patrick S. Föhl, DrPhil in Arts Management and graduate cultural worker, 1978 in Berlin.
Since 2005 he has been Head of the Network for Cultural Consulting, Berlin (www.netzwerk-
kulturberatung.de), and since 2006 Head of the research group ‘Regional Governance in the
Cultural Sector’ at the Cultural Work Programme at the University of Applied Sciences
Potsdam (www.regional-governance-kultur.de). In 2011 – among other projects – together
with and on behalf of Prof. Dr Oliver Scheytt, he implemented a strategic process for the Cultural
Region Stuttgart. Since 1996 he has worked in different cultural institutions (e.g. Jewish

xv
Contributors

Museum Berlin, Stiftung Schloss Neuhardenberg, Klassik Stiftung Weimar). Guest lecturer
and speaker at various universities, colleges and institutions in Austria, Germany, Poland,
Switzerland, USA and Vietnam. Working, publishing and research priorities include strategic
arts management, collaborations and mergers, governance, arts marketing, project management,
cultural financing, cultural policy and cultural development planning. He publishes
extensively in the field of arts management and cultural policy in theory and practice.

Béla Zsolt Gergely contributes to shaping and guiding the strategic direction of the Department
of Tourism at Edutus College in Budapest as Project Manager in charge of international
projects and initiatives. In that capacity he is responsible for the administration of several
major international European Union-funded projects, including KnowNet – the European
Network of Excellence for Promoting the Competitiveness and Sustainability of Tourism
Industry small and medium-sized enterprises. Previously, he worked as Office Manager of
the State Science and Technology Institute (SSTI) in Westerville, Ohio, a US non-profit
organisation dedicated to improving government-industry programmes that encourage
economic growth through the application of science and technology. Prior to joining
SSTI, he served as Institute Administrator of the Institute for Theoretical Sciences at the
University of Notre Dame. He holds a BA degree in British and American Studies from the
Babeş-Bolyai University of Cluj, Romania.

Monica Gilli is Assistant Professor at the University of Milano-Bicocca, where she teaches
Sociology of Territory and Tourism. Her research interests are the relationship between
tourism and identity construction, and tourism as a factor in urban regeneration and commu-
nity development. Among her recent publications are Autenticità e interpretazione nell’esperienza
turistica (Authenticity and interpretation in the tourist experience) (Milano, 2009).

C. Michael Hall is a Professor in the Department of Management, University of Canterbury,

Christchurch; Docent, Department of Geography, University of Oulu, Finland; Research
Fellow, Freiburg Institute of Advanced Studies; and a Visiting Professor at Linneaus
University, Kalmar, Sweden and the University of Eastern Finland, Savonlinna. He is co-editor
of Current Issues in Tourism, and he has published widely in tourism, environmental history,
and gastronomy.

Kevin Hannam is Associate Dean of Research, Head of the Department of Tourism, Hospitality
and Events, Professor of Tourism Development and Director of the Centre for Research
into the Experience Economy (CREE) at the University of Sunderland, UK, and a visiting
Senior Research Fellow at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa. He is a founding
co-editor of the Routledge journal Mobilities, co-author of Understanding Tourism (Sage) and
monograph Tourism and India (Routledge). He is co-chair of the ATLAS Independent Travel
Research Group and chair of the World Leisure Commission on Tourism and the
Environment. He has published research on aspects of cultural, heritage and nature-based
tourism development in India and Scandinavia. He holds a PhD in geography from the
University of Portsmouth.

Joan C. Henderson is an Associate Professor at Nanyang Technological University’s Business

School in Singapore and teaches on the Tourism and Hospitality Management programme.
Her research interests encompass different aspects of tourism development in South East
Asia, including issues of heritage and culture.

xvi
 Contributors

Michael Hitchcock is Dean of the Faculty of Hospitality and Tourism Management at the
Macau University of Science and Technology. Formerly he was Academic Director of IMI
Switzerland and a Deputy Dean for External Relations and Research at the University of
Chichester. He was at London Metropolitan University from 1995 to 2008, where he was a
Professor and a Research Institute Director. He also taught Southeast Asian Development
Sociology at the University of Hull and was Assistant Keeper (Ethnography) at the Horniman
Museum, London. Michael Hitchcock took his doctorate (DPhil) in 1983 at the University
of Oxford, and has written and edited 14 books, as well as 40 refereed journal papers and
numerous other published outputs.

Keith Hollinshead is a cross-disciplinary/post-disciplinary (sometimes pungently adisciplinary!)

researcher of the representation of culture, heritage and nature. Largely ‘Australian’ by field
experience, he draws on cultural studies/political science/human communications in
investigating the iconology of peoples and places. Having a particular interest in primal
populations, he frequently probes clashes of cosmology between dominant global practices
and longstanding indigenous worldviews. Professor of Public Culture (University of
Bedfordshire, England), his current research agendas feature matters of ‘Worldmaking’,
‘Transitionality’, and ‘Emergent/Hybrid Culture’ as revealed through international tourism.
He is Distinguished Professor with the International Tourism Studies Association (University
of Peking, China).

Zsuzsanna Horváth is a Lecturer in Entrepreneurship and International Business at the

Budapest Business School and about to complete her PhD studies at Pécs University, Faculty
of Economics. Her focus of research is empowerment of students in higher education by
teaching them responsible entrepreneurial skills and competencies and thus improving their
future expectations. She is the author of several articles on value co-creation in tourism and
the nature of tourism experience. She was Founding Secretary-General of the Hungarian
Council of Shopping Centres and was instrumental in establishing the industry in Hungary.

Michael Ireland is an Associate Lecturer in the School of Geography, Earth and Environmental
Science at the University of Plymouth. Before joining the university he was Programme
Leader from 1992 to 2006 on the MA in Tourism and Social Responsibility (EXON) at the
College of St Mark and St John, Plymouth. His research interests include tourism development
and the anthropology of tourism in Cornwall (UK), Scandinavia, the Baltic States and the
former republics of the Soviet Union. As part of these research interests he has undertaken
field work in the Altai Mountains of Western Siberia on nature tourism. He is a Fellow of
the Royal Anthropological Institute and member of ATLAS.

Milka Ivanova is a PhD candidate in Tourism Studies at University of Bedfordshire, England.

Her main research interests in tourism embrace matters of traditionality vis-à-vis transitionality.
Milka’s other research interests include the representations of place through tourism and
communist/socialist/totalitarian projections of heritage. Her long background in history and in
inter-cultural communications informs her current research regimes on national inheritances.
She is currently working with Professor Hollinshead on two Special Issues of Tourism
Analysis – one on ‘Worldmaking’ and one on ‘Foucault and Tourism Studies’.

Myriam Jansen-Verbeke, a geographer, is a member of the International Academy for the

Study of Tourism and Professor emeritus of the Geo Institute (Tourism Master Program),

xvii
Contributors

University of Leuven, Belgium. During her academic career she has undertaken research on
a wide range of topics related to tourism. Her current research interests focus on heritage,
culture and tourism. She is now involved in the World Heritage Tourism Research Network
(WHTRN) and launching international workshops and projects in this multidisciplinary
field. In January 2011 she was appointed Visiting Professor to the CAS-Chinese Academy of
Sciences – IGNRSS, in particular to introduce the debate on sustainable tourism development
in the GIAHS project, China.

Elisabeth Kastenholz is Assistant Professor at the University of Aveiro and a researcher at the
GOVCOPP Research Unit, currently coordinating the Master’s in Tourism Management
and Planning at the University of Aveiro and a research project on the integral rural tourism
experience. Holding an MBA and a PhD in Tourism Studies, her research focuses on rural
tourism, destination marketing and sustainable destination development.

James Kennell is Director of the Economic Development Resource Centre at the University
of Greenwich, where he is also Senior Lecturer in Tourism and Regeneration. He carries out
research and consultancy in the fields of local economic development, cultural regeneration,
tourism development, events management and cultural industries development. Before
joining Greenwich, James worked at the British Council and he has managed programmes
and projects in the fields of urban regeneration, housing and social care in the south-east of
England.

Anna Leask is Reader in Tourism at Edinburgh Napier University, UK. Her teaching and
research interests combine and lie principally in the areas of visitor attraction management
and managing Generation Y as visitors and workers. She has co-edited several textbooks, in
addition to publishing a range of journal articles and practitioner papers.

Willy Legrand has been lecturing in the Department of Hospitality Management at the
International University of Applied Sciences Bad Honnef, Bonn, Germany for the past
decade. Prior to this, he held numerous managerial positions in the hospitality industry in Canada
and Germany. Willy holds an MBA with a specialisation in Environmental Management. He
regularly publishes research articles in leading journals and has published a textbook on the
principles of sustainable development and management in the hospitality industry – he is
currently working on a second edition. He recently took the lead in the academic support of
the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) pilot testing of the Hotel
Energy Solutions (HES) eToolkit with the City of Bonn, Germany.

Philip Long, Associate Dean, Head of Tourism, Bournemouth University. Phil Long’s research
interests include: festivals, cultural events and their tourism dimensions; connections between
international film, television and tourism; diaspora communities, social exclusion and tourism;
partnerships and collaboration in tourism development and the relationships between royalty
and tourism. Phil is a board member of the Tourism Society (UK), and the International
Festivals and Events Association (Europe). He is a Fellow of the Tourism Management
Institute. Before embarking on an academic career, Phil worked for 12 years in the tourism
industry in the UK and Zimbabwe.

Donald Macleod is a Senior Lecturer at the University of Glasgow. He has a DPhil in Social
Anthropology (University of Oxford) and has researched in the Caribbean, the Canary

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 Contributors

Islands and Scotland. His publications include the books: Sustainable Tourism in Rural Europe:
Approaches to Development (2011, co-editor); Tourism, Power and Culture: Anthropological Insights
(2010, co-editor); Tourism, Globalisation and Cultural Change (2004); Niche Tourism in Question
(2003, editor); Tourists and Tourism (1997, co-editor). His research interests include: the
anthropology of tourism; sustainable tourism development; globalisation; and cultural
change, power, cultural heritage and identity.

Nicola MacLeod is Principal Lecturer in Tourism in the Business School of the University of
Greenwich, London, where she contributes to undergraduate and postgraduate tourism
programmes. Her current research interests are cultural landscapes of tourism with specific
emphasis on self-guided trails.

Kevin Meethan is Associate Professor in Sociology in the School of Social Science and Social
Work at Plymouth University. His research interests are broad and interdisciplinary,
encompassing tourism, socio-cultural change, and global–local relations, tourism policy,
embodiment and performance in tourism and visual research methods. He is an active
member of the International Sociological Association and is Vice-President (Publications) of
ISA Research Committee 50, International Tourism, and Founding Editor of the Journal of
Tourism Consumption and Practice (www.tourismconsumption.org).

Marta Meleddu, is a Research Fellow at the Economics Department (DiSEA), University of

Sassari and CRENoS, Italy. She holds a Master’s degree in Economics and Econometrics
from the Univerity of Bristol, UK, and a PhD from the University of Sassari. Her research
interests include cultural economics, tourism economics, environmental economics, economics
of crime, and consumer choice.

Marjan Melkert, MA, is a researcher and consultant at the Centre for Cultural Tourism
Research and teacher at the Academy of Fine Arts and Design at Zuyd University. She has
been a member of the ATLAS Special Interest Group Cultural Tourism since 2004.

Petr Merta is a graduate in Economics and Management at the Faculty of Civil Engineering at
Brno University of Technology. Currently studying a postgraduate academic programme
at the same faculty, working on the topic ‘Quantification of values of historic buildings’, and
co-operating with the Art and Theatre Institute in Prague on an expert study and research
project.

Qingwen Min, Director of the Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources
Research (IGSNRR), CAS, Project Coordinator GIAHS – China.

Nigel D. Morpeth is an academic and artist based in the Carnegie Faculty of Education and
Sport, at Leeds Metropolitan University. He is engaged with teaching and research in diverse
inter-disciplinary academic groups in Cultural Studies, the Creative Industries, Sport and
Tourism. He has published internationally on a wide range of research interests including
special interest tourism, sustainable tourism policy, communities and cultural events and festivals.
He previously worked for three UK local authorities in the north of England in the field of
community-based leisure, events and festival organisation. He combines his role as an academic
with artistic work and has previously exhibited in a variety of cultural contexts throughout
the UK.

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Contributors

Wil Munsters is Director of the Centre for Cultural Tourism Research and Professor of Cul-
tural Tourism at Zuyd University (the Netherlands). He is the author of cultural tourism
studies on the Netherlands, Belgium and research methodology. As a member of ATLAS he
has been engaged in the international Cultural Tourism Research Project since 1994.

Can-Seng Ooi is an Associate Professor at Copenhagen Business School. He is also Director of

the Centre for Leisure and Culture Services there, and Editor of the journal Asia Matters:
Business, Culture and Theory. His research interests include comparative cultural tourism,
destination branding and art worlds. Can-Seng has contributed to various tourism studies
debates, including in defining the ‘versatile tourist’, explaining why the accreditation
branding strategy makes destinations alike, and showing how personal tourist experiences can
be mass produced. He has published extensively, including in Annals of Tourism Research,
Tourism, and Place Branding and Public Diplomacy.

Xerardo Pereiro is a social anthropologist who works in the University of Trás-os-Montes

and Alto Douro (Portugal) as assistant teacher in Anthropology and Cultural Tourism. He is
a researcher in CETRAD (Centre for Transdisciplinary Development Studies).

David Picard is an anthropologist working at the Centre for Research in Anthropology at

New University of Lisbon, Portugal (CRIA-FCSH/UNL). He holds a PhD in anthropology
from the University of La Reunion, Indian Ocean (2001). He has co-edited Festivals, Tour-
ism and Social Change (Channel View Publications, 2006); The Framed World: Tourism, Tourists
and Photography (Ashgate, 2009); and Emotion in Motion: Tourism, Affect and Transformation
(Ashgate, 2012). His first single-authored book, Tourism, Magic and Modernity: Cultivating the
Human Garden was published by Berghahn in 2011.

Yvonne Pröbstle, MA, studied European History and Cultural Management. She is a research
assistant at the Institute of Cultural Management in Ludwigsburg. Her research areas include
culture tourism, audience development and volunteering. She is currently writing her PhD
thesis on the motives and behaviour of culture tourists in Germany. She has written several
articles about marketing in cultural tourism and has done feasibility studies for different cul-
tural institutions and destinations. Besides her research activities she works in the field of
non-profit marketing and does freelance work.

László Puczkó graduated in 1993 as an economist specialising in tourism at Budapest

University of Economics. Then, led by his interest in culture and the arts, he completed a dance
teaching course at the Hungarian Institute of Culture and Arts (1995), and also graduated
from the Art and Design Management department of the Hungarian University of Applied
Arts (1996). He successfully completed his PhD studies in 2000. He became a Certified
Management Consultant (CMC) in 2003. He is the (co-)author of numerous specialised
books, including Health and Wellness Tourism, Impacts of Tourism (in English); From Attractions
to Experiences, Tourism in Historic Cities (in Hungarian), and articles in professional journals.
He has been active in experience mapping, cultural interpretation and heritage management.

Manuela Pulina is a Lecturer in the Economics Department (DiSEA), University of Sassari and
CRENoS, Italy. She holds a PhD from the University of Southampton, UK. Her main
research interests include tourism economics, crime economics, growth and consumer
behaviour.

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 Contributors

Alan Quaglieri-Domínguez, born in Locarno, Switzerland, is a PhD candidate in Tourism at

the Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain. He has a Master’s degree in Tourism
Management and Planning (2009) from the same university and a previous degree in
Economics (2004) from the Università Bocconi, Milan, Italy. He collaborated on several
projects in the fields of tourism studies and cultural management both at academic level and
for private institutions. His research interest is currently focused on urban tourism, urban
populations and mobility, urban and cultural planning.

Tereza Raabová is an expert in economy of culture, economic impacts of culture and tourism.
She is the founder of the ‘Economic Impact’ agency, specialising in the elaboration of studies
of economic impacts. Tereza is a lecturer at the University of Economics in Prague and she
collaborates with the Arts and Theatre Institute in Prague on a number of research projects.

Yvette Reisinger is an Adjunct Professor of Business at James Cook University, Singapore.

She received her PhD in Tourism Marketing at Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.
Her major research interests are in the area of cultural influences on tourist behaviour and
destination marketing. She has a special interest in cross-cultural and behavioural analytical/
quantitative studies. She is the author of three books and 140 papers on cross-cultural
behaviour in international tourism. She received research awards for her work on cultural
differences among Asian tourist markets. She has a wide spectrum of professional and personal
experiences spanning across the four continents of Australia, Europe, North America and Asia.

Bulcsú Remenyik is an Associate Professor of Tourism at Károly Róbert College in Gyöngyös,

Hungary. He has a long-standing research interest in tourism and regional development, and
a lengthy publishing record. He was responsible for the administration of more than 20
regional and local projects and initiatives involving development of tourism destinations
along the Hungarian–Croatian border and is currently involved with visitor-based economic
development projects in the southern Danubian area of Hungary. He is fluent in German,
Russian and English. Mr Remenyik holds a BA in History, Geography and Tourism, and a
PhD in Geography, both from the University of Pécs.

Greg Richards is Professor in Leisure Studies at Tilburg University and Professor in Events at
NHTV Breda University of Applied Sciences in the Netherlands. He has written numerous
books and articles on cultural and creative tourism, and directs the ATLAS Cultural Tourism
Project.

Mike Robinson holds the Chair of Cultural Heritage at the University of Birmingham, UK.
He is director of the Ironbridge International Institute for Cultural Heritage, founder of the
Centre for Tourism and Cultural Change and Editor of the Journal of Tourism and Cultural
Change.

Sujama Roy studied for her MSc and PhD degrees in tourism at the University of Sunderland.
Her PhD degree was entitled A Cultural Politics of Mobilities: An Analysis of the Darjeeling
Himalayan Railway.

Antonio Paolo Russo is Assistant Professor in the Department of Geography, Universitat

Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, and Research Director of the Science and Technology Park of
Tourism and Leisure. Previous appointments were with the Erasmus University Rotterdam

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Contributors

(where he received his PhD in Economics in 2002), the Universitat Autònoma, Barcelona,
and IULM University, Milan. He is author of various publications in academic journals and
books. His research interests range from tourism studies to cultural and urban economics and
planning. He has been involved as a staff member of university departments and as an
independent expert adviser in various research projects on these topics, both in specific local
issues and in European Union research networks and other international programmes.

Jarkko Saarinen is Professor of Human Geography, Tourism Studies, at the University of

Oulu, and Senior Research Fellow at the School of Tourism and Hospitality, University
of Johannesburg. His research interests include: tourism development and its management,
impacts and sustainability; tourism and climate change; community-based natural resource
management and tourism; and the construction of the ideas of nature and local culture in
tourism. He is currently Chair of the International Geographical Union’s (IGU) Commission
on Tourism, Leisure and Global Change, and Associate Editor of the Journal of Ecotourism.

Noel B. Salazar received his PhD in anthropology from the University of Pennsylvania and is
currently Assistant Professor and Senior Researcher of the Research Foundation Flanders at
the University of Leuven, Belgium. In addition, he is on the United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization’s (UNESCO’s) and the United Nations World Tourism
Organization’s (UNWTO’s) official roster of consultants and an expert panel member of the
National Geographic Society’s Centre for Sustainable Destinations. His research interests
include mobility and travel, the local–global nexus, imaginaries of Otherness, heritage, and
cosmopolitanism. He has published widely about these topics and is the author of Envisioning
Eden: Mobilizing Imaginaries in Tourism and Beyond (Berghahn, 2010).

Marcelino Sánchez Rivero is Lecturer in the Department of Economics at the University of

Extremadura, Spain. His research interests include statistical analysis of contingency tables,
latent structure models, analysis of tourist behaviour, sustainability, and competitiveness.
Marcelino has published articles in international journals such as Tourism Economics, Interna-
tional Journal of Tourism Research or Journal of Travel Research. Also he publishes book chapters,
conference papers, etc. Currently, he is General Secretary of the Spanish Association of
Scientific Experts in Tourism (AECIT).

Tony Seaton is MacAnally Professor of Travel History and Tourism Behaviour at the University
of Limerick. He has an Oxford MA in English Literature, a first class degree in the Social
Sciences, an MA in Theology (Lampeter), and a PhD in Tourism Studies from Strathclyde.
For 25 years he has researched and consulted on destination marketing and cultural tourism
for governments, national tourist offices, academic institutions and libraries in 65 different
countries. His best-known work has been on Thanatourism and book town tourism, which
led to the setting up of Scotland’s book town, Wigtown, and England’s book town,
Sedbergh.

Tom Selwyn is Director of Studies in Anthropology of Travel, Tourism, Hospitality, and

Pilgrimage at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London,
where he established a Master’s degree in the field in 2011. He became Series Editor (with
Dr Parvathi Raman) of Berghahn Books’ Mobile Worlds: Studies in Migration, Travel, and
Tourism in 2012. He is Honorary Librarian of the Royal Anthropological Institute and was
recipient of the RAI’s Lucy Mair medal in 2009. His geographical research interests include

xxii
 Contributors

the Mediterranean, and Palestine/Israel. Recent publications include the co-edited volumes
Thinking Through Tourism (Berg, 2010) and Contested Mediterranean Spaces (Berghahn, 2011).

Stephen Shaw is Reader in Regeneration and City Management, Cities Institute, London
Metropolitan University. His current work focuses on the development of more effective
approaches to community engagement in tourism-led regeneration. He chairs the Cultural
Tourism Committee of ICOMOS UK (UNESCO World Heritage).

Claudia Simons-Kaufmann is Professor at the International University of Applied Sciences in

Bad Honnef, Germany. She lectures in Economics and Accounting. From 1998 until 2001
she lectured and did research at the Universidade Católica de Moçambique, in Beira, Africa.
Since then she has been doing short-term consultancies and seminars for different development
organizations in Mozambique and Ghana in the areas of private-sector promotion, donor
co-ordination and social market economy. She was working as a project manager for a pri-
vate company in Mozambique, developing and structuring new business ideas. Her research
interests lie in the area of sustainability, developing countries and models of economic
systems.

Heather Skinner is a Principal Lecturer in Marketing at the University of Glamorgan’s Business

School. Her main research interest is the representation of national identity through nation
brands, and in particular the role that the cultural output of a nation can play in economic
regeneration.

Philip Sloan, Head of Hospitality, International University of Applied Sciences Bad Honnef,
Bonn, is one of the founding members of the lecturing team that started the Department of
Hospitality Management at the IUBH in Bonn, Germany, in September 2000. Philip’s
earlier career was in the management of London hotels before creating his own small chain
of organic restaurants in England and then in Strasbourg, France, where he is now based. He
holds a Master’s degree in Environmental Management, an MBA and has a long list of peer-
reviewed scientific journal articles to his credit, and books. In addition to teaching sustainable
hospitality management studies, he is a passionate environmental entrepreneur and is
currently working on various sustainable food projects in addition to running a small organic
vineyard on the university campus.

Melanie Smith is an Associate Professor and Researcher in Tourism at the Budapest Business
School in Hungary. She was Director of BA Tourism and MA Cultural Tourism Management
Programmes for several years at the University of Greenwich in London, where she under-
took extensive curriculum development in cultural tourism. During this time she completed
a PhD on the role of culture in urban regeneration, and was involved in research and
consultancy work with local authorities and agencies on cultural and creative industries, as
well as community involvement in culture-led regeneration. She is author or editor of
several books about cultural tourism, including Issues in Cultural Tourism Studies (2003,
2009); Cultural Tourism in a Changing World: Politics, Participation and (Re)presentation
(2006) with Mike Robinson; and Tourism, Culture and Regeneration (2006). She has also
published many book chapters and journal articles on heritage tourism, urban cultural
tourism, World Heritage sites, festivals, culture-led regeneration, and cultural and
creative industries. She is currently Chair of ATLAS, which has around 300 members in
70 countries.

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Contributors

Yehong Sun, geographer, is a postdoc researcher at the Institute of Geographical Sciences and
Natural Resources Research – Chinese Academy of Sciences (IGSNRR, CAS) and Lecturer
in Tourism, Institute of Beijing Union University, China. Her research interests are agricultural
heritage systems, dynamic conservation, heritage tourism, cultural tourism and tourism
planning. She was a visiting scholar at K.U. Leuven, Belgium in 2008 and 2011, guest
lectured in the Department of Geography at K.U. Leuven, NHTV Breda, Netherlands, and
the International Studies University, China in 2011.

Anna Thompson-Carr is a Ma-ori academic whose research interests include visitor experiences,
cultural landscapes, community development and ecotourism. She has been co-owner/-operator
of two adventure tourism companies and was a director of Te Ana Whakairo Ltd (2007–11).

Alena Tichá is a University Lecturer and Associate Professor in the field of Civil Engineering
Management at the Faculty of Civil Engineering at the Brno University of Technology. She
deals with the economics of the project lifecycle and specializes in costs and prices. She is an
author of many specialised texts, and researcher/co-researcher of many research projects.

Karel Werdler is the head of External Relations of Tourism and Leisure Management Studies
at Inholland University of Applied Sciences in Amsterdam. He is also a guest lecturer at
CETT Barcelona and London South Bank University, where he is currently involved in his
PhD focusing on the relationship between dark tourism objects and venues and the possible
proposition of these in selected European destinations. His other research area is sub-Saharan
Africa and as a board member of ATLAS Africa he has published several articles on tourism in
this continent. For several years he has also been directing a project aimed at the organisational
strengthening and academic capacity development of the Rwanda Tourism University
College in Kigali.

Gernot Wolfram studied German Philology, Rhetoric and Communication Sciences in

Tübingen and Berlin. He has lived in Berlin since 1997 and teaches as Professor of Arts
Management at the MHMK University of Berlin and as Professor of Cultural Studies at the
FH Kufstein (Tyrol). He has produced numerous publications within the fields of Inter-
cultural Exchange, International Arts Management and Discourses of Otherness. Since 2010
he has belonged, as an expert for Cultural Projects, to Team Europe of the European
Commission in Germany.

Simon Woodward is Senior Research Fellow at Leeds Metropolitan University in the UK,
where he teaches and researches on a range of issues around communities, culture and
heritage. He has a particular interest in the ways in which values associated with heritage
change over time, across and within stakeholder groups, and is currently working on a project
investigating these issues within the context of Durham World Heritage site. He sits on the
ICOMOS-UK and ICOMOS International Cultural Tourism Committees and on the Dean’s
Committee at Durham Cathedral, and is a former Advisory Board Member of the International
Ecotourism Society.

xxiv
 Preface

I first ‘discovered’ cultural tourism around 15 years ago when I decided to focus on this subject
for my Master’s degree thesis at the University of Surrey. Of course, I then realised that I had
been an avid cultural tourist for most of my life, having a specific interest in visual and performing
arts, festivals, heritage sites and museums, not to mention being fascinated by the lives of local
people in tourism destinations. However, 15 years ago cultural tourism was still something of a
niche subject in tourism studies. It was hard to find academic literature or research. Of course,
by digging deeper it was possible to find all kinds of literature relating to the impacts of tourism
on the cultures of local communities (e.g. the research of anthropologists like Smith, Nash and
Graburn from the 1970s). Many researchers had also started to consider issues relating to heri-
tage interpretation from the 1970s (e.g. Tilden); however, the term ‘heritage tourism’ was not
really coined until much later. It was around the mid to late 1990s when the literature relating
to arts, heritage and cultural tourism started to flourish. I remember towards the end of my
Master’s thesis in 1996 discovering the work of Greg Richards on cultural tourism and feeling
incredibly excited that someone had already paved the way for this new field of enquiry.
My first academic job was at the University of Greenwich, where I was asked to help
establish a Master’s course in cultural tourism management. Thanks to the progressive ideas of
my then Head of Department Sue Millar, we managed to validate and run this degree fairly
successfully for many years. Greg Richards very kindly validated it (the world of cultural tour-
ism was incredibly small at that time!). My first academic conference (Association for Tourism
and Leisure Education – ATLAS) in 1998 was focused on cultural tourism and it was again
initiated by Greg, who was the founder and then chair of ATLAS. It was an extremely well-
attended conference and it seemed that the whole world was suddenly discovering and
researching cultural tourism. A couple of years later it emerged that there was enough material
to write a whole book on the subject and this was very much needed for our MA cultural
tourism students. So this is what I did and my first book, Issues in Cultural Tourism Studies, was
published in 2003.
I found that there is something quite self-indulgent about writing books on subjects that you
love and are passionate about! It is a way of exploring and trying out new ideas and making
these accessible to as wide a readership as possible. However, the first edition of Issues in Cultural
Tourism Studies was a bit over-theorized as I tried to compensate for the lack of theory in the
field and drew on numerous disciplines to support my ideas. Multi- or inter-disciplinary
approaches have now become the norm in tourism studies, but at that time I felt a bit nervous
about the lack of a disciplinary ‘home’ for cultural tourism. The book somehow found its way
onto sociology shelves, which seemed as reasonable a place as any! The second edition (2009)
offered less theory and more practice. Somehow cultural tourism had gone from being a niche
product in the 1990s to something of a mass activity in the 2000s (for example, for many arts

xxv
Preface

cities, heritage sites or festivals). The second edition was much more global, with less focus on
Europe, and it was also more political. The politics of cultural tourism had by then become a
major theme, including issues of ownership, interpretation, representation, identity, etc.
Experiential approaches to tourism and the development of creative tourism had also become
more widespread. Again, Greg Richards was one of the first academics to develop research on
creative tourism.
Cultural tourism never really left my life during those years, and there were other publica-
tions in between, including work on the relationship between Tourism, Culture and Regeneration
(Smith, 2006). Also in 2006 a collaboration with Mike Robinson (another academic who was at
the forefront of cultural tourism studies) resulted in an edited book which debated many of the
major themes in cultural tourism. This was in many ways a shorter version of this Handbook, as
it included the work of many of the most esteemed and experienced researchers in the field
who similarly contributed to the themed sections here.
Over the past few years I had a lot of opportunities to work with Greg Richards, especially as
I always had close involvement with the activities of ATLAS. He kindly invited me to teach a
workshop on cultural tourism in 1998 for an ATLAS Winter University where I met (for the
first time) and taught with my now husband László Puczkó, another cultural tourism expert and
enthusiast! However, Greg and I have so far not had the chance to edit a cultural tourism
publication together, even though we wrote chapters for each other’s publications. So this work
is arguably the natural culmination of a relationship that started with my distant admiration of
Greg’s work, which inspired me to take my own research in cultural tourism further, to a
whole range of activities including conferences, workshops, degree programmes, courses and, of
course, publications. Cultural tourism is no longer new or niche, but the field is constantly
evolving and it has been a privilege to be part of the ever-widening cultural tourism ‘commu-
nity’. This publication contains the work of ‘only’ 72 authors, but we acknowledge that there
are many others and that there will be many more in the future. I want to thank Greg for
providing the opportunities and the inspiration for developing cultural tourism research to the
extent that he has, and to all the authors who contributed to this book and others for creating
one of the most interesting and diverse fields of tourism studies.

Melanie Smith
Budapest Business School, Hungary
April 2012

Cultural travel and travelling cultures have always been an important part of society. Writing
this preface in the Pousada at Mong Ha in Macau, now home to the Institute for Tourism
Studies (IFT), but formerly the home of the African soldiers protecting the last vestiges of
Portuguese colonialism in Asia, the breadth and significance of cultural tourism is all too
apparent. If Macau has done a reasonably good job of preserving its physical cultural heritage in
the face of overwhelming casino development, the question of what will happen in future as
Chinese tourism expands further and the city-state is designated as an international ‘leisure and
tourism centre’ is now a pressing one. Cultural tourism here has taken on the form of a mass
market rather than a niche; a flood of tourists and buses that chokes the city centre every day.
What will happen when visa restrictions for outbound Chinese tourism are lifted still further and

xxvi
 Preface

the eager tourism marketeers in other parts of the world are able to welcome a new wave of
tourists with a very different view of the ‘traditional’ cultures they are visiting? Such developments
are likely to mean that the face of cultural tourism and the way it is researched will change just
as much in the coming years as it has in the previous two or three decades.
What is unlikely to change, however, is the importance of having a context for research. In a
seminar with IFT staff we reflected on the main issues in undertaking research, one of the main
ones being collaboration. This has been a major part of my own research career, not only
through the ATLAS network, but also with a number of key research partners without whom
most of my publications would not have seen the light of day. These include Carlos Fernandes, Ilie
Rotariu and Wil Munsters, all of whom have made major contributions to the ATLAS Cultural
Tourism Research Programme and have helped to enrich my own insights into the relationship
between culture and tourism. This book is also a product of my collaboration over many years
with Melanie Smith, which has developed through a series of professional and personal
encounters that have enriched my own intellectual thinking and my general outlook on life. I
would like to thank Melanie for her hard work and perserverence in producing this volume,
which has been a mammoth task in view of the vast scope of contributions it contains. I would
also like to thank Diane, Benjamin and Eva for providing the inspiration for me to keep
working on projects such as this and for reminding me that leisure is also a vital part of life.

Greg Richards
Pousada Mong Ha, Macau
April 2012

xxvii
 Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Routledge for commissioning this Handbook, and Emma Travis, our
Editor, for her support and encouragement throughout the writing and editing. Thank you also
to Carol Barber for her patience and excellent work on production.
Thank you to all of our authors for meeting their deadlines and for providing us with such
rich material for this publication.
Any URLs given were correct at the time of writing and we cannot unfortunately take
responsibility for changes or the subsequent disappearance of web addresses.

xxviii
 Introduction

Cultural tourism is widely seen as being one of the most important segments of global tourism
(OECD 2009). This is hardly surprising, given the ubiquity of both tourism and culture these
days. In fact, we may well have come full circle, approaching once again the position in which
we could legitimately ask if ‘all tourism is cultural’ (UNWTO 1993), since travel inevitably
involves contact with other cultures and the acquisition of knowledge. As Smith (2003) has
shown, cultural tourism these days covers a vast range of activities and types of cultural experiences.
However, the reality is that there are still plenty of people who travel without overtly
cultural intentions or motivations. It is against this background that ‘cultural tourism’ has
crystallized as a concept related to those who travel in search of culture, in its most general
sense. Cultural tourism is the target of a large number of policies and marketing campaigns,
launched by destinations eager to attract these allegedly high-spending guests. The idea that
cultural tourists benefit the places they visit not only economically but because they are more
culturally sensitive and aware is implicit in the positioning of cultural tourism as ‘good tourism’
against more seemingly frivolous or less lucrative forms of travel.
Even though cultural tourism has become desirable, until recently relatively little was known
about the cultural tourist, about why they travel, what they experience, how much they spend, and
even if they consider themselves to be ‘cultural tourists’. Research has indicated that cultural tourism
is often a concept more widely present in the minds of policy makers and academics, rather than
in the minds of those who visit cultural attractions or attend cultural events (Richards 2001).
The Handbook of Cultural Tourism is an attempt to draw together a broad range of perspectives
on the consumption, production and reproduction of culture by and for tourists. This intro-
ductory chapter tries to draw together some of the important themes in cultural tourism, con-
centrating particularly on past and present developments. The concluding chapter in the volume
looks towards the future, drawing together major themes identified in the 50 contributions to
the present volume and identifying potential areas for research.

Drawing on the past

As a number of contributions to this volume emphasise, modern cultural tourism has its roots in
the origins of contemporary tourism itself, the Grand Tour. In eighteenth- and nineteenth-century

1
Introduction

Europe a tour of the ‘highlights’ of European culture was considered de rigueur for young
aristocrats wishing to complete their classical education. The trails blazed at that time, running
through France, Italy, Germany, Switzerland and the Netherlands, and still leave an indelible
mark on the face of European tourism (Towner 1985). This elite celebration of ‘high’ culture is
still mirrored by the droves of tourists visiting cities such as Rome, Florence or Venice. Even
though the Grand Tour itself was gradually democratized by the arrival of the railways and the
endeavours of Thomas Cook and his competitors, cultural tourism during the nineteenth and
early twentieth centuries retained an upper-class flavour. Even though more and more people
were able to enjoy culture on holiday, it was generally the same ‘high’ culture enjoyed by
Ruskin and other luminaries (Bruce, this volume).
One of the mechanisms that reinforced this tendency towards elitism was the institution of
the museum. The advent of museums in Europe during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries
was the most physical manifestation of the bourgeois idea of the universality of culture. Museums
were organized to demonstrate the progress of human artistic and industrial achievement, the
pinnacle of which was represented by the products of Modernity (Richards 1996: 6).
Daniel Boorstin in his classic work The Image (1964) also traced the development of the first
‘tourist attractions’ to the mid-nineteenth century, which was also the period in which nations
began showing off their material progress through the World Exhibitions. Such attractions
consolidated the market for cultural tourism, strengthened in the first half of the twentieth
century though the advent of motorized road travel and growth in domestic tourism.
Cultural tourism was also stimulated by the nation-building activities of many countries in
the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, as Cadavez (this volume) explains in detail in the
case of Portugal. The ability to direct tourists to sites of particular national cultural significance
and the opportunity to construct a positive image of the country and its rulers made cultural
tourism a popular political tool. This tendency continued with the birth of mass package tourism
in Europe after the Second World War, as Franco’s Spain developed the first mass tourism resorts
as an economic and political support for his regime.
What brought almost all of these early developments in cultural tourism together was their
heavy reliance on the past as a source of cultural experiences. The past was conveniently
removed from the present; it was quite literally the ‘foreign country’ (Lowenthal 1985) that
tourists sought. This was particularly true in Europe, which had a lot of ‘past’ to sell to tourists.
Not only does Europe still dominate the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage list, but it could boast a wide range of ‘cultural tourism’
sites of international, national and local significance, as the European Union Inventory of Cultural
Tourism Resources (1988, quoted in Richards 1996) was designed to show. The weight of the
past is still a problem in major tourist centres in Europe, most notably in Italy. Not only did this
heritage have to be conserved, but with the growth of tourism it also needed to be made
accessible.
The solution to this problem was to ‘turn history into heritage’, as Hewison (1987) put it.
Heritage was, he argued, commodified history, sanitized and packaged for tourist consumption.
This meant that culture, rather than being a burden, became a new source of income for cities and
regions across the world. That income could help to pay for the upkeep of the very monuments
visited by tourists. In fact, in the case of the Sagrada Familia cathedral in Barcelona, this system
has worked so well that the money generated by tourism has speeded up the construction work
to the extent that Gaudi’s unfinished masterpiece will actually be finished in 2026, decades
earlier than previously anticipated.
Tourist spending not only helped to conserve culture, but also injected income into the
wider economy. The vast majority of cultural tourism spending goes to hotels, restaurants and

2
 Introduction

transport companies, much to the annoyance of cultural institutions, which see relatively little
of the money (Föhl and Pröbstle, this volume). However, this wider multiplier effect of cultural
tourism is of great interest to policy makers eager to boost employment (see Brida et al., this
volume). A number of studies began to appear in the 1980s and 1990s that underlined the
importance of cultural tourism to the economy (e.g. Myerscough 1988).
This connection was also made in the field of events, as major cultural and sporting events
were identified as potential catalysts for urban and regional development. In particular the
European Capital of Culture became a highly desirable prize for cities keen to boost their
economies and polish their image, particularly after the success of Glasgow in hosting the event
in 1990. In subsequent years not only did this event become more sought after by European
cities, but it also generated copy-cat Capitals in the Americas and Asia, as well as a raft of
national Cultural Capital events (e.g. in Russia, Canada and Catalunya).

Fragmenting the present

The positioning of cultural tourism as a ‘good’ form of tourism which could deliver significant
economic benefits partly explains its emergence as the ‘fastest growing’ and possibly largest
segment of global tourism. Perhaps more significant in recent years, though, has been the
postmodern popularization of culture, which effectively led to the culturization of everyday life.
With the disintegration of modern structures of taste, education, gender and class since the
1970s, so the automatic coupling of cultural tourism and ‘high’ culture has also faded.
Today’s cultural tourist is just as likely to be in search of ‘popular’, ‘everyday’, ‘low’ or ‘street’
culture as they are likely to visit a stuffy museum. Peterson (1992) identified a trend towards
‘omnivorous’ forms of cultural consumption that combine both ‘high’ and ‘popular’ or ‘mass’
culture. These postmodern cultural mixers not only consume different forms of culture,
but they also consume lots more of it. In fact, Sullivan and Katz-Gerro (2007) refer to the
‘voracious’ cultural omnivore. These omnivorous patterns are also found in cultural tourism, as
the Association for Tourism and Leisure Education (ATLAS) research project has illustrated
(www.tram-research.com/atlas). Cultural tourists who consume a mix of high and popular
culture during their leisure time are also more likely to consume different forms of culture on
holiday. Rather than seeing holidays as a time of rest, many cultural tourists in fact use them as
an extension of their working or professional lives, with museum employees often taking a
‘busman’s holiday’ sniffing around in other museums (Richards 2007).
The de-differentiation of cultural forms has allowed a massive expansion to take place in the
scope of cultural tourism. Rather than being restricted to classic museums and monuments, cultural
tourism has seeped into every pore and orifice of contemporary society. As Cohen (this volume)
shows, this includes using our own bodies as an arena for cultural tourism experience and display,
and Werdler (this volume) shows that even death is not immune to cultural tourismification.
As the museum has lost its dominant role as a factory of meaning in postmodern society, so
cultural tourists have gone in search of meaning elsewhere. The predominant direction of
expansion has been into ‘everyday life’ (Richards 2011). The authenticity now sought by cultural
tourists can quite literally be found on the street, as the graffiti-based cultural tourism attractions
of cities such as Bristol attest. The search for everyday life takes cultural tourists into previously
unexplored areas, as Russo and Quaglieri-Domínguez (this volume) illustrate in the case of
Barcelona.
Culture is increasingly consumed not for its own sake, or as a normative expression of taste,
but as a form of relational aesthetics (Bourriaud 2002). The art inside the museum is no longer
quite as important as the ‘starchitect’-designed building in which it is housed. The important

3
Introduction

thing is being there, preferably in the presence of like-minded or like-wired individuals who
can confirm that this is ‘the place to be’. As culture is now a relational good shared by the many
rather than the elite few, value is found in with whom it is shared, when and where. This is an
important explanation for the rise of the ‘eventful city’ (Richards and Palmer 2010), which acts as a
relational and creative space for contemporary nomads, mobile consumers and residents alike.
In this context the growth of cultural tourism can be seen as a combination of a growing
supply of cultural attractions (the symbolic economy), a growing desire for cultural experience
(e.g. the cultural omnivore) and a growing culturalization of everyday life (new tourist areas)
(Pappalepore et al. 2010).
Not only has the volume of cultural tourism increased, but its form has undergone significant
change in recent decades. One of the most noticeable trends has been a fragmentation of the
cultural tourism market as a whole. Niche products such as gastronomic tourism, architectural
tourism, music tourism, film tourism, etc., have appeared as cultural tourism has grown. In fact,
one might ask, as several authors in the current volume do, if ‘cultural tourism’ as such still
exists. Cultural tourism, in hindsight, seems to have disappeared at about the same time as it
appeared. What has emerged in its place is a rich landscape of interlinking perspectives on the
dynamic and fascinating relationship between culture and tourism. As in most fields of scientific
endeavour, the most fertile areas for intellectual discovery often exist at such intersections.

The background to the current volume

When we were asked to produce a Handbook of Cultural Tourism it felt as if the subject had
somehow ‘made it’ to the summit of tourism studies! The field of cultural tourism has grown
exponentially over the past few years to the point where it is now so diverse and complex that
even the smallest sub-sectors are worthy of their own publications.Thus we see numerous
works and research emerging on heritage, arts, festivals, gastronomic, religious, film, literary and
creative tourism, to mention but a few. It is therefore difficult to do justice to the whole of this
field in one publication, even if it is double the length of a standard book. The aim was thus
not to be comprehensive or exhaustive, but to illustrate some of the main issues that seem to be
pertinent or currently ‘cutting edge’ in cultural tourism studies.
A Handbook is different from an encyclopaedia in the sense that it does not aim to include
every term or concept that has ever existed in a subject. There are many themes that have not
necessarily been covered in this Handbook. However, the aim is that the approaches that are
used by authors (e.g. to management, interpretation) could be applied to any field of cultural
tourism. It was also not the aim to produce a ‘Who’s Who’ of cultural tourism that includes
every author who has ever written about the subject. Unfortunately, there were many excellent
researchers and authors who were unable to contribute because of professional or personal
constraints. Nevertheless, it is hoped that the ideas of any absent authors are present in many of
the chapters included here.
The justification for the structure of the book is partly influenced by past Handbooks in this
series, which tend to have a somewhat standardised framework (i.e. themed sections), but also
because the proposal reviewers advocated a thematic rather than a disciplinary approach. It has
reached the stage in cultural tourism studies where it is indeed inadvisable and perhaps impos-
sible to commission uni-disciplinary research. An exception may be the field of anthropology,
where quite focused use of theory and research methods still prevails (see, for example, Macleod
and Carrier 2010). However, in other areas of research, multi- or trans-disciplinary approaches
are more widespread and in many cases add extreme depth and richness to the work. The
authors’ chapters were partly commissioned in response to key themes identified by the editors,

4
 Introduction

but the work of the authors also influenced the final struture and thematic sections of the book.
This is something like a process of ‘co-creation’, a major theme in this Handbook!
As with all publications, there will only be partial coverage or even omissions of some themes
that may seem to be integral to the study of cultural tourism. There is, for example, very little
on gastronomic tourism, almost nothing about religious tourism, no focus on literary or film
tourism. It was felt by the editors that it was not always necessary to commission work that has
been covered in depth elsewhere. For example, one of the authors and her co-authors produced
a publication entitled Key Concepts in Tourist Studies (Smith et al. 2010), which summarised
many aspects of cultural tourism including arts tourism, dark tourism, festivals and events, film
and TV tourism, gastronomic tourism, heritage tourism, indigenous tourism, literary tourism,
and spiritual and religious tourism. More significantly, there are often whole books devoted to
these themes, such as Lennon and Foley (2000) on dark tourism; Timothy and Boyd (2003) on
heritage tourism; Hall et al. (2003) on food tourism; Robinson and Andersen (2004) on literary
tourism; Beeton (2005) on film tourism; Leask and Fyall (2006) on World Heritage sites;
Timothy and Olsen (2006) on religious and spiritual tourism; Picard and Robinson (2006) on
festivals; and Butler and Hinch (2007) on indigenous tourism. There are also all of those books
that have focused on cultural tourism more generally, such as Richards (1996, 2007);
McKercher and du Cros (2002); Ooi (2002); Smith (2003); Smith and Robinson (2006).
Through these books it is possible to trace the evolution of cultural tourism, including its
definitions, typologies, products, activities, destinations and markets.
What this book does contain instead is an analysis of key issues, dilemmas, challenges and
recommendations, rather than discussions of definitions or typologies of tourism or sub-sectors
of cultural tourism. The authors were asked to identify subjects and themes which they had
recently researched and which they themselves considered to be unique or cutting edge. In
some cases, they built on their previous work; in others, they provided a new theme. A variety
of authors were commissioned, ranging from the ‘grand old men and women’ of cultural
tourism who had been at the forefront of the field, to fledging researchers who have recently
completed PhDs, but who had something fresh to contribute to existing, ongoing or emergent
debates. This blend of old and new, established and novice, traditional and contemporary has
helped to create quite a diverse and original publication. Case studies and examples are taken
from all over the world, and the authors themselves are from a range of countries.

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Jaworski, A. and Pritchard, A. (2005) Discourse, Communication and Tourism, Clevedon: Channel View.
Larsen, J. (2008) ‘De-exoticizing Tourist Travel: Everyday Life and Sociality on the Move’, Leisure Studies 27
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Lingis, A. (2004) Trust, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Phipps, A. (2007) Learning the Arts of Linguistic Survival: Languaging, Tourism, Life, Clevedon: Channel
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Geographies 11 (4): 505–525.
Szeszynski, B. and Urry, J. (2006) ‘Visuality, Mobility and the Cosmopolitan: Inhabiting the World from Afar’,
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Viard, J. (2001) Court Traité sur les Vacances, les Voyages et l’hospitalité des Lieux, Paris: Aube.

The (Im)Mobility of Tourism Imaginaries

Adams, K.M. (2004) ‘The Genesis of Touristic Imagery: Politics and Poetics in the Creation of a Remote
Indonesian Island Destination’, Tourist Studies 4 (2): 115–135.
Amirou, R. (1995) Imaginaire Touristique et Sociabilités du Voyage, Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
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Research Methodologies, Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Bacchilega, C. (2007) Legendary Hawai’i and the Politics of Place: Tradition, Translation, and Tourism,
Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Bissell, W.C. (2005) ‘Engaging Colonial Nostalgia’, Cultural Anthropology 20 (2): 215–248.
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Carrier, J.G. (ed.) (1995) Occidentalism: Images of the West, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Crouch, D. , Jackson, R. and Thompson, F. (eds) (2005) The Media and the Tourist Imagination: Converging
Cultures, London: Routledge.
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Tourism Since 1750, Aldershot: Scolar Press.
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Representations, London: Routledge.
Henderson, C.E. and Weisgrau, M.K. (eds) (2007) Raj Rhapsodies: Tourism, Heritage and the Seduction of
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Zed Books.
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1039–1055.
Michel, F. (2001) En Route Pour l’Asie: Le Rêve Oriental Chez les Colonisateurs, les Aventuriers et les
Touristes Occidentaux, Paris: L’Harmattan.
Morgan, N. and Pritchard, A. (1998) Tourism Promotion and Power: Creating Images, Creating Identities,
Chichester: John Wiley.
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New York: Public Affairs.
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Selwyn, T. (ed.) (1996) The Tourist Image: Myths and Myth Making in Tourism, Chichester: John Wiley.
Sheller, M. (2004) ‘Demobilizing and Remobilizing Caribbean Paradise’, in Sheller, M. and Urry, J. (eds)
Tourism Mobilities: Places to Play, Places in Play, London: Routledge, 13–21.
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Egypt, Austin: University of Texas Press.
Anderson, B.R. (1991) Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, New
York: Verso. (A classic work on the role of the imagination in identity construction.)
Brann, E.T.H. (1991) The World of the Imagination: Sum and Substance, Lanham, MD: Rowman& Littlefield.
(A magnum opus discussing theories of the imaginary across the humanities.)
Castoriadis, C. (1987) The Imaginary Institution of Society, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. (A thought-provoking
analysis of how imaginaries structure societies.)
Crapanzano, V. (2004) Imaginative Horizons: An Essay in Literary-philosophical Anthropology, Chicago, IL:
University of Chicago Press. (An in-depth exploration of the roles that creativity and imagination play in our
experience of the world.)
Durand, G. (1999) The Anthropological Structures of the Imaginary, Brisbane: Boombana Publications. (An
anthropological atlas of the human imagination.)
Salazar, N.B. (2010) Envisioning Eden: Mobilizing Imaginaries in Tourism and Beyond, Oxford: Berghahn.
(An ethnography of tourism imaginaries with empirical material from Indonesia and Tanzania.)
Skinner, J. and Theodossopoulos, D. (eds) (2011) Great Expectations: Imagination and Anticipation in
Tourism, Oxford: Berghahn. (An edited volume exploring the expectations that fuel tourism.)
Strauss, C. (2006) ‘The Imaginary’, Anthropological Theory 6 (3): 322–344. (A review of anthropological
takes on the imaginary.)
Taylor, C. (2004) Modern Social Imaginaries, Durham, NC: Duke University Press. (A philosophical treatise
on the concept of Western imaginaries.)
Reflections on Globalisation and Cultural Tourism
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Urban Forms in the Age of Tourism, London: Routledge, 1–33.
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Castells, M. (1996) The Rise of the Network Society, Oxford: Blackwell.
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2371–2386.
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Berghahn Books.
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Routledge.
Eriksen, T. (2003) ‘Creolization and Creativity’, Global Networks 3 (3): 223–237.
Gotham, K.F. (2005) ‘Tourism from Above and Below: Globalization, Localization and New Orleans’s Mardi
Gras’, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 29 (2): 309–326.
Gottdiener, M. (1997) Theming of America: Dreams, Visions, and Commercial Spaces, Boulder, CO:
Westview Press.
Gottdiener, M. (ed.) (2000) New Forms of Consumption: Consumers, Culture, and Commodification, New
York: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers.
Hannerz, U. (1992) Cultural Complexity, New York: Columbia University Press.
Hannerz, U. (1996) Transnational Connections, London: Routledge.
Hannigan, J. (1998) Fantasy City: Pleasure and Profit in the Postmodern Metropolis, New York: Routledge.
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Corporatization, Branding and Market Segmentation’, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research
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Hudson, R. (2001) Producing Places, New York: Guilford Press.
Judd, D. and Fainstein, S. (eds) (1999) The Tourist City, New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
Judd, D.R. (ed.) (2003) The Infrastructure of Play: Building the Tourist City, New York: M.E. Sharp Armonk.
Kearns, G. and Philo, C. (1993) Selling Places: The City as Cultural Capital, Past and Present, Oxford:
Pergamon Press.
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Liebes, T. and Katz, E. (1990) The Export of Meaning: Cross-cultural Readings of Dallas, New York: Oxford
University Press.
MacCannell, D. (1973) ‘Staged Authenticity: Arrangements of Social Space in Tourist Settings’, American
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MacCannell, D. (1992) Empty Meeting Grounds, New York: Routledge.
Meethan, K. (2001) Tourism in Global Society: Place, Culture, Consumption, New York: Palgrave.
Molotch, H. (2002) ‘Place in Product’, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 26 (4):
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Urban Tradition, and the Accomplishment of Place’, American Sociological Review 65 (6): 791–823.
Nevarez, L. (2002) New Money, Nice Town: How Capital Works in the New Urban Economy, New York and
London: Routledge.
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Scott, A.J. (2000) The Cultural Economy of Cities: Essays on the Geography of Image Producing Industries,
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Routledge.
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New York: Hill and Wang.

Philosophy and the Nature of the Authentic

Baudrillard, J. (1994) Simulacra and Simulation (The Body in Theory: Histories of Cultural Materialism), Ann
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Crang, M. (1996) ‘Magic Kingdom or Quixotic Quest for Authenticity’, Annals of Tourism Research 23:
415–431.
Derrida, J. (1997) Of Grammatology, trans. Spivak, G.C. , Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
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Gadamer, H.G. (1989) Truth and Method, London: Continuum.
Heidegger, M. (1962) Being and Time, Oxford: Blackwell.
Hughes, G. (1995) ‘Authenticity in Tourism’, Annals of Tourism Research 22 (4): 781–803.
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Jung, C.G. (1964) The Development of Personality (Collected Works of C.G. Jung , Vol. 17), Princeton, NJ:
Bollingen.
MacCannell, D. (1973) ‘Staged Authenticity: Arrangements of Social Space in Tourist Settings’, American
Journal of Sociology 79 (3): 589–603.
McIntosh, A. and Prentice, R. (1999) ‘Affirming Authenticity: Consuming Cultural Heritage’, Annals of
Tourism Research 26: 589–612.
Millinger, W. (1994) ‘Towards a Critical Analysis of Tourism Representations’, Annals of Tourism Research
21: 756–779.
Nietzsche, F. (1882 [1984]) The Gay Science: With a Prelude in Rhymes and an Appendix of Songs, New
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Popper, K. (1934 [2002]) The Logic of Scientific Discovery, London: Routledge.
Reisinger, Y. and Steiner, C.J. (2006) ‘Reconceptualizing Object Authenticity’, Annals of Tourism Research
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Russell, B. (1912) The Problems of Philosophy, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sartre, J.P. (1943) Being and Nothingness, trans. Barnes, H. , London: Routledge.
Sartre, J.P. (1946) Existentialism and Humanism, trans. Mairet, P. , Eyre: Methuen.
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Smith, V. (ed.) (1977) Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism, Oxford: Blackwell.
Stangroom, J. and Garvey, J. (2005) The Great Philosophers, London: Arcturus.
Steiner, C.J. and Reisinger, Y. (2006) ‘Understanding Existential Authenticity’, Annals of Tourism Research
33 (2): 299–318.
Taylor, J.P. (2001) ‘Authenticity and Sincerity in Tourism’, Annals of Tourism Research 28 (1): 7–26.
Wang, N. (1999) ‘Rethinking Authenticity in Tourism Experience’, Annals of Tourism Research 26 (2):
349–370.
Wang, Y. (2007) ‘Customised Authenticity Begins at Home’, Annals of Tourism Research 34 (3): 789–804.
Bernstein, R.J. (1983) Beyond Objectivism and Relativism: Science, Hermeneutics, and Praxis, Philadelphia:
University of Pennsylvania Press. (An interesting of debates about objectivism versus relativism occurring in
philosophy of science, literary theory, the social sciences, political science, and elsewhere.)
Russell, B. (1912) The Problems of Philosophy, Oxford: Oxford University Press. (An approachable
introduction to the theory of philosophical enquiry.)

The Multilogical Imagination

Becher, T. (1989) Academic Tribes and Territories: Intellectual Enquiry and the Cultures of Disciplines,
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Coles, T. , Hall, C.M. and Duval, D.T. (2006) ‘Tourism and Post-Disciplinary Enquiry’, Current Issues in
Tourism 6 (4–5): 293–319.
Denzin, N.Z. and Lincoln, Y.S. (eds) (2005) The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research, Vol. 3, Los
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Franklin, A. and Crang, M. (2001) ‘The Trouble with Tourism and Travel Theory?’ Tourist Studies 1 (1):
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Tourism Policy Challenges

Baker, B. (2009) ‘Consultation Builds Stronger Brands’, in Cai, L.A. , Gartner, W.C. and Munar, A.M. (eds)
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Co-Operation as a Central Element of Cultural Tourism

BMWA (1999) Handbuch Kultur & Tourismus, Wien: Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Arbeit.
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Kulturschaffenden und Touristikern’, Politik und kultur 3: 22f.
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DTV (2006) Grundlagenuntersuchung Städte-und Kulturtourismus in Deutschland (Langfassung),
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Durchführung von Veränderungsmaßnahmen und Projekten’, in Loock, F. and Scheytt, O. (eds) Handbuch
Kulturmanagement und Kulturpolitik, Berlin u.a.O. 2006ff., Kap. D 1.2.
Föhl, P.S. (2008) ‘Kooperationen im öffentlichen Kulturbereich. Mit Zusammenarbeit Synergien
ausschöpfen’, in Loock, F. and Scheytt, O. (eds) Handbuch Kulturmanagement und Kulturpolitik, Berlin
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Föhl, P.S. (2009a) ‘Potenziale von Kooperationen als Präventiv-und Anpassungsstrategie zur Gestaltung
des demografischen Wandels im Kulturbereich’, in Hausmann, A. and Körner, J. (eds) Demografischer
Wandel und Kultur. Veränderungen im Kulturangebot und der Kulturnachfrage, Wiesbaden, S. 203–227.
Föhl, P.S. (2009b) ‘Regionale Kooperationen im Kulturbereich. Begriffe und Systematisierungen’, in Föhl,
P.S. and Neisener, I. (eds) Museumsentwicklungskonzeption für die Museen im Kreis Euskirchen, Potsdam,
15–46.
Föhl, P.S. (2010a) ‘(K)ein harmonischer Dreiklang? – Kultur, Kooperation und Tourismus’, Das Orchester
(May): 19–21.
Föhl, P.S. (2011) Kooperationen und Fusionen von öffentlichen Theatern. Grundlagen, empirische
Untersuchungen, Handlungsempfehlungen, Wiesbaden.
Föhl, P.S. , Glogner-Pilz, P. , Lutz, M. and Pröbstle, Y. (eds) (2011) Nachhaltige Entwicklung in
Kulturmanagement und Kulturpolitik. Ausgewählte Grundlagen und strategische Perspektiven, Wiesbaden.
Föhl, P.S. and Huber, A. (2004) Fusionen von Kultureinrichtungen. Ursachen, Abläufe, Potenziale, Risiken
und Alternativen, Essen.
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Tourismuswirtschaft, 5. überarb. Aufl., München.
F.U.R. (2005a) Urlaubsmotive, Kiel.
F.U.R. (2005b) Urlaubsarten, Kiel.
Grabow, B. (2006) ‘Stadtmarketing und Regionalisierung – Herausforderungen der Zukunft’, in Pechlaner, H.
, Fischer, E. and Hammann, E.-M. (eds) Standortwettbewerb und Tourismus. Regionale Erfolgsstrategien,
Berlin, 27–38.
Hausmann, A. (2002) ‘Kulturtouristen als wichtiges Besuchersegment im Marketing von Kulturbetrieben’,
Tourismus Journal 1: 49–57.
ISOE (2005) Urlaubs-und Reisestile – ein Zielgruppenmodell für nachhaltige Tourismusangebote (ISOE-
Studientexte, Nr. 12), Frankfurt am Main.
Klein, A. (2007) Der exzellente Kulturbetrieb, Wiesbaden.
McKercher, B. and Du Cros, H. (2002) Cultural Tourism. The Partnership Between Tourism and Cultural
Heritage Management, New York: Haworth.
MWFK and TMB (2005) Leitfaden Kulturtourismus in Brandenburg,
www.mwfk.brandenburg.de/sixcms/media.php/4055/leitfaden_kulturtourismus.pdf (accessed 5 January 2012
).
Pröbstle, Y. (2010) ‘Kulturtouristen: Soll- und Ist-Zustand aus Perspektive der empirischen Kulturforschung’,
in Glogner, P. and Föhl, P.S. (eds) Das Kulturpublikum. Fragestellungen und Befunde der empirischen
Forschung, Wiesbaden, 239–278.
Pröbstle, Y. (2011a) ‘Kulturtourismus als Handlungsfeld im Kulturbetrieb: eine vermeintliche “Baustelle”?’ in
Klein, A. (ed.) Taten.Drang.Kultur. Kulturmanagement in Deutschland 1990–2030, Wiesbaden, 299–319.
Pröbstle, Y. (2011b) ‘Kulturtourismusmarketing’, in Klein, A. (ed.) Kompendium Kulturmarketing. Handbuch
für Studium und Praxis, München, 393–414.
Pröbstle, Y. (2011c) ‘Kultur und Tourismus. Entwicklung, Strukturen und Aufgaben einer strategischen
Partnerschaft’, in Klein, A. (ed.) Kompendium Kulturmanagement. Handbuch für Studium und Praxis, 3.,
Auflage, München, 657–677.
Scheytt, O. (2005) Kreative Allianzen bilden – Beispiele kommunaler Kulturkooperationen, Vortrag auf der
EUROFORUM-Konferenz ‘Interkommunale Kooperationen’, Berlin, 20 January, Typoskript.
Schwark, J. (1996) ‘Thementourismus – am Beispiel des Lutherjahres’, in Dreyer, A. (ed.) Kulturtourismus,
München, 137–150.
Steingrube, W. (2003) ‘Freizeit-und Tourismusdestinationen: Management – Struktur – Politik – Planung’, in
Becker, C. , Hopfinger, H. and Steinecke, A. (eds) Geographie der Freizeit und des Tourismus, Bilanz und
Ausblick, München; Wien, 441–453.
Stolpmann, M. (2007) Tourismus-Marketing mit Profil. Reiseziele positionieren – Gäste und Kunden
gewinnen, Landsberg am Lech.
Sydow, J. (1992) Strategische Netzwerke. Evolution und Organisation, Wiesbaden.
Voesgen, H. (2009) ‘Kooperation und Konkurrenz’, Föhl and Neisener: 83–102.
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Wien-Tourismus (2009) Wiener Gästebefragung 2004–9, Kurzbericht,
b2b.wien.info/de/statistik/marktforschung/gaestebefragung-2004-2009 (accessed 5 January 2012 ).
Wolber, T. (1999) ‘Die touristische Inwertsetzung des kulturellen Erbes in größeren Städten – Historic
Highlights of Germany’, in Heinze, T. (ed.) Kulturtourismus. Grundlagen, Trends und Fallstudien, München,
103–145.

Territory, Culture, Nationalism, and the Politics of Place

Arantes, A.A. (2007) ‘Diversity, Heritage and Cultural Politics’, Theory Culture and Society 24: 290–296.
Atkinson, D. , Cooke, S. and Spooner, D. (2002) ‘Tales from the Riverbank: Place Marketing and Maritime
Heritages’, International Journal of Heritage Studies 8 (1): 25–40.
Atkinson Wells, P. (1994) ‘Marketing of Tradition: A New Approach’, in Brewer, T. (ed.) The Marketing of
Tradition: Perspectives on Folklore, Tourism and the Heritage Industry, Chippenham: Antony Rowe Ltd.
Bennison, D. , Warnaby, G. and Medway, D. (2007) ‘The Role of Quarters in Large City Centres: A
Mancunian Case Study’, International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management 35: 626–638.
Biswas, S. (2002) ‘W (h)ither the Nation-state? National and State Identity in the Face of Fragmentation and
Globalization’, Global Society 16: 175–198.
Brewer, T. (ed.) (1994) The Marketing of Tradition: Perspectives on Folklore, Tourism and the Heritage
Industry, Chippenham: Antony Rowe Ltd.
Brighenti, A.M. (2010) ‘On Territorology: Towards a General Science of Territory’, Theory, Culture and
Society 27 (1): 52–72.
Carley, James P. (ed.) (2001) Glastonbury Abbey and the Arthurian Tradition, Cambridge: D.S. Brewer.
Cobban, A. (1969) The Nation State and Self-Determination, London: Fontana.
Croft, R. , Hartland, T. and Skinner, H. (2008) ‘And Did Those Feet? Getting Medieval England On-
message’, Journal of Communication Management 12 (4): 294–304.
Goulding, C. (2000) ‘The Commodification of the Past, Postmodern Pastiche, and the Search for Authentic
Experiences at Contemporary Heritage Attractions’, European Journal of Marketing 34 (7): 835–853.
Kavaratzis, M. and Ashworth, G. (2008) ‘Place Marketing: How Did We Get Here and Where Are We Going?’
Journal of Place Management and Development 1: 150–165.
Ma, B. (2010) ‘A Trip into the Controversy: A Study of Slum Tourism Travel Motivations’, 2009–2010 Penn
Humanities Forum on Connections, repository.upenn.edu/uhf_2010/12 (accessed 28 December 2011 ).
Mikunda, C. (2004) Brand Lands, Hot Spots and Cool Spaces: Welcome to the Third Place and the Total
Marketing Experience, London and Stirling: Kogan Page.
Peñaloza, L. (1998) ‘Just Doing It: A Visual Ethnographic Study of Spectacular Consumption Behavior at
Nike Town’, Consumption, Markets and Culture 2: 337–465.
Powell, E. (1968) ‘Rivers of Blood’, speech given at the Annual General Meeting, West Midlands
Conservative Political Centre.
Simmel, G. (2007) ‘The Philosophy of Landscape’, Theory Culture and Society 24: 20–29.
Skinner, H. (2008) ‘The Emergence and Development of Place Marketing’s Confused Identity’, Journal of
Marketing Management 24 (9/10): 915–928.
Skinner, H. (2011) ‘In Search of the genius loci – The Essence of a Place Brand’, Marketing Review 11 (3):
281–292.
Skinner, H. and Kubacki, K. (2007) ‘Unravelling the Complex Relationship Between Nationhood, National
and Cultural Identity, and Place Branding’, Place Branding and Public Diplomacy 3 (4): 305–316.
Wood, M. (1999) In Search of England, London: Penguin.
Ashworth, G.J. and Kavaratzis, M. (eds) (2010) Towards Effective Place Brand Management: Branding
European Cities and Regions, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. (Clarification of issues surrounding application of
place branding.)
Bechhofer, F. , McCrone, D. , Kiely, R. and Stewart, R. (1999) ‘Constructing National Identity: Arts and
Landed Elites in Scotland’, Sociology 33 (3): 515–534. (Considers identity markers and identity rules as they
relate to studies of national identity.)
Brown, S. (2001) Marketing – The Retro Revolution, London: Sage. (The rise of retro marketing.)
Fan, Y. (2010) ‘Branding the Nation: Towards a Better Understanding’, Place Branding and Public Diplomacy
6 (2): 97–103. (Emphasises the need to shift from ‘branding’ the nation to nation image management.)
Geary, P.J. (2002) The Myth of Nations: The Medieval Origins of Europe, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University
Press. (Dismantles the nationalist myths about how the nations of Europe were born.)
Lichrou, M. , O’Malley, L. and Patterson, M. (2008) ‘Place-product or Place Narrative (s)? Perspectives in the
Marketing of Tourism Destinations’, Journal of Strategic Marketing 16: 27–39. (Examines the role of culture
and symbolic meanings in the construction and experience of place and the contested ‘realities’ involved in
the making of a tourism destination.)
Liebich, A. (2007) ‘Roma Nation? Competing Narratives of Nationhood’, Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 13:
539–554. (Considers alternative constructions of contested nationhood.)
Maitland, R. and Ritchie, B. (eds) (2009) City Tourism: National Capital Perspectives, Walligford: CABI.
(Investigations of tourism in national capitals.)
Tsiotsou, R. and Ratten, V. (2010) ‘Future Research Directions in Tourism Marketing’, Marketing Intelligence
and Planning 28 (4): 533–544. (Takes a global perspective to compare different international research
directions.)
Zake, I. (2007) ‘Inventing Culture and Nation: Intellectuals and Early Latvian Nationalism’, National Identities
9: 307–329. (Investigation of the creation of national identity by intellectual elites.)

Cultural Lessons
Ferro, A. (1949) Turismo, fonte de riqueza e de poesia. Política do Espírito, Lisbon: Edições SNI.
Lemos, A. (1936) ‘Excursionismo Popular – Turismo Médio’, I Congresso Nacional de Turismo, Lisbon:
Relatório do I Congresso Nacional de Turismo.
Lowenthal, D. (1996) ‘Identity, Heritage, and History’, in Gillis, J. (ed.) Commemorations: The Politics of
National Identity, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 41–57.
Williams, R. (1983) Key Words: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society, London: Fontana.
Hobsbawm, E.J. (2007) Nations and Nationalism Since 1780. Programme, Myth, Reality, Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press. (A canonical study on nations and nationalisms.)
Hodgkin, K. and Radstone, S. (eds) (2007) Memory, History, Nation. Contested Pasts, New Brunswick, NJ
and London: Transaction Publishers. (Several essays on national memory.)
Lasansky, D. (2004) The Renaissance Perfected. Architecture, Spectacle, and Tourism in Fascist Italy,
Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press. (National history in fascist tourism narratives.)
Morgan, N. and Pritchard, A. (1998) Tourism Promotion and Power. Creating Images, Creating Identities,
Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. (The cultural role of tourism imagery.)
Pack, S. (2006) Tourism and Dictatorship. Europe’s Peaceful Invasion of Franco’s Spain, New York:
Palgrave Macmillan. (Tourism in Franco’s Spain.)
The Establishment of National Heritage Tourism
Battilani, P. (2001) Vacanze di pochi, vacanze di tutti. L’evoluzione del turismo europeo, Bologna: Il Mulino.
Brilli, A. (1995) Quando viaggiare era un’arte. Il romanzo del Grand Tour, Bologna: Il Mulino.
Brilli, A. (2006) Il viaggio in Italia. Storia di una grande tradizione culturale, Bologna: Il Mulino.
Cavalcanti, O. (1984) ‘I musei etno-demo-antropologici nei dibattiti e nei convegni degli ultimi due decenni’,
Musei e Gallerie d’Italia XXVIII (77): 18–28.
Dann, G.M.S. (1996) The Language of Tourism: A Sociolinguistic Perspective, Wallingford, UK: CABI.
Giddens, A. (1991) Modernity and Self-identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age, Cambridge: Polity
Press.
Gilli, M. (2009a) Autenticità e interpretazione nell’esperienza turistica, Milano: FrancoAngeli.
Gilli, M. (2009b) ‘La città come destinazione turistica multipurpose ’, in Nuvolati, G. and Piselli, F. (eds) La
città: bisogni, desideri, diritti, I, Milano: FrancoAngeli, 133–148.
Ginsburgh, V. and Mairesse, F. (1997) ‘Defining a Museum: Suggestions for an Alternative Approach’,
Museum Management and Curatorship 16 (1): 15–33.
Maggi, M. and Falletti, V. (2000) Gli ecomusei. Che cosa sono, che cosa possono diventare, Torino:
Allemandi.
Palmer, C. (1999) ‘Tourism and the Symbols of Identity’, Tourism Management 20: 313–321.
Poria, Y. , Butler, R. and Airey, D. (2001) ‘Clarifying Heritage Tourism’, Annals of Tourism Research 28 (4):
1047–1049.
Poria, Y. , (2003) ‘The Core of Heritage Tourism’, Annals of Tourism Research 30 (1): 238–254.
Prentice, R. (2001) ‘Experiential Cultural Tourism: Museums & the Marketing of the New Romanticism of
Evoked Authenticity’, Museum Management and Curatorship 19 (1): 5–26.
Richards, G. (1996) ‘Production and Consumption of European Cultural Tourism’, Annals of Tourism
Research 23 (2): 261–283.
Savelli, A. (1998) Sociologia del turismo, Milano: FrancoAngeli. Further reading
Bennet, M. (1995) ‘Heritage Marketing: The Role of Information Technology’, Journal of Vacation Marketing
3: 272–280. (Relationship between marketing and heritage.)
Crang, M. (1999) ‘Nation, Region and Homeland: History and Tradition in Dalarna, Sweden’, Ecumene 6:
447–470. (Management of a heritage site.)
Lowenthal, D. (1989) ‘Nostalgia Tells it Like it Wasn’t’, in Shaw, C. and Chase, M. (eds) The Imagined Past:
History and Nostalgia, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 18–32. (Idealization of the past in heritage
tourism.)
Moscardo, G. (1996) ‘Mindful Visitors: Heritage and Tourism’, Annals of Tourism Research 23 (2): 376–397.
(Role of interpretation in heritage tourism.)
Robb, J.G. (1998) ‘Tourism and Legends: Archaeology of Heritage’, Annals of Tourism Research 25 (3):
579–596. (Relation between heritage tourism and authenticity.)

Potential Methods for Measuring the Economic Impacts of Cultural Tourism

Australian Government (2001) Multipliers for Culture-Related Industries, Canberra: Australian Government –
Department of Communication, IT and the Arts.
BOP Consulting (2011) Edinburgh Festivals Impact Study, London: BOP Consulting.
Bregenz Festspiele (2004) Kunstschöpfungist Wertschöpfung, Vienna: Institut für Höhere Studien (IHS).
Dupuis, X. (1985) Applications and Limitations of Cost-benefit Analysis as Applied to Cultural Development,
Paris: UNESCO, CC-88/WS/33.
Government of Canada, Department of Canadian Heritage (2008) Economic Impact Model for Arts and
Heritage, www.pro.rcip-chin.gc.ca/sommaire-summary/mieap-eimah-eng.jsp (accessed 27 March 2012 ).
Heilbrun, J. and Gray, C.M. (2001) The Economics of Art and Culture, second edn, New York: Cambridge
University Press.
Hollands, R. (2007) Prague Fringe Festival Audience Survey Report, Newcastle: University of Newcastle.
King, E.M. (2003) Accounting for Culture: A Social Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Stan Rogers Folk Festival,
Halifax, Nova Scotia: Dalhousie University.
Leontief, W. (1951) ‘Input-Output Economics’, Scientific American 4: 15–21.
Merta, P. and Tichá, A. (2011) Quantification of Value of Historic Buildings, 10th International Conference
Organization, Technology and Management in Construction, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Civil
Engineering.
Mikš, L. , Tichá, A. , Košulič, J. and Mikš, R. (2008) Optimalizace technickoekonomických
charakteristikživotního cyklu stavebního díla , Brno: CERM.
Ochrana, F. (2005) Nákladově užitkové metody ve veřejném sektoru, Prague: Ekopress.
Raabová, T. (2010) Multiplikační efekty kulturních odvětví v české ekonomice, Prague: Arts and Theatre
Institute.
Raabová, T. (2011) Analýza ekonomického dopadu: Pražské Quadriennale 2011, Prague: Economicimpact.
Richards, G. (2007) Cultural Tourism: Global and Local Perspectives, New York: Haworth Press.
Stynes, D.J. (1997) Economic Impacts of Tourism, Illinois Bureau of Tourism, Department of Commerce and
Community Affairs.
Stynes, D.J. , Propst, D.B. Chang, W.H. and Sun, Y. (2000) Estimating Regional Economic Impacts of Park
Visitor Spending: Money Generation Model Version 2 (MGM2), East Lansing, Michigan: Department of Park,
Recreation, and Tourism Resources, Ann Arbor: Michigan State University.
Throsby, D. (2001) Economics and Culture, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Whiting, P. (1999) Heritage Institutions in Canada: Impacts and Benefits, Stella, ON: The Outspan Group
Inc.
Whiting, P. (2001) Socio-Economic Benefits Framework, Cultural Sector, Stella, ON: The Outspan Group
Inc.
Australian Government (2001) Multipliers for Culture-Related Industries, Canberra: Australian Government –
Department of Communication, IT and the Arts. (Explanation of multiplier calculations.)
Layard, R. and Glaister, S. (1994) Cost–Benefit Analysis, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Basic
literature on cost-benefit analysis.)
McLennan, W. (1995) Information Paper: Australian National Accounts: Introduction to Input-Output
Multipliers, Australian Bureau of Statistics, Catalogue No. 5246.0. (Explanation of multiplier calculations.)
Throsby, D. (2001) Economics and Culture, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Whiting, P. (2001) Socio-Economic Benefits Framework, Cultural Sector, Stella, ON: The Outspan Group
Inc.

The Economic Impacts of Cultural Tourism

Bedate, A. , Herrero, L.C. and Sanz, L. (2004) ‘Economic Valuation of the Cultural Heritage: Application to
Four Case Studies in Spain’, Journal of Cultural Heritage 5: 101–111.
Bedate, A. , Herrero, L.C. and Sanz, L. (2009) ‘Economic Valuation of a Contemporary Art Museum:
Correction of Hypothetical Bias Using a Certainty Question’, Journal of Cultural Economics 33: 185–199.
Boter, J. , Rouwendal, J. and Wedel, M. (2005) ‘Employing Travel Time to Compare the Value of Competing
Cultural Organizations’, Journal of Cultural Economics 29: 19–33.
Brida, J.G. and Pulina, M. (2010) A Literature Review on Tourism and Economic Growth, Working Paper
10–17, CRENoS, Cagliari and Sassari University.
Carey, S. , Davidson, L. and Sahli, M. (2011) Capital City Museums and Tourism Flows: an Empirical Study
of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, IATE conference, 4–7 July, Bournemouth, UK.
Çela, A.C. , Lankford, S. and Knowles-Lankford, J. (2009) ‘Visitor Spending and Economic Impacts of
Heritage Tourism: A Case Study of the Silos and Smokestacks National Heritage Area’, Journal of Heritage
Tourism 4 (3): 245–256.
Choi, A.S. , Ritchie, B.W. , Papandrea, F. and Bennett, J. (2010) ‘Economic Valuation of Cultural Heritage
Sites: A Choice Modeling Approach’, Tourism Management 31 (2): 213–220.
Colombino, U. and Nene, A. (2009) ‘Preference Heterogeneity in Relation to Museum’, Tourism Economics
15 (2): 381–395.
Crompton, J.L. , Lee, S. and Shuster, T.J. (2001) ‘A Guide for Undertaking Economic Studies: The Spring
Fest Example’, Journal of Travel Research 40 (1): 79–87.
Dunlop, S. , Galloway, S. , Hamilton, C. and Scullion, A. (2004) The Economic Impact of the Cultural Sector
in Scotland, www.christinehamiltonconsulting.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Economic-Impact-Report.pdf
(accessed 24 October 2011 ).
Dwyer, L. , Forsyth, P. and Spurr, R. (2004) ‘Evaluating Tourism’s Economic Effects: New and Old
Approaches’, Annals of Tourism Research 25: 307–317.
Fletcher, J. (1989) ‘Input-output Models’, in Baum, T. and Mudambi, R. (eds) Economic and Management
Methods for Tourism and Hospitality Research, Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 14–29.
Fonseca, S. and Rebelo, J. (2010) ‘Economic Valuation of Cultural Heritage: Application to a Museum
Located in the Alto Douro Wine Region – World Heritage Site’, Pasos 8 (2): 339–350.
Frey, B.S. and Meier, S. (2006) ‘The Economics of Museums’, in Ginsburgh, V.A. and Throsby, D. (eds)
Handbook of the Economics of Art and Culture, Vol. 1, Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1017–1047.
Hamnett, C. and Shoval, N. (2003) Museums as Flagships of Urban Development, Oxford: Blackwell.
Jansen-Verbeke, M. and van Rekom, J. (1996) ‘Scanning Museum Visitors: Urban Tourism Marketing’,
Annals of Tourism Research 23: 364–375.
Kinghorn, N. and Willis, K. (2008) ‘Measuring Museum Visitor Preferences Towards Opportunities for
Developing Social Capital: An Application of a Choice Experiment to the Discovery Museum’, International
Journal of Heritage Studies 146: 555–572.
Lampi, E. and Orth, M. (2009) ‘Who Visits the Museums? A Comparison Between Stated Preferences and
Observed Effects of Entrance Fees’, Kyklos 621: 85–102.
Mazzanti, M. (2003) ‘Discrete Choice Models and Valuation Experiment’, Journal of Economics Studies 30
(6): 584–604.
OECD (2009) The Impact of Culture on Tourism, Paris: OECD,
www.em.gov.lv/images/modules/items/OECD_Tourism_Culture.pdf (accessed 26 December 2011 ).
Plaza, B. (2006) ‘The Return on Investment of the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao’, International Journal of
Urban and Regional Research 30: 452–467.
Plaza, B. (2008) ‘On Some Challenges and Conditions for the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao to be an
Effective Economic Re-activator’, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 322: 506–517.
Plaza, B. (2010) ‘Valuing Museums as Economic Engines: Willingness to Pay or Discounting of Cash-flows?’
Journal of Cultural Heritage 11: 155–162.
Sanz, J.A. , Herrero, L.C. and Bedate, A.M. (2003) ‘Contingent Valuation and Semi Parametric Methods: A
Case Study of the National Museum of Sculpture in Valladolid, Spain’, Journal of Cultural Economics 27:
241–257.
Stynes, D.J. , Vander Stoep, G.A. and Sun, Y.-Y. (2004) Estimating Economic Impacts of Michigan
Museums, Department of Park, Recreation and Tourism Resources – Michigan State University.
Tufts, S. and Milne, S. (1999) ‘Museums: A Supply-Side Perspective’, Annals of Tourism Research 26 (3):
613–631.
UNESCO (2005) Innovative Policies for Heritage Safeguarding and Cultural Tourism Development,
Proceedings of the International Conference Moscow, 25–27 November 2005, Moscow: UNESCO.
Bedate, A. , Herrero, L.C. and Sanz, J.A. (2009) ‘Economic Valuation of a Contemporary Art Museum:
Correction of Hypothetical Bias Using a Certainty Question’, Journal of Cultural Economics 33: 185–199.
(The impact of applying different bias corrections for double-bounded dichotomous economic valuation
exercises.)
Choi, A.S. , Ritchie, B.W. , Papandrea, F. and Bennett, J. (2010) ‘Economic Valuation of Cultural Heritage
Sites: A Choice Modeling Approach’, Tourism Management 31 (2): 213–220. (Choice modelling application
in cultural economics.)
Dunlop, S. , Galloway, S. , Hamilton, C. and Scullion, A. (2004) The Economic Impact of the Cultural Sector
in Scotland, www.christinehamiltonconsulting.com//up-content/uploads/2011/10/Economic-Impact-
Report.pdf. (Measuring the volume of economic activity that is supported, both directly and indirectly, by the
cultural sector.)
Fonseca, S. and Rebelo, J. (2010) ‘Economic Valuation of Cultural Heritage: Application to a Museum
Located in the Alto Douro Wine Region – World Heritage Site’, Pasos 8 (2): 339–350. (Travel cost to
estimate the curve of culture demand.)
Lampi, E. and Orth, M. (2009) ‘Who Visits the Museums? A Comparison Between Stated Preferences and
Observed Effects of Entrance Fees’, Kyklos 621: 85–102. (A contingent valuation method to investigate
changes in visitors’ compositions as a consequence of the introduction of entrance fees.)
Mazzanti, M. (2003) ‘Discrete Choice Models and Valuation Experiment’, Journal of Economics Studies 30
(6): 584–604. (A choice experiment technique as a tool aimed at measuring multi-attribute economic values,
assessing visitors’ preferences.)

The Economic Value of Cultural Tourism

Agarwal, V.B. and Yochum, G.R. (1999) ‘Tourist Spending and Race of Visitors’, Journal of Travel Research
38 (4): 173–176.
Cannon, T.F. and Ford, J. (2002) ‘Relationship of Demographic and Trip Characteristics to Visitor Spending:
An Analysis of Sports Travel Visitor Across Time’, Tourism Economics 8 (3): 263–271.
Cho, V. (2010) ‘A Study of the Non-economic Determinants in Tourism Research’, International Journal of
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Can the Value Chain of a Cultural Tourism Destination Be Measured?

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Cultural Tourism and the Mobilities Paradigm

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Performing and Recording Culture

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Cosmopolitanism and Hospitality

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Hospitality
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Contemporary Art, Sydney in 2006.

A Darker Type of Cultural Tourism

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Tattoo Tourism in the Contemporary West and in Thailand
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Tourism, Anthropology and Cultural Configuration

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Souvenirs and Cultural Tourism
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Awareness of Ainu Culture’, Journal of Museum Ethnography 13: 55–61.

Documenting Culture Through Film in Touristic Settings

Banks, I. (1996) ‘Comments’, in Piccini, A., ‘Filming Through the Mists of Time: Celtic Constructions and the
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Caplan, P. (2005) ‘In Search of the Exotic: A Discussion of the BBC2 Series Tribe’, Anthropology Today 21
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(These articles both provide a critical review of Bruce Parry’s series Tribe, first televised in 2004.)
Channel Four Television , n.d., Strangers Abroad, London: England.
Yorkshire Television , 1982, The Last Place in England, Leeds, England.

Understanding Indigenous Tourism

Arnaizburne, S.M. (1996) ‘Desarrollo turístico y medioambiente en el Caribe Continental’, Estudios y
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Gascón Gutiérrez, J. (2005) Gringos como en sueños. Diferenciación y conflicto campesino en el sur andino
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alternative ways of developing tourism with many cases on indigenous tourism.)

Indigenous Tourism and the Challenge of Sustainability

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Butler, R. and Hinch, T. (eds) (2007) Tourism and Indigenous Peoples, London: International Thomson
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Culture, Amsterdam: Elsevier. (A collection of case studies on indigenous tourism.)
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Māori Tourism
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unpublished thesis, Auckland University of Technology.

Social Entrepreneurship and Cultural Tourism in Developing Economies

Alford, S.H. , Brown, L.D. and Letts, C.W. (2004) ‘Social Entrepreneurship and Societal Transformation: An
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Gabbay, R. (eds) Tourism and Economic Development: Case Studies from the Indian Ocean Region,
Aldershot: Ashgate, 30–41.

Space and Place-Making

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Andrews, H. (2011) The British on Holiday, Clevedon: Channel View. (A ground-breaking tourism text, by an
anthropologist, on the culture of tourists.)
Cresswell, T. (2004a) Place: A Short Introduction, Oxford: Blackwell. (An enjoyable introduction to matters of
place (and space.)
Cresswell, T. (2004b) ‘Landscape and the Obliteration of Practice’, in Anderson, K. , Domosh, M. , Pile, S.
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Crouch, D. (2009) ‘The Perpetual Performance and Emergence of Heritage’, in Waterton, E. and Watson, S.
(eds) Culture, Heritage and Representation: Perspectives on Visuality and the Past, Aldershot: Ashgate,
57–74. (An empirically engaged discussion of heritage as constantly being (re)figured.)
Crouch, D. (2010a) Flirting with Space: Journeys and Creativity, Farnham: Ashgate. (A wide ranging and
informed discussion that engages matters of space and human activity, practice, feeling and attitudes
relating with space; inter-disciplinary, empirical and conceptual.)
Crouch, D. (2010b) ‘Flirting with Space: Thinking Landscape Relationally’, Cultural Geographies 17 (1):
5–18. (A critical contribution to understanding how landscape ‘occurs’, in complexity of moments, memory
fragments, and mediated influences, using many examples.)
Massey, D. (2005) For Space, London, Sage. (A passionately argued case by a world renowned geographer
for considering space in an original, relevant way.)
Urry, J. (1995) Consuming Places, London: Routledge.
The Development of the Historic Landscape as a Cultural Tourism Product
Ankersmit, F. (2007) De Sublieme Historische Ervaring, Groningen: Historische uitgeverij.
Buizer, M. (2008) Worlds Apart, Wageningen: Alterra.
Denslagen, W. (2004) Romantisch Modernisme, Amsterdam: Uitgeverij SUN.
Gilmore, J. and Pine, J. (2007) Authenticity: What Consumers Really Want, Boston, MA: Harvard Business
School Press.
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Melkert, M. and Vos, K. (2010) ‘A Comparison of Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches:
Complementarities and Trade-offs,’ in Richards, G. and Munsters, W. (eds) Cultural Tourism Research
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de Mensch, W. (2001) ‘Tussen narratieve detaillering en authenticiteit,’ in Kleijn, H.C.M. (ed.) Interieurs
belicht, Zwolle: Waanders Uitgevers.
Pine, J. and Gilmore, J. (1999) The Experience Economy, Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
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(Handbook for research of historical landscapes.)

Finding a Place for Heritage in South-East Asian Cities

Ar, A.N.A. (2009) ‘Legacies of an Urban Village: Kampung Baru History, Architectural Features and
Heritage’, Paper presented at the PAM CPD Seminar 2009, Kuala Lumpur, 8 August.
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Nexus’, Annals of Tourism Research 23 (2): 284–305.
Cohen, N. (2001) Urban Planning, Conservation and Preservation, New York: McGraw-Hill Professional.
de la Torre, M. (2002) Assessing the Values of Cultural Heritage: Research Report, Los Angeles, CA: The
Getty Conservation Institute.
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Economic Development’, Directions in Urban Development Note, World Bank Urban Development Unit,
February.
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Ghafar Ahmad, A. (2006) ‘Cultural Heritage of Southeast Asia: Preservation for World Recognition’,
Malaysian Town Plan 3 (1): 52–62.
Girard, L.F. (2006) ‘Celebrating our Urban Heritage’, Global Urban Development Magazine 2 (1): 1–10.
Henderson, J.C. (2002) ‘Built Heritage and Colonial Cities’, Annals of Tourism Research 29 (1): 254–257.
Girard, L.F. (2009) ‘The Meaning, Marketing and Management of Heritage Tourism in Southeast Asia’, in
Timothy, D.J. and Nyaupane, G.P. (eds) Cultural Heritage and Tourism in the Developing World: A Regional
Perspective, London and New York: Routledge, 73–92.
Ho, K.C. , Teo, P. and Chang, T.C. (eds) (2001) Interconnected Worlds: Tourism in Southeast Asia, Oxford
and New York: Pergamon.
Jones, R. and Shaw, B.J. (2006) ‘Palimpsests of Progress: Erasing the Past and Rewriting the Future in
Developing Societies: Case Studies of Singapore and Jakarta’, International Journal of Heritage Studies 12
(2): 122–138.
Langston, C. , Wong, F. , Hui, E. and Shen, L.Y. (2008) ‘Strategic Assessment of Building Adaptive Reuse
Opportunities in Hong Kong’, Building and Environment 43: 1709–1718.
Martokusumo, I.W. (2002) ‘Urban Heritage Conservation in Indonesia: Experiences from the Inner-city of
Bandung and Jakarta Kota’, in P. Nas (ed.) The Indonesian Town Revisited, Munster/Singapore: LIT Verlag-
Institut of Asian Studies, 374–389.
Nor, A.Y. , Lim, Y.M. , Lee, L.M. and Tan, S.F. (2007) ‘Urban Conservation as a Development Strategy to
Revitalize Real Estate Market: An Analysis of Property Transactions in Georgetown Penang’, Journal of
Construction in Developing Countries 12 (2): 43–61.
Page, S. (2001) ‘Gateways, Hubs and Transport Interconnections in Southeast Asia: Implications for
Tourism Development in the Twenty First Century’, in Ho, K.C. , Teo, P. and Chang, T.C. (eds)
Interconnected Worlds: Tourism in Southeast Asia, Oxford and New York: Pergamon.
Peleggi, M. (2005) ‘Consuming Colonial Heritage: The Monumentalism of Historic Hotels in Urban South-
East Asia’, Asia Pacific Viewpoint 46 (3): 255–265.
Rimmer, P.J. and Dick, H.W. (eds) (2009) The City in Southeast Asia: Patterns, Processes and Policy,
Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
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Documents and Interpretative Experiences, New Jersey: World Scientific Books. (A commentary on urban
experiences of modernization and underlying discourses.)
Shaw, B.J. and Jones, R. (1997) Contested Urban Heritage: Voices from the Periphery, Aldershot: Ashgate
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Timothy, D.J. and Nyaupane, G.P. (eds) (2009) Cultural Heritage and Tourism in the Developing World: A
Regional Perspective, London and New York: Routledge. (Discussion of cultural heritage and tourism issues
within the context of less developed countries.)
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critical issues.)

Campus Tourism, Universities and Destination Development

Anholt, S. (2005) Brand New Practice: How Branding Places and Products Can Help the Developing World,
Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Anholt, S. (2007) Competitive Identity: The New Brand Management for Nations, Cities and Regions,
Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
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Football Games on Local Economies’, Journal of Sports Economics 9 (6): 628–643.
Baade, R.A. , (2011) ‘Big Men on Campus: Estimating the Economic Impact of College Sports on Local
Economies’, Regional Studies 45 (3): 371–380.
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Resources’, in Butler, R.W. (ed.) The Tourism Area Life Cycle Vol.1: Applications and Modifications,
Clevedon: Channel View Publications, 3–12.
China Daily (2006) Peking University Bans Campus Tourism,
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Tourism Management 24 (2): 181–190.
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(2): 33–38.
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International 52 (3): 27–31.
Kozak, Z.R. (2007) Promoting the Past, Preserving the Future: British University Heritage Collections and
Identity Marketing, PhD thesis, St Andrews: University of St Andrews.
Krahe, B. , Abraham, C. , Felber, J. and Helbig, M.K. (2005) ‘Perceived Discrimination of International
Visitors to Universities in Germany and the UK’, British Journal of Psychology 96: 263–281.
Labrador, A.P. (2000) ‘Educating the Muses: University Collections and Museums in the Philippines’,
Museum International 52 (3): 4–9.
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Cultural Heritage Resources of Traditional Agricultural Landscapes, Inspired by

Chinese Experiences
Friedman, T. (2008) Hot, Flat, and Crowded; Why the World Needs a Green Revolution – and How we Can
Renew Our Global Future, New York: Penguin.
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Clevedon: Channel View Publications.
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Collin.
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Sovereign Constitutive Role of Tourism’, Tourism Geographies 11 (4): 427–443.
Jansen-Verbeke, M. (2008) ‘Cultural Landscapes and Tourism Dynamics: Explorative Case Studies’, in
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Practices, Beijing: China Environmental Press.
Sun, Y. , Chen, T. and Zhang, M. (2008) ‘Sustainable Tourism Development Management of Local Cultural
Landscapes’, Chinese Journal of Population, Resources and Environment 6 (2): 74–79.
Sun, Y. , Jansen-Verbeke, M. , Min, Q.W. and Cheng, S.K. (2011) ‘Tourism Potential of Agricultural Heritage
Systems’, Tourism Geographies 13 (1): 112–128.
Sun, Y. , Min, Q.W. , Cheng, S.K. , Zhong, L.S. and Qi, X. (2010) ‘Study on the Tourism Resource
Characteristics of Agricultural Heritage Systems’, Tourism Tribune 25 (10): 57–62.
Timothy, D.J. (2011) Cultural Heritage and Tourism: An Introduction, Clevedon: Channel View Publications.

Special Interest Cultural Tourism Products

Antalné Tankó, M. (2008) Gyimes-völgyi népi gyógyászat, Budapest: Harmattan Kiadó.
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Tourism Development Trajectories

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Critiquing Creativity in Tourism

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Cultural Tourism Development in the Post-Industrial City

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(Re)presentation, Clevedon: Channel View, 1–17.
Sigala, M. and Leslie, D. (2005) ‘The Future of the Past: Visions and Trends for Cultural Tourism Sector’, in
Sigala, M. and Leslie, D. (eds) International Cultural Tourism: Management, Implications and Cases, Oxford:
Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, 234–240.
Smith, M.K. (2007) ‘Introduction’, in Smith, M.K. (ed.) Tourism, Culture and Regeneration, Wallingford: CABI,
xiii–xix.
Swarbrooke, J. (2000) ‘Tourism, Economic Development and Urban Regeneration: A Critical Evaluation’, in
Robinson, M. , Sharpley, R. , Evans, N. , Long, P. and Swarbrooke, J. (eds) Developments in Urban and
Rural Tourism, Sunderland: Business Education Publishers, 269–285.
Zukin, S. (1995) The Cultures of Cities, Oxford: Blackwell.
Avery, P. (2007) ‘Born Again: From Dock Cities to Cities of Culture’, in Smith, M.K. (ed.) Tourism, Culture
and Regeneration, Wallingford: CABI, 151–162. (An examination of the changing role of dockland cities and
urban regeneration strategies with specific reference to Albert Dock, Liverpool and Cardiff Bay, Cardiff.)
Avery, P.M. (2000) ‘City Cultures as the Object of Cultural Tourism 2000’, in Robinson, M. , Sharpley, R. ,
Evans. N. , Long, P. and Swarbrooke, J. (eds) Developments in Urban and Rural Tourism, Sunderland:
Business Education Publishers, 21–51. (A conceptual approach to examining city cultures, particularly
cultural quarters and a case study of Temple Bar, Dublin, Ireland.)
Bailey, C. , Miles, S. and Stark, P. (2004) ‘Culture-led Urban Regeneration and the Revitalisation of Identities
in Newcastle, Gateshead and the North East of England’, International Journal of Cultural Policy 10 (1):
47–65. (An in-depth longitudinal examination of the long-term social impacts of culture-led regeneration in
Newcastle-Gateshead, with particular relevance to the Quayside regeneration.)
Law, C.M. (2002) Urban Tourism: The Visitor Economy and the Growth of Large Cities, second edn, London:
Continuum. (Scope, scale, demand and strategy of urban tourism.)
Maitland, R. (2007) ‘Tourists, the Creative Class and Distinctive Areas in Major Cities: The Roles of Visitors
and Residents in Developing New Tourism Areas’, in Richards, G. and Wilson, J. (eds) Tourism, Creativity
and Development, London: Routledge, 73–86. (The role that tourism and tourists play, alongside residents in
shaping creative spaces in cities.)
O’Brien, D. (2010) Measuring the Value of Culture: A Report to the Department for Culture, Media and Sport,
London: DCMS, www.culture.gov.uk. (A report examining ways in which culture should/could be valued in
the UK.)
Smith, M. (2009) Issues in Cultural Tourism Studies, second edn, Abingdon: Routledge. (Examination of the
phenomenon of cultural tourism and issues therein.)
Throsby, D. (2010) The Economics of Cultural Policy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Examination
of policies emphasising the links between the economic and the cultural.)

After the Crisis

Bacon, N. , Faizullah, N. , Mulgan, G. and Woodcraft, S. (2008) Transformers: How Local Areas Innovate to
Address Changing Social Needs, London: NESTA.
Cadell, C. , Falk, N. and King, F. (2008) Regeneration in European Cities, York: Joseph Rowntree
Foundation.
Cengiz, H. , Eryılmaz, S.S. and Eryılmaz, Y. (2006) ‘The Importance of Cultural Tourism in the EU
Integration Process’, paper given at the 42nd I SoCaRP Congress, 14–16 September, Yildiz, Turkey.
Co-exist (2011) Hamilton House, coexistcic.squarespace.com (accessed 24 January 2011 ).
Eurostats (2011) Winter Season Tourism Trends 2010–11, Luxembourg: European Commission.
Evans, G. (2005) ‘Measure for Measure: Evaluating the Evidence of Culture’s Contribution to Regeneration’,
Urban Studies 42 (5/6): 959–983.
Grodach, C. and Loukaitou-Sideris, A. (2007) ‘Cultural Development Strategies and Urban Revitalisation: A
Survey of US Cities’, International Journal of Cultural Policy 13 (4): 349–370.
Kent News (2011) ‘Turner Contemporary Welcomes its 156000th Visitor’,
www.kentnews.co.uk/mobile/news/turner_contemporary_welcomes_its_156_000th_visitor_1_969560
(accessed 24 January 2012 ).
Landry, C. (2000) The Creative City: A Toolkit for Urban Innovators, London: Earthscan.
Miles, S. (2010) Spaces for Consumption, London: Sage
Minton, A. (2004) Northern Soul: Culture, Creativity and Quality of Place in Newcastle and Gateshead,
London: DEMOS/RICS.
NEBG (2008) ‘Tourism Growth Supports Jobs in the North East’,
www.nebusinessguide.co.uk/news/art/194/Tourism-growth-supports-jobs-in-North-East.htm (accessed 15
November 2012 ).
One North East (2011) Culture, www.onenortheastlegacy.co.uk (accessed 23 January 2011 ).
PRSC (2008) Overall Game Plan for Stokes Croft, Bristol: PRSC.
Sheldon, P. and Dwyer, L. (2010) ‘The Global Financial Crisis and Tourism: Perspectives of the Academy’,
Journal of Travel Research 49 (1): 3–4.
Smeral, E. (2010) ‘Impacts of the World Recession and Economic Crisis on Tourism: Forecasts and
Potential Risks’, Journal of Travel Research 49 (1): 31–38.
Smith, M. (2007a) ‘Towards a Cultural Planning Approach to Regeneration’, in Smith, M. (ed.) Tourism
Culture and Regeneration, Wallingford: CABI, 1–11.
Smith, M. (2007b) ‘Conclusion’, in Smith, M. (ed.) Tourism Culture and Regeneration, Wallingford: CABI,
175–178.
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2012 ).
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Vickery, J. (2007) The Emergence of Culture-led Regeneration: A Policy Concept and its Discontents,
Centre for Cultural Policy Studies Research Paper No.9, University of Warwick.
Visit Stokes Croft (2011) Visit Stokes Croft, visitstokescroft.wordpress.com (accessed 24 January 2011 ).
Florida, R. (2010) The Great Reset: How New Ways of Living and Working Drive Post-crash Prosperity, New
York: Harper Collins. (Written by the researcher who coined the term ‘the creative class’, this book covers
both the causes of the current economic crisis and explores a set of solutions that can be applied in cities to
promote new growth.)
Miles, S. (2010) Spaces for Consumption, London: Sage. (This book looks at the phenomenon of the
modern, globalised city and questions the place of culture and consumption within it. It has chapters on
mega-events, theming and retail which analyse the importance of these aspects of tourism for understanding
the development and regeneration of urban areas.)
Smith, M. (ed.) (2007) Tourism Culture and Regeneration, Wallingford: CABI. (This edited collection contains
a range of contributions that vary from the strategic and conceptual to the very practical, and are based on a
wide variety of international case studies.)
Throsby, D. (2010) The Economics of Cultural Policy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (A very
accessible cultural economics text for non-specialists that includes sections on the role of culture in urban
and regional development and also on the links between tourism, cultural tourism and economic
development.)

From the Dual Tourist City to the Creative Melting Pot

Coleman, S. and Crang, M. (2002) Tourism: Between Place and Performance, Oxford: Berghahn.
Degen, M. (2003) ‘Fighting for the Global Catwalk: Formalising Public Life in Castlefield (Manchester) and
Diluting Public Life in el Raval (Barcelona)’, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 27 (4):
867–880.
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Edensor, T. (2006) ‘Sensing Tourist Space’, in C. Minca and T. Oakes (eds) Travels in Paradox: Remapping
Tourism, Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 23–45.
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Keller, P. (2005) ‘A New Symbiotic Relationship Between Culture, Leisure and Tourism in the Urban
Environment’, Proceedings of the UNWTO Semina ‘The Future of City Tourism in Europe’, 19–20 May,
Coimbra (Portugal).
Maitland, R. (2008) ‘Conviviality and Everyday Life: The Appeal of New Areas of London for Visitors’,
International Journal of Tourism Research 10 (1): 15–25.
Maitland, R. and Ritchie, B.W. (2009) ‘City Tourism: National Capital Perspectives’, in Maitland, R. and
Ritchie, B. (eds) City Tourism: National Capital Perspectives, Wallingford: CABI, 14–26.
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un marco analítico’, Scripta Nova. Revista Electrónica de Geografía y Ciencias Sociales 14 (323),
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Richards, G. (2007) Cultural Tourism: Global and Local Perspectives, London: Routledge.
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Reproduction of Culture?’ Tourism Management 27 (6): 1209–1223.
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Contemporary Tourism’, in C. Rojek and J. Urry (eds) Touring Cultures: Transformations of Travel and
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Russo, A.P. and Capel-Tatjer, L. (2007) ‘From Citadels of Education to Cartier Latins (and Back?): The
Changing Landscapes of Student Populations in European Cities’, Geography Compass 1 (5): 1160–1189.
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Across Europe: A Regional Classification Proposal Based on Their Relationships, paper presented at the
ERSA Congress 2011, 30 August–1 September, Barcelona.
Servillo, L. , Atkinson, R. and Russo, A.P. (2011) ‘Territorial Attractiveness in EU Urban and Spatial Policy: A
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Urry, J. (2000) Sociology Beyond Societies: Mobilities for the Twenty-first Century, London: Routledge.

Regeneration and Cultural Quarters

Bell, D. and Jayne, M. (2004) City of Quarters: Urban Villages in the Contemporary City, Aldershot: Ashgate.
Boyle, M. (1994) ‘The Politics of Urban Entrepreneurialism in Glasgow’, Political Geography 25: 453–470.
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Research 11: 291–301.
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Evans, G. (2003) ‘Hard-branding the Cultural City – From Prado to Prada’, International Journal of Urban
and Regional Research 27: 417–440.
Dungey, J. (2004) ‘Cultural Industry Quarters: From Pre-industrial to Post-industrial Production’, in Bell, D.
and Jayne, M. (eds) City of Quarters: Urban Villages in the Contemporary City, Aldershot: Ashgate, 71–92.
Dungey, J. (2005) ‘Measure for Measure: Evaluating the Evidence of Culture’s Contribution to Regeneration’,
Urban Studies 42 (5/6): 959–983.
Garcia, B. (2004) ‘Deconstructing the City of Culture: The Long-term Cultural Legacies of Glasgow 1990’,
Urban Studies 42 (5/6): 841–868.
Gibson, C. and Kong, L. (2005) ‘Cultural Economy: A Critical Review’, Progress in Human Geography 29:
541–561.
González, S. (2011) ‘Bilbao and Barcelona “in motion”. How Urban Regeneration “Models” Travel and
Mutate in the Global Flows of Policy Tourism’, Urban Studies 48 (7): 1397–1418.
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Tourism: Interrelationships, Impacts and Issues, Clevedon: Channel View Publications, 192–206.
Hall, C.M. (2007) ‘Tourism and Regional Competitiveness’, in Tribe, J. and Airey, D. (eds) Advances in
Tourism Research, Tourism Research, New Directions, Challenges and Applications, Oxford: Elsevier,
217–230.
Hall, C.M. (2008a) ‘Servicescapes, Designscapes, Branding and the Creation of Place-identity: South of
Litchfield, Christchurch’, Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing 25 (3/4): 233–250.
Hall, C.M. (2008b) Tourism Planning: Policies, Processes and Relationships, second edn, Harlow: Prentice
Hall.
Hall, C.M. (2012) ‘The Political Analysis and Political Economy of Events’, in Page, S. and Connell, J. (eds)
A Handbook of Events, London: Routledge, 186–201.
Hall, C.M. and Rath, J. (2007) ‘Tourism, Migration and Place Advantage in the Global Economy’, in Rath, J.
(ed.) Tourism, Ethic Diversity and the City, New York: Routledge, 1–24.
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Late Capitalism’, Geografiska Annaler B 71: 3–17.
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Nordic City Regions, Oslo: Nordic Innovation Centre.
Jayne, M. (2006) Cities and Consumption, Abingdon: Routledge.
Jensen, O.B. (2007) ‘Culture Stories: Understanding Cultural Urban Branding’, Planning Theory 6 (3):
211–236.
Jessop, B. and Sum, N.L. (2001) ‘Pre-disciplinary and Post-disciplinary Perspectives’, New Political
Economy 6: 89–101.
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Albany: State University of New York (SUNY), 3–18.
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869–887.
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Global City Status’, Political Geography 26: 383–404.
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& Research 20 (3): 297–311.
McCarthy, J. (2006) ‘The Application of Policy for Cultural Use Clustering’, European Planning Studies 14
(3): 397–408.
Malecki, E.J. (2004) ‘Jockeying for Position: What it Means and Why it Matters to Regional Development
Policy When Places Compete’, Regional Studies 38 (9): 1101–1120.
Miles, M. (2004) ‘Drawn and Quartered: El Raval and the Hausmannization of Barcelona’, in Bell, D. and
Jayne, M. (eds) City of Quarters, Aldershot: Ashgate, 37–55.
Miles, S. (2005) ‘“Our Tyne”: Iconic Regeneration and the Revitalisation of Identity in Newcastle Gateshead’,
Urban Studies 42 (5/6): 913–926.
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Cultural Policy’, Urban Studies 41 (3): 507–532.
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Quinn, B. (2005) ‘Arts Festivals and the City’, Urban Studies 42: 927–943.
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and Economy in and Beyond the Urban’, Progress in Human Geography 33: 447–465.
Roadhouse, S. (ed.) (2010) Cultural Quarters: Principles and Practice, second edn, Bristol: Intellect.
Scott, A.J. (2001) The Cultural Economy of Cities, London: Sage.
Smith, M.K. (2003) Issues in Cultural Tourism Studies, London: Routledge.
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Retail and Leisure Property 7: 21–33.
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Edinburgh’, Progress in Planning 62: 135–204.
Bell, D. and Jayne, M. (2004) City of Quarters: Urban Villages in the Contemporary City, Aldershot: Ashgate.
(Presents a number of different cases of urban quartering processes.)
Hall, C.M. (2008) ‘Servicescapes, Designscapes, Branding and the Creation of Place-identity: South of
Litchfield, Christchurch’, Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing 25 (3/4): 233–250. (Case study of the role
of the material and immaterial aspects of precinct creation in New Zealand.)
McCarthy, J. (2006) ‘The Application of Policy for Cultural Use Clustering’, European Planning Studies 14
(3): 397–408. (Examines policy intervention for urban cultural cluster development.)
Roadhouse, S. (ed.) (2010) Cultural Quarters: Principles and Practice, second edn, Bristol: Intellect.
(Presents a range of chapters and contributions on different dimensions of cultural quarters with
considerable attention being given to Bolton in the UK.)

‘Ethnic Quarters'
Carey, S. (2002) Brick Lane, Banglatown: A Study of the Catering Sector, final report, Research Works
Limited prepared for Ethnic Minority Enterprise Project and Cityside Regeneration, Hendon, London.
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City of Quarters: Urban Villages in the Contemporary City, Aldershot: Ashgate, 173–191.
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Routledge, 112–129.
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Neighbourhoods in Toronto’, Urban Affairs Review 41 (2): 211–266.
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Judd, D. (1999) ‘Constructing the Tourist Bubble’, in Judd, D. and Fainstein, S. (eds) The Tourist City, New
Haven and London: Yale University Press, 35–53.
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London Borough of Tower Hamlets (1996) Eastside Challenge Fund Submission; NB the name was changed
to ‘Cityside’.
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Shaw, S. (2008) ‘Hosting a Sustainable Visitor Economy: Messages from London’s Banglatown’, Journal of
Urban Regeneration and Renewal 1 (3): 275–285.
Shaw, S. (2011) ‘Marketing Ethnoscapes as Spaces of Consumption: Banglatown – London’s Curry Capital’,
Journal of Town and City Management 1 (4): 381–395.
Shaw, S. and Bagwell, S. (2012) ‘Ethnic Minority Restaurateurs and the Regeneration of “Banglatown” in
London’s East End’, in Aytar, V. and Rath, J. (eds) Selling Ethnic Neighborhoods: The Rise of
Neighborhoods as Places of Leisure and Consumption, New York: Routledge, in press.
Shaw, S. , Bagwell, S. and Karmowska, J. (2004) ‘Ethnoscapes as Spectacle: Reimaging Multicultural
Districts as New Destinations for Leisure and Tourism Consumption’, Urban Studies 41 (10): 1983–2000.
Shaw, S. and MacLeod N. (2000) ‘Creativity and Conflict: Cultural Tourism in London’s City Fringe’, Tourism,
Culture and Communication 2 (3): 165–175.
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the-state’, Urban Studies 42 (11): 1991–2006.
Szerszynski, B. and Urry, J. (2002) ‘Cultures of Cosmopolitanism’, Sociological Review 50 (4): 461–481.
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Spaces’, Urban Studies 44 (2): 297–317.
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Aitchison, C. , MacLeod, N. and Shaw, S. (2000) Leisure and Tourism Landscapes: Social and Cultural
Geographies, London and New York: Routledge. (Conceptualises the wider relationships between landscape
imagery and leisure and tourism consumption.)
Aytar, V. and Rath, J. (eds) (2012) Selling Ethnic Neighborhoods: The Rise of Neighborhoods as Places of
Leisure and Consumption, New York: Routledge, in press. (Critically assesses the development of EQs in
gateway cities with international comparison of extended case studies.)
Binnie, J. , Holloway, J. , Millington, S. and Young, C. (eds) (2006) Cosmopolitan Urbanism, London and
New York: Routledge. (Provides insightful interdisciplinary perspectives on cosmopolitan space in
contemporary societies.)
Lin, J. (2011) The Power of Ethnic Places: Cultural Heritage and Community Life, London and New York:
Routledge. (Analyses social and political aspects of ethnic heritage sites in the USA.)
Sandercock, L. (2003) Cosmopolis II: Mongrel Cities in the 21st Century, London and New York: Continuum.
(Offers examples of community-based projects that apply principles of inter-culturalism.)
Shaw, S. (2007a) ‘Cosmopolitanism and Ethnic Cultural Quarters’, in G. Richards and J. Wilson (eds)
Tourism, Creativity and Development, London and New York: Routledge, 189–200. (Expands on the concept
of innovation and creativity in EQs.)
Shaw, S. (2007b) ‘Ethnoscapes as Cultural Attractions in Canadian World Cities’, in Smith, M. (ed.) Tourism,
Culture and Regeneration, Wallingford: CABI, 49–58. (Reviews developments in metropolitan Canada.)
Shaw, S. (2012) ‘Faces, Spaces and Places: Social and Cultural Impacts of Street Festivals in Cosmopolitan
Cities’, in Page, S.J. and Connell, J. (eds) The Routledge Handbook of Events, London and New York:
Routledge, 401–414. (Investigates the socio-cultural ramifications of events staged in EQs.)
Shaw, S. and Ferdinand, N. (2012) ‘Events in Our Changing World’, in Ferdinand, N. and Kitchin, P. (eds)
Events Management: An International Approach, London: Sage, 5–22. (Reflects on the meaning of events,
and projection of cosmopolitanism at different scales from ‘world parties’ down to local street festivals in
EQs.)
Shaw, S. and Karmowska, J. (2004) ‘Multicultural Heritage of European Cities and its Re-presentation
Through Regeneration Programmes’, Journal of European Ethnology 34 (2): 41–56. (Compares the re-
imaging of Spitalfields, London with Kazimierz, Cracow.)

Ethnic Tourism
Andereck, K.L. , Valentine, K.M. , Knopf, R.C. and Vogt, C.A. (2005) ‘Residents’ Perceptions of Community
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Tourism, Culture and Communication 9 (1): 93–106.
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International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 27 (2): 286–299.
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Fainstein, S. and Judd, D. (eds) Cities and Visitors, Malden. MA: Blackwell, 91–112.
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Saigon as a Model of Ethnic Commercial Belts’, International Migration 36 (1): 49–65.
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London: Routledge.
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Ouethy, T. (2011) Le profil des touristes ethniques de Matongé, Master’s dissertation, ULB, Brussels.
Page, S. and Hall, M. (2003) Managing Urban Tourism, London: Prentice Hall.
Rath, J. (ed.) (2007) Tourism, Ethnic Diversity and the City, London: Routledge.
Roodhouse, S. (2006) City Quarters: Principles and Practice, Bristol: Intellect.
Sautter, E.T. and Leisen, B. (1999) ‘Managing Stakeholders: A Tourism Planning Model’, Annals of Tourism
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Smith, M.K. (2003) Issues in Cultural Tourism Studies, London and New York: Routledge.
Smith, V. and Maryann, B. (eds) (2001) Host and Guests Revisited: Tourism Issues of the 21st century, New
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The Tactical Tourist

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Harvard University Press.
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Cultural Routes, Trails and the Experience of Place

al-Hagla, K.S. (2010) ‘Sustainable Urban Development in Historical Areas Using the Tourist Trail Approach:
A Case Study of the Cultural Heritage and Urban Development (CHUD) Project in Saida, Lebanon’, Cities
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467–476.
Hayes, D. and MacLeod, N. (2007) ‘Packaging Places: Designing Heritage Trails Using an Experience
Economy Perspective to Maximise Visitor Engagement’, Journal of Vacation Marketing 13 (1): 45–58.
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heritage.)
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critical overview of the sector with guidelines on setting objectives, creating and operating cultural routes.)

Cultural Value Perception in the Memorable Tourism Experience

Cova, B. and Cova, V. (2001) ‘Tribal Aspects of Postmodern Consumption Research: The Case of French
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Destination Managers in Three Visitor-dependent Areas’, International Journal of Tourism Research 11:
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Richards, G. and Wilson, J. (2006) ‘Developing Creativity in Tourist Experiences: A Solution to the Serial
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of Tourism Research 38: 1367–1386.

An Experiential Approach to Differentiating Tourism Offers in Cultural Heritage

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Visitor Experiences in Cultural Spaces

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Engaging with Generation Y at Museums

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