TOPIC-1 M agnetic Effects

Concepts Covered:
 Magnetic field and field lines  Magnetic field due to current through a straight wire, circular loop,solenoid  Force on a
current carrying conductor in a magnetic field  right hand thumb rule  Fleming left hand rule

Revision Notes (ii) Magnetic field has both magnitude and direction. It is a
vector quantity.
Magnet:  Magnetic field lines: The imaginary lines of magnetic
 The black ore of iron (Fe3O4) called field around a magnet are called magnetic field lines.
magnetite, capable of attracting  Characteristics of field lines
similar pieces of iron is called (i) Field lines arise from North pole and end into South
lodestone. They are naturally pole of the magnet.
existing magnets used by human (ii) Field lines are closed curves.
to find the directions. (iii) Field lines are closer in stronger magnetic field.
 There are two poles of a magnet (iv) Field lines never intersect each other as for two lines
namely North pole and South pole. Like poles repel to intersect, there must be two directions of magnetic
each other, while unlike poles attract each other. field at a point, which is not possible.
 H.C. Oersted, a Danish physicist was the first to notice
(v) Direction of field lines inside a magnet is from South
the magnetic effects of electric current. According to North pole.
(vi) The relative strength of magnetic field is shown by
to him, a needle kept near the wire carrying current
degree of closeness of field lines. Closer the lines, more
will deflect due to the magnetic field produced. Any
will be the strength and farther the lines, less will be
change in the direction of current will show variation the magnetic field strength.
in the deflection.  Right hand thumb rule: Imagine you are holding a
 Magnet is any substance that attracts iron or iron-like current carrying straight conductor in your right hand
substances. such that the thumb is pointing towards the direction
 Properties of a magnet of current. Then, the fingers wrapped around the
(i) Every magnet has two poles, i.e., North and South. conductor gives the direction of magnetic field.
(ii) Like poles repel each other.
(iii) Unlike poles attract each other.
(iv) A freely suspended bar magnet aligns itself in nearly
north-south direction, with its north pole towards
geographical south direction.
Magnetic Field
 The substances which are attracted by a magnet are
called magnetic substances. Examples: Iron, nickel,
cobalt, steel. The substances which are not attracted
by a magnet are called non-magnetic substances.
Examples: Wood, glass, copper, aluminium, brass,
paper, etc.
Current
 Magnetic field: It is the area around a magnet in which
its magnetic force can be experienced.
(i) Its S.I. unit is Tesla (T). Fig. 12.1
 Magnetic field due to current through a straight 1
conductor (ii) Magnetic field ∝
Distance from conductor
Variable resistance (iii) Magnetic field ∝ No. of turns in the coil
+ A −

−
+
P

Fig. 12.2: A pattern of concentric circles indicating

the field lines of a magnetic field around a straight
conducting wire. The arrows in the circles show the Fig. 12.4
direction of the field lines.
 Magnetic field is additive in nature, i.e., magnetic field
 It can be represented by concentric circles around the of one loop adds up to magnetic field to another loop.
conductor at every point on conductor. This is because the current in each circular turn has
 Direction can be given by right hand thumb rule or same direction.
compass.  The strength of magnetic field produced by a current
carrying circular coil can be increased by
 Circles are closer near the conductor.
(a) Increasing the number of turns of the coil.
 Magnetic field ∝ Strength of current (b) Increasing the current flowing through the coil.
 Magnetic field due to current in a solenoid: Solenoid
1
 Magnetic field ∝ Distance from the conductor is a coil of many circular turns of insulated copper wire
wrapped closely in the shape of a cylinder. The end of
 Magnetic field due to current through a circular loop the solenoid having clockwise current will act as south
 [Board, 2020] while on the other hand having anti-clockwise current
 It can be represented by concentric circles at every will act as north pole. Thus, a solenoid acts as a normal
point. magnet.
 Circles become larger and larger as we move away. Direction of magnetic field
 Every point on wire carrying current would give rise (i) Outside the solenoid : North to South
to magnetic field appearing as straight line at centre of (ii) Inside the solenoid : South to North
the loop.
 Permanent magnets: They are made of carbon steel,
 The direction of magnetic field inside the loop is same.
chromium steel, tungsten steel and some alloys like
Alnico and Nipermag. Alnico is an alloy of aluminium,
nickel and cobalt. Nipermag is an alloy of iron that
contains nickel, aluminium and titanium.
 When a material is placed inside a coil carrying current,
it will get magnetised. A bunch of nails or an iron rod
placed along the axis of the coil can be magnetised by
N S the current when allowed to pass through the coil.
Such magnets are called electromagnets.
Force on a current carrying conductor in a magnetic

field : Ampere suggested that when a current I passes
I
X through a conductor of length l placed in a perpen-
dicular magnetic field B, then the force experienced is
given by F = IBl sin q, where q is the angle between the
length of the conductor and magnetic field.
Fig. 12.3 : Field lines through and around a current  Fleming’s left hand rule: Stretch the thumb, forefinger
carrying circular loop and middle finger of your left hand such that they
 Factors affecting magnetic field of a circular current are mutually perpendicular. If forefinger points in
carrying conductor the direction of magnetic field, middle finger in the
(i) Magnetic field ∝ Current passing through the direction of current then thumb will point in the
conductor direction of motion or force.
Fig. 12.5 : Fleming’s left hand rule
 TOPIC-2 D omestic Electric Circuits
Concepts Covered
 Direct current and alternating current  Domestic electric circuits.

(i) Live wire (positive) with red insulation cover.

Revision Notes (ii) Neutral wire (negative) with black insulation cover.
 Direct Current (DC) and Alternating Current (AC) (iii) Earth wire with green insulation cover. It protects
 [Board, 2020] us from electric shock in case of leakage of current
(i) Alternate current (AC): The especially in metallic body appliances. It provides a low
Scan this
current which reverses its direction resistance path for current in case of leakage of current.
periodically is called alternate  Faults and safety measures in domestic electric circuit
current. In India, most of the power (i) Short circuiting: It is caused by touching of live wire
stations generate alternate current. and neutral wire either directly or via conducting wire.
Alternating and
The direction of current changes Direct current (ii) Overloading of an electric circuit: The overheating
after every 1/50 second in India. of electrical wire in any circuit due to flow of a large
Frequency= 1/ Time period = 50 Hz current through it is called overloading of the electrical
(ii) Direct current (DC): The current which does not circuit.
reverse its direction and flows in one direction is called  Safety measures are:
direct current. Sources of DC are cell, battery and (i) Electric fuse: It is a protective device which is used
storage cells. DC can be stored. Loss of energy during for protecting the circuit from short-circuiting and
transmission over long distance is high. overloading. [Board, 2022]
 Domestic electric circuits: We receive electric supply It is a piece of thin wire of material having a low melting
through mains supported through the poles. In our point and high resistance. Fuse is always connected in
houses, we receive AC electric power of 220 V with a series to live wire and works on the principal of heating
frequency of 50 Hz. effect.
(ii) Earth wire: The metallic body of electric appliances is
connected to the Earth by means of earth wire so that
any leakage of electric current is transferred to the
ground. This prevents any electric shock to the user.

 An electric circuit consists of three main wiring

components: