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CHEMICAL KINETICS Page # 3
CHEMICAL KINETICS
This branch of chemistry deals with the study of rates of chemical reactions and the mechanism by
which they occur. While studying reaction, one deals with :
(a) how fast (or slow) the reactants get converted into products
(b) the steps or paths through which the products are formed (reaction mechanism)
A B
t=0 a 0
t = t1 a – x1 x1
t = t2 a – x2 x2
t = t3 a – x3 x3
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
t = teq a–x x
teq ≤ t < ∞
→ CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
RATE OF A REACTION
In general, for a reaction : A → B, the behaviour of the concentration of the reactant and product, as
the reaction proceeds is shown graphically
[A]0
C1 – ∆ [ A ] –(C 2 – C 1 )
rav = =
∆t ( t 2 – t1 )
Concentration of A
∆[ A]
C2
∆t
d(A)
– d[ A ]
rinst = = slope
dt
dt
t1 t2 t
time
From the graph, it is clear that the concentration of the reactant decreases and that of the product
increases as the reaction proceeds and the rate of the change of the concentration of the reactant as
well as that of the product is also changing.
Rate of a reaction can, now, be defined in two ways :
Average Rate of reaction (rav) given by :
∆[ A ] ∆[B]
rav = – =
∆t ∆t
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Page # 4 CHEMICAL KINETICS
d[B ] [B]
rinst. = = slope
dt
Concentration of B
d[B]
C2 dt
∆[B]
C1 ∆[B] (c 2 – c1)
rav = =
∆t ( t 2 – t1 )
∆t
t1 t2 t
time
where ∆[A] and ∆[B] represents the change in the concentrations of 'A' and 'B' respectively over a time
interval ∆t
The average rate of the reaction between a time interval (tf – ti = ∆t) can be determined from the
above graph by locating the concentration of 'A' of 'B' on this graph at the time instants tf and ti as
shown.
If [A]f and [A]i are the concentrations of the reactant 'A' at the time instants tf and ti then :
[ A ]f – [ A ]i
rav = –
tf – ti
Similarly from the plot of 'B' as a function of 't', we have :
[B] – [B]i
rav = f
tf – ti
Note :
The above expression for rav is equivalent to the slope of the line joining the points ( tf , [A]f ) and
( ti , [A]i) or ( tf , [B]f ) and ( ti , [B]i) as shown.
Instantaneous Rate of reaction (rinst.) can be calculated from rav
in the limit ∆t → 0 and is represented as :
d[ A ] d[B]
rinst. = – =
dt dt
Note : The above expression for rinst. is equivalent to the slope of the tangent from the plot of the
concentration of 'A' or 'B' at any time instant 't'.
The rate of the reaction (rinst. or rav) is always calculated as a positive quantity.
The rate of the change of the concentration of the reactant will be a negative quantity since its
concentration is decreasing with time.
The rate of the change of the concentration of the product will be a positive quantity since its
concentration is increasing with time.
The magnitude of the rates of the change of the concentration of reactants and products will be
equal in this case, as one mole of 'A' gives one mole of 'B' in the above reaction.
The rate of a reaction at any temperature depends on the concentration of the reactants and
sometimes on the concentration of some foreign substances (e.g a catalyst being used in the reaction
as well. The representation of this dependence of the rate of the reaction on the concentrations is
known as rate law and this rate law is determined experimentally.)
The above expression for rinst is called as differential rate law.
In general for a reaction :
mA + nB → pC + qD
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CHEMICAL KINETICS Page # 5
4
M/s. Find the rate of overall reaction and rate of consumption of NOBr.
d[NO]
We have : = 1.6 × 10–4 M/s.
dt
First write a balanced chemical equation. 2NOBr(g) → 2NO(g) + Br2(g)
1 d[NOBr ] 1 d[NO] 1 d[Br2 ]
Now, Rate of overall reaction = – = + = = 0.8 × 10–4 M/s
2 dt 2 dt 1 dt
d[NOBr ]
Rate of consumption of NOBr = – = + 1.6 × 10–4 M/s
dt
aA+bB cC+d D
Rate α [A]a [B]b
Rate = K [A]a [B]b
Law of mass action states that the rate of reaction is directaly proportional to the concentration of
reacting species raised to the power of stoichiometric coefficients. But this is valid only for elementary
reactions.
ORDER OF A REACTION
By performing a reaction in actual in laboratory and carefully examining it, it is possible to express the
rate law as the product of concentrations of reactants each raised to some power. For example
consider the reaction :
P + 2Q → R
The differential rate law is written as :
d[P] 1 d[Q]
Rate = – = –
dt 2 dt
Also, Rate can be expressed as Rate = k[P]m[Q]n
where k is called as rate constant or velocity constant or specific reaction rate.
k is a characteristic of a reaction at a given temperature. It changing only when the temperature
changes.
The powers m and n are integers or fractions. m is called as order of reaction with respect to P and n
is called
as order of reaction with respect to Q.
The overall order of reaction = m + n
Note :
The values of m and n are calculated from the experimental data obtained for a reaction and the
powers m and n are not related to the stoichiometric coefficients of the reactants
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Page # 6 CHEMICAL KINETICS
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CHEMICAL KINETICS Page # 7
Problem 2 :
The rate constant for a given reaction is k = 3 × 10–5 s–1 atm–1. Express it in units of L mol–1 sec–
1
.
Try to express concentration of 1 atm into mol/L using gas law (PV = nRT)
PV = nRT ⇒ P = cRT (c : concentration in mol/L)
Substitute R = 0.0821 L–atm/mol/K ;
T = 273 K ; P = 1 atm
⇒ c = 0.04462 mol/L
3 × 10 –5
⇒ k= = 6.73 × 10–4 L/mol/s.
0.04462
Problem 3 :
From the rate laws for the reactions given below, determine the order with respect to each
species and the overall order :
(i) 2HCrO4– + 6I– + 14H+ → 2Cr3+ + 3I2 + 8H2O
Rate = k[HCrO4–] [I–]2 [H+]2
(ii) H2O2 + 2I– + 2H+ → I2 + 2H2O
Rate = k[H2O2] [I–]
(i) The order of the reaction with respect to [HCrO4–] is 1; with respect to [I–] is 2 and with respect to
[H+] is 2. The overall order of the reaction is 1 + 2 + 2 = 5
(ii) The order of the reaction with respect to [H2O2] is 1 and with respect to [I–] is 1. The overall order
of the reaction is 1 + 1= 2.
Note : In (i) stoichiometric coefficient of I– is 6 whereas the power coefficient (n) in the rate law is 2.
Reaction (i) may not take place in a single step. It may not be possible for all the 22 molecules to
be in a state to collide with each other simultaneously. Such a reaction is called a complex
reaction.
A complex reaction takes place in a series of a number of elementary reactions.
MOLECULARITY
As already discussed, the order of a reaction is an experimental concept. The theoretical aspect of
chemical kinetics is molecularity.
A complex chemical reaction is understood in terms of various indirect steps called elementary processes.
The study of a reaction in terms of elementary processes is called as reaction mechanism. Now various
elementary steps occur at different rates. The slowest elementary process in the reaction
mechanism is called as rate determining step.
Molecularity is defined as the number of ions or molecules or atoms taking part in an elementary
process of the reaction mechanism.
In the rate determining step, when one molecule takes part, it is said to be a unimolecular reaction ;
two molecules take part, it is said to be a bimolecular reaction; three molecules take part, it is said to
be a termolecular reaction.
Unimolecular : Bimolecular :
1. Cyclopropane → propene 1. NO(g) + O3 (g) → NO2(g) + O2(g)
2. O3(g) → O2(g) + O(g) 2. 2HI(g) → H2(g) + I2(g)
1
3. N2O5(g) → N2O4(g) + O (g) Termolecular :
2 2
1. 2NO(g) + O2(g) → 2NO2 (g)
Note : For a reaction : A → B in the rate law : rate = k[A]m [B]n
Neither the order of reaction (m + n) nor the molecularity of a reaction can be predicted from
stoichiometric coefficient of a balanced reaction. The order of reaction is always to be determined
e xp eri m ental l y and
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Page # 8 CHEMICAL KINETICS
molecularity is determined theoretically after studying the reaction mechanism. However as a theoretical
idea sometime, we can have an approximate order of reaction equal to molecularity (i.e., the number of
molecules taking part in slowest elementary for complex reactions).
Order of a reaction can be fraction also. For example consider the following reaction :
(i) H2(g) + Br2(g) → 2 HBr (g)
rate = k[H2] [Br2]1/2 (determined experimentally)
1 3
order of reaction = 1 + =
2 2
(ii) CH3CHO(g) → CH4(g) + CO(g)
rate = k[CH3CHO]3/2 (determined experimentally)
3
order of reaction =
2
Also note that sum of stoichiometric coefficient (1 + 1 = 2) is not equal to the order of reaction.
Example :
(1) Photochemical Reactions, Photosynthesis
(2) CH4 + Cl2
hυ
→
Cl – Cl
→ Cl •
CH4 + Cl •
→ CH3Cl + H •
All reactions occuring by free radical mechanism.
(2) FIRST ORDER REACTION :
A product
Rate = K [A]1
A+B product
Rate = K [A] [B]–1
2
Example :
(1) Radioactive disintegration.
(2) PCl5(g)
→ PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)
Gaseous phase decomposition
(3) H2O2 → H2O + ½O2
(4) NH4NO2 → N2 + 2H2O
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CHEMICAL KINETICS Page # 9
A+B product
Rate = K [A] [B]1 1
Example :
(1) Alkaline hydrolysis of esters.
(2) Self Canizzaro’s reactions,
d [A]
– = k [A]°
dt
d [A]
– =k
dt
[A] t
– ∫ [A] o
d [A] = k ∫ dt
o
[A]o – [A] = kt
[A] o – [A] x
k= =
t t
Half life (t 1/2) :
Time in which half of initial amount is left.
[A]o
→ [A]o/2
t=o t = t1/2
[A]o – [A]o /2
k=
t 1/2
[A] o
t1/2 =
2k
Thus, for a Zero order reaction, half life is directly proportional to initial concentration of the reactant.
Clearly, zero order reactions are those, whose rates are not affected by change in concentrations of
reactants (i.e., independent of concentration). The rates of such reactions only depend upon
temperature. Most of photochemical reactions are zero order reactions. Other examples are :
decomposition of HI over the surface of gold and NH3 over tungsten.
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Page # 10 CHEMICAL KINETICS
Equation (i) can be rearranged and integrated to get the variation of the concentration of the
reactants as a function of time.
A0
t1/ 2
Slope = –k
A
t A0
From the above expression, it is clear that if we plot A as a function of time (t) then it will be a
straight line with a negative slope = – k and Y - Intercept of A0
A product
t=o [A]o
t=t [A]
d [A]
Rate of reaction = – ...........(1)
dt
Rate of reaction = k [A]1 ...........(2)
From equation (1) & (2)
d [A]
– = k [A]
dt
[A] t
– ∫
[A] o
d[A]/[A] = k ∫ dt o
ln [A]o/[A] = kt
2.303 [A]o
k = log
t [A]
[A]o = [A] e Kt
[ A ]o
[A] = where , n = number of half lifes.
2n
t=0 [A]0
[ A] 0 t1/2
2
t = t1/2 [ A] 0
2
[ A] 0 2 t1/2
[ A] 0 4
t = 2t1/2
4
[ A] 0 3 t1/2
t = 3t1/2 [ A] 0
8
8
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
[A]o [A]o [A]o
t 1/2 + 2 t 1/2 + 3t1/2 + - - - - - -
tav = 2 4 8
[ A]o
1 2 3 4
tav = + 2 + 3 + 4 + - - - - - - - t 1/2
2 2 2 2
0.693
tav = 1.44 t1/2 here t 1/2 =
k
1.44 × 0.693
tav =
K
1
⇒ tav =
K
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Page # 12 CHEMICAL KINETICS
−k
Note that slope of the line and Y-intercept (OA) = log10A0
2.303 t
Rate constant of a first order reaction can also be calculated by measuring the concentration
of the reactants at two time instants (if the initial concentration is not known).
If A1 and A2 are the reactant's concentrations at two time instants 't1' and 't2' respectively, then we
have :
A0
2.303log10 = kt1 ...(iii)
A1
A0
and 2.303log10 = kt 2 ... (iv)
A2
Subtracting (iv) from (iii), we get :
A1
2.303log10 = k( t1 − t 2 ) Thus, k can be evaluated.
A2
The molecularity of acidic hydrolysis of sucrose and esters is 2, whereas their order is 1. In both the
reactions water is in excess so that its concentration remains constant throughout the reaction.
The rate of reaction therefore depends only on the concentration of sucrose and ester in two
reactions respectively. So the reactions in which the molecularity is 2 or 3 but they conform to the
first order kinetics are known as pseudo first order reactions OR pseudo unimolecular reactions.
C12H22O11 + H2O + H+ → C6H12O6(glucose) + C6H12O6(fructose)
CH3COOC2H5(ester) + H2O + H+ → CH3COOH + C2H5OH
(In both the reactions, H+ ion acts as a catalyst)
Problem : 4
For a reaction 2NO(g) + 2H2(g) → N2(g) + 2H2O (g) ; the following data were obtained.
[NO] (mol/L) [H2](mol/L) Rate (mol/L/s)
1. 5 × 10 –3
2.5 × 10 –3
3 × 10–5
2. 15 × 10 –3
2.5 × 10 –3
9 × 10–5
3. 15 × 10 –3
10 × 10 –3
3.6 × 10–4
(a) Calculate the order of reaction.
(b) Find the rate constant.
(c) Find the initial rate if [NO] = [H2] = 8.0 × 10–3 M
Assuming rate law can be expressed as follows :
rate = k[NO]x [H2]y
By analysing the data :
From observation 1 and 2, we see that [H2] is constant and when [NO] is tripled, the rate is also
tripled.
⇒ rate (r) ∝ [NO] ⇒ x=1
From observations 2 and 3, we see that [NO] is constant; when [H2] is increased four times, the rate
also increases four times :
rate ∝ [H2] ⇒ y=1
⇒ r = k [NO] [H2O]
⇒ The order of reaction w.r.t No and H2 is 1 and the overall order of reaction is 1 + 1 = 2.
Initial rate = k[NO][H2] = 2.4 × (8 × 10–3)2 = 1.536 × 10–4 mol/L/s.
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CHEMICAL KINETICS Page # 13
Problem : 5
The rate of change of concentration of C in the reaction 2A + B → 2C + 3D was reported as 1.0 mol
litre–1 sec–1. Calculate the reaction rate as well as rate of change of concentration of A, B and D.
Sol. We have,
1 d[ A ] d[B] 1 d[C] 1 d[D]
– = – = = = rate of reaction
2 dt dt 2 dt 3 dt
d[C]
∴ = 1.0 mol litre–1 sec–1
dt
d[ A] d[C]
∴ – = = 1.0 mol L–1sec–1
dt dt
d[B] 1 d[C] 1
– = = = 0.5 mol L–1 sec–1
dt 2 dt 2
d[D] 3 d[C] 3
= = × 1 = 1.5 mol L–1 sec–1
dt 2 dt 2
Also,
1 d[C]
∵ Rate =
2 dt
1
∴ Rate = × 1 = 0.5 mol L–1 sec–1
2
Problem : 6
For the reaction A + B → C, the following data were obtained. In the first experiment, when the
initial concentrations of both A and B are 0.1 M, the observed initial rate of formation of C is 1 ×
10–4 mol litre–1 minute–1. In the second experiment when the initial concentrations of A and B
are 0.1 M and 0.3 M, the initial rate is 9.0 × 10–4 mol litre–1 minute–1.
(a) Write rate law for this reaction
(b) Calculate the value of specific rate constant for this reaction.
Sol. Let Rate = K[A]m[B]n
(a) r1 = 1 × 10–4 = K[0.1]m [0.1]m ...(1)
r2 = 9 × 10–4 = K[0.1]m[0.3]n ...(2)
r3 = 2.7 × 10–3 = K[0.3]m[0.3]m ...(3)
By Eqs. (1) and (2),
n
r1 1 × 10 –4 1
= =
r2 9 × 10 –4 3
∴ n=2
By Eqs. (2) and (3),
m
r2 9 × 10 –4 1
= = m= 1
r3 27 × 10 –4 3
∴ Rate = K[A]1[B]2
(b) Also by Eq. (1), 1 × 10–4 = K[0.1]1 [0.1]2
K = 10–1 = 0.1 L2 mol–2 min–1
Problem : 7
The chemical reaction between K2C2O4 and HgCl2 is ;
2HgCl2 + K2C2O4 → 2KCl + 2CO2 + Hg2Cl2
The weights of Hg2Cl2 precipitated from different solutions in given time were taken and
expressed as following :
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Page # 14 CHEMICAL KINETICS
Problem : 9
The net rate of reaction of the change :
[Cu(NH3)4]2+ + H2O [Cu(NH3)3H2O]2+ + NH3 is,
dx
= 2.0 × 10 – 4 [Cu(NH3)4]2+ – 3.0 × 105 [Cu(NH3)3H2O]2+ [NH3]
dt
calculate :
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Problem : 10
The rate law for the decomposition of gaseous N2O5,
1
N2O5(g) → 2NO2(g) + O (g)
2 2
is observed to be
d[N2 O 5 ]
r= – = k[N2O5]
dt
A reaction mechanism which has been suggested to be consistent with this rate law is
k
N2O5(g) NO2(g) + NO3(g) (fast equilibrium)
k1
NO 2 (g) + NO 3 (g) → NO2(g) + NO(g) + O2(g) (slow)
NO(g) + NO3(g) k2
→ 2NO2(g) (fast)
Show that the mechanism is consistent with the observed rate law.
Since the slow step is the rate determining step, hence
r = k1[NO2] [NO3] ...(1)
and from the fast equilibrium step,
[NO 2 ][NO 3 ]
K=
[N2 O 5 ]
Thus, [NO2] [NO3] = K[N2O5] ...(ii)
Using (ii) in (i), we get :
r = k1K[N2O5] = k[N2O5] where k = k1K
This shows that the mechanism is consistent with the observed rate law.
Problem : 11
The half life of first order decomposition of nitramide is 2.1 hour at 15°C.
NH2NO2(aq) → N2O(g) + H2O (l)
If 6.2 gm of NH2NO2 is allowed to decompose, find :
(a) time taken for nitramide to decompose 99%;
(b) volume of dry N2O gas produced at this point at STP.
Sol. (a) Using first order kinetics, we have :
A0
kt = 2.303 log10
A
0.693 100
⇒ × t = 2.303 log ⇒ t = 13.96 hours
21
. 100 – 99
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Page # 16 CHEMICAL KINETICS
Case I :
A product
t=o [A]o
t = t [A]t
d [A]
Rate of reaction = – .............(1)
dt
Rate of reaction = k [A]2 .............(2)
From equation (1) & (2)
d [A]
– = K [A]2
dt
[A] d[ A ] t
– ∫ [A]o [A] 2
= k ∫ dt
o
1 1
– = Kt
[A] [A]o
1/[A] – 1 /[A]o
K=
t
[A o ]
Half-life (t1/2) : [A]t =
2
K = 2/[A]o – 1/[A]o
1
t1/2 = k [A]
o
Case (II):
A+B product
t=o a b
t=t a–x b–x
d [A]
Rate of reaction = – ............(1)
dt
Rate of reaction = k [A] [B] ............(2)
From equation (1) & (2)
d [A]
– = k [ A ] [B]
dt
dx
= k (a – x) (b – x)
dt
x dx t
∫ o (a – x) (b – x)
= k ∫ dt
o
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CHEMICAL KINETICS Page # 17
x dx x dx t
∫ o (b – a) (a – x)
+ ∫ o (a – b) (b – x)
= k dt
o ∫
(–1) a – x (– 1) b – x
ln + ln = kt
(b – a) a (a – b) b
a b
ln – ln = k (b – a) t
a– x b–x
1 a b – x
k = t (b – a) ln a – x × b
1 a (b – x)
k = ln
t (b – a) b (a – x)
A product
d [A]
rate = – ................(1)
dt
rate = k [A]n ................(2)
d [A]
⇒ – = k[A]n
dt
[A]t
d [A] t
⇒ – ∫
[A]o
[A]n ∫
= k dt
o
[A]
1 1
⇒ = kt
(n – 1) [A]n –1 [ A ]
o
1 1 1
⇒ n –1
– = kt
(n – 1) [A] t [A]o n –1
1 1 1
⇒ k= n –1
–
(n – 1) t [A] t [A] o n –1
[ A ]o
Half-life (t1/2) : at t = t1/2 , [A]t =
2
1 2n –1 1
⇒ k = (n – 1) t n –1
–
1/2 [A]o [A]o n –1
2n –1 – 1 1
⇒ t 1/2 = n –1 ⇒ t 1/ 2 α
(n – 1) K [A] o [A] o n –1
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Page # 18 CHEMICAL KINETICS
Problem : 12
For the non-equilibrium process, A + B → Products, the rate is first order w.r.t A and second
order w.r.t. B. If 1.0 mole each of A and B are introduced into a 1 litre vessel and the initial rate
were 1.0 × 10–2 mol/litre-sec, calculate the rate when half of the reactants have been used.
Sol. Rate = K[A] [B]2
∴ 10–2 = K[1] [1]2
or K = 10–2 litre2 mol–2 sec–1
Now ratell = 10–2 × 0.5 × (0.5)2
or New rate = 1.2 × 10–3 mol/L-sec
Problem : 13
The reaction A + OH– → Products, obeys rate law expression as,
–d[A]
= k[A][OH – ]
dt
If initial concentrations of [A] and [OH –] are 0.002 M and 0.3 M respectively and if it takes 30
sec for 1% A to react at 25°C, calculate the rate constant for the reactions.
Sol. A + OH– → Products
t=0 0.002 0.3
0.002 × 1 0.002 × 1
t = 30 0.002 – 100 0.3 – 100
0.002 × 1
0.3 × 0.002 –
2.303 100
K= log10 0.002 × 1
30 × ( 0.002 – 0.3) 0.0020.3 –
100
K = 1.12 × 10–3 L mol–1 sec–1
Problem : 14
A certain reaction A + B → products ; is first order w.r.t. each reactant with k = 5.0 × 10–3 M–1s–
1
. Calculate the concentration of A remaining after 100s if the initial concentration of A was 0.1
M and that of B was 6.0 M. State any approximation made in obtaining your result.
Sol. A + B → products
Given : Rate = k[A][B] (2nd Order reaction)
Now, since [B] >> [A], [B] can be assumed to remain constant throughout the reaction. Thus, the rate
law for the reaction, becomes :
Rate ≈ k0[A] where k0 = k[B] = 5.0 × 10–3 × 6.0 s–1 = 3.0 × 10–2 s–1
Thus, the reaction is now of first order.
A0
Using, 2.303 log10 = k0t
A
0. 1
⇒ 2.303 log10 = k 0t = 3
A
0.1
⇒ log e =3 [∴ logex = 2.303 log10x]
A
0.1
⇒ A= 3
= 5 × 10 – 3 M
e
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CHEMICAL KINETICS Page # 19
Vol. of KMnO4 V0 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5
Volume of KMnO4 at t = 0 corresponds to volume of H2O2 initially present.
⇒ A0 ∝ V0
Volume of KMnO4 at time instants t1, t2, t3, .................... corresponds to volume of H2O2 remaining
a f t e r
t1, t2, t3, .................
⇒ A ∝ Vt
Now it being a first order reaction, follows first order kinetics, so
V0
k t = 2.303 log10 V
t
Now using the above expression, if we calculate the values of k for different time intervals t1, t2,
........... (for actual numerical data), the values of k should be same if the reaction follows first order
kinetics.
Tim e instants t = 0 t1 t2 t3 t4 t
Vol. of N 2 0 V1 V2 V3 V4 V∞
V∞
⇒ k t = 2.303 log10 V – V
∞ t
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Page # 20 CHEMICAL KINETICS
Vol. of NaOH V0 V1 V2 V3 V4 V∞
At t = 0, V0 is the volume NaOH used to neutralise the mineral acid present (H+) being used as catalyst.
(At t = 0, no CH3COOH is yet produced)
At t = ∞ (i.e., at the end of hydrolysis), V∞, is the volume of NaOH used to neutralise whole of CH3COOH
plus vol. of HCl present At t = ∞, volume of CH3COOH corresponds to volume of ester taken initially
⇒ A0 ∝ V∞ – V0 (as V0 ≡ vol. of HCl)
At t = t1, t2, t3............ V1, V2, V3, ................corresponds to vol. of HCl plus vol. of CH3COOH being
produced.
⇒ x ∝ Vt – V0
⇒ A0 – x ∝ (V∞ – V0) – (Vt – V0)
⇒ A0 – x ∝ V∞ – Vt
V∞ – V0
⇒ k t = 2.303 log10
V∞ – Vt
Inversion of Cane Sugar (C12H22O11)
C12H22O11 + H2O + H+ → C6H12O6(glucose) + C6H12O6 (fructose)
The rate is measured by measuring the change in the angle of rotation (optical activity) by a polarimeter.
Sucrose is dextro-rotatory, glucose is dextro-rotatory and fructose is leavo-rotatory. The change
produced in rotatory power in time t gives a measure of x, the quantity of sucrose decomposed in that
time. The total change in the rotatory power produced at the end of the reaction gives the measure of
A0, the initial concentration of sucrose.
If r0, r1 and r∞ represent rotations at the start of reaction, after time t and at the end of reaction
respectively,
then
⇒ A0 ∝ r0 – r∞ and x ∝ r0 – rt
⇒ A0 – x ∝ rt – r∞
r0 – r∞
⇒ k t = 2.303 log10 r – r
t ∞
DECOMPOSITION OF AsH3(g)
In first-order reactions involving gases, sometime measuring the pressure of the reaction mixture is
very good method for measuring reaction rates.
For example consider decomposition of arsine gas (AsH3)
3
AsH3(g) → As(s) + H2 ( g)
2
The rate of reaction is measured as the increase in pressure of the reaction mixture. Note that there is
an increase in number of moles of the gaseous products to the right, so as the reaction proceeds,
there will be an increase in pressure of contents (P ∝ n).
Let the initial pressure of AsH3(g) is P0, if x is the decrease in pressure of AsH3(g) after time t.
AsH3(g) → As(s) + H2(g)
A0 ≡ initial pressure P0 0 0
3
A ≡ partial pressures P0 – x 0 x
2
Arsenic is solid, so P(AS) = 0
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CHEMICAL KINETICS Page # 21
On similar pattern, please try to write the expression for Ist order rate law for following first-order
reactions. (in terms of P0 and Pt)
1
1. N2O(g) → N2(g) + O (g)
2 2
2. (CH3)3C – O – O – C(CH3)(g) → 2(CH3)2C = O(g) + C2H6(g)
Problem : 15
Dimethyl ether decomposes according to the following reaction :
CH3 – O – CH3(g) → CH4(g) + CO(g) + H2(g)
At a certain temperature, when ether was heated in a closed vessel, the increase in pressure with time
was noted down.
Time (min) 0 10 20 30
t=0 C 0 ≡ P0 0 0 0
t=t C t ≡ P0 – x x x x
⇒ Pt = P0 + 2x
1
⇒ x= (P – P0)
2 t
A0 P0 2P0
⇒ = =
A P0 – x 3P0 – Pt
Now find k1, k2 and k3 using the first order kinetics
2P0
k t = 2.303 log10 3P – 2P
0 t
2.303 2(420)
k1 = log10 = 0.0129 min–1
10 3( 420 ) – 522
2.303 2(420)
k2 = log10 = 0.0122 min–1
20 3(420) – 602
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Page # 22 CHEMICAL KINETICS
2.303 2( 420 )
k3 = log10 = 0.0123 min–1
30 3( 420 ) – 678
As k1 ~ k2 ~k3, the reaction is first order.
1
kaverage = (k 1 + k 2 + k 3 ) = 0.0127 min–1
3
1
PCO = x = (Pt – P0 )
2
Find P after t = 25 min using first order kinetics with k = 0.0127 min–1
2( 420)
⇒ log10 = 0.0127 × 25
3(240) – Pt
⇒ Pt = 648.46 mm ⇒ x = 114.23 mm
Problem : 16
The decomposition of N2O5 according to following reaction is first order reaction :
2N2O5(g) → 4NO2(g) + O2 (g)
After 30 min. from start of the decomposition in a closed vessel, the total pressure developed
is found to be 284.5 mm of Hg and on complete decomposition, the total pressure is 584.5 mm
of Hg. Calculate the rate constant of the reaction.
Sol. 2N2O5(g) → 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
2N2O5 4NO2 O2
P0 0 0
P0 – 2x 4x x
P0 : initial pressure ; Let Pt : pressure at 30 min and P∞ : pressure at the end of decomposition.
1
⇒ Pt = P0 + 3x ⇒ x= (P – P0)
3 t
1 5 2
and P∞ = 2P0 + P0 = P0 ⇒ P0 = P∞
2 2 5
For the first order kinetics
A0
keff t = 2.303 log10
A
A0 : initial concentration ; A : final concentration
1
P∞
A0 P0 5 A 0 3 P∞
= = =
Now A P0 – 2x 1 P – 2 / 5P∞ ⇒
P∞ – 2 t A 5 P∞ – Pt
5 3
1 3 584.5
⇒ keff = × 2.303 log10 × = 5.204 × 10–3 min–1
30 5 584.5 – 284.5
5.204
k for the reaction = × 10 –3 = 2.602 × 10–3 min–1
2
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CHEMICAL KINETICS Page # 23
Problem : 17
The gas phase decomposition of N2O5 to NO2 and O2 is monitored by measurement of total
pressure. The following data are obtained.
Find the average rate of disappearance of N2O5 for the time interval between each interval and
for the total time interval. [Hint : Integrated rate law is NOT to be used]
Sol. 2N2O5(g) → 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
Initial Pressure (at t = 0) P0 0 0
At equilibrium P0 – 2x 4x x
1
Now: Pt = (P0 – 2x) + 4x + x ⇒ x= (Pt – P0 )
3
1
PN2O 5 = P0 – 2x = (5P0 – 2Pt )
3
2
Thus, ∆PN2O 5 = (Pt 1 – Pt 2 ) where Pt 2 and Pt 1 are the total pressures at time instants t2 and t1 (t2 >
3
t1) respectively
∆PN2O 5
Ptotal (atm) Time (sec) = Avg. Rate of disappearance of N2O5
∆t
Problem : 18
5 ml of ethylacetate was added to a flask containing 100 ml f 0.1 N HCl placed in a thermostat
maintained at 30°C. 5 ml of the reaction mixture was withdrawn at different intervals of time
and after chilling, titrated against a standard alkali. The following data were obtained :
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Page # 24 CHEMICAL KINETICS
Time V∞ – Vt k1
2.303 1143
.
75 min 21.05 – 12.10 = 8.95 log = 0.003259 min–1
75 8.95
2.303 1143
.
119 min 21.05 – 13.10 = 7.95 log = 0.003051 min–1
119 7.95
2.303 1143
.
183 min 21.05 – 14.75 = 6.30 log = 0.003254 min–1
183 6.30
A constant value of k shows that hydrolysis of ethyl acetate is a first order reaction.
Problem : 19
The optical rotations of sucrose in 0.5N HCl at 35°C at various time intervals are given below.
Show that the reaction is of first order :
Time (minutes) 0 10 20 30 40 ∞
Sol. The inversion of sucrose will be first order reaction if the above data confirm to the equation, k1 =
2.303 r0 – r∞
log r – r
t t ∞
Where r0, rt and r∞ represent optical rotations initially, at the commencement of the reaction after time
t and at the completion of the reaction respectively
In the case a0 = r0 – r∞ = +32.4 – (–11.1) = +43.5
The value of k at different times is calculated as follows :
Time rt rt – r∞ k
2.303 43.5
10 min +28.8 39.9 log = 0.008625 min–1
10 39.9
2.303 43.5
20 min +25.5 36.6 log = 0.008625 min–1
10 36.6
2.303 43.5
30 min +22.4 33.5 log = 0.008694 min–1
30 33.5
2.303 43.5
40 min +19.6 30.7log = 0.008717 min–1
40 30.7
The constancy of k1 indicates that the inversion of sucrose is a first order reaction.
Problem : 20
The hydrolysis of ethyl acetate
CH3COOC2H5 + H2O CH3COOH + C2H5OH
in aqueous solution is first order with respect to ethyl acetate. Upon varying the pH of the
solution the first order rate constant varies as follows.
pH 3 2 1
k1 ×10–4s–1 1.1 11 110
what is the order of the reaction with respect of H+ and the value of the rate constant?
Sol. Rate = k[CH3COOC2H5]a[H+]b
[H+] is constant through out the reaction
k1 = k[H+]b
b b
k 1 [H + ]1 . 10 –3
11
Hence, ' = + =
k 1 [H ] 2 11 10 –2
b=1
k1= k[H+]
1.1 × 10–4 = k(10–3) ⇒ k = 1.1 × 10–1 dm3 mol–1 sec–1
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CHEMICAL KINETICS Page # 25
K1 B K1 K1 A B
A B C
A K2
C
Parallel Kinetics Series Kinetics Reversible Kinetics
PARALLEL KINETICS
K1 B
I
A K2
II C
t = 0 [A]o
t = t [A]
Rate of change of A = [rate of change of A]I + [rate of change of A]II
d [A]
– = K1 [A] + K2 [A]
dt
dB dC
= k 1A , = k 2A
dt dt
[B] k 1
⇒ =
[C ] k 2
k1
% of B in the mix of A & B = k + k × 100
1 2
k2
% of C in the = × 100
k1 + k 2
d [A]
– = (K 1 + K 2 ) [A]
dt
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Page # 26 CHEMICAL KINETICS
GENERALIZATION
B
K1
K2
A C
Kn
Z
2.303 [A]
K1 + K 2 + - - - - - - K n = log o
t [ A ]t
0.693
t1/ 2 =
K1 + K 2 + - - - - K n
Problem : 21
An organic compound A de composes following two parallel first order mechanisms :
k1
B
k1 1
A ; k = 9 and k1 = 1.3 × 10–5 sec–1.
k2 2
C
Calculate the concentration ratio of C to A, if an experiment is allowed to start with only A for
one hour.
k1 1
Sol. =
k2 9
But k1 = 1.3 × 10–5 sec–1 ; k2 = 9 × 1.3 × 10–5 sec–1 = 117 × 10–5 sec–1
(k1 + k2) = (1.3 × 10–5) + (11.7 × 10–5) sec–1 = 13 × 10–5 sec–1 ....(1)
[B] t 1 [ C] t
Also [C] = 9 ⇒ [B]t = ...(2)
t 9
For parallel first order reaction :
d[ A ]
– = (k1 + k2) [A]
dt
[ A ]t t= t
d[ A ]
⇒ – ∫
[ A ]0
[A] ∫
= (k 1 + k 2 ) dt
t=0
[ A ]0 [ A ] t + [B] t + [C] t
⇒ ln [ A ] = (k 1 + k 2 ) t ; ln [ A] t
= (k1 + k2)t
t
[ C] t
[ A] t + + [ C] t
⇒ ln 9 = (k 1 + k 2 ) t [from eq. (2)]
[A] t
10 [C] t
⇒ ln 1 + = (k 1 + k 2 ) t
9 [ A] t
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CHEMICAL KINETICS Page # 27
10 [C] t
⇒ ln 1 + 9 [ A ] = 13 × 10–5 × 60 × 60 = 0.468 [from eq. (1)]
t
10 [C] t [ C] t
= 0.537
⇒ 1+ = 1.5968 ;
9 [ A] t [ A] t
K1 K2
A → B
→ C
d [A]
– = K 1 [A]
dt
d [B]
= Rate at which B is produced – Rate at which B is consumed
dt
d [B]
= Rate at which A is consumed – Rate at which B is consumed
dt
d [B]
= K 1 [A] – K 2 [B]
dt
d [C]
= Rate at which C is produced
dt
= Rate at which B is consumed
d [C]
= K 2 [B]
dt
d [A]
– = K 1[A]
dt
[ A ]t = [ A ]o e –k 1t
d [B]
= K 1 [A] – K 2 [B]
dt
d [B]
+ K 2 [B] = K 1 [A]o e – k 1t
dt
dy
+ P (x) y = Qx
dx
y×e ∫ P (x) dx
∫
= Q (x). e ∫ P (x) dx dx + C
[B] e k 2t = k 1 [A]o ∫e
–k 1t
e k 2t dt + C
[B] e k 2 t = k 1[A]o ∫e
(k 2 – k 1)t
dt + C
e (k 2 – k 1)t
[B] e k 2 t = k 1 [A]o +C
(k 2 – k 1)
At, t = o , [B] = 0
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Page # 28 CHEMICAL KINETICS
k 1[ A ]o –k 1[ A ]o
0 = k –k +C ⇒ C=
2 1 (k 2 – k 1)
e (k 2 – k 1)t k [A]
[B]e k 2 t = k 1 [A]o – 1 o
(k 2 – k 1) (k 2 – k 1)
k 1[A] o
[B ] =
(k 2 – k 1)
[e – k 1t
– e –k 2t ]
d [C]
= k2[B]
dt
d [C]
=
k 1 k 2 [A]o
(k 2 – k 1)
[e – k 1t
– e –k 2t ]
dt
t
k 1 k 2 [ A ]o e –k 1t e –k 2 t k 1 k 2 [ A ]o e –k1t e –k 2 t 1 1
[C] = k – k – [C] = – – +
2 1 – k 1 – k 2
o
k 1 – k 2 k 1 k2 k 1 k 2
k 1 k 2 [A] o (e –k 1t – 1) (e –k 2 t – 1)
[C ] = –
k1 – k 2 k1 k2
[B]
[A]
[A]0
t
k
t loge 2
k1
t=
(k 2 – k 1 )
[C]
k 1 [A]o
[B] = k – k e
– k 1t
[
– e –k 2t ]
2 1
[A]0
d [B]
dt
k [A]
[
= 1 o – k 1e – k 1t – (–k 2 ) e – k 2 t = 0
k 2 – k1
]
k 1 e –k1t = k 2e – k 2t t
(k 2 – k 1) t k2 [C]
e =
k1
k2 [A]0
(k 2 – k 1)t = log e
k1
log e (k 2 /k 1)
t= t
k 2 – k1
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CHEMICAL KINETICS Page # 29
REVERSIBLE KINETICS
K1
B
rate
A
K2 rf
t = o [A]o 0 rb
t = t [A]t [B]t = [A]o – [A]t
t = teq [A]eq [B]eq t
teq
rate(f) = k1[A]
rate (b)
= k2[B]
At equilibrium, rf = rb
k1 [A] equilibrium = k2 [B] equilibrium
k1 [B] equilibrium
=
k2 [A] equilibrium
k 1 + k 2 [A]o
=
k2 [A]eq
k 2 [A] o
[ A ]equilibriu m = ............ (I)
k1 + k 2
d [A]
= Rate at which A disappears
dt
+ Rate at which A is produced.
d [A] d [A]
= – k1 [A] + k2 [B] = – k1 [A] + k2 [ [A]o – [A] ]
dt dt
k2
= – (k1 + k2) [A] + k2 [A]o = (k1 + k2) – [A] + k + k [A]o
1 2
By substituting the value from equation (I)
[A] t d [A] t
d [A]
dt
[
= (k 1 + k 2 ) [A]eq – [A] ]⇒ ∫ [A]o [A]eq – [A]
= (k 1 + k 2 ) ∫ dt
o
[A]eq – [A]o
log e = (k 1 + k 2 ) t
[ A ]eq – [ A ]t
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Page # 30 CHEMICAL KINETICS
Problem : 22
K1
For the reversible reaction in equilibrium : A B. The values of K1 and K2 are 2 × 10–3 mol L–
K2
1
s ec –1 an d
–3 –1
3 × 10 sec respectively. If we add 0.5 moles of B in the equilibrium mixture, initially containing
2 moles of A. Calculate the time taken for concentration of B to become equal to 3/4 of the
concentration of A initial equilibrium. The volume of mixture is 1 L and remains constant.
K1
Sol. A B
K2
t=0 2 mol litre–1 0
At eq. (2 – X) mol litre–1 X
–3
K1 = 2 × 10 mol L sec –1 –1
(zero order)
K2 = 3 × 10–3 sec–1 (Ist order)
dX
= K 1[ A ] 0 – K 2 [B]1
dt
dx
At equilibrium = 0 ∴ 0 = K1 – K2 [X]eq
dt
K 1 2 × 10 –3
∴ [X]eq = = = 0.66 mol litre–1 = K
K 2 3 × 10 –3 c
A B
Initial eq. 1.34 0.66
Moles added at eq. 1.34 0.66 + 0.5 = 1.16
Addition of B will bring backward reaction
at time t (1.34 + x) (1.16 – X)
3 3
∴ [B] = [ A ]Ieq. = × 134
. = 1005
.
4 4
(1.16 – X) = 1.005
∴ X = 0.155
dX
Now, = K 1 – K 2 [ X ] = 0.66K2 – K2X = K2 [0.66 – X]
dt
dX
∴ = K 2 . dt
(0.66 – X)
or –2.303 log (0.66 – X) = K2.t + C
at t = 0, X=0
∴ C = –2.303 log 0.66
0.66
∴ K2.t = 2.303 log
0.66 – X
2.303 0.66
∴ t= –3
log = 89.24 sec
3 × 10 0.66 – 0.155
394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. 0744-2209671, 93141-87482, 93527-21564
IVRS No. 0744-2439051, 0744-2439052, 0744-2439053 www.motioniitjee.com, [email protected]
CHEMICAL KINETICS Page # 31
Sol. A0 → B
0.01 0
0.01 – xeq xeq
[B]eq 10 –2 [ x] eq
= =4 =
[ A ]eq Kb 0.01 – [ x] eq
0.04
∴ Kb = 0.25 × 10–2 and xeq = = 0.008
5
2.303 [ x] eq
t = (K + K ) log [ x] – x
f b eq
2.303 0.008
30 = –2 log
125
. × 10 ( 0.008 – x)
0.008
∴ = 1455
. ∴ x = 2.50 × 10–3
0.008 – x
Initial Rate Half life method Ostwald Isolation Integrated Rat law
method method method
A+B product
rate = k [A] m
[B] n
; Order = m + n
394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. 0744-2209671, 93141-87482, 93527-21564
IVRS No. 0744-2439051, 0744-2439052, 0744-2439053 www.motioniitjee.com, [email protected]
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
— Mettez-vous à sa place, M. Cougourdan, avec ce qui lui arrive ?
— Il a donc gagné ?
— Mieux que ça, M. Cougourdan.
— Hérité peut-être ?
— Mieux encore : il a, en recarellant sa cuve, trouvé mille écus de
six livres dans un bas.
— Mille écus, sartibois ! et mon billet, qui justement tombe ce
matin.
— Pitalugue descend chez lui, M. Cougourdan, rattrapez-le avant
qu’il n’ait tout joué ou tout bu ; et, si voulez suivre un bon conseil,
courez vite.
Au Portail-des-Chiens, la marmite bouillait toujours et
l’impatience était à son comble, lorsque Cadet, qu’on avait posté en
sentinelle, vint tout courant annoncer qu’un vieux monsieur à
lunettes d’or, porteur d’un papier qui paraissait être un papier
timbré, tournait le coin de la rue.
— Monsieur Cougourdan ! s’écria la Zoun, il se trouvait là
précisément quand nous semâmes les haricots.
— C’est lui le sorcier, je m’en doutais, reprit tante Dide. Allons, les
enfants, tous en place, et pas un coup de bâton de perdu !
Silencieusement, les quinze Pitalugue mâles se rangèrent le long
des murs, armés chacun d’une forte trique.
Quelle émotion dans la chambre ! On n’entendait que les
glouglous pressés de l’eau, le cliquetis de la ferraille, et bientôt le
bruit des souliers de M. Cougourdan, sonnant sur l’escalier de bois.
Ce fut une mémorable dégelée, et les farceurs de Pertuis eurent
pour longtemps de quoi rire.
M. Cougourdan, homme discret, ne se plaignit pas.
Quant à Pitalugue, ayant retrouvé le soir, dans un coin de la
chambre, son billet de cent écus perdu par M. Cougourdan dans la
bagarre, il en fit une allumette pour sa pipe et dit à la Zoun d’un ton
pénétré :
— Vois-tu, Zoun, les anciens n’avaient pas tort ! Bonne semence
n’est jamais perdue, et la terre rend toujours au centuple les bonnes
manières qu’on lui fait.
Nobles et philosophiques paroles qui seront, s’il plaît au lecteur,
la morale de cette histoire !
MES HIRONDELLES.
L’abbé Ortolan n’aurait donné son saint pour aucun autre saint du
monde, plus fier de dire sa messe annuelle, dans la chapelle, sur un
pauvre autel de simple pierre, que l’archevêque d’Aix en personne,
officiant à Saint-Sauveur au milieu des enfants de chœur et des
chanoines.
Aussi était-ce pour le bon curé une grande douleur de voir sa
chapelle se dégrader et tous les jours s’en aller en ruines. Il avait
bien mis près du bénitier un tronc avec cette inscription : — Pour les
réparations de la chapelle ; — mais les gens de Dromon-le-Haut sont
pauvres et avares ; ceux des communes d’en bas ont leurs saints
pour qui, comme de juste, ils gardaient leurs piécettes et leurs écus,
de sorte que le tronc restait vide et que le pauvre saint avec ses
lambrusques était de plus en plus mal logé.
Cela ne pouvait pas durer ainsi !
I
L’eau de La Salette.
II
Comme quoi Saint Pouderous se trompa.
— Bonjour, l’ermite !
— Vous voilà, mécréant.
— Qu’arrive-t-il à votre saint ?
— Ce qu’il lui arrive… Regardez : il lui arrive que je le vide !
Et montrant le poing aux assistants mis en joie :
— Tas de damnés, paroissiens du diable, c’est votre impiété qui
m’en a réduit là !
Il se retourna vers moi, plus calme :
— Vous savez ou vous ne savez pas que c’est demain la fête…
Autrefois les gens se disputaient l’honneur de monter le Saint, pieds
nus, sur leurs épaules. On payait pour ça ; c’était le bon temps. Je
me rappelle, moi, qui vous parle, étant tout petit, sous mon
prédécesseur, avoir vu mettre la chose aux enchères… Les
mauvaises idées vinrent ; on portait encore le saint pieds nus, mais
sans payer… Puis on se chaussa, et je dus me tenir content…
L’année passée ne m’a-t-il pas fallu aller chercher par force mes
pénitents à l’auberge ?
Enfin, cette année…, ah ! cette année…, ils m’ont déclaré, les
brigands, que le tronc de poirier était trop lourd, qu’on en riait dans
tous les villages de la vallée, et qu’enlever un peu de bois à saint
Barbejou ne saurait lui faire du mal… Mais halte-là charron ! c’est
poussé assez loin. Avec ta tarière d’enfer, tu vas faire sauter à mon
saint le crâne et la mitre.
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