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K132 A 1007—1873 2016 05—0164—06
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12 。
1113 。1115
——— 。 。 1128
Council of Troyes 。
。
Knight Templars 《 》 Liber ad Milites Templi de Laude Novae Mili-
tae 。
。 。
。 《 》。 《 》
。
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。
— 11
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。
· 164·
“ ” 。① “ ”
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②
…… ”
——— 、
。
。③
《 》“ ”
。 《 》
— 。
《 》
《 》
· Charles Edison 、 · Malcolm Barber 、
· Alan Forey 《 》
。 。 《
》 · Aryeh Grabois 《 》 ·
· · Marie Luise Bulst － Thiele 《
》 《 》 。
《 》 《 》。
《 》 。④ 《 》
— 。 《 》
。
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1096 1099
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。 。
。
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1118 19 Hugues de Pay-
ens 。
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。
。 、
① Jonathan Ｒailey － Smith “Crusading as an act of love ”History Vol． 65 Issue 214 p． 182.
② Bernard of Clairvaux “Epistolae ”Patrologia Latina Vol． 182 no． 364． http / / www． binetti． ru / bernardus /05_3． shtml．
③ Bongars Gesta Dei per Francos 1 p． 382 trans in Oliver J． Thatcher and Edgar Holmes McNeal eds． A Source Book for Me-
dieval History New York Scribners 1905 p． 516．
④ 《 、 ——— 》 2009 。
· 165·
《 》5 /2016
、 。 William of Tyre
①
。
。 。
②
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。 Suger
。
Peter the Venerable 。
。
。
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1125 。
。
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。 1128
。 。
。 。④
8、
9
VIII 。
、 。
。 ……
IX ……⑤
。
。
。 。
1136 《 》
。
。
。
① · 。 Malcolm Barber The New Knighthood a History of the Order of the Temple
Cambridge Cambridge University 1994 p. 10．
② 。 。
。
③ Malcolm Barber The New Knighthood a History of the Order of the Temple p. 12．
④ “ 。 。
。”Bernard of Clairvaux In Praise of the New Knighthood Kalamazoo Cistercian Publications 2008 p. 80．
⑤ Charles Greenstreet Addison The History of the Knights Templars the Temple church and the Temple Harlow Longman 1842 p. 19．
· 166·
1136 《 》
。
。
《 》
《 》
。
《 》 《 》
。 milites saeculi
milites Christi 。
。
。 。
——— 。 《 》 。
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。“
①
。”
“ ——— 。
②
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…… 。”③
。
。
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……
④
。” man － killer evil － killer
“ 。
。
。”⑤
“ ”。⑥
。
。 “ ”。⑦
① Bernard of Clairvaux In Praise of the New Knighthood p. 33．
② Bernard of Clairvaux In Praise of the New Knighthood p. 34．
③ Bernard of Clairvaux In Praise of the New Knighthood p. 34．
④ Bernard of Clairvaux In Praise of the New Knighthood p. 39．
⑤ Bernard of Clairvaux In Praise of the New Knighthood p. 39．
⑥ Bernard of Clairvaux In Praise of the New Knighthood p． 42．
⑦ Bernard of Clairvaux In Praise of the New Knighthood p． 48．
· 167·
《 》5 /2016
《 》
——— ———
——— ———
——— ——— ——— ——— ———
。
。①
。 。
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……
②
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③
。 。”
。
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。
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。
、 。
。 “ ” 。
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。
。 Just war 。 8
④
。
“ ” 。
“ ” militia Chrirsti 。
· Peter Damian 。 “
⑤
” militia spiritualis 。 “
” bellum Christi 。
。 Manegold “
① Mette B． Bruan “Bernard of Clairvaux and the Landscape of sal-
vation ”in Brain Parttick McGuire eds． A Comparion to Bernard of Clairvaux Boston Leidon 2011 pp． 250—252．
② Bernard of Clairvaux In Praise of the New Knighthood p． 74．
③ Bernard of Clairvaux In Praise of the New Knighthood p． 51．
④ Johnathan Ｒiley － Smith The First Crusade ad the Idea of Crusading London The Atholone Press 1987 p． 28．
⑤ Carl Erdmann The Origin of the Idea of Crusade Princeton N． J． Princeton University Press 1977 p． 202．
· 168·
。”①
。
、 。
“
。 ”。②
。
。 。
。
。 12 —
③
。 。 ———
。 ——— milites
。 。
。
。
。 。
。
。
。 “ ” 。
。 “
” 。
。 “ — ”
、
。
。
。
。
“ ”。 《 》
。 。
。 。
——— 。
。 。
。
。
。
“ ” 。
。
① Carl Erdmann The Origin of the Idea of Crusade p． 236．
② Johnathan Ｒiley － Smith The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading p． 26．
③ James B． MacGregor “Negotiating Knightly Piety The Cult of the Warrior － Saints in the West ca． 1070—ca． 1200 ”Church
History Vol． 73 no． 2 Jun． 2004 pp． 317—345．
· 169·
Abstract
dentity to Huizhou had not been reversed． This phenomenon has historical and realistic factors． Jingde
and Huizhou people maintain close economic and humanities relations for a long time． It helps to reveal
the diversity and complexity of regional relations in Ming and Qing Dynasty．
Ｒesearch on Japanese Government’s Policies for the Chinese Students in Late Qing Dynasty
XU Zhi － min
After the Sino － Japanese War more and more Chinese students went to Japan for studying． Japanese
Government’s Policies for the Chinese Students in Late Qing Dynasty obtained some achievements for the
time being and became the basis for the policy of the students in Japan in the Ｒepublic of china． Contrary
to its historical expectation the hopes had been dashed by the emergence of the students’anti － Japanese
movements with the advance of the Japanese invasion of China．
Supplementary Information on the Negotiation of Tsungli Yamen in the Battle of 1900
DONG Jia － bei
Based on the letters between China and foreign countries this paper gives additional information about
Tsungli Yamen and upper class of Qing dynasty in the Boxer Movement． In general the atti-
tude of ministers in Tsungli Yamen is comparatively mild including the wording in letters with foreign
countries． It concludes that the irresolute attitude of the ruling class in the battle of 1900 made Tsungli
Yamen become its implementer and therefore played quite limited role in relaxing the relation between
China and other foreign countries．
From Innovation to Frustration On the Bureau of Foreign Trade of the Ｒepublic of China
ZHANG Guo － yi
The Bureau of Foreign Trade was founded by the Ｒepublic of China for providing professional service for
related governmental sectors and companies which helped government to make policy of foreign and de-
livers marketing information and introduces business to those domestic foreign trade enterprises． But it’s
only one of tentative agencies． At the beginning of Anti － Japanese War it merged into the Trade Com-
mission as soon as the government carried out the policy of “controlled trade”．
Efforts in Seeking the Post － war Development by Chinese Industrial and Commercial Circles
New Exploration on the International Business Conference Held in 1944 HUANGFU Qiu － shi
The International Business Conference held in 1944 was the first unofficial international economic confer-
ence which was an important step taken by the U． S． in pursuit of liberal economy worldwide． Chinese
Industrial and Commercial Circles took advantage of this conference to make clear the scope of private
business with the Nationalist Government which was carrying out the policies of command economy and
seek U． S． capital for the industrialization of postwar China as well．
A Brief Inspection on the Idea of Chivalry Martyr of Bernard de Clairvaux SU Sheng － jie
In Bernard’s opinion a true knight should not only engage in secular warfare but also preserve his spir-
ituality and innocence． He utilized the methods of comparison and persuasion to encourage the members of
Knight Templar not neglecting their spiritual training． Then he combined the idea of secular warfare and
spiritual training together into a new idea that a knight fell in battle is also a martyr． The idea of Bernard
had deep influence on the idea of chivalry．
· 221·
