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 I EXPERIMENT 1 \

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• IO
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AJ-1-/..RATus
<"l--.,
A resistance_ w~re, a voltmeter (df-3)
., .r~
I
i 1. pJ e.,V\.+1 ...x d, 'D ~ Le.-
• ,fPJ •
{JA, <.. -,. , s
battery (battery eliminator), a
V an d an am me ter (0 -3 ) A of appropriat~ ran
rh eo sta t, a metre scale, one wa y ke y, co ged
piece of sand paper. nn ec tin g wi re s an 3
 THF.OHY
According to the Ohm's Jaw the current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional
to the potential difference across its ends provided the physical conditions (temperature,
dimensions, pressure) of the conductor remains the same. If I be the current flowing through a
conductor and V be the potential difference across its ends, then according to Ohm's Law,
I oc V
V oc I or V = RI
where, R is the constant of proportionality. It is known as resistance of the conductor.

or I~ =R I ... Working formula

R depends upon the nature of material, temperature and dimensions of the conductor.
In S.I. units, the potential difference Vis measured in volt and the current I in ampere,
the resistance R is measured in ohm.
(1) To establish the current-voltage relationship, it is to be shown that the ratio VII
remains constant for a given resistance, therefore a graph between the potential difference (V)
and the current (D must be a straight line ..
(2) The constant ratio gives unknown value ofresistance, ( ~ = R) .
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Battery
+
,---'---i - - l -------./
~~-I
Rheostat

Unknown resistance
wire

V
+
Fig. Circui t diugr~un .

)HOCEDURE
1. Arrange the apparatus in the same manner as given in the arrangement diagram.
2. Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sand paper to remove the insulations, if
any.
3. Make neat, clean and tight connections according to the circuit diagram. While mak-
ing connections ensure that +ve marked terminals of voltmeter and ammeter are
joined towards the +ve terminal of the battery.
4. Determine the least coun~ of voltmeter and ammeter, and also note the zero error, if any.
5. Insert the key K, slide the rheostat contact and see that ammeter and voltmeter are
working properly.
 - '
h that a measurable current MEP
6. Adjust the sliding contact of the rheostat su~
5t
through the resistance coil or the resi ance
7· Note down the value of potential difference
w;~
O
Ill voltmeter and current 1
Pas;

&,
0

meter show~
ammeter. d lt
8 · Shift the rheostat contact slightly so that both aillllleter an vo
divisions readings and not in fraction.
.
9. Record the readings of the voltmeter and ammeter .
Note. In case of battery eliminator, follow these steps: . .
Turn the knob at 2 Vin battery eliminator and put the conS t ant pomt m rheostat at
fixed position. Now record the reading in voltmeter and ammeter.
Without disturbing the rheostat, turn the knob of battery to different voltage such
that 4, 6, 8, 10 and ·12 Volts and record corresponding readings in voltmeter and
ammeter.
10. Take at least five sets of independent observations.
11. ?ut the resistance wire at the points where it leaves the terminals, stretch it and fu
its length by the metre scale.
12. Record your observations.
+

Rheostat

Battery eliminato r
or Battery

Resistance wire
~Lt---r=;----~---.J

Ammeter

\r Voltmeter
; rangerncnl di,
ugram .
 '-.'.U'- L,l \. \ , \ l 1\.J l ~.::,

1. Len gth
Length of the resistance wire l == J.1. 0 C..tYi
2.R ang e
·Range of the given amm eter = ~-~-S c-o /n A ,
Range of the given voltmeter ::::0.:::. 3 V
3. Lea st cou nt
Leas t count of ammeter== ..J.P. -rv'l A
Leas t count of volt met er= .0..~ 0 5 V'e--lt-
4. Zero erro r
.
Zero erro r m (J
ammeter, e1 = ......
Zero erro r~ voltmeter, e =
2 .9...
5. Zero corr ecti on
Zero correction for ammeter, c = - e = .~ ..
1 1
Zero correction for voltmeter, c = - e = .0 ..
2 2
6. Tab le for Am met er and Vol tme ter Rea ding s
"7'Y),, A
Serial No. of Amm eter Read ing I fli}' V
Voltmeter Read ing V (V) - ==R
Obs. Observed Corrected I
Observed Corrected (Ohm)
Io 1=10 +c 1 Vo V = V 0 + c2
(1) (2a) (2b) (3a) (3b) (4)
1. I.Y-.L"' ki:-.o. ') 1- I I
...... -.
JoiJ )
1,. .. '. • • .:)
'' ' .1.. . ►-

2. ? ......
tf\C) u, .....
J.:.;
··· ···
I:...>
~ )

3. - ' \)
.. .... ..,::.'er'~
--i I
ll..'.. { \
-
' ...~ .. -
4. ~-/ ~o .;)
······
'°' C) Q I"\ j
. ......
~
I
......
.-· .,...
.... .. ......
I,.; u J.. ~.(i •
......
5. /.!.JC /r :1 , /I]•
,'... ..
r, ' .....-
" ······
vi
........-, .,)

Mean valu e of resis tance, R = ...... ohms.

CALCULATIONS
1. Find ratio of V and I for each set of observations
.
2. Plot a grap h between potential difference V (column
3b) and curr ent I (column 2b ),
taki ng V along X-axis and I along Y-axis. The grap h com
es to be a stra ight line.
 T
3. Calculati on for Specific Resistanc e
Specific resistance of the material of the given wire,
_x ruJ 2
_ , c. x 3,, 1Lt 1'~Jrf,1,.1 0~ .~
P- . - - 1 ..; w
4L - - 11'
I • f-
h
= ...... ohm-cm -S
= ...... ohm-m =
12.•l~/o SJ.- r n__
Standard value of the specific resistance of the material of the given wire (if given),
jl . 2-<. 1-o ~b Po= ...... ohm-m . f h,te.e.,l) (

Percentag e error = p-p

0
X 100 : If2 •~~ ~12.. t XI .
n 0-~
Po - - ·- - ·
= ...... %. I 2. • ~ I O
O

z
~ :b /~
'=• _,' T 1•
RE '-J 1
- J

1. The value of unknown resistance X = J.:..5

2. The specific resistance of the material of the given wire= .J/?: .2. , / L ..

3. P ercentage error=- ~ -¼
For Specifi c Resista nce
13. Cut the resistanc e wire at the points where it leaves the terminals , stretch it and
find its length by using a metre scale.
14. Measure the diamete r of the wire at least at four places, in two mutually perpen-
dicular direction s at each place with the help of screw gauge.
15. Record your observat ions as given in tables.
PR£CAUTIONS
1 The connections should be neat, clean and tight.
2.· Thick copper wires should be used for the connections after removipg the U1
· su18
tions near their ends by rubbing with sand paper.
3. Voltmeter and ammeter should be of proper range.
4. A low resistance rheostat should be used. .
5. The key shou~d b_e inse~ed only ~~le taking observations to avoid heating of resi:
tance (otherwise its resistance will increase).
SO(J RCES OF ERROTl.
1. The instrument screws may be loose.
2. Thick connecting wires may not be available.
3. Rheostat may have high resistance.