COUNCIL FOR TECHNICAL EDUCATION AND VOCATIONAL TRAINING

CADASTRAL SURVEY
SOLUTION
3rd Year 1st semester
Lokendra Prashad Bhatta

2023

PREPAREDBY:LOKENDRA PRASHAD BHATTA

1. Define cadastral survey. Difference between Graphical and Digital Cadastre.
Ans: Cadastral survey means any survey the purpose of which is to obtain
information for recording the position of the boundaries of lands in separate ownership
or intended to be the subject of any disposition or partition, or re- establishing such
boundaries on the ground or setting out new boundaries on the ground.
Cadastral survey means any survey for the purpose of delineating, determining or
defining the boundaries of any parcel of land or premises or any legal rights or
interests attached thereto.
Difference between Graphical and Digital Cadastre:
S.N Graphical Cadastre Digital Cadastre
1. The measurement and preparation The measurement is taken in field and
of map are done simultaneously on map is prepared at office.
field.
2. Scale of map can‟t vary, once the Scale of map can be change as required.
map was
Prepared.
3. The field book and sketch are not The field book and sketch are required for
required. the preparation of map.

4. Field verification is not Field verification is required

required
5. Less accurate than Accuracy is high.
digital
6. Highly weather Less weather dependent.
Dependent
7. Documents (such as Field book, Documents (such as Field book, Srestha,
Srestha, Purja, etc) are prepared Purja, etc) are prepared digitally.
analoguely

Prepared by: Lokendra ( 2)

2. According to FGI what is cadastre? Define map, land and parcel.
Ans: According to FGI “A Cadastre is normally a parcel based, and up-to-date land
information system (LIS) containing a record of interests in land (e.g. rights,
restrictions and responsibilities) includes a geometric description of land parcels linked
to other records describing the nature of the interests, the ownership or control of those
interests the value of the parcel and its improvements.”
Land
 Land is defined as an area of the surface of the earth together with the Water,
Soil, Rocks, Minerals and Hydrocarbons beneath or upon it and the Air above it. It
embraces all things which are related to a fixed area or point of the surface of the
earth, including the areas covered by water, including the Sea.
Map
 A map is a representation of earth‟s features drawn on a flat surface. Map use
symbols and colors to represent the features of an area, simplifying the real world.
Parcel
 It is a piece of land with defined boundaries, on which a property right of an
individual person or a legal entity applies.

3. Write short notes on 2D cadastre and 3D cadastre.

Ans: 2D Cadastre is a methodically arranged public inventory of data concerning
properties with a certain country or district, based on a survey of their boundaries.
The outline of the property and parcel identifier are normally shown on large scale
maps which together with registers, may show for each separate property the nature ,
size, value and legal rights (especially ownership) associated with the parcel. It gives
an answer to the question where and how much.

3D Cadastre records and gives insights into rights and restrictions not (only) on parcel
but on 3D property units.
A 3D property unit is that (bounded) amount of space to which a person is entitled by
means of real rights.
A 3D (property) situated refers to situations in which different property units (with
possibly different types of use) are located on top of each other or constructed in even
more complex structures i.e. interlocking one another ( Stoter J E 2004)

Prepared by: Lokendra ( 3)

4. Explain in short the history of cadastral survey in Nepal.
Ans: History of Cadastral survey in Nepal
Before 1300
Lichchhabi era-Panchali means territory boundary of the local community

1300-1980
 Granted to the public servants as an annual remuneration who measure & make
sketch of cultivation land is called “Chhetrakar” and who measure & make sketch
of the house is called “Tachhakar” –Jayasthiti Malla
 Unit of measurement of land was defined as hale, pate, kute, kodale, -Ram Shaha
Dangol survey - special caste to conduct cadastral survey in 1930
 Sarpat Napi- started by Bir Samsher in 1952, unit is ropani/ ana in valley,
muri/pathi in hill & bigaha/ katha in terai
 Nepalese Army returned from first world war started compass survey, established
compass school, renamed later as Nepal Govt. Survey Goshwara Historical
Development of cadastral surveying in Nepal
1980-2019
 First plane table survey in Bhaktapur (1980) by military personnel
 Establishment of Survey Department (2014), under Ministry of Finance

After 2019
 Land survey and measurement act 2019
 Land Reform Program 2021
 Free sheet mapping 2021
 Trig sheet mapping 2028
 Land Survey Rules 2032 and then 2058
 Rules , regulations, procedures, working manuals, technical circulars etc
formulated
 Establishment of DoLIA in 2057
 Numerical cadastral mapping in Kirtipur(not succeed)
 Digital Cadastral surveying in Banepa 2063/5/5
 Extended to Dhulikhel and Panauti
 Extended in other parts of the country

Prepared by: Lokendra ( 4)

5. Define General and Fixed boundary. Difference between General and Fixed
boundary.
Ans: General Boundary:
“General “boundaries are where the precise line on the ground has not been
determined although usually it is represented by a physical feature and shown
graphically on a map
 Only approximately determined, precise details need on-ground investigation
 Ownership of boundary feature may not be established (e.g. hedge), indeterminate
(e.g. forest), or approximate
 Physical object
 Not accurate
 Cannot be relocated accurately

Fixed Boundary:
“Fixed “boundaries are where the precise line of the boundary is determined.
 Precise line of boundary can be determined
 Can be defined on-ground prior to development, after development, or by
standardized surveys
 Mathematical position
 Coordinates of corner values
 Very accurate
 Can be relocated exactly
Difference between general and fixed boundary:
S.N General Boundary Fixed boundary

1. General boundaries are indicative Fixed boundaries are accurate but difficult
but easy to establish. to establish.

2. A general boundary is demarcated A fixed boundary is an indivisible line

by natural or manmade features: defined geometrically through an accurate
wall, fence, ditch, hedge etc. survey (eg. Metes and bounds)

3. Boundary lines are inaccurate and Boundary lines are accurate and generally
indicative. legal.

Prepared by: Lokendra ( 5)

6. Write the Principle of Cadastre. What are the types of cadastre? Explain each
in short.
Ans: Principle of cadastral Surveying
 Cadastral surveying is the sub-field of surveying that specializes in the
establishment and re-establishment of real property boundaries.
 It is an important component of the legal creation of properties.
 Acadastralsurveyormustapplyboththespatial-
measurementprinciplesofgeneralsurveyingandlegalprinciplessuchasrespectofneigh
boringtitles
The 3 types of cadastre are given below:
(a) Fiscal cadastre
A fiscal Cadastre is a cadastre designed for property tax purposes. That is, it include
those factor required for implementation of a tax system such as legal description,
dimensions, location of boundaries, ownership, description of improvements, and land
use.
 Primarily interested in use.
 It needs to be up-to-date once in a year.
(b) Legal cadastre
A cadastre which is established to guarantee the public right and restriction over the
land parcel. It explains the legal status of the land.
 Usually grew out of fiscal cadastres
 Supports the property description and identification of land registration
 State or licensed surveyors
 Main role to keep index map and unique parcel identifiers
 Quality of map and boundary surveys needed might be higher than fiscal cadastre
(c) Multipurpose cadastre
A developed Cadastral system to meet the requirements of both legal and fiscal
cadastre. It also shows other geo data like topographic and land use data. It deals with
various land data to produce information of land administration, investment, and
sustainable development.

Prepared by: Lokendra ( 6)

7. What is your opinion about cadastre? Is this system necessary in our country?
Highlight your opinions. Explain important of cadastral Survey
Ans : Cadastre is a parcel based and up-to-date land information system which
contains information about land parcels including details of their area, volume and
ownership. Cadastre came from the Greek word „katastikhon‟ meaning a note book or
business record.

Yes, cadastre system is necessary in our country because without cadastre we can have
a lot problem in knowing the information about land parcels such as the tenure, area,
volume, ownership of land, precise location and the value of the parcels.
Importance of Cadastral survey
 Guarantees ownership and security of tenure;
 Supports land and property taxation;
 Provides security for credit;
 Develops and monitor land markets;
 Protects State lands;
 Reduces land disputes;
 Facilitates land reform;
 Improves urban planning & infrastructure dev;
 Supports environmental management;
 Produces statistical data.

8. Define term land and parcel number system. Explain different techniques of
cadastral survey.
Ans : Land is defined as an area of the surface of the earth together with the Water,
Soil, Rocks, Minerals and Hydrocarbons beneath or up on it and the Air above it. It
embraces all things which are related to a fixed area or point of the surface of the
earth, including the areas covered by water, including the Sea.
Cadastral survey methods /Techniques:
(a) Annotation on existing map/image
 Existing map and image can also be used as cadastral map after annotation.
(b) Chain/tape
–Chain survey
 Carrying out surveying with the help of chain/ tape
 Less accurate
 Started in 1952 from Sindhupalchok and Kavre.
 Less accurate but used for cadastral purpose.
 Only linear measurement.
(c)Compass Survey
 Compass survey is also one of the traditional methods of cadastral mapping.
 Angular measurement is done by compass where as for linear measurement chain
or tape is used.

Prepared by: Lokendra ( 7)

  It was also used as a cadastral survey method.
(d) Plane Table Survey
 In this method of surveying a table top, similar to drawing board fitted on to a
tripod is the main instrument.
 A drawing sheet is fixed on to the table top, the observations are made to the
objects, distances are scaled down and the objects are plotted in the field itself.
 Since the plotting is made in the field itself, there is no chance of omitting any
necessary measurement in this surveying.
 Graphical method of survey in which the field observations and plotting are done
simultaneously.
 Simple and cheaper method.
 It is suitable for small scale maps.
(e)Plain Alidade
 Metal or wooden rule with vertical vanes at two ends
 One vane called eye vane, from where the observer looks, provided with a hole
 Other vane called object vane and provided with narrow vertical slit with a thread
along its mid for bisecting the object, called object vane
 Both vanes are perpendicular to base (ruler)
 One side of base is beveled and graduated for plotting, called fiducially edge
 Length of base equal to that of shorter side of plane table.
(f)Total station Survey
 The Total station is designed for measurement of slope distances, horizontal and
vertical angles and elevations in topographic surveys, as well as for establishment
of Control points in geodetic tasks.
 Carrying out survey with a special instrument Called total station
 Very accurate and economic
 Data can be transferred easily
 Used in digital cadastral system for multipurpose cadastre
(g) Photogrammetry
Photogrammetry is the science of making measurements from photographs,
especially for recovering the exact positions of surface points.
 Making maps with the help of aerial Ortho photo
 Less accurate than ground survey but very fast and cheap
(h)UAV Survey
 An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), commonly known as a drone is an aircraft
without a human pilot aboard.
 UAVs are a component of an unmanned aircraft system (UAS); which include a
UAV, aground-based controller, and a system of communications between the
two.
 UAV can also be used for cadastral survey in present context.
 It is fast, economic and reliable method of cadastral survey.
(i) GPS
 Carrying out survey by GPS, with the help of signals from satellite

Prepared by: Lokendra ( 8)

  Very accurate and very fast
 It is used by Geodetic survey branch for Control point densification.
 It is very accurate and useful method for Cadastral survey if we used in
differential mode.
9. Define term map projection system, Projection. How large scale sheet
numbering is being defined in cadastral map in Nepal. Explain in detail.
Ans: A map projection is a mathematical model for conversion of locations from a
three-dimensional (3D) earth surface to a two-dimensional (2D) map representation.
This conversion necessarily distorts some aspect of the earth's surface, such as area,
shape, distance, or direction.

The systematic representation of the parallels of latitude and the meridians of

longitude of the spherical surface of the earth into plane surface of paper is called
projection.
Sheet Numbering System for Cadastral Map in Nepal (Large scale):
 For large scale mapping whole earth is divided into zones of 30 X 30 in
both longitude and latitude.
 First central meridian is assumed 1800 west for the zone 178° 30‟ east to
178° 30‟ west and named as 0.5 zones.
 Then after 177° W is assumed the second central meridian for the zone
1780 30‟ W and 175° 30‟ W and named as zone 1.
 Similarly, Nepal lies in the zones with central meridian 81°, 84° and 87° E
named 44, 44.5 and 45 respectively.
 Similarly, Nepal lies in the extent 2900 Km to 3400 Km in north south
direction above the equator. Three zones are divided into 180 zones of 50
Km X 50 Km (30‟X30‟), each containing 60 zones.
 In zone 44, map sheet at the north-west corner is numbered 001 and
continuously 060 at the south-east corner, similarly zone 44.5 is numbered
from 061 to 120 and zone 45 is numbered from 121 to 180 in similar
manner.
 Each and every map sheet of 50 Km X 50 Km (30‟ X 30‟) are now divided
into 1600 grid sheet of 1250 m X 1250 m so as to obtain a map sheet in
scale 1:2500. 1600 divisions are numbered from north-west corner as 0001
to 1600 at south-east corner.
 Now for the scale 1:1250 each of the grid sheets of scale 1:2500 are
divided into 4 grid sheets with area 625m X 625m and numbered from
north-west corner as 1 to 4 at south-east corner.
 Finally for the scale of 1:500, each grid sheet of 1:2500 are divided into 25
grid sheet of size 250m X 250m and numbered from north-west corner as
01 to 25 at south-east corner.

Prepared by: Lokendra ( 9)

 10. Define parcel number system and enlighten the components of cadastre.
Ans: The parcel numbering system of parcel during cadastral survey starts from North
West corner the first numbers are provided to government and public lands them starts
to numbering of individual. The numbering system ends to South east corner.
The components of cadastre are following:
(a)Cadastral Maps:
The graphical cadastral maps at the scale of survey that are identified by the systematic
map sheet number and included main features in the parcel.
(b) Field Book:
The field book identifies the landowner (s) of each parcel, which is based on the
evidence produced during registration of the parcel.
(c) Land Ownership Certificate:
Two copies of land ownership certificate are prepared, the official copy is termed as
Jagga Dhani Sresta and the second copy is termed as Jagga Dhani Purja and is
distributed to the concerned owner. The details are copied from the field book.
(d) File Maps:
During the process of land transaction when the parcel is too small and if it is not
possible to plot in the map after fragmentation of the parcel, a file map of this parcel
will be prepared in a separate sheet in larger scale.
(e)Plot Register:
Plot register is information of each parcel which has been fragmentation. The main
information in the plot register are the newly established parcel numbers along with
the mother parcel number, the area of each fragmented parcels and how the parcels has
been fragmented.

11. Write in short about compass survey technique and hybrid method in
cadastre.
Ans: Compass survey is also one of the traditional methods of cadastral
mapping. In which the directions of surveying lines are determined with a
magnetic compass, and the length of the surveying lines are measured with a tape
or chain or laser range finder.
 It was also used in the history of cadastral survey in Nepal.
 The compass is generally used to run a traverse line.
 This is not so much accurate.

Hybrid method is the combination of two or more methods.

Example: photogrammetry and ground survey
It is adopted for better accuracy and precise data collection.

Prepared by: Lokendra ( 10)

 12. Which projection system is used in cadastral system of Nepal? Explain in
detail about it.
Ans: MUTM projection system is used by Nepal:
 Nepal is divided into 3 zones covering an area of 30 longitudes.
 Then each zone is projected separately in transverse position of cylinder so that
their corresponding central meridian becomes 810, 840 and 870 E of Greenwich.
 Coincidence of the cylinder is kept in secant position. It is a conformal and
convention projection.
 After projection, the cylinder is cut parallel to its axis through north to south poles
and rolled open so that it forms a plane.
 Central meridian and the equator are considered as reference axes of coordinate
system as they are projected as straight lines.
 Northing values are measured from the equator whose value is 0.00 m.
 Easting values are measured east and west from the central meridian which is
assigned a value as false easting 500000 m to obtain positive coordinates.
 Scale factor at the central meridian is 0.99990.
 The scale factor at the bounding meridians of the zone is 1.00018.
 The length distortion in these meridians will be +18 cm per km. Cylinder cuts the
globe at 0055‟ east and west of central meridian. Thus there will be no distortions
at the points of contact.

13. What is plotting error? What is the possible parcel numbering system?
Explain in short. If a parcel is subdivided, there may be various ways of
defining new ID to that sub, divided parcel. List the possible methods and
explain in short about them.
Ans: Plotting error is one fourth of scale factor in mm. essentially indicating the
value of one dot in map. For example: scale of 1:500.
The possible parcel numbering systems are following:
(a)Systematic parcel numbering system:
The numbering is done serially by following some specific guidance.
(b)Sporadic parcel numbering system:
The numbering is done randomly.
(c)Isolate data:
Numbering system based on individual maps (map sheet), analogue system maps.
(d)Seamless data:
Numbering system of parcels based on administrative coverage (ward, VDC),
digital system map.
The possible methods for parcel subdividing are given below:
(a)Free numbering system (b) Fractional numbering system

Prepared by: Lokendra ( 11)

14. Acording to your point of view, what can be the limitations of graphical
cadastre? And also point out can digital cadastre minimizes the limitations of
graphical cadastre?
Ans: The limitation of graphical cadastre is given below:
 Scale of map can‟t vary, once the map was prepared.
 Slow and tedious.
 Highly weather dependent.
 Documents (such as Field book, Srestha, Purja, etc) are prepared analogue, so
there is chance of data or documents being lost or miswritten.
 Less accurate.
Yes, Digital cadastre can minimize the limitations of graphical cadastre and
they are given below:
 Scale of map can be changed as required.
 Less time consuming compare to graphical cadastre.
 Less weather dependent.
 Documents are prepared digitally, so there is less chance for document being
miswritten or lost.
 Accuracy is high.

Prepared by: Lokendra ( 12)

 15. Explain in short on how Lehman’s method is used for the establishment
of control point. There are two-point and three-point problem for the
establishment of control point. Which method do you prefer and why?
Ans: Lehman’s method:
 Suppose A, B and C are the three well-defined points which have been
plotted as a, b and c on the map. Now it is required to establish a station at
P.
 The table is set up at P and leveled. Orientation is done by eye estimation.
 With the alidade, rays Aa, Bb and Cc are drawn. As the orientation is
approximately, the rays may not intersect at a point, but may form a small
triangle the triangle of error.
 To get the actual point, this triangle of error is to be eliminated. By
repeatedly turning the table clockwise or anticlockwise. The triangle is
eliminated in such a way that the rays Aa, Bb and Cc finally meet at a point
p. This is the required point on the map. This point is transferred to the
ground by U-fork and plumb bob.

Prefer three point problems because of the following reason:

 No auxiliary station is required in order to solve this problem.
 To solve this problem we have more methods than two point problem, i.e.
Bessel‟s method, Mechanical method and Lehman‟s method.
 Less complicated than two point problem.
 More accurate than two point problem.

Prepared by: Lokendra ( 13)

 16. Explain in detail on how cadastral survey is conducted using plane table
technique. Show flow diagram.
Ans: Different steps to be followed for conducting cadastral survey using plane
table technique are given below:
(a)Fixing of plane table
 In this operation, first the top of the tripod stand is fixed in level by eye
estimation at convenient height with its legs uniformly spread and shoes fixed
firmly into the ground.
 The board is fixed to the tripod head by tightening the clamping screw.
 The working sheet should be carefully mounted with spring clips, thumb
screws or drafting tapes.
(b)Leveling of plane table
 The plane table should be leveled.
 For small scale work, leveling is done by estimation.
 For work of accuracy, an ordinary spirit level may be used.
 The table is leveled by placing the level on the board in two positions at right
angles and getting the bubble central in both directions.
 For more precise work, a Johnson Table or Coast Survey Table may be used.
(c)Centering of plane table
 The table should be so placed that plotted point on the sheet is exactly over
the ground point.
 The operation is known as centering the plane table.
 This is done through plumbing U-fork.
 Centering should be within the range of plotting error (i.e. 1/4th of scale
factor) in mm.
(d)Orientation of plane table
 Orientation is the process of putting the plane table into some fixed direction
so that line representing a certain direction on the plan is parallel to that
direction on the ground.
 This is essential condition to be fulfilled when more than one instrument
station is to be used.
 If orientation is not done, the table will not be parallel to itself at different
position resulting in an overall distortion of the map.
 Orientation can be done by different methods. (i.e. by using magnetic
compass, by back sighting, by resection.)
The process of centering and orientation are dependent of each other.

Prepared by: Lokendra ( 14)

17. If an area of parcel is 300 cm2 in a map of scale 1:250. Find the area of
same parcel in a map of scale 1:2000. Also, find the ground area in ropani
system.
Solution:
Area of parcel in map=300cm^2
Scale of map=1:250
Area of parcel in ground=?
We know that,
Scale^2=Area of parcel in map/Area of parcel in ground
Or, (1/250)^2=300cm^2/Area of parcel in ground
Or, Area of parcel in ground=300*62500
Or, Area of parcel in ground=18750000cm^2
Therefore, Area of parcel in ground=1875m^2

Now, for scale 1:2000

Area of parcel in ground=18750000cm^2
Scale of map=1:2000
Area of parcel in map=?
We know that,
Scale^2= Area of parcel in map/Area of parcel in ground
Or, (1/2000)^2=Area of parcel in map/18750000cm^2
Or, 1/4000000=Area of parcel in map/18750000cm^2
Therefore, Area of parcel in map=4.688cm^2

The ground is in ropani system,

Area of parcel in ground=1875m^2
1 ropani=508.74m^2
1875m^2=(1875/508.74) ropani
=3.685576 ropani
=3 ropani-(0.685576*16) ana
=3 ropani-10.969216 ana
=3 ropani-10 ana-(0.969216*4) paisa
=3 ropani-10 ana-3.876864 paisa
=3 ropani-10 ana-3 paisa-(0.876864*4) dam
=3 ropani-10 ana-3 paisa-3.5 dam
Therefore, the ground area in ropani system is (3-10-3-3.5) and the area of parcel in
map of scale 1:2000 is 4.688cm^2.

Prepared by: Lokendra ( 15)

18. What do you mean by plane table survey? Explain its accessories.
Ans: Plane table surveying is a graphical method of survey in which the field
observations and plotting proceed simultaneously.
 The plane table surveying is the fast method of surveying. In this type of surveying
plotting of the plan and field observations can be done simultaneously.
Equipment's and Accessories of Plane Table Survey are as follows:
(a)Plane Table
 Instrument to carryout graphical survey, surveying and plotting are both carried
out at field itself
 Made of well seasoned wood
 Supported on tripod and tightened normally with butterfly screw. •In perfect plane
table, the drawing surface needs to be perfectly flat (not undulated)
 Dimensions (In general): 75 cm X 60cm X 2 cm
 Mounted on a tripod and clamps are provided to fix it in any direction.
(b)Tripod
 Plane table is mounted on a tripod
 Tripod is generally made of wood, with iron shoe at it‟s toe. The tripod may be
made to fold for convenience of transportation.
 Tripod is provided with three foot screws at its top for leveling of the plane
table.
 The length of tripod is 1.2m.
(c)Alidade
 It is a straight edge ruler having some form of sighting device.
 One edge of the ruler is leveled and is graduated (fiducial edge). Always this edge
is used for drawing line of sight.
 It is used to draw a line parallel to the line of sight and thus provides the
direction of the object to be plotted.
 Depending on the type of sighting arrangement, alidades are classified as Plain
Alidade and Telescopic Alidade
Plain Alidade:
 Simple form and used for ordinary work
 It consists of a straight-edge ruler, made of a metal or wood, with one of the edges
beveled and graduated known as fiducially edge (working edge), with two vanes
(sight vanes) which are perpendicular to its ends.
 The two vanes or sights are hinged to fold down on the rule when the alidade is
not in use.
 One of the vanes is provided with a narrow slit (eye vane) while the other is open
and carries a hair or the thin wire (object vane).

Telescopic Alidade:
 The telescopic alidade is used when it is required to take inclined sights •Also the
accuracy and range of sights are increased by its use.

Prepared by: Lokendra ( 16)

  It essentially consist of a small telescope as an arrangement for sighting (similar to
theodolite) with a level tube and graduated arc mounted on horizontal axis. •The
horizontal axis rests on a A-frame fitted with venire fixed in a heavy rule, one side
of which is used as the working edge along which line may be drawn.
 The inclination of line sight can be read on the vertical circle.
(d)Clinometers
 Clinometers are a fairly simple instrument which is used to measure the value of
slope.
 By using the principles of trigonometry, the height of tall objects can be
calculated from the angles measured.
Clinometers can be used for:
 Measuring the slope of a tape or chain during distance measurement.
 Estimating the height of a building or other feature using a vertical angle and
horizontal distance
 Abney level is a special type of clinometers
(e)Plumbing fork and plumb bob
 This is a U-shaped piece of metal with parallel arms of equal length, a plumb bob
attached to the free end of the lower arm
 The point of the upper arm and the plumb line are in same vertical direction The
plumbing fork is used for: Centering the table and Transferring of the ground
control
(f) Spirit level:
 A small spirit level either of the tubular variety or of the circular type is used for
ascertaining if the table is properly leveled.
 This can be ascertained by placing the level in two directions at right angles to
each other and observing that the bubble is central in both cases.
(g)Drawing Paper:
 The drawing paper used for plane tabling must be of superior quality so that is
may have minimum effect of changes in the humidity of the atmosphere.
(Moisture proof and non-hygroscopic)
 The changes in the humidity and temperature of the atmosphere produce
expansion and contraction in different directions and thus alter the scale and
distort the map.
 The dimensions of the sheet should remain stable under variable conditions of
temperature and humidity.
 It should be capable of withstanding repeated erasures.
 It should also be stiff and tough and suitable for longtime archival, quality storage.
Drawing Paper

Prepared by: Lokendra ( 17)

Drawing accessories
 Pencil, Eraser, Sharpener, Scale

19. Why digital cadastre? Explain briefly.

Ans: Importance of digital cadastre
 For accurate & reliable information.
 For more secure & easily accessible data.
 For the development of multipurpose cadastre system.
 For reducing land disputes
 For addressing Cadastral Vision 2014
 To fulfill users need & satisfaction
 For Effective & efficient land management & land administration.
 For effective service delivery in digital environment
 To develop Parcel Based Land Information System
 For Good Governance

20. Explain briefly parcel number system.

Ans: Parcel numbering system
(a)Fractional System:
 In this system, the number for new parcels created from parcel subdivision is
given by fractional number after the Main Parcel Number
 For Example: if parcel no 220 is subdivided to 3 new parcels, then the numbering
would be 220/1, 220/2, 220/3,
(b)Filiations System:
 In this system, the number for new parcels created from parcel subdivision is
given by adding the number for parcel index after the Main Parcel Number
 For example: if parcel no 220 is divided to two parcels the new number would be:
220-1, 220-2 or 220-a, 220-b
(c)Free Numbering System:
 In this system, if there is any parcel subdivision and it should be numbered, then
the number for new made parcel is given which is not given in that map.
 This is the system of numbering system we used in our country.
 For example: If parcel no 220 is made to 3 subdivisions and if the map contains
the numbering up to 550, then the newly subdivided parcel is numbered as
551,552,553.
 In this system, the main parcel number is omitted.

Prepared by: Lokendra ( 18)

(d)Uniform Numbering System:
 This numbering system consist of the sets of numbers fixed, each set designed to
locate the parcel geographically.
 The numbering system identifies the distict, VDC, ward, gridsheet, in which the
parcel is located.
 The system is completely numerical rather than alphanumeric to facilitate data
processing.
(e)Permanent Parcel Numbering System:
 The permanent parcel numbering system applies a permanent number to every
parcel of land in Lorain County.
 This permanent number will remain with the parcel of land no matter how many
times the ownership may be transferred, as long as the physical boundaries of
the parcel remain the same.
 The permanent parcel number reflects the legal description of the parcel and the
system is so designed that any number of future parcel divisions or
consolidations can be accommodated, without any change in the basic system.
 Since political divisions and village boundaries rarely change, they have been
used as a base for geographical delineations so that a permanent system could
be established.
21. Explain terminologies of graphical survey
Ans: Terminologies of graphical cadastral
Plane table surveying: it is the fast method surveying in which the plotting and
observation are done simultaneously. Plane table surveying is done for preparation of
cadastral map.
Land: land is defined as the area of the surface of earth together with the water, soil,
rock, mineral, and air below and above it.
Plane table board/ drawing board: the instrument which is made by well-seasoned
wood. It is various in sizes (75*60*2) cm. plane table board is used for attached the
drawing sheet.
Control point: The point which (easting, northing and elevation) are known this is
known as control points. Control points are used for taking all measurement for
plotting in map or plan. We can use fourth order control point for cadastral surveying.
Demarcation: The boundary demarcation is the process of marking the corner of
parcel by using wooden peg, or concert pillar.
Parcel: A piece of land being a part of an estate and having a separable identity.
Primary Tereej: The document of collection of attribute information about the parcel.
it is prepared during surveying.
Land ownership certificate: The certificate which guarantees the rights and
restrictions over the parcel. It provided to the respective land ownership of respective
parcel. In graphical cadastral it is prepared by hand written.

Prepared by: Lokendra ( 19)

Notification: notification is published in the gazette through ministry of land reform
and management with the governmental order to defined region or district and survey
department order survey office to conduct cadastral survey.
 Boundary: A boundary is imaginary line that divides two adjoining estate.
 Field book: The document/register prepared in the field containing total owner
and tenant information of every parcel of survey area on the basis of parcel
numbers is called field book. It is prepared daily after the survey of parcel. it is
prepared based on the primary tereej. It include following information they are
given below;
1. Land use
2. Land classification
3. Area of parcel

22. Define land registration system. Explain importance of land registration

system in Nepal.
Ans: Land registration generally describes systems by which matters concerning
ownership, possession or other rights in land can be recorded to provide evidence of
title, facilitate transactions and to prevent unlawful disposal. The information recorded
and the protection provided will vary by jurisdiction. In common law countries,
particularly in jurisdictions in the Commonwealth of Nations, when replacing the
deeds registration system, title registrations are broadly classified into two basic types:
the Torrens title system and the English system, a modified version of the Torrens
system.
Important of Land Registration
 Land registration provides a state-backed guarantee securing the title to the
Property.
 This means that should you be deprived of the title to your property owing to an
error or omission in the register, or because the register needs to be corrected, you
will normally be compensated.
 Land registration helps you to protect your land from fraud and to resist third
party applications for adverse possession (“squatter‟s rights”) over your land and
property.
 It also safeguards against the title deeds being lost, damaged or destroyed.
 Registration makes it easier to buy and sell a property as all the property title
information necessary for conveyancing will be held centrally by the Land
Registry.
 This means it‟s easier to check who owns property and what benefits and burdens
are attached to the land.
 If the land isn‟t registered, the conveyancer has to obtain the deeds from the client
or mortgage lender and examine them, all of which costs time and money.
 If some or all of the title deeds are missing, registration may make a title more
acceptable (possibly backed up by a defective title indemnity policy

Prepared by: Lokendra ( 20)

23. Define digital cadastre. Why digital cadastre? Write steps of digital cadastre
survey.
Ans: Digital cadastre is that system in which the coordinate of every corner of parcel
is recorded and it is managed by computer. It is also said to be digital cadastre when
data are captured and processing of these data in digital environments.
Reasons to be digital cadastre:
 For accurate & reliable information.
 For more secure & easily accessible data.
 For the development of multipurpose cadastre system.
 For reducing land disputes
 For addressing Cadastral Vision 2014
 To fulfill users need & satisfaction
 For Effective & efficient land management & land administration.
 For effective service delivery in digital environment
 To develop Parcel Based Land Information System
 For Good Governance
Major Steps of Digital Cadastral survey
 Planning (equipments, control points
 Public notice for field surveying
 Control point densification
 Systematic field Adjudication
 Demarcation
 Sketching
 Field Survey (using Total station, GPS)
 Data downloading
 Plotting and database designing
 Mapping
 Map verification
 Land registration
 Decision on land disputes
 Land owner certificate distribution
 Hand over the documents to land revenue office and survey office
 Digital service and database updating

Prepared by: Lokendra ( 21)

24. Define LIS. What are the major objectives of LIS. Write short components of
LIS.
Ans: Stands for Land Information System (LIS): Analogue verses computer based
LIS.
 Manual or computer-based information system used to store, retrieve, display, and
plot spatial and textural data relating primarily to land features and characteristics.
 A Land Information System (LIS) is a Geographic Information System for cadastral
and land-use mapping, typically consisting of an accurate, current and reliable land
record cadastre and associated attributes
 Mainly computer based system enables to acquire, manage, retrieve, analyze,
display land records efficiently
 Efficient, effective and economic
 Also known as Land Record Information System (LRIS).
Objective of LIS:
 Computerize all parcel based land related information and develop computer
based Land Information System (LIS)
 Provide parcel based land Information and data to the planner, users and other
stakeholders
 Support to increase agriculture productivity by providing appropriate land
information
 Develop appropriate computerized land information system to provide simplified,
prompt and cost effective land administration services.
 Develop one door system of land administration service and bring all land-related
function under one umbrella (like land gate of Australia
Components of LIS
 A LIS consists of the following components that enable it to function well within
land administration
1. Data sets (related to both spatial and non-spatial data)
2. Process or functions related to data acquisition, data processing and storage, data
maintenance, data analysis and data dissemination.
3. Hardware and software including communication networks.
4. Well trained people.

Prepared by: Lokendra ( 22)

25. Process of Property Registration
The property (Land/house) transaction of Nepal is based on Deed System. The
government does not guarantee the land property of the people. The government is
only the witness, under the deeds system during the transaction of land or building.
Following are working procedure and documents needed for different process:
Deed Registration Process:
 Submit an application form in LRO with following minimum supporting
documents
 Existing Land Ownership Certificate
 Land Tax Receipt for last fiscal year/current month from VDC/municipality
 Recommendation letter about Building and Road access from local bodies
 Copy of Citizenship certificate of both buyer and seller
 Recommendation letter from Guthi (trust) office if the land is under Guthi
 Two copies of photographs
 LRO verifies all documents, Signature and thumb impression with the official
record, called “Moth Shresta”
 Send the request to the Survey Office for parcel splitting if required
 Calculate of Revenue and Capital Gain Tax(CGT) if more than 30 lakhs,
 Calculate discount, if any applicable
 Deposit of deed registration fee, CGT (if applicable) by Applicant
 Registration section attach receipt with the application
 Verify and approve the deed registration by an authorized land officer

Prepared by: Lokendra ( 23)

26. Define Adjudication procedure briefly.
 Adjudication is the process of final and authoritative determination of the existing
rights and claims of people to land.
 This may be in the context of first registration of those rights, or it may be to
resolve a doubt or dispute after first registration
 The process of adjudication may be sporadic or systematic, as with registration.
 Sporadic adjudication is a parcel by parcel approach, usually triggered by some
specific event, like the sale of the property.
 Systematic adjudication usually triggered by Government organization.
Adjudication procedure
The main activities followed during the adjudication process are as follows:
1. Notification by letter for public campaign and discussion
2. Public campaign and open discussion
3. Formation of cooperation
4. Notification about the cadastral survey
5. Collection of records/proofs
6. Adjudication of public and government land (in the presence of municipality
and district cadastral office representative)
7. Adjudication of private or other lands
8. Dispute resolution by agreement
9. Agreement between adjoining parcel neighbors and record their signature on
field record termed as Muchulka
10. Demarcation of parcel boundary with boundary marks
11. Allow time for objections, appeals and the rectifications on land adjudication
12. Cadastral mapping and land registration

Prepared by: Lokendra ( 24)

27. Define LIS. Why LIS is important in cadastral system? Write LIS active in
Nepal.
Ans: A land Information System (LIS) is a geographic information
system for cadastral and land-use mapping, typically used by local governments.
A LIS consists of an accurate, current and reliable land record cadastre and its
associated attribute and spatial data that represent the legal boundaries of land
tenure and provides a vital base layer capable of integration into other geographic
systems or as a standalone solution that allows data stewards to retrieve, create,
update, store, view, analyze and publish land information.
Important of LIS in cadastral system in Nepal:
 Land parcel is the basic unit for access and control of land, land use decisions.
 Current, reliable land information necessary for many public programs: land
planning, infrastructure development and maintenance, environmental protection
and resource management, emergency services, social service programs and so
forth.
 LIS provides a base for land markets, development, and other economic activity.
 LIS helps in updating of the maps.
 Improves data accuracy and eliminates redundant data entry
 Streamlines and simplifies the land and lease management process
LIS Activities in Nepal:
 First endorsed by the government in 8th periodic plan.
 It was stated that a nation wide LIS would be stablished within two
year(Unrealistic and almost impossible mission)
 LIS project was established under MoLRM
 Pilot work of establishing LIS was started in Bhaktpur District
 Software was designed to acquire non spatial data
 The project could not be run smoothly
 Separate Department was established in 2057 named DoLIA by merging two
components, LIS project in MoLRM and Archieve Section in SD
 Spatial data were also acquired by developing application software called
SAEx.(Spatial Application Extension)
Challenges for LIS:
 Capacity building (Expertise)
 Data Quality
 Power Backup
 Data Security
 Sustainability
 Different location of LRO and SO office buildings

Prepared by: Lokendra ( 25)

28. Define land registration system. Explain its type.
Ans: Land registration is any of various systems by which matters
concerning ownership, possession, or other rights in land are formally recorded
(usually with a government agency or department) to provide evidence of title,
facilitate transactions, and prevent unlawful disposal. The information recorded and
the protection provided by land registration varies widely by jurisdiction.
Cadastral systems and land registration are both types of land recording and
complement each other.
Types of land registration system:
(a)Private conveyancing
 The documents witnessing a transfer are often called deeds.
 Traditionally, these deeds were handed over the new owner and all of the previous
deeds were handed over to a next new owner over and over again. Usually, all
these documents were checked by legal professional (judge, notary) before the
next transfer was made. This system is called private conveyancing.
 Under private conveyancing system, land transaction is handled by private
arrangements.
 Notarial version of private conveyancing is still found in many parts of Latin
America
Risk of Private conveyancing
 Requires providing all previous deeds/documents.
 An ignorant person may destroy such valuable documents.
 The documents may be destroyed due to natural disaster.
 The documents may be stolen by someone.
 Someone may falsify the documents and sell the land to an innocent third party.
 Identification of land may also be difficult if it is described in an ambiguous way.
 The state has little control over the registration process and can do nothing in case
of errors or fraud.
(b)Registration of deeds: (Registration system adopted by Nepal)
 Essentially a public repository of document or deed is provided for registering
documents associated with property transaction
 In a deed registration system, the deed itself, being a document which describes an
isolated transaction, is registered.
 It is evidence that particular transaction has been taken place but the fact of
recording is not proof that parties had a legal right to carry out transaction.
 Difficult to determine shape, size, and location in land
 Gives insufficient information to identify area and extent of private and public
land, thus leads to uncertainty of ownership, boundary dispute
Advantages of Deed registration
 Document can be recorded quickly and at lower cost than under the tile
registration system
 Less costly to establish and operate

Prepared by: Lokendra ( 26)

Disadvantages of Deed registration
 Deeds prove the fact that a transaction took place, it does not prove title
 The chronologically stored deeds are badly accessible
(c)Registration of Title
 overcome defects of registration of deeds
 simplify process of transaction
 the register describes current property ownership and charges
 compulsory, examination, warranty
 register becomes „proof of ownership‟
Often associated with three principles:
 Mirror: the register is supposed to reflect the correct legal situation
 Curtin: no further (historical) investigation beyond the register is necessary
except overriding interests.
 Insurance: A state guarantee what is registered is true for third parties in good
faith and that a real rightful claimant who is contradicted by the register is
compensated by the state.
Problems of Land Registration in Nepal:
 Lack of integrated land policy
 Traditional, complex and cumbersome procedure
 Involvement of many organizations
 Poor management of land records
 Manual data transfer system
 Difficult to retrieve land information
 Lack of skilled manpower
 LAOs far from many parts of rural areas
 (Gandhi, 2009)

29. Explain advantages and disadvantages of plane table survey.

Ans: Advantages of plane table survey
 Map of the area is plotted in the field, i.e., both the field work and the plotting are
done simultaneously.
 Field notes of the measurements are not required, and thus the errors in booking
are eliminated.
 The correctness of plotted work can be checked by check observations in the field.
 Office work is only finishing up of the drawing.
 Direct measurements of lines and angles are avoided as they are obtained
graphically.
 Errors due to extended angular observations with angular instruments and
incorrect plotting with bad protractors are avoided.
 This is suitable in a magnetic area where you can‟t rely on the compass survey
 More work will be done in less time and labor.
 It is less costly than a theodolite survey.
 It is most suitable for preparing small-scale maps.
Prepared by: Lokendra ( 27)
Disadvantages of plane table survey
 Plane tabling is not suitable for work in wet climates, in places where high winds
predominate, and in wooded country.
 If the area to be surveyed is large, frequent changes in the size of drawing sheets
are required.
 Due to changes in temperature, the table is liable to warp.
 If the sun is bright, plotting may be difficult due to the strain on the eyes.
 It is not very accurate for large-scale surveys as compared to compass and
theodolite surveys.
 The instruments and its accessories are heavy and cumber-some, and they are
likely to be lost.
 Since the field notes are not maintained, it is inconvenient to calculate the
quantities or re-plot the survey to a different scale if required.
 Although the plane table is advantageous in open country, it is inferior to the
compass in the thickly wooded lands.
 The plane tabling is not intended for accurate work.

30. Explain Graphical cadastral surveying procedure.

Ans: Graphical cadastral surveying procedure are given below
(a)Mapping notification in gazette
 Notification for graphical cadastral surveying is published in gazette through the
ministry of the land reform and management with the governmental order of
defined region or district and survey department order the district survey office to
conduct cadastral survey.
 When district survey office gets all survey equipment they check the instrument
and done surveying.
(b) Planning
 It is the first office work in which the survey team make plan before move to field.
 Collect the entire instrument required in the field.
 In the planning stage survey time make the plan about through which way they go,
where they stay, took there by bus or horse or other transportation medium.
 They prepare how much time required for the graphical cadastral and how much
budget is required for us for this surveying we can prepared.
 When the planning is complete then team move to field.
(c)Survey team move to field
 It is the first field observation after the planning phase .In field first survey team
done the recce of field.
 Then determined the control point for graphical cadastral surveying.
 Control point is established by geodetic or cadastral survey branch for cadastral
surveying.
 Basic order control points are established by the cadastral survey branch.

Prepared by: Lokendra ( 28)

(d|) Notification to people and government for surveying and mapping
 15 day notification is published before surveying and mapping. The notifications
are published in the chock of municipality.
 One copy of notification is provided to VDC or municipality or rural municipality.
 The main of notification is for help in land measurement for parcel boundary
identification to survey team.
(e) Field survey
 After 15 day notification date complete then survey team are done the field survey
work.
 At first the survey team with the help of local people and landowner each corner
of parcel identify carefully.
 Then demarcate the each corner by using wooden pegs or concrete pillar through
landowner.
 When boundary identification work is complete then survey team start surveying
work by plane table surveying.
 Take staff reading of each corner and plotted in drawing sheet carefully .
 In graphical cadastral the field observation, plotting, map preparation are done
simultaneously.
 In surveying work we also prepared field book in field and land classification
work also done in the field.
(f) Inking and area computation
 After field survey work is complete then the inking include the inking the parcel
boundary and feature drawn during field survey by using pencil.
 Inking should be done carefully to maintain accuracy. Generally 0.2mm pen is
used for inking the parcel boundary and other details.
 The area computation in graphical cadastral by given method:
 By graphical method (used of computation scale and grid paper, tiles etc.)
 By using plotting scale (Formulate geometric shape of triangle/rectangle
figure, measured the each side of figure then area calculation by using
formula.)
 By using planimeter.
(g)7day notification and land registration
 The survey team when complete the inking and area computation work. The seven
day notification is published.
 If any landowner parcel surveying and measurement work is done the land owner
give complain to the survey team within seven day.
 If complain is given one the surveying and measurement work is done. If no
anyone gives complain the survey team starts the work of land registration.
 We know that land registration is the process of registration of right in land.
 Land registration work is done by using the field book information.
 In Nepal improve deed registration is adopted for land registration.

Prepared by: Lokendra ( 29)

(h)Landowner certificate and landowner shrestha preparation
 Land owner certificate is the certificate which guarantees the rights and restriction
over the parcel.
 Landowner shrestha is the copy of landowner certificate which is place at land
revenue office to keep record of land.
 The landowner certificate and landowner shrestha are prepared by manually
(through hand written).
 This document is prepared based on field book containing information.
(i) Land owner certificate distribution
 The land owner certificates are provided to the related landowner.
 If any name or other information is incorrect in land owner certificate the
landowner give complain to the survey team.
 The survey team publish 60 day notification for correct any information is
incorrect in landowner certificate.
 If no anyone give the complaint to the survey team. The survey team provides the
landowner shrestha to land revenue office.
(j) Hand over and recorded to district survey office and land revenue office
 The prepared all documents are provided to related office and landowner.
 The landowner shrestha is provided to the land revenue office and (field book,
primary teerij) are recorded in survey office.
 Then the landowner certificate is provided to landowner.
(k) District survey office keeps parcel fragmentation record
 The district survey office keeps the all record of parcel fragmentation. Record all
data taken from field.
 Plot register is prepared to record the data about parcel fragmentation.
 If any information required for landowner it get from the district survey office.

31. Write short notes

(a) Cadastre
 A cadastre commonly includes details of the Ownership, the tenure, the precise
location, the dimensions and area, the use, and the value of individual parcels of
land.
 A cadastral map is a map that shows the boundaries and ownership of land
parcels.
 Cadastral maps show additional details, such as surveyed areas names, unique
identifying numbers for parcels, positions of existing structures, selected boundary
dimensions etc.
 Documents like purja, field book etc. shows other attribute information.
 So cadastre includes both map and attributes information.
 Cadastral documents were originally used to ensure reliable facts for land
valuation and taxation.
 An example of cadastre from early England is the Doomsday Book.

Prepared by: Lokendra ( 30)

  Napoleon established a comprehensive cadastral system for France that is
regarded as the starting of most modern versions
(b)Cadastral survey
 Cadastral survey is the survey of land unit of a country, whether or not the survey
has any connection with taxation
- Simpson(1976)
 Adjudication for parcel boundary and ownership on it.
 Determining the position of land parcel on the basis of parcel boundary survey
 Preparing a map showing the parcel position and other necessary supporting
details
 Recording the details of the parcel regarding type and ownership in a register
 The complete set of documents prepared from cadastral survey is cadastre
 Complete set of records regarding land parcel and its ownership, output or result
of cadastral survey
(c) What is Total Station?
 The Total station is designed for measurement of slope distances, horizontal and
vertical angles and elevations in topographic surveys, as well as for establishment
of Control points in geodetic tasks.
 The measurement results can be recorded into the internal memory and transfer
red to a personal computer interface.
Principle of Total Station
 First of all total station joins the angle (vertical and horizontal) measuring
capabilities of a survey instrument called a theodolite with the distance measuring
ability of an electromagnetic distance meter (EDM).
 Person operating the total station looks through its eyepiece to find and focus on
the prism.
 The EDM sends out infrared /Microwave/radio wave/laser beam that strikes the
prism and successfully bounced back to the Machine.
 So the total station calculates the distance from the total station to the object by
measuring the length of time it takes the laser beam to travel from the total station
to the prism and back.
(d)Technical specifications and Standards
 Closed link traverse should be followed.
 Control point must be established by Geodetic Survey Branch or Cadastral Survey
Branch.
 The design of cadastral map will be according to Director General of Survey
Department.
 Directive is prepared.
 SOP (Standard Operation Procedure)

Prepared by: Lokendra ( 31)

(e)Lehman’s rules
 If the position of plane table station is inside the great triangle, its plotted position
should be chosen inside the triangle of error.
 If the position of plane table station is outside the great triangle, it‟s plotted
Position should be chosen outside the triangle of error.
 The plotted position of the plane table should be so chosen that its distance from
the resistors is proportional to the distance of plane table station from the field
positions of the considered objects.
 The plotted position of the plane table should be so chosen that it is to the same
side of all the three rays.
 If the position of plane table station is outside the great circle, its plotted
position should be so chosen that It lies on the same side of ray to the most
distant point as the intersection k of the other two rays. The intersection of
two rays to the nearer points is midway between the plotted position of the
station and the ray to the most distant point.
 If the position of plane table station is outside the great triangle but inside
the great circle, the plotted position of the station is so chosen that the ray to
the middle point lies between plotted station position and the intersection of
the rays to the two extreme points.
(f) Field Book preparation
 The document/ register prepared in field containing total owner and tenant
information of every parcel of surveyed area on the basis of parcel numbers is
called filed book.
 It is prepared daily after survey of parcel.
 It is prepared based on Primary teerij.
 It is prepared based on administrative boundary/ Map sheet and administrative
boundary.
(g) What Is Adjudication?
 Adjudication is a legal ruling or judgment, usually final, but can also refer to the
process of settling a legal case or claim through the court or justice system, such
as a decree in the bankruptcy process between the defendant and the creditors.
 Adjudication describes the legal process that helps expedite and deliver a court's
resolution regarding an issue between two parties.
 The result of the process is a judgment and court opinion that is legally binding.
Most adjudication hearings center on disputes that involve money or nonviolent
infractions and result in the distribution of rights and obligations for all parties
involved.
(h) Plotting Error
 Essentially indicates the value of one dot in a map
 For example: lets take a scale of 1:500
 Then, plotting error is one fourth of scale factor in mm
= (scale factor)/4=500/4=125 mm/ 12.5cm/ 0.125m

Prepared by: Lokendra ( 32)

  This means you cannot plot any details smaller than this value in a map for a
particular scale.
(i)Difference between free sheet and trig sheet
S.N Free Sheet Trig Sheet
1. Low cost Establishing a control points will take
more time and cost
2. The error in the measurement map The error in measurement map reduced.
increases
3. When the map is made ,the land The land is not exempted while making
remains the map.
4. At the margin of the map land may be This is not a problem as the grid sheet is
lost or increased prepared first and the map is made.

5. Can work quickly and with limited Trig to measure the portion immediately
resources as needed sheet cannot be provided.

(j) Parameters of MUTM

Origins: –
 Longitudes (Central Meridian) –81 , 84 , 87 (in degree)
 Latitude-0 degree at equator
 Easting –500000m (false co-ordinates at the central meridian)
 Northing –0 m at the equator (2900000 m to 3400000 m within Nepal)
 The scale factor 0.9999 at the central meridians
 Datum: Everest Bangladesh (Spheroid Everest 1830)
(k) Specification for graphical cadastral
S.N Particulars Specification
1. Sheet format 50cm x 50cm
2. Sheet type Permatrace (75 micron)
3. Control point Fourth order
4. scale 1:500 for urban area
1:1250 for rare village
1:2500 for open area
5. Design of cadastral map Director general of SD
6. traverse Closed link
7. Plotting error 1/4th of scale factor in mm
8. Pencil for plotting Hard(4H)
9. method PT survey for graphical cadastral survey
10. Unit of measurement Distance: meter
11. Orientation Back sighting method
12. control National grid base
13. Projection system Mutm (scale factor 0.9999)
14. color Black and white

Prepared by: Lokendra ( 33)

GOOD LUCK

Prepared by: Lokendra ( 34)