Experiment No.

1
OninbonnteNIN
Aim:-Todetect the presence of oneanion and one cation to the given salt.
Requirements:- Test tube beakers, China Dish, Funncl, tripod, stand, filter paper, watch glass, burner.
Physical Status: Colour - Colourless
Smcll - Strong smell of ammonia
Density - Light
Observation table for anion:
Priliminary Test
S.NO Experiment Observation Inference
(Presence of)
Dry Salt +dil. 1,sO, Colourless, odourless gas with brisk Carbonate (C0) may be
cffervescence (CO) is released which turns present.
lime water milky
Salt +Heating Pink Colour (COB )may be present.

Confiumatory Test:
S.No Experiment Observation Inference
1) Takea little salt in a test tube, add Salt insoluble in water Insoluble
distilled water and shake. (CO)
) Treat the residue with dil. HCI CO, gas evolved which turns Inso!uble
lime water milky (cOf
ii) Salt + iis. Water and divided into White precipitate formed Soluble
three parts To one part of the aqueous (cO%) Confirmed
scution and MgSO, solution
IV) Add pBhenolphthalein to another part of Pink Colour appeared Soluole
aqueous solution (CO ) Confirmed
) Toanother part of aqueous solution CO gas evolved which turns Soluble
add dil. H,SO4 lime water millky (CO?)Confirmed
Observation table for cation:
Priliminarv Test:
Dry Heating Test:
S.No Experiment Observation Inference
1 Evolution of gas:-The given Smell of NH (Amnmonical ) NH# may be present
mixture is heated in a dry test tube evolved

S.No Experiment Observation Inference

Sublimate Formation: While Sublimate Formed on the NH may be present
Salt + Heating, first gently and then upper cooler parts of the test
strongly tube
Confirmnatory Test:
S.No Experiment Observation Inference
1) NaOH Test: Colourless gas, Ammonical NH, contirmed
Salt + 2 ml Conc. smellgives white dense fumes
NaOH Sol" + Heat when glass rod dipped in HCI
brought closer to test tube.
Nessler's Reagent Test: Nessler's reagent turns reddish NH, contirmed
The evolved NH, gas passed through brown colour.
Nessler's reagent
i1) CuSO, Test: Deep blue Colouration NH, coatirmed
Salt +NaOH + CuSO,So" observed
Chemical ReactionAnion
i) Rex' with dil. H,SO, :- c0 + H,0’ CO, ‘ +SO; +H,0
ii) Rex" with Limewater:- Co (OH),+ CO, ’ CoCO, + H,0
ii) Co CO, + H,0 + Co, ’ Co (HCO;),
Chemical Reaction for Cation NH,:
1. NaOH Test :- NH,cl + NaOH ’ NaCl + H,0 + NH, I
2 Nesslerls :- NH,CI+ KOH ’ KCl + H,0+ NH,
3 Reagent test:- 2K, Hgl, + 3k0H + NH, ’ NH, Hg0. Hgl + 7KI + 2H,0
lodide of millon + base (Brown ppt.)
 Experiment No. 2

Aim:-To detcct the presence of onc anion and one cation to thc given salt.
Requirements:- Test tubebrcakers, China Dish, Funnel, tripod, stand, filter papcr, watch glass, burner.
Physical Status:- Colour -Colourless
Smell
Density
Observation table for anion:
Priliminary Test:
S.No. Experiment Observation Inference
Salt +cating Ch gas cvolved (ycllowish grecn) with pungent CI may be present
snell, starch iodidec paper (bluc)
Salt +Con.H,SO, +llcat Colourlecss gas having pungcnt smcll, gives white Cl may be present
dense funes with rod dipped in NH,OH
Confirmatory Test:
Observation Inference
S.No Experiment
Silver Nitrate Test: White ppt formed insoluble in
Acidity a Portionof aq.Sol" with dil.HNO, + Boil to Con. HO, but soluble in CI Confirmed
remove CO, Cool and add 1 ml of Ag NO; Sol"n NH,OH
1 Mno, Test: Evolution of greenish yellow
gas having Pungent smell, turns Cl Confirmed
0.2g of Solid Salt in a test tube. Add about 4g of
Mn0, and 2 mlof Conc. H,SO, + Heat Moist Starch iodide paper blue
Chromyl Chloride Test: Yellow Sol" is obtained, acetic
acid and lead acelate CI Confirmed
Smallquantity of Salt +0.3g of KzCr,0, +
Con. H,S0, + Heat t pass the gas evolved through Sol" yellow ppt Sol" in
NaOH Sol" NaoH So ["
Observation table for cation:
Priliminarv Test:
Dry Heating Test:
(a) Evolution of gas:
S.NO Experiment Observation Inference
The given mixture is heated in adry Smell of NH (Ammonical ) NH; may be present
test tube evolved
(b) Sublimate Formation:
S.No Experiment Observation Inference
2. Salt + Heating, first gently and then White Sublimate Formed on the NH may be present
strongly upper cooler parts of the test
tube
Confirmatory Test:
S.No Experiment Observation Inference
i) NaOH Test: Colourless gas, Ammonical NH, confirmed
Salt + 2 ml Conc. smell gives white dense fumes
NaOH Sol" + Heat when glass rod dipped in HCI
brought closer to test tube.
ii Nessler's Rcagent Test: Nessler's reagent turns reddish NH, contirmed
Theevolved NH, gas passed through brown colour.
Nessler's reagent
Cuso, Test: Deep blue Colouration NH, confirmed
Salt +NaOH +CuSO, Sol" observed
Chemical Reaction for Cation NH,:
NaOH Test :- NH,Cl + NaOH ’ NaCl+ H,0 + NH, ‘
2 Nesslerls :i- NH,Cl+ KOH ’ KCl+ H,o + NH,
3 Reagent test:- 2K, Hg l, + 3k0H + NH, ’ NH, Hg0. Hgl + 7Kl + 2H,0
lodide of millon + base (Brown ppt. )
Chemical Reaction for Anion :
1. Silver Nitrate Test:- NaCl + AgNO, ’ AgCl + NaNO, (white ppt.)
AgCl + 2NH,OH ’ [Ag (NH)] Cl+ 2H,0
Diammine Silver (l)Chloride (Soluble)
2 Mnl, Test:- BaCl, + MnO, + 21H,S0, ’ BaSO, + MnsO, + 2H,0+ Cl, 1
3 Chromyl Chloride Test:- K;Cr,0, + 2H,S0, ’ 2KHSO, + 2Cr0, + H, 0 chromic anhydride
KCl + HS04 ’ HCl+ KHSO,
 Experiment No. 3

Aim:-Todetect the prescnts of one anion and onc cation to the given salt.
Requirements:- Test tube bcakers, China Dish, Funncl, tripod, stand, filter paper, watch glass, burner.
Physical Status: Colour - Colourless
Smell -
Density
Observation Table of Anion:
Priliminary
Test:
SNo Experiment Observation Inference
Dry Heating Test: Evolution of vinegar like sncll CH,CO0 may be
Salt +Hcating prescnt
Con.1,SO,Test: Colourlcss vapours having smell of vincgar CH,C00 may be
Salt +Con.H,SO, +Hcat present
Confirmatory Test:
S.No Observation Inference
Experiment
Oxalic acid Test: White ppt on the sides of CH,CO0- Confirmed
Take smallquantity of the salt on watch glass. Mix it the test tube
with solid oxalic acid. Prepare paste of it with few
drops of vwater. Rub pastes smcll
ii) Fecl, Test: - Dark Red Brown CH,C00 Confirmed
Aq.Sol" of salt + Acidity + Add neutral ferric Colouration Formed
chloride Sot"
ii1) Ester Test: pleasant fruity like smell cf CH,CO0- Confirmed
Small quantity of the salt in a test tube + Con.HgSO4 ester
+ heat + Ethyl alcohol + Shake
Observation table for cation:
Priliminary Test:
S.No Observation Inference
Experiment
i) Salt + Heating Reddish Brown incrustation in Pb may be present
cold and hot
ii) Salt + NaOH NoRex" Zero group absent
Original Solution + dil.HCI White ppt. formed I group present
IV) If white ppt. is formed, filter the ppt. wash ppt. dissolved Pb2 may be present
with water and ad 10 ml of water and heat.
Confirmatory Test:- Filter &boil the white ppt with distill water &divided the Sol" into two parts:
S.No Experiment Observation Inference
1) K,Cro,Test: yellow ppt. formed and soluble
to one part of the above ag. sol" add in NaOH So" Pb2confirmed
potassium chromate
11) KITest: yellow ppt. formed and soluble
To another part add potassium iodide on boiling Pb2tconfirmed
Sol"
Chemical Reaction for Cation NH, :
COOH COOH
1. Oxalic acid Test: | + 2CH, COONa -’ | + 2CH, COOH
COOH COOH
(Acetic Acid)
2. Ester Test:- 2CH, C0ONat H,S0, Na,SO, + 2CH,Co0H
CH,CO0H + C2 H, + H,0
Ehbyl Acetate (Fruity Smell)
3 Ferric Chloride test:- 3CH,COONa + FeCl, ’ (CH,CO0), Fe + 3HCI
(CH,c00), Fe + 2H,0 ’ (CH,CO0) (0#), Fe !
2CH,CO0H
(Reddish Brown ppt.)
Chemical Reaction for lead :
3Pbs + 8HNO, ’ 3Pb (NO,), + 2H,0+ 2NO+ 3$
Pb(NO;), + H,S0, ’ 2HNO, + Pbs0, (white)
Potassium iodide test:- Pb (NO;), + KI ’ 2KNO3 + Pbl, (yellow)
2. Potassiumn Chloride Test:-Pb (NO,), + K,Cr0, ’ 2KNO, + PbCr04
(yellow)
 Experiment No. 4
Aim:-To detect the presents of one anion and onc cation to thc given salt.
Requirements:- Test tube beakers, China Dish, Funncl, tripod, stand, filter paper, watch glass, burner.
Physical Status: Colour - Colourless
Smell
Density
Observation Table of Anion:
Priliminary Test:
S.No. Experiment Observation
Salt + Conc. H,SO,
Inference
NO, gas evolved (Reddish brown gas) NO, may be
with pungent smell. present
Salt +Heating +FeSO, sol" Pungent smell N0, gas reddish brown NO, may be
turns ferrous sulphate sol" black. present
Confirmatory Test:
S.No
Experiment Observation Inference
i)
Diphenylamine Test: Bluc colour NO, Confirmed
Add diphenylamine reagent to I ml of sodacxtract in
a test tulbe.
Ring Test: Dark Red Browning NO, Confirmed
Take 2-3 ml of soda extract in a test tube, Neutralize Formed at the junction of
it with acetic acid Heat to expel CO,gas &cool. Add the two solutions
10 drops of freshly prepared Sol" of ferrous sulphate
& add conc.H,SO, from the side of test tube so that it
forms another layer.
ii) Copper turning Test: Dark brown fumes evolved NO; Confirmed
Addcopper chips to a little salt &then cone. H,SO, which turn FeSO. Sol"
Heat the mixture. black
Observation table for cation:
Priliminarv
Test:
S.No Experiment Observation Inference
1) Salt + Heating Reddish Brown incrustation in Pb2 may be present
cold and hot
iü) Salt + NaOH NoRex Zero group absent
iii) Original Solution + dil.HCI White ppt. formed I group present
iv) If white ppt. is formed, filter the ppt. wash ppt. dissolved Pb may be present
with water and ad 10 mlof water and heat.
Confirmatorv Test:- Filter &boil the white ppt with distill water &dividedthe Sol" into two parts:
S.No Experiment Observation Inference
1 KzCro, Test: yellow ppt. formed and soluble Pb2+confirmed
to one part of the above ag. sol" add in NaOH So"
potassium chromate
ii )KI Test: yellow ppt. formed and soluble
To another part add potassiumn iodide Sol" on boiling Pbtconfirmed
Chemical Reaction for Nitrate NH, :
1. Copper Test:- 2KNO, + HzS0, ’ K;SO, + 2HNO3
4HNO, + Cu ’ Cu (NO,) + 2NO, + 2H,0
(Raddish Brown)
2. Ring Test :- KNO, + H,SO, ’ KHSO, + HNO3
6FeS0, + 3H,SO, + 2HNO3 ’3 Fe (S04)3 + 4H,0 + 2NO
FeSO, + NO+ SH,0 ’ [Fe(NO) (H,0)]So
Brown ring
Chemical Reaction for lead :

3PbS + 8HNO, ’ 3Pb (NO,), + 2H,0 + 2NO + 3S

Pb (NO;), + H,S0, ’ 2HNO3 + PbsO,
(white)
Potassium iodide test:- Pb (NO), + KI ’ 2KNO, Pbl,
(yellow)
2 Potassium Chloride Test:- Pb (NO:), + K,CrO, ’ 2KNO, + PbCro4
(yellow)
 Experiment No. S
Aim:-To detect the prescnts of onc anion and onc cation to the givcn salt.
Requirements:- Test tube breakers, China Dish, Funnel, tripod, stand, filter paper, watch glass, burner.
Physical Status: Colour - Colourless
Smell
Density
Observation Table of Anion:
Prilimin:ary Test:
S.No. Experiment Observation Inference
1. Salt + dil. HCI +Hcating Filter the contcnts and to thc Whitc ppt. forned and So may be
filtrate, add few drops of BaCl, solution insoluble in Conc. HCI present

Confirmatory Test:
S.No Observation Inference
Experiment
BaCl, Test: White ppt. of BaSO, insoluble SO Confirmed
To soda cxtract add dilute HCI Boiloff CO, cool and add in dil. HClor HN0,
Iml BaCl, solution.
i) Lead Acetate T'est: White ppt. soluble in saturated SO Confirmed
To soda extract, add acetic acid and lead acetate ammonium acetate solution

111 Match Stick Test: Purple Streaks SO Confirmed

Mix the white ppt. of BaSO, with Na,CO, fuse this paste
on a bamboo stick in the reducing flame. Touch the fused
mass in the surface of sodium nitro preside sol" in a test
tube
Observation table for cation:
Priliminarv Test:
S.No Experiment Observation Inference
Dry Heating Test:- A little salt is taken in a White residue glows on heating AL3 may be present
test tube and the salt is heated first gently &
then strongly
1) Salt + NaOH No relation Zero group absent
ii) Original Solution + dil.HCI No ppt. formed l group absent
IV) Tothe same test tube H,S gas is passed after No ppt formed Il group absent
warming
V) Filterate: white ppt. formed Il group present
i) Add few drops of Conc. HN0, and boil off AP" may be present
H,S
ii) Filter and add NH,Cl and NH,OH to the
Filtrate tillit smell NH,
Confirmatorv Test:- Dissolve the white ppts in dil. HCl and divide the solution into two parts:
S.No Experiment Observation Inference
LakeTest:
to one part of the solution add few Blue ppt floating in the A" confimed
drops of blue litmus solution and transparent solution
NH,OH
i1) Charcoal cavity cobalt nitrate test:
perform this test with original salt. Blue Mass AI contirmed
Chemical Reaction for Aluminium (A*
Lake test:- Al (0H), + 3 HCl ’ AlClz + 3H,0
ALCl, + 3NH,OH ’ 3NH, Cl+ Al(OH),
Blue colour absorbs on the ppt.
Chemical Reaction for Sulphate (SO,:
Barriam Chloride test:-NazSO, + BaCl, - BaSO, ! +2 NaCl
Match Stick Test:- Na, SO, + BaCl, ’ BaSO, ! +2 NaCl
BaSO, + Na,CO, ’ Na,SO4, + BaCO,
Na,s0, + 4C ’ NaS + 4CO
Na,S + Na, [Na, (CN), NO] ’ Na, [Na, (CN), NO]
(Purple)
3 Lead acetate test:-Na,S0, + Pb (CH,Co0), ’ Pbso4 + 2CH, + COON,
 Experiment No.6
Aim:-To detect the presents of one anion and one cation to the given salt.
Requirementse Test tube beakers, China Dish, Funncl, tripod, stand, filter paper, watch glass, buriner.
Physical Status: Colour - Colourless
Smell-
Density
Observation Table of Anion:
Priliminary Test: Inference
S.No. Experiment Observation Clmay be
Salt + Heating Clh gas evolved (ycllowish green) withpungent present
smell starch iodide paper blue. Cl may be
Salt + Con. H,SO, + Heat Colourless gas having pungent smell gives white present
dense fumnes with rod dipped in NH,OH
Confirmatory Test: Observation Inference
S.No Experiment White ppt. formed Cl Confirmed
i) Silver Nitrate Test: insoluble in Con.HNO, but
Acidify a portion if ag' sol" with dil.HNO, + Boil to soluble in NH,OH
remove CO,.Cool and add 1 ml of AgNO,Sol" Evolution of greenish
C Confirmed
ii) MnQ, Test: MnO, yellow gas having pungent
0.2g of solid salt inatest tube add about 4 g of smell, turns moist starch
and 2 ml of Conc. H,SO4 iodide paper blue.
yellow sol" is obtained Cl- Confirmed
Chromyl ClorideTest: acctic acid and lead acetate
Small quantity of sale+0.3 g ofK,Cr,0, + Con.NaOH sol" yellow ppt sol" in
H,SO, + Heat + pass the gas evolved through NaOH sol"
Sol"
Observation table for cation:
Priliminary Test: Inference
Observation
S.No Experiment White residue glows on heating A3 may be present
a
1 Dry Heating Test:- A little salt is taken in
test tube and the salt is heated first gently &
then strongly Zero group absent
No relation
11) Salt + NaOH
No ppt. formed I group absent
Original Solution+ dil.HCI IIgroup absent
iii) after No ppt formed
iv) Tothe same test tube H,S gas is passed
warming I group present
V) Filterate: white ppt. formed AP" may be present
off
i) Add few drops of Conc. HNO, and boil
H,S
the
ii) Filter and add NH,CI and NH,OH to
Filtrate tillit smell NH,
divide the solution into two parts: -
Confirmatory Test:- Dissolve the white ppts in dil. HCL and Observation Inference
S.No Experiment
|i) LakeTest: AP contirmed
few Blue ppt floating in the
to one part of the solution add
drops ofblue litmus solution and transparent solution
NH,OH
ii) Charcoal cavity cobalt nitrate test:
Blue Mass A" confirmed
perform this test with original salt.

Chemical Reactionfor Aluminium (AP):

1. Lake test:- Al (OH): + 3 HCl ’ AlCl, + 3H,0
ALCl, + 3NH OH ’ 3NH,Cl(Blue colour absorbs on the ppt. ) + Al (0H)3
Chemical Reaction for Chloride (CI):
1. Silver Nitrate test:- NaCl+ AgNO3 ’ AgCl NaNO, (white ppt.)
AgCl + 2NH,OH (Ag (NH3)2] Cl(Soluble Complex) + 2H,0
2. MnO, Test:- 2NaCl + MnO, + 3H,SO, ’2NaHSO4t MnSO4 + 2H,0+ Cl, ‘
3. Chromyl Chloride Test:
4NaCl+ K,Cr, 07 + 3H,S04 ’ 3NaSO, + K,SO, + 2Cr0,Cl, (Chromyl Chloride) + 3H,0
Cro, Cl, + 4NaOH ’ NazCr0,(Sodium Chromate) + 2H,0 + 2NaCl
Na,Cr0, + (CH,CO0), Pb ’ PbCr0, ! (Lead Chromate) (yellow ppt.)+ 2CH,COONa
 Experiment No.7
Aim:-To detect the presents of one anion and one cation to the given salt.
Requirementst- Test tube beakers, China Dish, Funnel, tripod, stand, filter papcr, watch glass, burner.
Physical Status: Colour - Colourless
Smell
Density
Observation Table of Anion:
Priliminary Test: Inference
Observation
S.No Experiment Smay be
1. Mix a little salt with a drops of water and rub Rotten Egg
present
between your thumb and finger. Smell it carefully
Colourless gas having rotten egg S may be
Dilute H,So, Test:- Take a little tube and add smell turns lead acetate papcr black. present
dil.H,SO,Warm if no rcaction takcs place
Confirnmatory Test: Inference
Observation
S.No Experiment Purple Violet colour S2- Confirmed
i) Sodium Nitro Prusside Test:
To apart of soda cxtract, add a few drops of sodium
nitro prusside Na, [Fe (CN), NO] s2-Confirmed
Black precipitate
Lead Acetate Test:i=
then
To part of soda extract, add dil. Acetic acid and
lead acetate. s2- Confirmed
iii) Cadmiun CarbonateTest: yellow ppt.
To apart of a soda extract, add 0.2 g of freshly
precipitated cadmium carbonate
Observation table for cation:
Priliminary Test: Observation Inference
S.No Experiment Zero group absent
Salt + NaOH
No ppt. formed
No ppt. formed Igroup absent
i) Salt + dil. HCI l group absent
H,S gas is passed in test tube after warming
No ppt. formed
iii) No ppt formed I group present
iv) HS gas is boiled after NH4Cl is added and shake white ppt. formed Zn may be present
v) Again H,S is passed
Confirmatory Test: Inference
Observation
S.No Experiment
Dissolve the white ppt in dil. HCI The ppt. dissolves Zn confirmed
1.
Boil off H,S gas anddivide the
solution into two parts: White ppt soluble in excess of Zn confirmed
i) NaOH Test:
To one part of above solution, add
NaOH
NaOH solution drop wt se in excess
Potassium Ferrocynaide Test:- Tothe White of bluish white ppt. Zn confirmed
ii)
solution 2 part of above add
potassium ferrocynaide solution
iii Charcoal Cavity/Cobalt Nitrate Test: Green Mass Zn confirmed
Perform with group ppt.
Chemical Reaction for anion:
1. Na,S + Na, [Fe (CN), NO] ’ Na, [Fe (CN), NOS]
2. NazS + (CH,CO0), Pb ’ Pbs 2CH, C0ONa
3. Na,S + CdCo, ’ CdS t Na,CO3
Chemical Reaction for Sulphite:
1. Barium Chloride Test:- Na,s02 + BaCl, ’ 2 NaCl + Ba SO4
2. Potassium Permanganate test:- 2KMn04 + 3H,S0, ’ K,S0, + 2MNSO, + 3H,0 + 5 {0}
NazsO, + [0] -’ Na,SO,
3. Potassium Dichromatetest: K,Cr,07 + H,S0, ’ K,s0, + Cr; (S0,) + 4H,0 + 3[0]
Chemical Reaction for Zinc:
1. NaOH Test:-ZrCl, + 2 NaOH ’ Zn (0H), +2Nacl
(white ppt.)
Zn(0H), + 2NaOH ’ Na,Zn0 + H,0
2 Potassium Ferrocyanide Test:- 2ZnCl, + K4 {Fe (CH)) ’ Zn,(Fe (CH)} +KCl
White or Bluish
(white ppt.)
 Experiment No. 8
Aim:-To detect the presents of one anion and one cation to the given salt.
Requirements:- Test tube beakers, China Dish, Funnel, tripod, stand, filter paper, watch glass, burner.
Physical Status: Colour - Colourless
Smell -
Density
Observation Table of Anion:
Test:
Priliminary Inference
Experiment Observation
S.No. Cl may be
Salt + Hcating Cl, gas evolved (yellowish green) with present
pungent smell, starch iodide paper blue.
Colourless gas having pungent smell, Cl maybe
2 Salt+ Conc.H,SO4 + Heat present
gives white dense fumes with rod dipped
in NH,OH
Confirmatory Test: Observation Inference
S.No Experiment Cl- Confirmed
White ppt. formed insoluble in
Silver Nitrate Test: Conc. HNO, but soluble in
Acidify a portion if ag. Solution with dilute NH,OH
HNO, + Boil to remove C0, and add 1 ml of
AgNO; Cl Confirmed
Evolution of greenish yellow gas
ii) MnQ, Test: having pungent smell, turns moist
0.2g of solid salt in atest tube and addabout 4g starch iodide paper blue.
of MnO, and 2 ml of conc. H,SO4 Cl- Confirmed
Chromyl Chloride Test: yellow solution is obtained add
ii) acetic acid and lead acetate
Small quantity of salt + 0.3g of K,Cr,0, + conc.
solution yellow ppt. solution in
H,SO4 + Heat + pass the gas evolved through NaOH sol
NaOH solution.
Observation table for cation:
Priliminarv Test: Observation Inference
S.No Experiment Zero group absent
Salt + NaOH
No ppt. formed
i) No ppt. formed Igroup absent
0.5g + dil. HCI II group absent
No ppt. formed
iii) H,S gas is passed in test tube after warming IIgroup absent
shake No ppt formed
iv) H,S gas is boiled after NH,Cl is added and IVgroup absent
Again H,S is passed No ppt formed
v) white ppt. formed group present
vi) Filtrate, Boil of HzSand then add (NH),CO, and
NH,OH
Confirmatory Test: Observation Inference
S.No Experiment
Potassium chromate test: yellow ppt. formed Ba confirmed
i)
Toone part of this solution add a few drops of
potassium chromate
White ppt. formed Ba confirmed
ii) dil. H, SoaTest:
To another part add dilH,SO4
Apple green flame appears blue Ba confirmed
ii) Flame Test:
Perform flame text with the original salt green through blue glass (Grassy
green flame)
Chemical Reactionfor anion:
1. Silver Nirate Test:-NaCl +AgNO, ’ AgCI J NaNO3
AgCl +2NH,OH (Ag (NH)2) + 2H,0
(Soluble Complex)
2 Mn0, Test -2NaCl +Mn0, + 3H,S0, ’ 2NaHS0, + MnsO, + 2H,0 + Clz
3. Chromyl Chloride Test :
4NaCl + K, Crn0, + 3H,S0, ’ 2Na,S0, + K,S0, + 2Cr0, + 3H,0
CrO, Cl, + 4NaOH ’ Na,Cr0, + 2H,0 + 2NaCl
Na,Cro, +(CH,C00),Pb ’ PbCr0,Lead Chromate)! +2CH, COONa
Chemical Reaction for Barium:
BaCO, + 2CH,C0OH ’ (CH¡ C00), Ba + Co, I + H,0
1. Potassium Chromate Test:-(CH, C00), Ba + K,Cr04 ’ 2 CH, COOK + BaCrO4 !
(yellow ppt.)
2 Flame Test:- Barium imparts grassy green colour to the frame
 Experiment No.
Aim:-To detect the presents of one anion and one cation to the given salt.
Requirenments:- Test tube beakers, China Dish, Funnel, tripod, stand, filter paper, watch glass, burner.
Physical Status: Colour - Colourless
Smell -
Density -
Observation Table of Anion:
Priliminary Test: Inference
S.No Experiment Observation
NO, may be
NO, gas evolved (Reddish brown
1. Salt + Conc.H,SO4 grecn) with pungent smell present
NO, may be
Salt+ Hcating + FeSO,solution Pungcnt smell NO, gas reddish brown
present
turns ferrous sulphate sol" black
Confirmatory Test: Observation Inference
S.No Experiment Blue colour NO, Confirmcd
Diphenylamine Test:
extract in a test
Add diphenylamine reagent to 1 ml of soda
tube. NO, Confirmed
dark brown ring formed at
Ring Test: with the junction of two
Take 2-3 ml of soda extract in a test tube Neutralise it solutions
acetic acid. Heat to expel CO, gas & cool. Add 10 drops of
freshly prepared sol" of ferrous sulphate and add Conc.
another
H,SO, from the side of test tube so that it forms
layer. Dark brown fumes NO, Confirmed
ii) Copper turning Test; evolved, which turn FeSO,
H,SO, heat
Add copper chips to a little salt and then conc. sol" black.
the mixture.
Observation table for cation:
Priliminary Test: Observation Inference
S.No Experiment Zero group absent
Salt + NaOH No ppt. formed
)
No ppt. formed lgroup absent
ii 0.5 + dil. HCI Ilgroup absent
H,S gas is passed in test tube after No ppt. formed
warming No ppt formed II group absent
iv) H,Sgas is boiled after NH,Clis
added and shake
No ppt formed IV group absent
V Again HS is passed
Vi)
Filtrate, Boil of H,S and then add white ppt. formed V group present
(NH,),C0, and NH,OH
Confirmatory Test:
Observation Inference
S.No Experiment
Potassium chromate test: yellow ppt. formed Ba' contirmed
i)
To one part of this solution add a few drops of
potassium chromate
dil. H,SO, Test: White ppt. formed Ba contirmed
To another part add dil H,So4
iii) Flame Test: Apple green flame appcars blue Ba contirmed
Perform flame text with the original salt green through blue glass
(Grassy green flame)
Chemical Reaction for Nitrate:
1. Copper Test:- 2KNO, + H,S0, ’ K,S0, + 2HNO,
HNO, + Cu ’ Cu (NO;), + 2NO,(Reddish Brown) + 2H,0
2. Ring Test:- KNO, + H,SO, ’ KHSO, + HNO,
GFeSO, + 3H,S0, ’ 2HNO, ’3Fe, (SO,), + 4H,0 + 2NO
FeSO, + NO + 5H,0 ’ [Fe (NO) (H,0)So,] (Brown Ring)
Chemical Reaction for Barium:
BaCO, + 2CH,C0OH ’ (CH; C00), Ba + CO, ! + H,0
Potassium Chromate Test:- (CH,CO0), Ba+ K,Cr0, ’ 2CH,COOK + BaCr, 4(yellow ppt.)
3. Flanme Test:- Barium inparts grassy green colour to the frame
 Experiment No. lo
Aim:-To detect the presents of one anion and one cation to the given salt.
Requirements:- Test tube beakers, China Dish,Funnel, tripod, stand,filter paper, watch glass, burner.
Physical Status: Colour -Colourless
Smell -
Density -
Observation Table of Anion:
Priliminary Test:
Observation Inference
S.No. Experiment Cl may be
1. Salt + Heating Cl, gas evolved (yellowish green) with pungent
smell, starch iodide paper blue. present

2. Salt+ Conc.H,SO4 t Heat Colourless gas having pungent smell, gives Clmay be
white dense fumes with rod dipped in NH,OH present

Confirmatory Test: Observation Inference

S.No Experiment Cl Confirmed
White ppt. formed insoluble in
i) Silver Nitrate Test: Conc. HNO, but soluble in
Acidify a portion if aq. Solution with dilute HNO,
+ Boil to remove CO, and add 1 ml of AgNO3 NH,OH
Evolution of greenish yellow gas Cl- Confirmed
ii) Mn0, Test: having pungent smell, turns
0.2g of solid salt in a test tube and add about 4 g of moist starch iodide paper blue.
MnO, and 2 ml of conc. H,SO4 Cl- Contirmed
Chromyl Chloride Test: yellow solution is obtained add
iii) acetic acid and lead acetate
Small quantity of salt + 0.3g of K,Cr,O, + conc.
solution yellow ppt. solution in
H,SO4 + Heat + pass the gas evolved through
NaOH sol"
NaOH solution.
Observation table for cation:
Priliminary Test: Observation Inference
S.No Experiment Zero group absent
Salt + NaOH No ppt. formed
i1) No ppt. formed I groupabsent
ii) 0.5 + dil, HCI
No ppt. formed I group absent
jii) H,S gas is passed in test tube after warming IIIgroup absent
H,S gas is boiled after NH,Clis added and shake No ppt formed
iv) No ppt formed IV group absent
V) Again H,S is passed V group present
white ppt. formed
vi) Filtrate, Boil of H,S and then add solid NH,C1, boil
cool and add NH,OH till the solution smells of
Ca may be present
ammonia then add (NH4):CO, solution
Confirmatory Test:
Experiment Observation Inference
S.No
Filter & wash the ppt. with water. yellow ppt. formed
Dissolve the ppt. in hot dil. Acidic
acid. Add
1) Amm. Oxalic test original:
ammonium oxalate solution + little White ppt. formed Ca' confirmed
ammonium hydroxide
11 Flame Test: Brick Red Flame by naked eye
Perform flame text with the original and light yellow through blue Ca confirmed
salt glass.
Chemical Reaction for Calcium:
CaCO, + 2CH,COOH ’ (CH, C00),Ca + Co, + H,0
2
Amnonium Oxalate test:- (CH,CO0),Ca + (NH,), C,0, ’ 2CH, COONH, + CaC; 0, J
Flame test:- Calcium impart brick red colour to the flame.
Chemical Reaction for Chloride: -
1. Silver Nitrate Test:- NaCl + AgNO, AgCl I NaN O3
AgCl + 2NH, OH (Ag (NH,),) + 2H,0
(Soluble Complex)
2 MnO, Test i-2NaCl + MnO, + 3H,SO4 ’ 2NaHS0, + MnS0, + 2H,0 + Cl,
3. Chromyl Chloride Test i
4NaCl+ K, Cr; 0, + 3H,SO, ’ 2Na,So, + KSO, + 2Cr0, + 3H;0
CrO,Cl, + 4NaOH ’ Na,Cro4 + 2H,0+ 2NaCl
Na,CrO4 + (CH,CO0),Pb ’ PbCrO4 J 2CH, COONa
(Lead Chromate)
 Experiment No. | |
Aim:- Todetect the presents of one anion and one cation to the given salt.
Requirements:- Test tube beakers, China Dish, Funnel, tripod, stand, filter paper, watch glass, burner.
Physical Status: Colour - Colourless
Smell -
Density -
Observation Table of Anion:
Priliminary Test: Inference
S.No. Experiment Observation
White ppt. formed and SO may be
Salt + dil, HCI + Hcating Filter the contents and to the present
insoluble in Conc. HCI
filtrate, add few drops of BaCl, solution
Confirmatory Test: Inference
Observation
S.No Experiment SoB Confirmed
White ppt. of BaSO,
BaCl,Test: insoluble in dil. HCl or
To soda extract add dilute HCI Boil off CO, cool and add
I mlBaCl, solution. HNO,
White ppt. soluble in SO- Confirmed
Lead Acetate Test: saturated ammonium
To soda extract , add acetic acid and lead acetate acetate so[n
Purple Streaks SO Confirmed
ii) Match Stick Test:
Mix the white ppt. of BaSO, with Na,C0, fuse this paste
fused
on abamboo stick in the reducing flame. Touch the test
mass in the surface of sodium nitro preside sol" in a
tube
Observation table for cation:
Priliminary Test: Inference
Observation
S.No Experiment Noppt. formed Zero group absent
Salt + NaOH No ppt. formed I group absent
Original Sol" + dil. HCI No ppt. formed Ilgroup absent
iii) H,S gas is passed in test tube after warming No ppt formed M group absent
shake
iv) H,S gas is boiled after NH,Cl is added and No ppt formed IV group absent
V) Again H,S is passed white ppt. formed V group present
boil cool
vi) Filtrate, Boil of H,S and then add solid NH,CI, Ca may be present
till the solution smells of ammonia
and add NH,OH
Confirmatory Test: Observation Inference
S.No Experiment
ppt. formed
Filter & wash the ppt. with water. Dissolve the yellow
ppt. in hot dil. Acidic acid. Add
i)
Amm. Oxalic test original: Ca confirmed
ammonium oxalate solution + little White ppt. formed
ammonium hydroxide
Brick Red Flame by naked
Flame Test: eye and light yellow Ca confirmed
Perform flame text with the original salt
through blue glass.
Chemical Reaction for Calcium:
CaCO, + 2CH,C0OH ’ (CH,CO0),Ca + Co, t H,0
Ammonium Oxalate test:- (CH,CO0), Ca t (NH4), C,04 ’ 2CH,C0ONH, + CaC,0, J
2 Flame test:- Calcium impart brick red colour to the flame.
Chemical Reaction for Sulphate (So):

1 Barriam Chloride test;- Na,sO, + BaCl, ’ BaS04 ! +2 NaCl

2. Match Stick Test:- Na,SO, + BaCl, ’ BaS0, ! +2 NaCl
BaSO4 + Na,CO, ’ Na,S04 + BaC0,
Na,SOA + 4C ’ NaS + 4Co
NazS + Na, [Naz (CN); NO] Na, [Naz (CN); No]
(Purple)
3. Lead acetate test:- Na,SO, t Pb (CH,CO0), ’ PbSO, + 2CH, + COON,
 Experiment No. 2
Aim:- To detect the presents of one anion and one
Requirements:- Test tube cationto the givcn salt.
beakers, China Dish, Funnel, tripod, stand, filter paper, watch glass, burner.
Physical Status: Colour - Colourless
Smell-
Density -
Observation Table of Anion:
Priliminary Test:
S.No. Experiment Observation
Salt + dil.HCI + Hcating Filter the Inference
contents and to the
filtrate, add few drops of BaCl, solution
White ppt. formed and SO may be
insoluble in Conc. HCI present
Confirmatory Test:
S.No
Experiment Observation Inference
BaCl, Test: White ppt. of BaSO, SO Confirmed
To soda extract add dilute HCI Boiloff CO, cool and insoluble in dil. HCI or
add Iml BaCl, solution. HNO,
i) Lead Acetate Test: - White ppt. soluble in SO Confirined
To soda extract, add acetic acid and lead acetate saturated am1nonium
acetate sol"
iii) Match Stick Test: Purple Streaks SO Confirmed
Mix the white ppt. of BaSO, with Na,CO, fuse this
paste on a bamboo stick in the reducing flame. Touch
the fused mass in the surface of sodium nitro preside
sol" in atest tube
Observation table for cation:
Priliminary Test: Inference
S.No Experiment Observation
No ppt. formed Zero group absent
1) Salt + NaOH
No ppt. formed Igroup absent
ii) Original Sol + dil. HCI IIgroup absent
iii) H,S gas is passed in test tube after warming No ppt. formed
No ppt formed III group absent
iv) HS gas is boiled after NH4Cl is added and shake
No ppt formed IV group absent
v) Again H,S is passed V group absent
Filtrate, Boil of H,S and then add solid NH,CI, boil
white ppt. formed
vi)
cool andadd NH,OH
Confirmatory Test:
Observation Inference
S.No Experiment
Amimonium Phosphate test : White ppt. formed Mg confirmed
1)
To 0.S or to the filtrate of group V, add NH,Cl or
NH,OH in excess and ammonium phosphate
Charcoal cavity cobalt nitrate test: Pink colour Mg confirmed
ii
Perform cobalt nitrate with the salt

Ch
+ 0
yoo