Trigonometry

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Trigonometric Circle
The values of the angles can be represented well on the following trigonometric circle:

In fact, each value on the circle indicates the

angle between the corresponding radius and the
positive x-axis radius (red arrow).

The angle formed after a complete circle is 360°.

The angle formed after half a circle is 180°.

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However, after completing a full circle (1st period) we can continue counting:
361°, 362°, 263° and so on
The next full circle (2nd period) finishes at 2×360° = 720°.

Similarly, we can move clockwise, considering negative angles: -1°, -2°, -3° and so on
For example, 270° can also be seen as -90°.

Therefore, an angle may have any value from - ∞ to +∞.

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Degrees and Radians
Radian
Consider the following circle of radius r =1 (unit circle).

The circumference of the circle is 2πr = 2π.

Start from point A and move anticlockwise. What is the length of the arc AB?
If θ = 0° then AB=0
If θ= 360° then AB=2π (full circle)
If θ= 180° then AB= (semicircle)
If θ= 90° then AB= (quarter of a circle)
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 Thus, an alternative way to measure the angle θ=AÔB is to measure the corresponding arc AB. The
new unit of measurement is called radian.

DEGREES (deg) RADIANS(rad))

90° π/2

180° 0° π 2π
360°

270° 3π/2

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Let us see the basic angles, in degrees and radians, on the trigonometric circle.

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We can also move in the opposite direction (clockwise) and consider negative angles:

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NOTICE:
The ratio between degrees and radians is given by

degrees 180°
=
radians π

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Example 1
Let θ =30°, θ =80°, θ =27°. Transform in radians. 0°

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Example 2
Let θ =π/3rad, θ =4π/9rad, θ =2 rad. Transform in degrees.

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Arcs and Sectors
Consider a circle of radius r. Let θ be the angle shown below measured in radians

The length of the arc AB is given by:

The area of the sector OAB is given by:

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Example 3
Consider the following sector of a circle with r=5m and θ=0.6 rad
Find the Length of arc, Area of sector, perimeter of sector

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Example 4

Let r =3 cm and θ=30

. Find
a) the length of the arc AB b) the area of the sector OAB

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Sin, Cos Tan on the Unit Circle
Sin and Cos
Consider again the unit circle (radius r =1) on the Cartesian plane

This description helps us to define sinθ and cosθ not only for angles within 0°<θ < 90°,
but for any value of θ on the circumference

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This description helps us to define sinθ and cosθ not only for angles within 0°<θ < 90°,
but for any value of θ on the circumference

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Let us move the y-axis (which shows sinx) to the left of the circle:

This diagram explains why supplementary angles have equal sines.

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Let us move now the x-axis (which shows cosx) under the circle:

This diagram explains why opposite angles have equal cosines.

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Notice
As we have said, any point on the circle represents infinitely many angle values. In that sense, all
these angles have the same sine and the same cosine.

For example, the point of 300 also represents the values

30°+ 360° k: …, -330° , 30° , 390° , 750°, …

A similar observation applies when θ is in radians!

All values π/6 + 2kπ : have the same sine and cosine

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We understand that:

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Tan
Consider now the unit circle below and an additional vertical axis passing through
point A (it is tangent to the circle!)

Then

tan θ =

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Thus, the value on this axis indicates the value of the tangent:

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Again, this description helps us to define tanθ not only for angles θ within 0°-<θ
- -<90
- °.

It is clear that diametrically opposite angles have equal tangents.

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Notice
Not only θ, but all values
θ + 180k° (in degrees) θ + kπ (in radians)
have equal tangents (we just add or subtract semicircles).
 It is obvious that tanθ is not defined for θ=90° or θ=-90.° In fact, tanθ is not defined for
90°+ 180k° (in degrees) π/2 + kπ (in radians)
For any other value of θ,

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Cosine Rule Proof
B

A C

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 The cosine rule states that for any triangle ABC with corresponding
lengths of sides a, b and c:

2 2 2
a = b + c - 2bc.cosA
2 2 2
b = a + c - 2ac.cosB
2 2 2
c = a + b - 2ab.cosC

The cosine rule is used to solve triangle problems in the following cases:
Given three sides to find the angels.
Given two sides and included angel to find the third side and the
remaining angles.

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Example 1
In triangle PQR, PQ = 6 cm, QR = 9 cm and PR = 12 cm. Find the smallest
angle in the triangle to the nearest degree.

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Example 2
Use the cosine rule to find b to 3 significant figures.
B

c 9.9 m

o
48
A C
17.1 m

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Example 3
A parallelogram ABCD has sidesAB and AD of length a and b respectively.
The diagonals AC and BD have lengths p and q as shown in the diagram.
Show that p2 +q2 = 2(a2 +b2 )

D C
q
b
p

A a B

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Sine Rule Proof
B

A C

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The sine rule states that in a triangle ABC with lengths of sides a, b and c:

a = b = c
sinA sinB sinC

The sine rule is used to solve triangle problems in the following cases:
Given two angels and the length of one side of a triangle to find missing
lengths.
Given the length of two sides and angel not included between the two
given sides to find the missing side and angels.

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Example 4
Use the sine rule to find x to 1 decimal place..
B

x 13.9 m

o
49
o
62
A C

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Example 5
The triangle ABC shown below. Calculate the size of angle C.
B
o
33
1.2

A
1.4
C

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Example 6
The diagram below shows three points ABC on level ground. A vertical mast MA stands
at A. The top of the mast is supported by wires on the ground. Two such fires are
o
fastened at B and at C with MBA = 64 and MCA = 23. Given thah B and C and are 15m
apart. Find the length of both wires and the height of the mast.

o
64 23 o
A B 15 C

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Area of a Triangle
B

A C
Example 7
Find the area of quadrilateral PQRS.
Q

15

o
70
P R

10 o 13
125

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Example 8
The diagrams shows two chords XY and YZ drawn on a circle with centre O and
radius 5 cm. Given that XY= 3cm and YZ=7cm. Find the area of qudrilateral OXYZ.

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Reciprocal Trigonometric Functions
For any acute angle in a right-angled triangle
opposite adjacent tan = opposite
sin = cos =
hypotenuse hypotenuse adjacent

Three further trigonometric ratios are defined by:

hypotenuse hypotenuse adjacent
cosec = sec = cot =
opposite adjacent opposite

1 1 cot = 1
cosec = sec =
sin cos tan

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Example 9
Evaluate exactly

1) sec +cot
6 3
2) cosec (- 2 ) - 2tan 7
3 6

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Example 10
Simplify each of the following expressions to give a single trigonometric functions.

1) sin . cot

2) sec . cot

3) tan . cot
cos

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Example 11
13
Given that sec = and < < , find the values of sin and tan .
12 2

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Trigonometric Identities
From the unit circle it can be seen that :
two hypotenuse has a length of one
the two shorter sides have a length of sin and cos respectively.

Pyhtagoras’ Theorem can be applied to obtain the result:

sin 2
+ cos2
= 1
This is called the Pyhtagorean identity.

opposite side sin

In the same unit circle diagram tan = =
adjacent side cos

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Example 12

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Example 13

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Example 14

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Example 15

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Ratios of Compound Angles
sin(A+B) = sinA.cosB + cosA.sinB
sin(A-B) = sinA.cosB - cosA.sinB

cos(A+B) = cosA.cosB - sinA.sinB

cos(A-B) = cosA.cosB +sinA.sinB

tan(A+B) = tanA + tanB

1- tanA.tanB

tanA - tanB
tan(A-B) =
1 + tanA.tanB

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Example 16

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Example 17

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Example 18

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Example 19

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Double Angle Identities for Sıne
Sine and Cosine
sin(A+B) = sinA.cosB + cosA.sinB
sin(A+A) =

cos(A+B) = cosA.cosB - sinA.sinB

cos(A+A) =

tan(A+B) = tanA + tanB

1- tanA.tanB

tan(A+A) =

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Example 20

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Example 20

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Example 21

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Example 22

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Trigonometric Functions
The graph of y = sin 

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Hence, between 0° and 180°, the graph is symmetric about  = 90°.
Similarly, between 180° and 360°, the graph is symmetric about  = 270°.

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Extending the graph
We noted above that the values of sine repeat as we move through an angle of 360°,
that is, sin (360° + ) = sin  . We say that the function y = sin  is periodic with period
360°. Thus, the graph may be drawn for angles greater than 360° and less than 0°, to
produce the full (or extended) graph of y = sin 

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The graph of y = cos 

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The graph of y = tan 

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Example 22

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Example 23

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Example 23

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Example 25

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Inverse Trigonometric Functions

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Example 26

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Example 27

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Trigonometric Equations

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Example 28

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Example 29

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Example 30

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Example 31

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Thank
you