OBJECT ORIENTED
PROGRAMMING
CSE 202. Winter 23-24
Lecture 1.2
OOP Basics
PRANAV BISHT
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
IIT(ISM) DHANBAD
*special thanks to Prof. Saurabh Srivastava for his original slides
Let us go back to C … for a while !!
Pranav Bisht | Dept. of CSE | IIT (ISM) Dhanbad
Let us go back to C … for a while !!
What can you infer from this C code?
Pranav Bisht | Dept. of CSE | IIT (ISM) Dhanbad
Let us go back to C … for a while !!
There are two methods related to addition:
1. add()
2. add_to_result()
These may be declared in the header file add.h
Pranav Bisht | Dept. of CSE | IIT (ISM) Dhanbad
Let us go back to C … for a while !!
Similarly, there are two methods related to multiplication:
1. multiply()
2. multiply_with_result()
These may be declared in the header file multiply.h
Pranav Bisht | Dept. of CSE | IIT (ISM) Dhanbad
Let us go back to C … for a while !!
All the above observations are correct, so this looks good to
execute …
Pranav Bisht | Dept. of CSE | IIT (ISM) Dhanbad
Let us go back to C … for a while !!
Pranav Bisht | Dept. of CSE | IIT (ISM) Dhanbad
Let us go back to C … for a while !!
Oops... there is an error regarding multiple declarations for the
identifier result
Pranav Bisht | Dept. of CSE | IIT (ISM) Dhanbad
Let us go back to C … for a while !!
That does seem to be the case !!
Pranav Bisht | Dept. of CSE | IIT (ISM) Dhanbad
Let us go back to C … for a while !!
But if we assume that the two files
came from different sources (e.g.,
from two different libraries), it is
certainly plausible to see such
coincidences.
Pranav Bisht | Dept. of CSE | IIT (ISM) Dhanbad
C++ to the rescue …
• The problem with the C code we saw is that an extern variable is accessible “everywhere”.
• In essence, the space in which it lives is the global space.
• C++ introduced a mechanism to restrict even global variables to a “smaller space”.
• This mechanism is known as a namespace.
• A namespace is a collection of C++ statements – declarations as well as definitions.
• All identifiers within a namespace must be unique, but there can be duplicates outside.
• Actually, Namespaces help achieve a top-level encapsulation – a concept we will discuss in the
coming lectures.
• To access any variable or function within a namespace, prefix the namespace name followed
by ::
• :: is known as the scope resolution operator; we will revisit this guy again in later lectures !!
Pranav Bisht | Dept. of CSE | IIT (ISM) Dhanbad
C++ Namespaces
Pranav Bisht | Dept. of CSE | IIT (ISM) Dhanbad
C++ Namespaces
Adding code to a namespace is no
different than creating a code
block, and adding the code inside
it
Pranav Bisht | Dept. of CSE | IIT (ISM) Dhanbad
C++ Namespaces
Pranav Bisht | Dept. of CSE | IIT (ISM) Dhanbad
C++ Namespaces
The way to access the functions become a little tedious
though, since you need to provide their fully qualified names
Pranav Bisht | Dept. of CSE | IIT (ISM) Dhanbad
C++ Namespaces
Pranav Bisht | Dept. of CSE | IIT (ISM) Dhanbad
C++ Namespaces
This time we compiled successfully and see some output …
Pranav Bisht | Dept. of CSE | IIT (ISM) Dhanbad
Hello World!
The customary Hello World program.
Pranav Bisht | Dept. of CSE | IIT (ISM) Dhanbad
Some more C++ basics
• Modern-style headers defined by Standard C++ do not have the extension “.h”.
• The stdio.h equivalent in C++ is iostream.
• The printf() equivalent in C++ is cout.
• The scanf() equivalent in C++ is cin.
• Unlike printf() and scanf(), cout and cin are not functions, but streams.
• A stream is an entity where a program can either insert characters to or extract characters
from.
• We need not worry about the internal specifications of the stream.
• Some streams defined in the standard library:
• cin
• cout
• cerr
• clog
Pranav Bisht | Dept. of CSE | IIT (ISM) Dhanbad
Some more C++ basics
• The insertion operator (<<) is used with cout, i.e. inserting into the stream.
• The extraction operator (>>) is used with cin, i.e. extracting from the stream.
• For simplicity, you can think of cout and cin to represent the screen.
• The << and >> operators are also left and right shift operators (operator overloading).
• Two major differences from C
• You don’t need to provide format specifiers to cin or cout.
• To take multiple inputs or print multiple pieces of output, you have to use the << and >>
operators multiple times.
• Let’s see few example codes to illustrate.
Pranav Bisht | Dept. of CSE | IIT (ISM) Dhanbad
• “Hello” is a string while Hello is an integer variable.
• No need for format specifier.
Pranav Bisht | Dept. of CSE | IIT (ISM) Dhanbad
We can use either “\n” or endl for breaking the line.
Pranav Bisht | Dept. of CSE | IIT (ISM) Dhanbad
We can chain multiple << in a single statement also.
Similarly we can chain multiple >> in a single statement also.
Pranav Bisht | Dept. of CSE | IIT (ISM) Dhanbad
Gojo gets cut from the sentence
HW: Save Gojo from getting cut
Suppose you enter “Gojo Satoru”. What will be the output?
Pranav Bisht | Dept. of CSE | IIT (ISM) Dhanbad
Inheritance example
Paneer and Capsicum
Onion and Tomato
Pizza
Pizza
Onion Tomato Paneer Capsicum
Cheeze Cheeze
Pizza Sauce Pizza Sauce
Pizza Base Pizza Base
Pranav Bisht | Dept. of CSE | IIT (ISM) Dhanbad
Pranav Bisht | Dept. of CSE | IIT (ISM) Dhanbad
Pranav Bisht | Dept. of CSE | IIT (ISM) Dhanbad
What if I add this line?
We get an error!
Why?
Pranav Bisht | Dept. of CSE | IIT (ISM) Dhanbad
Protected members are private except for
the derived class.
Pranav Bisht | Dept. of CSE | IIT (ISM) Dhanbad
