Influence of revolution-
★ Enlightenment ideals- freedom, equality, and popular sovereignty, by the American and French were
spread throughout Europe and the Americas
★ They inspired Caribbean and Latin America into revolutionary movements
★ These ideals also encouraged social reformers to organize broader programs or liberation
★ Differs from the American and French revolution as these reformers sought to bring rights to
women and slaves of African ancestry.
The Haitian Revolution:
★ Hispaniola was a large center of sugar production with many plantations
★ The spanish colony of santo domingo occupied the eastern part and the western part was occupied
by french colony saint domingue
★ The only successful slave revolt took place in hispaniola after the french revolution
Saint Domingue Society:
★ The population was put into three main groups- white colonials, people of color, and slaves
★ The fields had brutal conditions
★ slaves were worked very hard with not much care so there was a high death rate
★ White planters and black slaves often had violent conflicts
★ Plantation owners were heavily outnumbered and feared a rebellion
★ Many slaves ran away into their own societies and occasionally attacked plantations for food,
weapons tools, or other recruits
★ The american and french revolutions paved the way for political and social revolution in saint
domingue
★ Many people of color fought in the american revolution and afterwards they wanted to reform
society
★ When the french revolution broke out white settlers wanted the right to govern themselves but did
not grant political and legal equality to the people of color
★ By 1791 civil war between white settlers and people of color starts out
-The causes of revolution in Haiti
The causes of the revolution were the brutality in the plantations, the hiarchy in the society and the
exposure and influences of the American and French revolutions.
Slave revolt:
★ Priest Boukman organized a slave revolt
★ As many as 12000 slaves began their revolt quickly gaining numbers
★ Foreign armies soon complicated the situation
Toussaint Louverture:
★ The success of the rebellion was due to the leadership of former slave Francious dominique
toussaint who called himself louverture
★ He was intelligent and was a livestock overseer
-How Toussaint L’Ouverture helped Haiti’s independence movement
Toussaint helped Haiti's independence movement as he was a skilled organizer and had built a strong,
disciplined army of 20,000. He smartly played the French, Spanish and British forces against each other
while gaining more power. He also promoted a constitution that gave equality and citizenship to all residents
of Saint Domingue
The Republic of Haiti:
★ Napoleon dispatched 40,000 troops to regain french troops
★ Toussaint tried to make peace but went to jail
-How Haiti ultimately achieved independence
Haiti ultimately achieved independence after the generals who succeeded Toussaint drove out the remaining
troops who were damaged by yellow fever and declared independence.
Wars of Independence in Latin America-
Latin American Society:
★ Ideas of revolution traveled to spain and portugal
★ Creoles established plantations and ranches in the colonies, benefiting from the trade with Spain
and Portugal.
★ They aimed to displace the peninsulares while maintaining their privileged position.
-The social class system under Spanish rule in colonial Latin America.
Although the peninsulares governed, there was a large, powerful wealthy class of creoles. Also there was a
huge population of the less privileged class, black slaves and people with mixed ancestry were most
prominent.
-The reasons why the Creoles were unhappy with Spanish rule.
The creoles were unhappy about the administrative control and economic regulations imposed by Iberian
powers. They did not like the taxes or economic burdens similar to the British colonists in North America
-Ideas and events that inspired the Latin American revolutionaries.
The Latin American revolutionaries were inspired by the Enlightenment political thought and engaged in tax
revolts and uprisings. They drew inspiration from the political independence of the United States
Mexican Independence:
-How Napoleon’s invasion of Spain “sparked” the Latin American independence movements The wake
of Napoleon's invasion in spain and portugal started the struggle for independence.His invasion weakened
royal authority in the Iberian colonies
- Miguel Hidalgo’s role in the Mexican independence movement. Parish priest Miguel Hidalgo y
Costilla led a peasant rebellion in Mexico, rallying indigenous peoples and mestizos against Spanish rule. He
invoked the Virgin of Guadalupe and called for the death of Spaniards, aiming for social and economic
change.
★ Miguel was captured and executed by conservative creoles, but his movement continued for three
years after his death.
★ Hidalgo became a symbol of Mexican independence, and September 16th is celebrated as Mexico's
national holiday.
★ Agustín de Iturbide declared Mexico’s independence and became emperor
★ After he was overthrown a republic was established.
★ The southern regions of Mexico formed the Central American Federation
Simón Bolívar
★ Born in Venezuela, he was inspired by Enlightenment ideas and George Washington’s leadership.
-How Simon Bolivar helped win independence for South America. Bolívar led the independence
movements in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. He defeated the Spanish army, collaborating with
creole leaders like José de San Martín and Bernardo O'Higgins.
-Why Bolivar was disappointed by the outcome of the independence movements.
Bolívar aimed to unite South America into a republic called Gran Colombia but political and regional disputes
led to Gran Colombia’s disintegration. This made him disappointed, calling South America ungovernable
before dying in exile.
Brazilian Independence:
★ Gained independence in a different manner from Spanish colonies.
★ After Napoleon invaded Portugal in 1807, the royal court moved to Brazil.
★ In 1822, Pedro declared Brazil’s independence and became Emperor Pedro I.
Creole Dominance:
★ Independence did not bring significant social change.
★ Creole elites continued to dominate society, as the social structure remained rigid.
★ The new states granted military authority to local charismatic strongmen called caudillos
★ The states permitted slavery, supported the Catholic Church, and repressed lower classes.
★ The main beneficiaries of independence were creole elites, keeping wealth and power.
