MATHEMATICS

CHAPTER 5
5. 1 - INTRODUCTION TO SET
5.2 - OPERATION ON SETS

DR. NORAZLINA SUBANI

DR. ROSITA ZAINAL
DR. NURUL FARIHAN MOHAMED
DR. MUHAMMAD AZAN TAMAR JAYA

1
 GOALS
❑ After you have completed this chapter, you will be able to:
1. Explain the meaning of set.
2. Describe sets using:
(i) description,
(ii) listing, and
(iii) set builder notation.
3. Identify whether an object is an element of a set and represent the relation using symbol.
4. Determine the number of elements of a set and represent the number of elements using
symbol.
5. Compare and explain whether two or more sets are equal and hence, make generalisation
about the equality of sets.
6. Identify and describe universal sets and complement of a set.
7. Represent
(i) the relation of a set and universal set, and
(ii) complement of a set through Venn diagrams.
8. Identify and describe the possible subsets of a set.
9. Represent subsets using Venn diagrams.
10. Represent the relations between sets, subsets, universal sets and complement of a set using
Venn diagrams. 2
 5.1 – INTRODUCTION TO SET
5.1.1 – SET
5.1.2 - VENN DIAGRAMS, UNIVERSAL SETS, COMPLEMENT OF A SET AND SUBSETS

3
5.1.1 – SET

4
 WHAT IS SET?

In our daily life, we can classify the recyclable materials into several
categories, such as paper, plastic, glass, aluminium, fabric and so on.

5
 HOW DO YOU DESCRIBE SETS?
Sets can be written by using description, listing and set builder notation.
For example, we can write the colours of Jalur Gemilang in set A as follows.

6
 EXAMPLE 1
Describe each of the following sets by using description, listing and set builder notation.
(a) Letters in the word ‘MALAYSIA’
(b) Odd numbers which are less than 20

Solution:

(a) Let the set be represented by P.

Description: P is the set of letters in the word ‘MALAYSIA’.
The same elements need
Listing: P = {M, A, L, Y, S, I} not be repeated.

Set builder notation: P = {x : x is a letter in the word ‘MALAYSIA’}

(b) Let the set be represented by Q.

Description: Q is the set of odd numbers which are less than 20.
Listing: Q = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19}
Set builder notation: Q = {x : x is an odd number and x < 20}
7
 EMPTY SET

THINK SMART

DO YOU KNOW?

If M represents the set of month with 32 days, then set M does not contain any
element and is known as an empty set.
An empty set can be represented with the symbol Ø or { }.
Thus, M = Ø or M = { }.
8
 WHAT IS THE ELEMENT OF A SET?
The elements of a set are defined according to certain characteristics. Each of the
elements must satisfy the conditions of the set that is defined.
For example, set A = {local fruits in Malaysia}.
Durian is a local fruit, so durian is an element of set A.
Symbol ∈ is used to represent ‘is an element of’ the set.
Therefore, durian ∈ A.
Apple is not a local fruit, so apple is not an element of set A.
Symbol ∉ is used to represent ‘is not an element of’ the set.
Therefore, apple ∉ A.

DO YOU KNOW?

9
 EXAMPLE 2
Given that P = {x : x is a prime number and 0 ≤ x ≤ 20}, complete each of the
following using the symbol ∈ or ∉.

(a) 5 P (b) 8 P

(c) 19 P (d) 1 P

Solution:
P = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19} List all the elements of P.

(a) 5 ∈ P (b) 8 ∉ P

(c) 19 ∈ P (d) 1 ∉ P

10
 HOW DO YOU DETERMINE THE NUMBER OF
ELEMENTS OF A SET?

Number of elements in set P can be represented by the notation n(P).

For example, P = {a, b, c, d, e, f}, the number of elements in set P is 6.

Thus, n(P) = 6.

11
 EXAMPLE 3
Given that P = {letters in the word ‘WAWASAN’} and Q = {x : x is a two-digit
number such that the sum of its digits is 7}, find
(a) n(P) (b) n(Q)

Solution:

(a) P = {W, A, S, N} The number of elements is 4.

Thus, n(P) = 4

(b) Q = {16, 25, 34, 43, 52, 61, 70} The number of elements is 7.
Thus, n(Q) = 7
SMART TIPS

12
 WHAT IS EQUALITY OF SETS?

The sets of alphabets in a word are arranged by three students as follows.

Set A = {H, A, R, U, M}, set B = {M, U, R, A, H} and set C = {R, U, M, A, H}
Every element in sets A, B and C are the same. So, set A, set B and set C
are known as equal sets and can be written as A = B = C.
Thus A = B, A = C or B = C.
Generally, if every element in two or more sets are the same, then all
the sets are equal.

13
 EXAMPLE 4
Explain whether each of the following pairs of sets are equal sets. SMART TIPS

(a) P = {vowels in the word ‘SEKOLAH’} and

Q = {vowels in the word ‘KEJOHANAN’}
(b) F = {perfect squares which are less than 50} and LET’S DISCUSS
G = {4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49}

Solution:
Elements ‘A’ need THINK SMART
(a) P = {E, O, A} and Q = {E, O, A} not be repeated.
Each element in set P is equal to each element in set Q.
Thus, P = Q
(b) F = {1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49}
SMART TIPS
G = {4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49}
1 ∈ F but 1 ∉ G.
Thus, F ≠ G 14
5.1.2 - VENN DIAGRAMS, UNIVERSAL SETS, COMPLEMENT
OF A SET AND SUBSETS

15
WHAT ARE UNIVERSAL SET AND COMPLEMENT OF A SET?

A set that consists of all the elements under discussion is known as the universal
set.
For example, the set below shows the students who participated in a
mathematics quiz.
{Amir, Hazura, Laila, Sandra, Zamri, Dali, Pei San, Yana}
In this case, the 8 students are all the students under discussion. Hence, the
set can be defined as universal set and is denoted by the symbol ξ.
Thus universal set, ξ = {Amir, Hazura, Laila, Sandra, Zamri, Dali, Pei San, Yana}
Among the students, Amir, Hazura, Laila, Sandra and Zamri are members of
the Mathematics Society. If set A represents members of the Mathematics Society
in the team, then A = {Amir, Hazura, Laila, Sandra, Zamri}
The other students in the team; Dali, Pei San and Yana are not members of the
Mathematics Society. They are the other students in the universal set and are
known as complement of set A, written as A’.
A’ = {Dali, Pei San, Yana} 16
 EXAMPLE 5
Identify whether each of the following sets is the universal set of {2, 3, 5, 7}.
(a) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
(b) {odd numbers which are less than 10}

Solution:

(a) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} Contains all the elements.

Universal set
(b) {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} Does not contain element 2.
Not a universal set

17
 EXAMPLE 6
Given that ξ = {x : x is an integer and 1 ≤ x ≤ 10}, determine the complement of
each of the following sets.
(a) P = {perfect squares which are less than 10}
(b) Q = {factors of 10}

Solution:

ξ = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
(a) P = {1, 4, 9}
Thus, P’ = {2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10}
THINK SMART
(b) Q = {1, 2, 5, 10}
Thus, Q’ = {3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9}

18
 HOW DO YOU REPRESENT THE UNIVERSAL SET AND
COMPLEMENT OF A SET BY USING VENN DIAGRAM?
Besides description and set notation, a set can also be represented by an enclosed
geometrical diagram which is known as Venn diagram.
SMART TIPS
For example,
ξ = {Amir, Hazura, Laila, Sandra, Zamri, Dali, Pei San, Yana}
A = {Amir, Hazura, Laila, Sandra, Zamri}
A’= {Dali, Pei San, Yana}
The relationship between the sets above can be represented by the following Venn
diagram.

19
 EXAMPLE 7
Given that ξ = {x : 10 < x 20 < , x is an integer},
M = {11, 17} and N = {odd numbers}. DO YOU KNOW?

Draw a Venn diagram to represent

(a) set ξ and M, (b) N’ .

Solution:
ξ = {11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19}
M = {11, 17}
N = {11, 13, 15, 17, 19}

(a) (b)
The shaded
region is N’.

20
 WHAT ARE SUBSETS?
EXAMPLE 8
For each of the following, determine whether set A is a subset of set B.
(a) A = {2, 4, 6} and B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
(b) A = {prime numbers which are less than 20} and THINK SMART
B = {odd numbers which are less than 20}
(c) A = {letters in the word ‘SOPAN’} and
B = {letters in the word ‘KESOPANAN’}

Solution:
(a) A ⊂ B Every element of A is found in B. SMART TIPS
(b) A = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19}
Element 2 is
B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19} not in B.
A⊄B
(c) A ⊂ B Every element of A is found in B.

21
 WHAT ARE SUBSETS?
On the first day of athletics championships, three track events will be held and
they include 100 m, 200 m and 400 m. Each student can participate in one, two or
all the three events.
If set A represents the track events held on the first day of athletics
championships, then A = {100 m, 200 m, 400 m}.
The events that a student may participate in are {100 m}, {200 m}, {400 m}, {100
m, 200 m}, {100 m, 400 m}, {200 m, 400 m}, {100 m, 200 m, 400 m}. The student
may also not participate in any event and it is represented by the empty set, { }.
Thus, each set of the listed events is a subset of set A.
SMART TIPS

22
 EXAMPLE 9
List all the possible subsets of each of the following sets.
(a) {3, 4} (b) {a, b, c}

Solution: SMART TIPS

(a) ∅, {3}, {4}, {3, 4}

(b) ∅, {a}, {b}, {c}, {a, b}, {a, c}, {b, c}, {a, b, c}

23
 HOW DO YOU REPRESENT SUBSETS USING VENN
DIAGRAMS?
Given that A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20}
and B = {4, 8, 12, 16, 20}.
The relationship of B ⊂ A can be represented using the Venn diagram as shown
below.

THINK SMART

24
 EXAMPLE 10
Represent the relationship of each of the following pairs of sets, using Venn
diagrams.
(a) A = {p, q, r, s, t} and B = {p, r, s}
(b) P = {whole numbers} and Q = {prime numbers}

Solution:

(a) (b)
For an infinite set,
its elements need
not be written.

25
HOW DO YOU REPRESENT THE RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN SETS USING VENN DIAGRAMS?

The relationships between sets, subsets, universal sets and complement

of a set can be illustrated clearly by using Venn diagrams.

26
 EXAMPLE 11
Represent the relationship between the following sets, using a Venn diagram.
ξ = {x : x ≤ 10, x is a positive integer}
A = {factors of 10}
B = {numbers which are divisible by 5}

Solution:

ξ = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
A = {1, 2, 5, 10}
B = {5, 10}

27
CHAPTER SUMMARY

28
 5.2 - OPERATIONS ON SETS

5.2.1 - INTERSECTION OF SETS

5.2.2 - UNION OF SETS
5.2.3 - COMBINED OPERATIONS ON SETS

29
 GOALS
❑ After you have completed this chapter, you will be able to:

1. Determine and describe the intersection of sets using various

representations.
2. Determine the complement of the intersection of sets.
3. Solve problems involving the intersection of sets.
4. Determine and describe the union of sets using various representations.
5. Determine the complement of the union of sets.
6. Solve problems involving the union of sets.
7. Determine and describe the combined operations on sets using various
representations.
8. Determine the complement of combined operations on sets.
9. Solve problems involving combined operations on sets.

30
5.2.1 - INTERSECTION OF SETS

31
HOW DO YOU DETERMINE AND DESCRIBE THE INTERSECTION
OF SETS USING VARIOUS REPRESENTATIONS?
An intersection of sets exists when there are more than one set. The intersection
of sets P and Q is written using the symbol ∩. Set P ∩ Q contains the common
elements of both sets P and Q.

Eclipse of the sun occurs when the

moon is in between the sun and the
earth, in a straight line. The intersection
between the moon and the sun can be
seen when parts of the moon and the
sun are at the same position.

32
 EXAMPLE 1
It is given that the universal set, ξ = {x : x is an integer, 1 ≤ x ≤ 10}, set P = {x : x is an
odd number}, set Q = {x : x is a prime number} and set R = {x : x is a multiple of 3}.

(a) List all the elements of the following intersections of sets.

(i) P ∩ Q (ii) P ∩ R (iii) Q ∩ R (iv) P ∩ Q ∩ R

(b) State the number of elements of the following sets.

(i) n(P ∩ Q) (ii) n(P ∩ R) (iii) n(Q ∩ R) (iv) n(P ∩ Q ∩ R)

33
 EXAMPLE 1
Solution:
(a) (i) P ∩ Q (ii) P ∩ R
P = {1, 3 , 5, 7 , 9} P = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
Q = {2, 3 , 5 , 7} R = { 3, 6, 9}
P ∩ Q = {3, 5, 7} P ∩ R = {3, 9}

(iii) Q ∩ R (iv) P ∩ Q ∩ R
Q = {2, 3, 5, 7} P = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
R = { 3, 6, 9} Q = {2, 3, 5, 7}
Q ∩ R = {3} R = { 3, 6, 9}
P ∩ Q ∩ R = {3}
MY MEMORY

34
 EXAMPLE 1
Solution (cont.):
(b) (i) P ∩ Q = {3, 5, 7} (ii) P ∩ R = {3, 9}
n(P ∩ Q) = 3 n(P ∩ R) = 2

(iii) Q ∩ R = {3} (iv) P ∩ Q ∩ R = {3}

n(Q ∩ R) = 1 n(P ∩ Q ∩ R) = 1

INFO ZONE

35
HOW DO YOU DETERMINE THE INTERSECTIONS OF TWO OR
MORE SETS USING VENN DIAGRAMS?
The intersections of two or more sets are represented by the shaded regions, as
shown in the following Venn diagrams.

36
 EXAMPLE 2
The Venn diagram shows set J, set K and set L such that the universal
set, ξ = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}.

List all the elements of the following intersections of sets.

(a) J ∩ K (b) J ∩ L (c) K ∩ L (d) J ∩ K ∩ L

Solution:

(a) J ∩ K = {3, 5}
(b) J ∩ L = {5, 7, 9}
(c) K ∩ L = {5}
(d) J ∩ K ∩ L = {5}

37
 EXAMPLE 3
It is given that set A = {numbers on a dice}, set B = {even numbers on a dice} and
set C = {7, 8, 9}.
(a) List all the elements of the following intersections of sets.
(i) A ∩ B (ii) B ∩ C (iii) A ∩ C

(b) Draw a Venn diagram to represent sets A, B and C, and shade the region that
represents each of the following intersections of sets.
(i) A ∩ B (ii) B ∩ C

MY MEMORY

38
 EXAMPLE 3
Solution:
(a) A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} (i) A ∩ B = {2, 4, 6}
B = {2, 4, 6} (ii) B ∩ C = { }
C = {7, 8, 9} (iii) A ∩ C = ∅

(b) (i) (ii)

All the elements of set B are in set A. Set B and set C do not have common
A∩B=B elements.

39
HOW DO YOU DETERMINE THE COMPLEMENT OF AN
INTERSECTION OF SETS?

The complement of an intersection of sets is written using the symbol “ ʹ ”.

(A ∩ B)ʹ is read as “the complement of the intersection of sets A and B”.
(A ∩ B)ʹ refers to all the elements not in the intersection of sets A and B.

40
 EXAMPLE 4
Given the universal set, ξ = {x : x is an integer, 1 ≤ x ≤ 8}, set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, set
B = {2, 4, 6} and set C = {1, 2, 3, 4}, list all the elements and state the number of
elements of the following sets.
(a) (A ∩ B)ʹ (b) (A ∩ C)ʹ (c) (A ∩ B ∩ C)ʹ

Solution:
ξ = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

(a) A ∩ B = {2, 4, 6} (b) A ∩ C = {1, 2, 3, 4}

(A ∩ B)ʹ = {1, 3, 5, 7, 8} (A ∩ C)ʹ = {5, 6, 7, 8}
n(A ∩ B)ʹ = 5 n(A ∩ C)ʹ = 4

(c) A ∩ B ∩ C = {2, 4}
(A ∩ B ∩ C)ʹ = {1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8}
n(A ∩ B ∩ C)ʹ = 6 41
 HOW DO YOU DETERMINE THE COMPLEMENTS OF THE
INTERSECTIONS OF TWO OR MORE SETS ON VENN DIAGRAMS?
The complements of the intersections of two or more sets are represented by the
shaded regions, as shown in the following Venn diagrams.

42
 EXAMPLE 5
The co-curricular activities participated by three pupils are given in set P, set Q and
set R such that the universal set, ξ = {Scouts, Mathematics, Hockey, Football,
History, Badminton, Police Cadet}.
P = {Scouts, Mathematics, Hockey}
Q = {Police Cadet, History, Badminton}
R = {Scouts, History, Football}
(a) List all the elements of the following sets.
(i) (P ∩ R)ʹ (ii) (R ∩ Q)ʹ (iii) (P ∩ Q ∩ R)ʹ

(b) Draw a Venn diagram to represent sets P, Q and R, and shade the region that
represents each of the following complements of intersections of sets.
(i) (P ∩ R)ʹ (ii) (R ∩ Q)ʹ (iii) (P ∩ Q ∩ R)ʹ

43
 EXAMPLE 5
Solution:
ξ = {Scouts, Mathematics, Hockey, Football, History, Badminton, Police Cadet}

44
 EXAMPLE 5
Solution (cont.):

45
 SOLVING PROBLEMS
EXAMPLE 6
A total of 140 Form 5 pupils are given the opportunity to attend the intensive
classes for History and Bahasa Melayu subjects. 65 pupils choose Bahasa Melayu,
70 pupils choose History while 50 pupils choose both Bahasa Melayu and History.
Calculate
(a) the total number of pupils who attend the intensive classes.
(b) the total number of pupils who do not attend any intensive classes.

46
 SOLVING PROBLEMS
Solution:

Understanding the problem

Total number of pupils = 140 Bahasa Melayu = 65
History = 70 Bahasa Melayu and History = 50
Calculate
(a) the total number of pupils who attend the intensive classes.
(b) the total number of pupils who do not attend any intensive classes.

47
 SOLVING PROBLEMS
Solution (cont.):

Planning a strategy
ξ = {total number of pupils}
B = {pupils who attend Bahasa Melayu class}
H = {pupils who attend History class}
Draw a Venn diagram that represents all the given information.

48
 SOLVING PROBLEMS
Solution (cont.):

Implementing the strategy

Steps:
1. Fill in n(B ∩ H) = 50.
2. Fill in the number of pupils who attend
Bahasa Melayu class only.
65 − 50 = 15
3. Fill in the number of pupils who attend
History class only.
70 − 50 = 20
4. Pupils who attend the intensive classes
15 + 50 + 20 = 85
5. Pupils who do not attend any intensive
classes
140 − 85 = 55

49
 SOLVING PROBLEMS
Solution (cont.):

Conclusion
(a) 85 pupils attend the intensive classes.
(b) 55 pupils do not attend any intensive classes.

50
 SOLVING PROBLEMS
EXAMPLE 7
A total of 200 university students take part in a survey on the use of technological
devices. The result of the survey shows that 155 students have mobile phones, 90
students have laptops, 37 students have tablets, 4 students have both laptops and
tablets only, 50 students have both mobile phones and laptops only, 5 students
have both mobile phones and tablets only, and 83 students have mobile phones
only. Calculate
(a) the total number of students who have all three technological devices.
(b) the total number of students who do not have any of the technological devices.

51
 SOLVING PROBLEMS
Solution:

Understanding the problem

Total number of students = 200 Mobile phones = 155 Laptops = 90 Tablets = 37
Mobile phones and laptops only = 50 Laptops and tablets only = 4
Mobile phones only = 83 Mobile phones and tablets only = 5
Calculate
(a) the total number of students who have all three technological devices.
(b) the total number of students who do not have any of the technological devices.

52
 SOLVING PROBLEMS
Solution (cont.):

Planning a strategy
ξ = {200 students}
M = {students who have mobile phones}
L = {students who have laptops}
T = {students who have tablets}
Draw a Venn diagram to represent all the given information.

53
 SOLVING PROBLEMS
Solution (cont.):

Implementing the strategy

Steps:
1. Draw the Venn diagram as shown on
the left based on the given information.
2. Calculate the values of x, y, p and q.
x = 155 − 83 − 50 − 5
= 17
y = 90 − 50 − 4 − 17
= 19
p = 37 – 5 – 17 – 4
= 11
q = 200 – 83 – 50 – 5 – 4 – x – y – p
= 200 – 83 – 50 – 5 – 4 – 17 – 19 – 11
= 11

54
 SOLVING PROBLEMS
Solution (cont.):

Conclusion
(a) 17 students have all three technological devices.
(b) 11 students do not have any of the technological devices.

55
5.2.2 - UNION OF SETS

56
 HOW DO YOU DETERMINE AND DESCRIBE THE UNION OF
SETS USING VARIOUS REPRESENTATIONS?
The union of sets P and Q is written using the symbol ∪. P ∪ Q represents all the
elements in set P or set Q or in both sets P and Q.

Malaysia consists of different

races. The various races are
united as citizens of Malaysia.

57
 HOW DO YOU DETERMINE THE UNION OF TWO OR MORE
SETS USING THE VENN DIAGRAM?
The union of two or more sets can be represented by the shaded regions in the
Venn diagrams below.

58
 EXAMPLE 8
It is given that set P = {factors of 24}, set Q = {multiples of 3 which are less than 20}
and set R = {multiples of 4 which are less than 20}.
(a) List all the elements of the following unions of sets.
(i) P ∪ Q (ii) P ∪ R (iii) Q ∪ R (iv) P ∪ Q ∪ R
(b) Draw a Venn diagram to represent sets P, Q and R, and shade the regions that
represent the following unions of sets.
(i) P ∪ Q (ii) P ∪ Q ∪ R
Solution:
(a) (i) P = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24}
Q = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18}
P ∪ Q = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 15, 18, 24}
(ii) P = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24}
R = {4, 8, 12, 16}
P ∪ R = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24} 59
 EXAMPLE 8
Solution (cont.):
(iii) Q = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18}
R = {4, 8, 12, 16}
Q ∪ R = {3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 15, 16, 18}
(iv) P = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24}
Q = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18}
R = {4, 8, 12, 16}
P ∪ Q ∪ R = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 15, 16, 18, 24}

(b) (i) (ii)

60
HOW DO YOU DETERMINE THE COMPLEMENT OF
THE UNION OF SETS?

The complement of the union of sets is written as (A ∪ B)', and is read as

“the complement of the union of sets A and B”. The complement of the
union of sets A and B refers to all the elements not in set A and set B.

61
 EXAMPLE 9
Given the universal set, ξ = {x : x is an integer, 50 ≤ x ≤ 60}, set G = {x : x is a prime
number}, set H = {x : x is a multiple of 4} and set I = {x : x is a multiple of 5}, list all
the elements and state the number of elements of the following sets.
(a) (G ∪ H )ʹ (b) (G ∪ I )ʹ (c) (H ∪ I )ʹ (d) (G ∪ H ∪ I )ʹ

Solution:

ξ = {50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60}
G = {53, 59}
H = {52, 56, 60}
I = {50, 55, 60}
(a) G ∪ H = {52, 53, 56, 59, 60} (b) G ∪ I = {50, 53, 55, 59, 60}
(G ∪ H)ʹ = {50, 51, 54, 55, 57, 58} (G ∪ I )ʹ = {51, 52, 54, 56, 57,
58}
n(G ∪ H)ʹ = 6 n(G ∪ I )ʹ = 6 62
 EXAMPLE 9
Solution (cont.):

(c) H ∪ I = {50, 52, 55, 56, 60} (d) G ∪ H ∪ I = {50, 52, 53, 55, 56, 59,
60}
(H ∪ I )ʹ = {51, 53, 54, 57, 58, 59} (G ∪ H ∪ I )ʹ = {51, 54, 57, 58}
n(H ∪ I )ʹ = 6 n(G ∪ H ∪ I )ʹ = 4

63
 HOW DO YOU DETERMINE THE COMPLEMENTS OF THE
UNIONS OF TWO OR MORE SETS USING VENN DIAGRAMS?
The complements of the unions of two or more sets can be represented by the
shaded regions in the Venn diagrams below.

64
 EXAMPLE 10
Three private travel agencies, A, B and C, are chosen to organise the tourism
exhibitions 2020 in Sarawak. Several divisions in Sarawak are chosen to hold the
exhibitions as follows.
ξ = {Kapit, Miri, Bintulu, Sibu, Limbang, Mukah, Kuching, Betong}
A = {Miri, Sibu, Kuching, Betong}
B = {Miri, Sibu, Kapit, Limbang}
C = {Miri, Betong, Kapit, Mukah}
(a) List all the elements of the following sets.
(i) (A ∪ B)ʹ (ii) (B ∪ C)ʹ (iii) (A ∪ B ∪ C)ʹ
(b) Draw a Venn diagram to represent sets A, B and C, and shade the region that
represents each of the following complements of unions of sets.
(i) (A ∪ B)ʹ (ii) (B ∪ C)ʹ (iii) (A ∪ B ∪ C)ʹ

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 EXAMPLE 10
Solution:

66
 EXAMPLE 10
Solution (cont.):

67
 SOLVING PROBLEMS
EXAMPLE 11
A total of 26 pupils participate in a scouting programme at the river bank. The
activities of the programme are kayaking and fishing. 18 pupils participate in
kayaking and 15 pupils participate in fishing while 9 pupils participate in both
kayaking and fishing. What is the total number of pupils who participate in the
activities of the programme?

Solution:

Understanding the problem

Total number of pupils = 26
Kayaking = 18
Fishing = 15
Kayaking and fishing = 9
Calculate the total number of pupils who participate in the activities of the programme.

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 SOLVING PROBLEMS
Solution (cont.):

Planning a strategy
ξ = {total number of pupils}
A = {pupils who participate in kayaking}
B = {pupils who participate in fishing}
Draw a Venn diagram to represent all the given information. Calculate
(a) the total number of pupils who participate in kayaking only.
(b) the total number of pupils who participate in fishing only.
(c) the total number of pupils who do not participate in the activities of the
programme.
(d) the total number of pupils who participate in the activities of the programme,
n(A ∪ B).

69
 SOLVING PROBLEMS
Solution (cont.):

Implementing the strategy

(a) Kayaking only = 18 – 9
=9
(b) Fishing only = 15 – 9
=6
(c) Total number of pupils who do not participate
in the activities of the programme
= 26 – 9 – 9 – 6
=2
(d) Total number of pupils who participate in the
activities of the programme,
n(A ∪ B) (Shaded region)
= 26 – 2 = 24 CHECKING ANSWER
9 + 9 + 6 = 24
70
 SOLVING PROBLEMS
Solution (cont.):

Conclusion

24 pupils participate in the activities of the programme, n(A ∪ B) = 24.

71
 SOLVING PROBLEMS
EXAMPLE 12
A total of 100 adults are involved in a survey on their top choices of reading
materials. 40 people choose newspapers, 25 people choose magazines, 18 people
choose storybooks, 8 people choose both newspapers and magazines, 7 people
choose both magazines and storybooks, 5 people choose both newspapers and
storybooks, and 3 people choose all three types of reading materials. How many
people do not choose any of the reading materials?

72
 SOLVING PROBLEMS
Solution:

Understanding the problem

Total number of adults = 100 Newspapers = 40 Magazines = 25 Storybooks = 18
Newspapers and magazines = 8
Magazines and storybooks = 7
Newspapers and storybooks = 5
Newspapers, magazines and storybooks = 3
Calculate the number of people who do not choose any of the reading materials.

73
 SOLVING PROBLEMS
Solution (cont.):

Planning a strategy
ξ = {total number of adults}
P = {newspapers} Q = {magazines} R = {storybooks}
Draw a Venn diagram to represent all the given information and calculate
(a) the total number of people who choose newspapers only.
(b) the total number of people who choose magazines only.
(c) the total number of people who choose storybooks only.
(d) the total number of people who do not choose any of the reading materials,
n(A ∪ B ∪ C)'

74
 SOLVING PROBLEMS
Solution (cont.):
Implementing the strategy
(a) Newspapers only
= 40 – 5 – 3 – 2
= 30
(b) Magazines only
= 25 – 5 – 3 – 4
= 13
(c) Storybooks only
= 18 – 3 – 4 – 2
=9
(d) Total number of people who do not
choose any of the reading materials,
n(A ∪ B ∪ C)' = 100 – 5 – 3 – 4 – 2 – 30 – 13 –
9
= 34
75
 SOLVING PROBLEMS
Solution (cont.):

Conclusion

34 people do not choose any of the reading materials.

n(A ∪ B ∪ C)' = 34

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5.2.3 - COMBINED OPERATIONS ON SETS

77
 HOW DO YOU DETERMINE AND DESCRIBE COMBINED
OPERATIONS ON SETS USING VARIOUS REPRESENTATIONS?

Combined operations on sets involve both intersection of sets (∩) and

union of sets (∪) at the same time. Combined operations of sets are
solved from left to right. However, if there are operations in brackets, the
operations in brackets must be carried out first.

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 EXAMPLE 13
The table below shows the hobbies of a group of pupils.

P = {pupils who like singing}, Q = {pupils who like dancing} and R = {pupils who like drawing}.

Based on the above table,

(a) list all the elements of the following sets.
(i) (P ∪ Q) ∩ R (ii) Q ∪ (P ∩ R)
(b) draw a Venn diagram and shade the region that represents each of the
following sets.
(i) (P ∪ Q) ∩ R (ii) Q ∪ (P ∩ R)
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 EXAMPLE 13
Solution:
P = {Arif, Emy, Iris, Alan, Jay}
Q = {Lily, Emy, Iris, Alan, May, Nani}
R = {Zarif, Getha, Iris, May, Jay}

(a) (i) (P ∪ Q) = {Arif, Emy, Iris, Alan, Jay, Lily, May, Nani}
R = {Zarif, Getha, Iris, May, Jay}
(P ∪ Q) ∩ R = {Jay, Iris, May}

(ii) Q = {Lily, Emy, Iris, Alan, May, Nani}

(P ∩ R) = {Iris, Jay}
Q ∪ (P ∩ R) = {Lily, Emy, Iris, Alan, May, Nani, Jay}

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 EXAMPLE 13
Solution (cont.):

(b) (i) Shade the region for set (P ∪ Q).

Shade the region for set R.
Set (P ∪ Q) ∩ R refers to the common region for both sets (P ∪ Q) and R.

81
 EXAMPLE 13
Solution (cont.):

(b) (ii) Shade the region for set Q.

Shade the region for set (P ∩ R).
Set Q ∪ (P ∩ R) refers to all the regions covered by both sets Q and (P ∩
R).

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HOW DO YOU DETERMINE THE COMPLEMENT OF
COMBINED OPERATIONS ON SETS?

The complement of combined operations on sets involves the

complement of either intersection of sets ( ∩ ) or union of sets ( ∪ ) or
both intersections. The complement of combined operations on sets is
solved from left to right. However, if there are operations in brackets, the
operations in brackets must be carried out first.

83
 EXAMPLE 14
It is given that ξ = {x : x is an integer, 30 ≤ x ≤ 40}, set A = {x : x is a multiple of 3},
set B = {x : x is a number such that the sum of its two digits is odd} and set C = {30,
32, 35, 39, 40}.

(a) List all the elements of the following sets.

(i) (A ∪ B)' ∩ C (ii) A' ∩ (B ∪ C) (iii) (A ∩ C)' ∪ (B ∩ C)

(b) Draw a Venn diagram and shade the region that represents each of the
following sets.
(i) (A ∪ B)' ∩ C (ii) A' ∩ (B ∪ C) (iii) (A ∩ C)‘ ∪ (B ∩ C)

84
 EXAMPLE 14
Solution:
ξ = {30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40}
A = {30, 33, 36, 39}
B = {30, 32, 34, 36, 38} MY MEMORY
C = {30, 32, 35, 39, 40}
(a) (i) (A ∪ B)' = {31, 35, 37, 40}
C = {30, 32, 35, 39, 40}
(A ∪ B)' ∩ C = {35, 40}
(ii) A' = {31, 32, 34, 35, 37, 38, 40}
(B ∪ C) = {30, 32, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40}
A' ∩ (B ∪ C) = {32, 34, 35, 38, 40}

(iii) (A ∩ C)' = {31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40}
(B ∩ C) = {30, 32}
(A ∩ C)' ∪ (B ∩ C) = {30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40} 85
 EXAMPLE 14
Solution (cont.):

(b) (i) Shade the region for set (A ∪ B)'.

Shade the region for set C.
Set (A ∪ B)' ∩ C refers to the common region for both sets (A ∪ B)' and
C.

86
 EXAMPLE 14
Solution (cont.):

(b) (ii) Shade the region for set A'.

Shade the region for set (B ∪ C).
Set A' ∩ (B ∪ C) refers to the common region for both sets A' and (B ∪
C).

87
 EXAMPLE 14
Solution (cont.):

(b) (iii) Shade the region for set (A ∩ C)'.

Shade the region for set (B ∩ C).
Set (A ∩ C)' ∪ (B ∩ C) refers to all the regions covered by both sets (A ∩
C)'
and (B ∩ C).

88
 SOLVING PROBLEMS
EXAMPLE 15
The Residents’ Association of Happy Garden organises various sports competitions
to instil health awareness among residents. A total of 35 participants join the
football competition, 24 participants join the table tennis competition and 13
participants join the badminton competition. There are 4 participants who join
both the football and table tennis competitions, 8 participants who join both the
table tennis and badminton competitions, and 2 participants join all three
competitions. There is no participant joining the badminton and football
competitions only. Calculate the total number of participants who join one
competition only.

89
 SOLVING PROBLEMS
Solution:

Understanding the problem

Total number of participants = ?
Football = 35 Table tennis = 24 Badminton = 13
Football and table tennis only = 4 Badminton and football only = 0
Table tennis and badminton only = 8 Football, table tennis and badminton = 2
Calculate the total number of participants who join one competition only.

90
 SOLVING PROBLEMS
Solution (cont.):

Planning a strategy
ξ = {all participants}
A = {participants who join the football competition}
B = {participants who join the table tennis competition}
C = {participants who join the badminton competition}
Draw a Venn diagram to represent all the given information.
Calculate
(a) the total number of participants who join the football competition only.
(b) the total number of participants who join the badminton competition only.
(c) the total number of participants who join the table tennis competition only.
(d) the total number of participants who join one competition only.

91
 SOLVING PROBLEMS
Solution (cont.):

Implementing the strategy

(a) Football only (b) Badminton only

= 35 – 4 = 13 – 6 – 2
= 31 =5
(c) Table tennis only
= 24 – 6 – 2 – 2
= 14
(d) Total number of participants who join one
competition only
= 31 + 14 + 5
= 50

92
 SOLVING PROBLEMS
Solution (cont.):

Conclusion

50 participants join one competition only.

93
CHAPTER SUMMARY

94
CHAPTER SUMMARY (cont.)

95
 END OF CHAPTER 5

THANK YOU

96