Namita Education & Welfare Society

SIDDHARTH B.ED COLLEGE

Boradpada-Chargaon

CORE COURSE 3 (IC 3)

LANGUAGE ACROSS THE CURRICULUM

Task 1:
Construct a glossary of content words in different
subjects

Name of the Student:

Ms. Momin Tahereen Noorulhuda

Class: SY B.Ed-2019-20
 Task 1:

Construct a glossary of content words in different subjects

Introduction
Glossary:

A glossary, also known as a vocabulary or clavis, is an alphabetical list of terms in a

particular domain of knowledge with the definitions for those terms. Traditionally, a glossary
appears at the end of a book and includes terms within that book that are either newly introduced,
uncommon, or specialized. While glossaries are most commonly associated with non-fiction
books, in some cases, fiction novels may come with a glossary for unfamiliar terms.
In a general sense, a glossary contains explanations of concepts relevant to a certain field of
study or action. In this sense, the term is related to the notion of ontology. Automatic methods
have been also provided that transform a glossary into ontology or a computational lexicon.
The glossary is another tool to help teachers better understands the language. It was not created
to be a study guide for vocabulary tests--- learning social studies vocabulary is best done in
context.
Purpose:

The purpose of forming glossary is:

1) Glossary should be multi-faceted:

2) It should represent the most important concepts and notions that you are going to learn in
the course or academic.
3) It must have clear definitions understood even by the layman, i.e. definition that can be
understood by people who are not familiar with semantics or computational linguistics.
4) Definitions must include explanatory examples.
5) It envisages and explains the importance of glossary creation and used in semantic-based
applications.

Characteristics of a Glossary:

➢ Define all terms unfamiliar to an intelligent layperson. When in doubt, over defining is
safer than under defining.
➢ Define all terms that have a special meaning in your report.
➢ Define all terms by giving their class and distinguishing features, unless some terms need
expanded definitions.
➢ List all terms in alphabetical order. Highlight each term and use a colon to separate it
from its definition.
➢ On first use, place an asterisk in the text by each item defined in the glossary.
➢ List your glossary and its first page number in the table of contents.

Expected learning outcomes:

1) Learning: Identify and explain the most important concepts covered in the course or
academics.
2) Collaborative writing: Discuss and agree on the best way to write definitions of
specialized terms for the layman.
3) Teamwork: Develop your cooperation skills and focus-on-the-project capabilities.
 We have selected the textbooks of Mathematics & Science Subject of Maharashtra State
Board, Bureau of Indian Standards.

Glossary:

A
Science Mathematics
acceleration - rate at which speed or Area- The amount of surface inside a 2-
direction changes; can be found by dimensional figure. The figure might be a
dividing the change in speed by the given triangle or rectangle in a plane, the curved
time, usually expressed in meters per surface of a cylinder, or a state or country
second. on Earth’s surface. Commonly, area is
adaptation - any structure or behavior that measured in square units such as square
helps an organism survive in its miles, square inches, or square centimeters.
environment; a characteristic of an Angle- A figure formed by two rays or two
organism that increases its chance of line segments with a common endpoint
survival in its environment; a particular called the vertex of the angle. The rays or
development, behavior, or physiological segments are called the sides of the angle.
change in a population of organisms, in An angle is measured in degrees between 0
response to changes in the populations. and 360. One side of an angle is the
amplitude - measure of the energy a wave rotation image of the other side through a
carries; the maximum distance that the number of degrees. Angles are named after
particles of a wave’s medium vibrate from their vertex point alone as in ∠ A; or by
their rest position; in any periodic function, three points, one on each side and the
the maximum absolute variation of the vertex in the middle as in ∠ BCD.
function.

B
Science Mathematics
Bacteria - kingdom made up of unicellular Bisector-A line, segment, or ray that
prokaryotic cells that usually have a cell divides a segment, an angle, or a figure into
wall and reproduce by binary fission. two parts of equal measure.
Black Hole- Black hole is an area in space bar graph- A graph with horizontal or
that has a very powerful gravitational field. vertical bars that represent data.
There is nothing in this universe not even Bank- A Bank is government recognized
light that can escape from the pull of a organization that carries out transactions of
black hole. These black holes may be stars money. It is a financial organization.
that have collapsed after the end of their Finance relates to money.
lives.

C
Science Mathematics
carbohydrate - organic compound made Compass –
up of the elements carbon, hydrogen and (1) A tool used to draw circles and arcs
oxygen, and a main source of energy for and copy line segments. Certain geometric
living things; include sugars and starches figures can be drawn with compass-and-
used for energy or as structural materials. straightedge construction.
catalyst - substance that speeds up or slows (2) A tool used to determine geographic
down chemical reactions, but is not itself direction.
changed by the reaction; a substance that Cylinder- A geometric solid with two
speeds up or slows down the rate of a congruent, parallel circular regions for
reaction without being consumed or bases and a curved face formed by all the
altered. segments with an endpoint on each circle
conduction - transfer of energy that occurs that are parallel to a segment with
when molecules bump into each other; the endpoints at the centers of the circles. Also
transmission of heat through a medium and called a circular cylinder.
without the motion of the medium; the Cube- A regular polyhedron with 6 square
process by which energy is transferred faces. A cube has 8 vertices and 12 edges.
from a warmer object to a cooler object.

D
Science Mathematics
density - mass per unit volume, or how decimal
much mass is contained in a given volume (1) In Everyday Mathematics, a number
of an object; number of individuals in the written in standard base-ten notation
same species that live in a given area. containing a decimal point, such as 2.54.
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) - nucleic (2) Any number written in standard base-
acid that stores the information needed to ten notation.
build proteins and carries genetic diagonal
information about an organism; present in (1) A line segment joining two
all cellular organisms. nonconsecutive vertices of a polygon.
dependent variable - factor being (2) A segment joining two nonconsecutive
measured or observed in an experiment; a vertices on different faces of a polyhedron.
factor that responds to, or depends on, other divisibility rule- A shortcut for
factors; factor that changes as a result of determining whether a counting number is
manipulation of one or more independent divisible by another counting number
variable. (outcome variable) without actually doing the division.
Doppler effect - apparent change in the divisibility test- A test to see if a
wavelengths of light that occurs when an divisibility rule applies to a particular
object is moving away from Earth. number.
 E
Science Mathematics
efficiency - ability of a machine to convert Edge-
work input to work output; always less (1) Any side of a polyhedron’s faces.
than 100 percent in real machines due to (2) A line segment or curve where two
some loss to friction or heat; a machine’s surfaces of a geometric solid meet.
output work divided by its input work and Equation- A number sentence that contains
multiplied by 100. an equal sign. For example, 5 + 10 = 15
equinox - occurs twice yearly when the and P = 2l + 2w are equations.
sun appears to cross the celestial equator, Equivalent-
with the result that day and night are the Equal in value but possibly in a different
same length all over the world; the vernal form. For example, 1, 0.5, and 50% are all
equinox occurs March 20 or 21 and the equivalent.
autumnal equinox occurs September 20 or
21.

F
Science Mathematics
fermentation - energy-releasing, chemical Face-
process in which sugars and starches are (1) In Everyday Mathematics, a flat surface
changed into alcohol and carbon dioxide on a 3-dimensional figure. Some special
when no oxygen is present. faces are called bases.
force - quality that tends to produce (2) More generally, any 2-dimensional
movement or acceleration of a body in the surface on a 3-dimensional figure.
direction of its application; push or a pull; formula- A general rule for finding the
can be measured by the amount of value of something. A formula is usually
acceleration it can give a mass; has size and an equation with quantities represented by
direction. letter variables.
fossil fuel - nonrenewable energy resource fraction (primary definition)- A number
𝑎
that began to form millions of years ago in the form 𝑏 or a/b, where a and b are
from remains of once-living plants and whole numbers and b is not 0. A fraction
animals; provides energy and includes coal, may be used to name part of an object or
oil, and natural gas. part of a collection of objects, to compare
two quantities.

G
Science Mathematics
galaxy - large collection of stars, gases, and Graph- A graph can be defined as a
dust that are part of the universe bound pictorial representation or a diagram that
together by gravitational forces. represents data or values in an organized
geosphere - all the features on Earth’s manner. The points on the graph often
surface and everything below the surface; represent the relationship between two or
the mostly solid, rocky part of the Earth; more things.
extends from the center of the core to the GeoGebra- GeoGebra is an
surface of the crust. interactive geometry, algebra, statistics and
geostationary (geosynchronous) orbit - calculus application, intended for learning
orbit that is about 36 000 km above Earth’s and teaching mathematics and science
surface and in which a satellite is above a from primary school to university level.
fixed spot on the equator; orbit in which a Geometry- It is a branch
satellite moves at a speed that exactly of mathematics concerned with questions
matches the Earth’s rate of rotation. of shape, size, relative position of figures,
and the properties of space.

H
Science Mathematics
habitat - place in an ecosystem where an Height-
organism normally lives; the natural (1) A perpendicular segment from one side
environment in which a living thing gets all of a geometric figure to a parallel side or
that it needs to live. from a vertex to the opposite side.
hibernation - behavioral adaptation for (2) The length of this segment. In Everyday
survival during cold, winter months, where Mathematics, same as altitude. See height
an animal becomes inactive and its of a parallelogram, height of a rectangle,
metabolic needs are lowered; in height of a prism or cylinder, height of a
amphibians, involves burying themselves pyramid or cone, height of a triangle.
in mud or leaves until temperatures become Highest Common Factor (HCF)- HCF of
warmer. two or more given numbers is the highest
hypothesis (plural-hypotheses) - (or greatest) of their common factors. It is
suggested solution or prediction to a also known as Greatest Common Divisor
scientific problem; “educated” guess; (GCD).
testable idea or explanation that leads to hexa- A prefix meaning six.
scientific investigation.

I
Science Mathematics
ice age - period of time during which integer - A number in the set {. . ., -4, -3, -
surface temperatures drop significantly and 2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, . . .}. A whole number or
huge ice sheets spread out beyond the polar its opposite, where 0 is its own opposite.
regions. Compare to rational number, irrational
independent variable - one factor changed number, and real number.
by the person doing the experiment in order Interest- A charge for using someone
to study changes in the dependent variable; else’s money. Interest is usually a
factor that is deliberately manipulated. percentage of the amount borrowed.
(test variable) isosceles triangle- A triangle with at least
inertia - property of a mass to resist two sides equal in length. Angles opposite
changes in motion; measure of an object’s the congruent sides are congruent to each
ability to remain at rest or to keep moving other.
unless overcome by a force.

J
Science Mathematics
jet stream - narrow belt of strong winds Joint variation:- Joint variation is the
that flows from west to east at great speeds same as direct variation with two or more
near the top of the troposphere. quantities. That is if a quantity varies
joint - crack in the crustal rock; a place jointly as two or more other quantities, the
where bones meet. ratio of the first quantity to the product of
Jupiter- The fifth planet out from the Sun other quantities is a constant. That is x/yz
and the first and largest of the gas giants. =k.
Jupiter is 5.2 AU away from the Sun, has a Joint- The point where two components of
mass 318 times that of the Earth and could a structure join, but are still able to rotate.
hold 1400 `Earths' in its volume.

K
Science Mathematics
Kelvin- The Kelvin (K) is the unit of Kilogram- A kilogram is the standard unit
the absolute temperature scale, in which of mass. Mass is the measure of how much
the temperature of the triple point of water matter is in an object. You purchase
(the temperature at which water can exist something to eat in amounts of kilograms
simultaneously in solid, liquid and gaseous or pounds.
form) assumes the value of 273.16 K. Kilometer- A Kilometer is the standard
Kelvin can be converted to degrees Celsius unit of distance. You measure how far it is
by subtracting 273.15. to the next town in units of length or
Kuiper Belt- Spherical region of the distance. You measure the distance to the
outer Solar System populated by next town in the standard units of
numerous `ice dwarfs', otherwise known as kilometers or miles.
Kuiper Belt Objects or trans-Neptunian Kaprekar number- A Kaprekar number is
objects. Several hundred of these have so a number whose square when divided into
far been discovered. two parts & such that sum of parts is equal
to original number & none of parts has
value 0.

L
Science Mathematics
Lightning - electric discharge that takes LCM- Stands for 'lowest common
place between two oppositely charged multiple'. It is the smallest multiple
surfaces, such as between a cloud and the common to a set of numbers. E.g. The
ground,between two clouds, or between LCM of 3 and 4 is 12.
two parts of the same cloud. Locus- A collection of points which are the
Law - rule or principle describing a same distance from another point or line.
physical relationship that always works in Lower range- The smallest value in a set
the same way under the same conditions; of data.
descriptive statement or equation that
reliably predicts events under certain
conditions.

M
Science Mathematics
Mesosphere - layer of the atmosphere Mode- The most common value in a list of
between the stratosphere and the numbers. If two values are tied then there is
thermosphere and in which temperature two modes. If more than two values are tied
decreases asaltitude increases; strong, then there is no mode. A type of average.
lower part of the mantle between the Median- The middle value when a list of
asthenosphere and the outer core. numbers is put in order from smallest to
Metamorphosis - developmental process largest. A type of average.
in which an animal changes drastically in Mean- A type of average found by adding
body form between the juvenile and the up a list of numbers and dividing by how
adult; can be complete (egg, larva, pupa, many numbers are in the list.
and adult) or incomplete (egg, nymph, and
adult).

N
Science Mathematics
Natural selection - theory stating every Natural Numbers- The set of positive
organism displays slight variations from integers (regular whole counting numbers),
other organisms of its kind, and the sometimes including zero.
struggle for limited natural resources. Negative Numbers: Any integer, ration or
Newton’s laws of motion - three rules real number which is less than 0, e.g. -743,
describing how things move—an object -1.4, -√5 (but not √-1, which is an
will move with constant motion if no net imaginary or complex number).
force is acting on it; an object that has an Number Theory: The branch of pure
unbalanced force acting on it will mathematics concerned with the properties
accelerate in the direction of the force. of numbers in general, and integers in
particular.

O
Science Mathematics
Ocean-floor spreading - process in which Obtuse angle- An angle between 90° and
the ocean floor on either side of a rift 180°.
valley is pushed away by lava erupting Octagon- An eight sided polygon.
from the rift valley that forms new ocean Odd number- A number that is not a
floor. multiple of 2. Odd numbers always end in
Oort cloud - spherical region that 1, 3, 5, 7 or 9.
surrounds the solar system, that extends Operation- An action which when applied
from the Kuiper Belt to almost halfway to to one or more values gives an output
the nearest star and that contains billions of value. The four most common operations
comets. are addition. Subtraction, multiplication
Outcome variable - factor being measured and division.
or observed in an experiment; a factor that
responds to, or depends on, other factors.

P
Science Mathematics
Pelagic environment - in the ocean, the Pi (Π)- An irrational constant used when
zone near the surface or at middle depths, calculating the area and circumference of
beyond the sub littoral zone and above the circles. It is approximately equal to 3.14.
abyssal zone. Prime- A number which has exactly two
Permeability - capability of a porous factors. The number one and itself.
substance or membrane to allow a fluid or Prism- A 3D shape with the same cross
gas to enter it; the measure or degree to section all along its length.
which a substance can be penetrated by a Probability- A measure of how likely an
liquid or gas. event is to occur.
Phase - state in which matter can exist;
solid, liquid, gas and plasma are the states
of matter; the change in the sunlitarea of
one celestial body as seen from another
celestial body.

Q
Science Mathematics
Qualitative - description that does not use Quadratic equation- An equation where
measurement or numbers or describing the the highest power is two. For example x² +
quality of something in size, appearance, 4x + 6 = 0 is a quadratic equation.
value, etc. Quadrilateral- A four sided polygon.
Quantitative - description that uses Quadrature- The act of squaring, or
measurement or numbers. finding a square equal in area to a given
Quasar - quasi-stellar radio source that is figure, or finding the area of a geometrical
probably an early stage in the formation of figure or the area under a curve (such as by
a galaxy. a process of numerical integration).

R
Science Mathematics
Radioactive decay - process in which a Recurring- A decimal which never ends
radioactive isotope tends to break down but repeats all or parts of the sequence of
into a stable isotope of the same element or numbers after the decimal point. E.g
another element. 0.333333 or 0.141414.
rate - ratio of two measurements with Round- To reduce the amount of
different units—for example, speed, significant figures or decimal places a
measured in kilometers per hour (km/h); number has. For example £178 rounded to
fraction in which the numerator and the nearest £10 is £180.
denominator have different units. Reciprocal- The reciprocal of any number
Retrovirus - microscopic organism that is 1 divided by the number. E.g. the
can cause tumors and diseases in animals reciprocal of 3 is 1/3., the reciprocal of 3/4
and people; they contain RNA and use it to is 4/3.
make DNA which is the opposite of most Radius- The distance from the centre of a
viruses. circle to its circumference. The plural of
radius is radii.

S
Science Mathematics
Savanna - grassland that often has Simplify- To write a sum, expression or
scattered trees & that is found in tropical & ratio in its lowest terms. For example
subtropical areas where seasonal rains, 4:10:6 can be simplified to 2:5:3.
fires, & drought happen. Square number- The product when an
science - process of trying to understand integer is multiplied by itself. For example,
the world around us; the knowledge 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100.
obtained by observing natural events & Sequence- A list of numbers which follows
conditions in order to discover facts & a pattern. For example 6, 11, 16, 21, ...
formulate laws or principals that can be Speed- How fast an object is moving.
verified or tested. Average speed = Total distance divided by
scientific method - basic steps that time taken.
scientists follow in uncovering facts &
solving scientific problems; a plan of
inquiry that uses science process skills.

T
Science Mathematics
technology - use of knowledge gained Tree diagram- A method of solving
through scientific thinking and problem probability questions by listing all the
solving to make products or tools people outcomes of an event. Probabilities are
can use. calculated by multiplying down the
tissue - group of cells similar in structure branches.
and joined together to perform a common Triangle- A three sided polygon.
function; four basic types of tissue are Triangular number- A sequence of
muscle, connective, nerve, and epidermal. numbers generated by adding one more
troposphere - layer of the atmosphere than was added to find the previous term.
closest to the ground where temperature For example, 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, ...
decreases as altitude increases; contains
75% of the atmospheric gases, dust, ice,
and liquid water and is where weather,
smog, and clouds occur.

U
Science Mathematics
ultraviolet radiation (UV) - type of Units- A quantity used to describe a
energy that comes to Earth from the sun measurement. Examples are kilograms,
and is mostly absorbed by the ozone layer; metres and centilitres.
can cause cancer and other health problems Upper range- The largest value in a set of
in many types of plants and animals. data.
unconformity - break in the geologic Uniform- All the same. Having the same in
record created when rock layers are eroded size, texture, color, design etc.
or when sediment is not deposited for a
long period of time.

V
Science Mathematics
variable - factor being tested in an Vector- A physical quantity having
experiment; an event, condition, or factor magnitude and direction, represented by a
that can be changed or controlled in order directed arrow indicating its orientation in
to study or test a hypothesis in a scientific space
experiment. Vector Space- A three-dimensional area
velocity - time-rate at which a body where vectors can be plotted, or a
changes its position vector; displacement mathematical structure formed by a
divided by the time of travel; quantity collection of vectors
whose magnitude is expressed in units of Venn diagram: A diagram where sets are
distance over time; the speed of an object represented as simple geometric figures
in a particular direction. (often circles), and overlapping and similar
virus - microscopic, parasitic particle sets are represented by intersections and
composed of nucleic acid and protein that unions of the figures.
can be reproduced only in a living cell.

W
Science Mathematics
wavelength - distance between a point on Week- A time period of 7 days.
one wave and an identical point on the next Wide- Used to describe the width of
wave measured from crest to crest or something
trough to trough; in compression waves, is Width- The distance from side to
measured from one compression or side. E.g. 'The swimming pool is 10 metres
rarefaction to the next. wide.'
wheel and axle - simple machine made Weight: A measure of how heavy
from two rigidly attached wheels that something is.
rotate together; consists of a rod driven Whole Number: A whole number doesn't
through the center of a cylinder that is contain a fraction. A whole number is a
allowed to rotate freely, yielding a positive integer which has 1 or more units
mechanical advantage equal to the and can be positive or negative.
cylinder’s diameter.

X
Science Mathematics
xenozoonoses- potentially, deadly viruses X-Axis- The horizontal axis on a graph.
that are found in animals and can be The line going across the page.
transplanted to humans through nonhuman The line formed by the collection
tissue transplants. of points where all variables other than x
x-ray (x ray, X-ray, X ray) - is set to zero. It is used as (one of) the
electromagnetic radiation having a reference objects in specifying position in
wavelength shorter than that of ultraviolet the rectilinear
light but longer than that of a gamma ray (Cartesian) coordinates system.
and having a correspondingly high energy. x-coordinate: Known as the abscissa in the
xylem - vascular tissue that carries water old days. It measures the
and dissolved minerals from the soil to the signed distance (i.e. displacement) of
leaves. the point from the line/ plane/ hyper-plane
y=0.

Y
Science Mathematics
year - time required for the Earth to orbit Y-Axis- The vertical axis on a graph. The
once around the sun. line going from top to bottom.
Y-chromosome- The sex-determining Y-Intercept- The value of the y-coordinate
chromosome in mammals and other animal when a graph crosses the y-axis.
species is known as Y chromosome. The Year- A time period of 12 months or 365
XY chromosome contains SRY gene that days. (366 in a leap year.)
triggers the development of the embryo as Yard: A unit of measure. A yard is
 a male. Know more on Inherited Genetic approximately 91.5 cm. A yard is also 3
Disorders. feet.
Yellow fever - The transmission of acute
viral disease by the bite of Aedesaegypti
mosquito is known as yellow fever.

Z
Science Mathematics
zenith - point in the sky directly above an Z-Axis- Represents the depth of an object
observer on Earth. when working with 3D coordinates.
Z-DNA - The region of DNA that has a Zermelo-Fraenkel Set Theory: The
left-handed helix with alternating purines standard form of set theory and the most
and pyrimidines that may be a site for a common foundation of modern
DNA-binding protein is known as Z-DNA. mathematics, based on a list of nine axioms
Know more on Structure of Mitochondrial (usually modified by a tenth, the axiom of
DNA. choice) about what kinds of sets exist,
zone of aeration - underground region in commonly abbreviated together as ZFC
which the pore spaces are filled mostly Zeta function: A function based on an
with air. infinite series of reciprocals of exponents
zone of saturation - underground region in (Riemann’s zeta function is the extension
which all the pre spaces are filled with of Euler’s simple zeta function into the
water. domain of complex numbers)

Conclusion:
"Use a glossary if your report contains more than five or six technical terms that
may not be understood by all audience members. If fewer than five terms need
defining, place them in the report introduction as working definitions, or use
footnote definitions. If you use a separate glossary, announce its location."
– John M. Lannon, "Technical Communication." Pearson, 2006.

Reflection:

“It will be a book very imperfect and unintelligible without a glossary”.

----J. Bridges in a letter to Thomas Hearne, May 25, 1723
(Oxford Historical Society: Publications, Vol. 50).