Practical

Research II
nd
2 Periodic Examination
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Quantitative Research Designs 1. target population – entire group of individuals that a
study or intervention aims to understand or reach.
- Refers to a systematic approach to investigating
2. Accessible population – the portion of the target
phenomena by collecting and analyzing numerical data.
population that researchers can realistically reach and
- Research design is defined as the rational and coherent
study.
overall strategy that the researcher used to incorporate all
the vital components of the research study. Sampling – systematic process of selecting the group to be
- Research design in quantitative research is mostly analyzed in the research study
pre-established. (Fraenkel and Wallen, 2002, p. 15)
Sample
Types of Quantitative Research Design
- Representative subject of the population
Descriptive research
Approach in identifying the sample size
- Exploratory in nature.
Heuristics
- Purpose is basically to answer questions such as who,
what, when, where, and how much - Refers to the general rule of the thumb for sample size
Correlational research Research Design Suggested number of
subjects/participants
- Seeks to establish an association between variables.
Descriptive research 10% to 20%
- Does not seek cause and effect relationship
Survey 800
- Measures variables as it occurs.
Comparative research 15 subjects or groups
- Purposes:
Correlational 100+, 200
o Clarify the relationship between variables
Ex Post Facto 30+
o Predict the magnitude of the association Experimental 30 or more
Ex Post Facto Research instrument, validity and reliability

- The researcher has no control over the variables in the Research instrument
research. - Basic tools researchers used to gather for specific
- Appropriate to use if the objective of the study is to research problem
measure a cause from pre-existing effect.
o Intervention or treatment – controlling or Common instruments:
manipulating the independent variable in an 1. Performance tasks
experiment. 2. Questionnaire
o Control group – a group not subjected to 3. Interviews
treatment or intervention 4. Observation checklist
Quasi-Experimental Characteristics of a good research instrument
- Aims to measure the causal relationship between 1. Concise
variables. 2. Sequential
- The effect measured is considered to have occurred 3. Valid and reliable
during the conduct of the study. 4. Easily tabulated
Experimental research Ways in developing a research instrument
- Based on scientific method called experiment with a 1. Adopting on instrument
procedure of gathering data under a controlled or 2. Modified on existing instrument
manipulated environment. 3. Made his own instrument
- Attempts to affect a certain variable by directly
manipulating the independent variable. Common scales used in Quantitative Research

Sampling procedure and the sample Likert scale

Population – totality of all the objects, elements, persons, and - a rating scale that quantitatively assesses opinions,
characteristics under consideration. attitudes, or behaviors
- made up of 4 or more questions that measure a single
Two types of population attitude or trait when response scores are combined.
Semantic Differential
- a rating scale used to measure the attitudes and opinions
of respondents toward an object, person, event, or idea.
- uses a set of bipolar adjectives, such as "good-bad,"
"happy-sad," "strong-weak," etc., placed at opposite ends
of a continuum.
Types of validity of instruments
1. Face Validity
- extent to which a test appears effective in terms of its
stated aims to a casual observer. Essentially, it asks,
"Does the test look like it measures what it's supposed to
measure?"
2. Content Validity
- evaluating whether the test fully represents the entire
range of the concept being measured.
- ensures that the test covers all aspects of the subject.
3. Construct validity
- assesses whether a test measures the theoretical
construct it’s intended to measure.
4. Concurrent validity
- evaluates the extent to which test scores correlate with
scores on other established tests of the same construct
taken at the same time.
5. Predictive validity
- determines how well test scores predict future
performance or behavior.
- useful for assessing the practical applications of the test
results.
Reliability of instrument
1. test-retest reliability
- assesses the consistency of a test over time. If the same
test is administered to the same group of people on two
different occasions, the results should be similar.
2. equivalent form’s reliability
- Also known as parallel forms reliability
- measures the consistency of two different but equivalent
versions of the same test.
- Each version should yield similar results.
3. interval consistency reliability
- evaluates the consistency of results across items within a
single test.
- measures whether different items that propose to measure
the same general construct produce similar scores.