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SSYSS 2021 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2039 (2021) 012029 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2039/1/012029

Experimental study of the adiabatic wall temperature of a

cylinder in a supersonic cross flow

S S Popovich, N A Kiselev, A G Zditovets and Y A Vinogradov

Institute of Mechanics, Lomonosov Moscow State University,
Russia, 119192 Moscow, Michurinsky Prospect, 1

[email protected]

Abstract. The results of an experimental study of the adiabatic wall temperature for a
supersonic air flow across the cylinder are presented. The temperature was measured
contactlessly using an InfraTEC ImageIR 8855 thermal imager through a ZnSe infrared
illuminator. The freestream Mach number was 3.0, input flow total temperature was 295 K,
and the total pressure 615 kPa. The Reynolds number calculated from the cylinder diameter
(30 mm) was about 106. It is shown that it is possible in principle to determine the high-speed
flow total temperature by defining the maximum temperature of a cylindrical probe at the front
critical point. Thermograms of the wall temperature distribution along the profile of the
cylinder were obtained. The research was performed at the experimental facilities of the
Institute of Mechanics of Lomonosov Moscow State University.

1. Introduction
Determination of the adiabatic wall temperature - the temperature of the near-wall gas layers on a
heat-insulated wall - is one of the main problems in the study of heat transfer in supersonic flows,
since its direct measurement in the experiment is problematic [1, 2]. The value of the adiabatic wall
temperature determines the magnitude and direction of the heat flux. In a dimensionless form, the
adiabatic wall temperature is determined through the temperature recovery factor r (1), which shows
the fraction of the dynamic temperature component u2/(2Cp) recovered in the boundary layer [3].
*
Taw  T 2C p *
r  2 Taw  T  . (1)
T0  T
*
u

In the case of a flow around a plate, the difference between the adiabatic wall temperature and the
flow total temperature is the greater, the greater the flow velocity and the more the Prandtl number
differs from unity. For example, for an air flow (Pr=0.7) with a Mach number М=3, the adiabatic wall
temperature is 0.93 of the undisturbed flow total temperature (r=0.89). At the same time, when an
incompressible (low-speed) gas flow is flowing around the plate, these temperatures are practically the
same (r=1). External influences (pressure gradient, wall permeability, surface shape and relief, shock
waves, separated flows, condensation and evaporation of the working fluid) can lead to both an
increase in aerodynamic heating in a localized area and a wall cooling [4-8].
An interesting effect of decreasing the temperature recovery factor was obtained in the work of
Eckert and Weise, later described by Eckert in a review article on energy separation [9]. The authors
experimentally investigated the transverse subsonic flow of a hollow cylinder with thermocouples

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SSYSS 2021 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2039 (2021) 012029 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2039/1/012029

pressed into its surface. At the front of the cylinder with a laminar boundary layer, the temperature
recovery factor was as expected from theory. However, at a flow rotation angle of 180°, r decreases to
a value of -0.1, which means a decrease in the cylinder wall temperature below the thermodynamic
temperature in the input flow. This phenomenon was called "aerodynamic cooling" by analogy with
the effect of aerodynamic heating.
The results of the experiments of Eckert and Weise were at first questioned by L. Prandtl [9], but
were soon confirmed by Ryan [10] and Thomann [11]. Ryan [10] also demonstrated that the effect of
energy separation extends further on in the wake behind the cylinder. The problem of energy
separation in a transverse flow across a cylinder was again investigated by Goldstein and He [12],
Sanitaja and Goldstein [13]. The cylinder diameter was 28.55 mm, and the maximum flow velocity
reached 100 m/s. The local wall temperature was measured with copper-constantan thermocouples
along the circumference of the cylinder. The problem was also investigated by direct numerical
simulation in the work of Aleksyuk and Osiptsov [14]. The range of the main considered parameters
included: Reynolds number Re<103, Prandtl number 0.1<Pr<10 and Mach number M<0.6, which
corresponds to the periodic vortex shedding regime. In the region of supersonic velocities, Eber [15]
investigated the flow around cones and cylinders in short-time tubes at Mach numbers 2.87 and 4.25.
The paper [16] investigated the flow around a cylinder 1 inch (25.4 mm) in diameter with a fixed
Mach number М0=3.9 in the range of Reynolds numbers Red=2.1×1036.7×103. Figure 1 shows a
comparison of experimental results for subsonic and supersonic flow across a cylinder.

1 – Мо=0.882, Red=2.57105, Ø20 мм [9]; 2 – Мо=0.526, Red=1.81105, Ø20 мм [9]; 3 – Мо=0.831,

Red=1.21105, Ø10 мм [9]; 4 – Мо=0.50, Red=8.55104, Ø10 мм [9]; 5 – Мо=0.575, Red=9.3104, Ø10 мм [9];
6 – Мо=1.56, Red=1.88105, Ø5 мм [15]; 7 – Мо=1.86, Red=1.49105 [15]; 8 – Мо=2.50, Red=8.68105 [15]; 9 –
Мо=3.9, Red=6.7103 [16]; 10 – present experiment: Мо=3.00, Red=106
Figure 1. Comparison of the results of measuring the temperature recovery factor of a cylinder in a
subsonic (1-5) [9] or a supersonic cross flow (6-9) [15, 16].
As seen from figure 1, the adiabatic wall temperature is equal to the flow total temperature at the
front critical point (r=1) for both subsonic flow velocities and supersonic ones. According to the works
of Eber [15], Walter and Lange [17], the temperature recovery factor does not decrease so much
around the cylinder profile at supersonic velocity, in contrast to subsonic one. In this case, the value at
the rear critical point increases from 0.1 to 0.87 when the Mach number changes from 0.5 to 2.5. In
[16], on the contrary, the recovery factor varied from 1 at the front critical point on the cylinder to 0.67
at a bypass angle of 120 and then again tends to 1 at the rear critical point.

2
SSYSS 2021 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2039 (2021) 012029 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2039/1/012029

This work is aimed at investigating the potential for reducing the temperature recovery factor in a
supersonic transverse flow across a cylinder. The data of previous studies are contradictory, while the
potential for temperature reduction in a supersonic flow is much greater than in a subsonic one, since
the dynamic temperature component is much larger. Flow effect resulting in low values of temperature
recovery factor can make it possible to propose new ways of energy separation [18-21] and reduction
of aerodynamic heating in compressible gas flows.

2. Methodology
The experimental study is carried out on the basis of the AR-2 supersonic wind tunnel [22, 23]. The
working part of the installation has a rectangular cross-section with dimensions of 70 × 98 mm
(Fig. 2). The freestream Mach number is M0=3.0. Total flow temperature was 295 K, total pressure –
615 kPa. The Reynolds number, calculated from the cylinder diameter, was about 106.

a b
Figure 2. a) Scheme of the experimental facility: 1 – prechamber; 2 – assembly of cones; 3 –
honeycomb; 4 – sensor for measuring total pressure; 5 – thermocouple for measuring total
temperature; 6 – working channel; 7 – flat adjustable supersonic nozzle; 8 – static pressure and
temperature sensors; 9 – infrared thermal imager; 10 – ZnSe illuminator; 11 – optical glass
illuminator, 12 – model cylinder, 13 – plexiglass bottom wall; 14 – diffuser; b) 3D-design of the
model cylinder.
The capacity of the compressor feeding the installation (up to 10 kg/s) makes it possible to
maintain constant parameters of the main flow in the working section for about an hour or more and to
carry out experiments practically in steady-state regime. The side walls of the channel are formed by a
set of flat plates, among which there are plates with round windows with optical protective glasses.
Rearrangement of the plates makes it possible to position the plates with illuminators in the required
places of the working section and to visualize and photograph the flow pattern. Also, instead of the
side wall of the test section of the wind tunnel, an infrared illuminator was installed, made of a ZnSe
polycrystal, a material transparent to the infrared region of the spectrum. Thus, it was possible to carry
out a contactless survey with the InfraTEC ImageIR 8855 thermal imager of the model cylinder.
The investigated cylinder was made of photopolymer resin on a UNIZ 3D printer, which made it
possible at the stage of 3D solid modeling to provide channels for sampling static pressure and
supplying thermocouples to the investigated bypass of the cylinder profile. The cylinder diameter is
30 mm. To exclude the influence of the growing boundary layer on the bottom wall, the cylinder was
removed on a narrow foot from the flow to a height of 30 mm.

3. Results and discussion

As a result of the investigations carried out, a number of thermograms of the temperature distribution
along the profile of the cylinder were obtained (Fig. 3). In this case, the study was carried out in a
steady-state regime, i.e. readings were taken after thermal equilibrium was established. The supersonic

3
SSYSS 2021 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2039 (2021) 012029 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2039/1/012029

flow was directed from left to right. The contour of the profile in the middle of the cylinder height was
considered in order to exclude the influence of the upper and lower edges. The cold spot in the upper
part of the thermogram is a reflection of the thermal imager matrix.

Flow
direction

Figure 3. Thermogram of a supersonic flow around a cylinder.

Figure 4. Distribution of the ratio of the adiabatic wall temperature to the

input supersonic flow total temperature along the profile of the cylinder.
Fig. 4 shows the distribution of the temperature recovery factor calculated from the measured local
wall temperature and the parameters of the input flow. As in the previously mentioned works [15-17],
it can be seen that the temperature value at the front critical point of the cylinder is practically equal to
the flow total temperature measured in the prechamber of a supersonic wind tunnel (as is known, the
flow total temperature does not change during expansion in the Laval nozzle). Based on this result, it
is possible to propose a method for measuring the temperature of a high-speed flow by measuring the
maximum temperature (at the front critical point) of cylindrical probes. Such measurements can be
carried out both by pressing a thermocouple in the front of the cylinder and non-contacting using a
thermal imager through an illuminator. However, this method of measuring the total temperature in a

4
SSYSS 2021 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2039 (2021) 012029 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2039/1/012029

supersonic flow does not allow measuring the total temperature profile in the boundary layer, since the
cylinder in this case becomes a source of disturbances in the near-wall region.
In figure 1, Graph 10 shows the distribution of the temperature recovery factor obtained in the
experiment according to the data in figure 4. The wall temperature along the cylinder profile decreases
from the total temperature (r=1) - at the front critical point of the cylinder to the level of the adiabatic
wall temperature specific for a turbulent flow around a smooth wall (r=0.89) - in the preseparation
region. In the boundary layer separation region, a local maximum temperature is observed and a
further decrease to a level slightly lower (r=0.87) - at the rear critical point of the cylinder. Thus, a
significant effect of a wall cooling, by analogy with subsonic flow velocities, has not been revealed at
the moment for a supersonic flow velocity.

Acknowledgements
This work is supported by the Russian Science Foundation (Grant 19-79-10213).

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