PAPER 2

CONTENT TABLE

Sr # TOPICS Pg #
1. Physical Quantities and Units 7
1.1 Vectors 55
2. Measurement Techniques 59
3. Kinematics 84
4. Projectile Motion 158
5. Dynamics 175
6. Forces & Turning Effect of Force 225
7. Density, Equilibrium of Forces and Pressure 306
8. Work, Power & Energy 318
9. Deformation of Solids 378
10. General Properties of Waves 432
10.1 Doppler Effect for Sound Waves 445
10.2 Electromagnetic Spectrum 448
11. Stationary Waves 450
12. Waves Superposition 482
14. Current Electricity 547
15. D.C. Circuits 604
16. Particle and Nuclear Physics 677
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PHYSICS 9702/21
Paper 2 AS Level Structured Questions May/June 2023

Data

acceleration of free fall g = 9.81 m s–2

speed of light in free space c = 3.00 × 108 m s–1

elementary charge e = 1.60 × 10–19 C

unified atomic mass unit 1u = 1.66 × 10–27 kg

rest mass of proton mp = 1.67 × 10–27 kg

rest mass of electron me = 9.11 × 10–31 kg

Avogadro constant NA = 6.02 × 1023 mol–1

molar gas constant R = 8.31 J K–1 mol–1

Boltzmann constant k = 1.38 × 10–23 J K–1

gravitational constant G = 6.67 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2

permittivity of free space ε0 = 8.85 × 10–12 F m–1

1
( = 8.99 × 109 m F–1)
4rf0

Planck constant h = 6.63 × 10–34 J s

Stefan–Boltzmann constant σ = 5.67 × 10–8 W m–2 K–4

Formulae

uniformly accelerated motion s = ut + 12 at 2

v2 = u 2 + 2as

hydrostatic pressure ∆p = ρg∆h

upthrust F = ρgV

fs v
Doppler effect for sound waves fo = v!v
s

electric current I = Anvq

resistors in series R = R1 + R2 + ...

1 1 1
resistors in parallel = + + ...
R R1 R2

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1 (a) (i) Define power.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Use the definition of power to show that the SI base units of power are kg m2 s–3.

[1]

(b) The intensity I of a sound wave moving through a gas is given by

I = f 2A2vk

where f is the frequency of the wave,

A is the amplitude of the wave,
v is the speed of the wave
and k is a constant that depends on the gas.

Determine the SI base units of k.

SI base units ......................................................... [3]

[Total: 5]

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2 A rigid uniform beam of weight W is connected to a fixed support by a hinge, as shown in Fig. 2.1.

0.50 m 0.10 m 0.20 m 0.40 m

hinge

horizontal
fixed 30°
beam
support
W 0.30 N 4.8 N string
spring
ground

Fig. 2.1 (not to scale)

A compressed spring exerts a total force of 8.2 N vertically upwards on the horizontal beam. A block
of weight 0.30 N rests on the beam. The right‑hand end of the beam is connected to the ground by
a string at an angle of 30° to the horizontal. The tension in the string is 4.8 N. The distances along
the beam are shown in Fig. 2.1.

The beam is in equilibrium. Assume that the hinge is frictionless.

(a) (i) Show that the vertical component of the tension in the string is 2.4 N.

[1]

(ii) By taking moments about the hinge, determine the weight W of the beam.

W = ...................................................... N [3]

(iii) Calculate the horizontal component of the force exerted on the beam by the hinge.

force = ...................................................... N [1]

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(b) The spring obeys Hooke’s law and has an elastic potential energy of 0.32 J.

Calculate the compression of the spring.

compression = ...................................................... m [2]

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(c) The string is cut so that the spring extends upwards. This causes the beam to rotate and
launch the block into the air. The block reaches its maximum height and then falls back to the
ground.

Fig. 2.2 shows part of the path of the block in the air shortly before it hits the horizontal
ground.

path of
block
0.090 m

B horizontal ground

Fig. 2.2 (not to scale)

The block is at a height of 0.090 m above the ground when it passes through point A. The
block has a kinetic energy of 0.044 J when it hits the ground at point B.
Air resistance is negligible.

(i) Calculate the decrease in the gravitational potential energy of the block for its movement
from A to B.

decrease in gravitational potential energy = ....................................................... J [2]

(ii) Use your answer in (c)(i) and conservation of energy to determine the speed of the block
at point A.

speed = ................................................ m s–1 [3]

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(iii) By reference to the force on the block, explain why the horizontal component of the
velocity of the block remains constant as it moves from A to B.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iv) The block passes through point A at time tA and arrives at point B at time tB.

On Fig. 2.3, sketch a graph to show the variation of the magnitude of the vertical
component vY of the velocity of the block with time t from t = tA to t = tB.
Numerical values of vY are not required.

vY

0
tA tB
t

Fig. 2.3
[1]

[Total: 14]

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3 A block is pulled in a straight line along a rough horizontal surface by a varying force X, as shown
in Fig. 3.1.

momentum p
block
force X rough horizontal
surface

Fig. 3.1

Air resistance is negligible. Assume that the frictional force exerted on the block by the surface is
constant and has magnitude 2.0 N.

The variation with time t of the momentum p of the block is shown in Fig. 3.2.

6
p / kg m s–1
5

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
t/s

Fig. 3.2

(a) State Newton’s second law of motion.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

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(b) Use Fig. 3.2 to determine, for the block at time t = 2.0 s, the magnitude of:

(i) the resultant force on the block

resultant force = ...................................................... N [1]

(ii) the force X.

X = ...................................................... N [1]

(c) On Fig. 3.3, sketch a graph to show the variation of force X with time t from t = 0 to t = 6.0 s.

4.0

3.5

3.0
X/N
2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
t/s

Fig. 3.3
[3]

[Total: 6]

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4 A beaker in air contains a liquid. The base of the beaker is in contact with the liquid and has
area A, as shown in Fig. 4.1.

beaker

liquid
h
base area A

Fig. 4.1

The liquid has density ρ and fills the beaker to a depth h.

(a) By using the definitions of pressure and density, show that

p = ρ gh

where p is the pressure due to the liquid that is exerted on the base of the beaker and g is the
acceleration of free fall.

[3]

(b) Suggest why the equation in (a) does not give the total pressure on the base of the beaker.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

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(c) Fig. 4.2 shows the variation of the total pressure inside the liquid with depth x below the
surface.

9.66

9.65
pressure / 104 Pa
9.64

9.63

9.62

9.61

9.60
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
x / cm

Fig. 4.2

Determine the density of the liquid.

density = .............................................. kg m–3 [2]

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(d) A solid cylinder is held stationary by a wire so that the base of the cylinder is level with the
surface of the liquid, as shown in Fig. 4.3.

wire 0.53 N
cross-sectional area
3.7 × 10– 4 m2

cylinder
4.0 × 10–2 m
surface of liquid

Fig. 4.3 (not to scale)

The cylinder has length 4.0 × 10–2 m and cross‑sectional area 3.7 × 10–4 m2. The tension in
the wire is 0.53 N.

The cylinder is now lowered and then held stationary by the wire so that the top of the cylinder
is level with the surface of the liquid.

Calculate the new tension in the wire.

tension = ...................................................... N [2]

[Total: 8]

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5 (a) An electromagnetic wave in a vacuum has a wavelength of 8.4 × 10–6 m.

(i) State the name of the principal region of the electromagnetic spectrum for the wave.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Calculate the frequency, in THz, of the wave.

frequency = .................................................. THz [2]

(b) An arrangement that uses a double slit to demonstrate the interference of light from a laser is
shown in Fig. 5.1.

screen
double
slit

light,
wavelength
6.2 × 10–7 m a

2.8 m

Fig. 5.1 (not to scale)

The light from the laser has a wavelength of 6.2 × 10–7 m and is incident normally on the
slits. The separation of the two slits is a. The slits and screen are parallel and separated by a
distance of 2.8 m.

An interference pattern of bright fringes and dark fringes is formed on the screen. The distance
on the screen across 8 bright fringes is 22 mm, as illustrated in Fig. 5.2.

P Q R

dark 22 mm
fringe bright
fringe

Fig. 5.2

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(i) The light waves emerging from the two slits are coherent.

State what is meant by coherent.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Calculate the separation a of the slits.

a = ...................................................... m [3]

(c) Fringe P is the central bright fringe of the interference pattern in (b). Fringe Q and fringe R
are the nearest dark fringe and the nearest bright fringe respectively to the right of fringe P, as
shown in Fig. 5.2.

(i) Calculate the difference in the distances (the path difference) from each slit to the centre
of fringe Q.

difference in the distances = ...................................................... m [1]

(ii) State the phase difference between the light waves meeting at the centre of fringe R.

phase difference = ........................................................° [1]

[Total: 9]

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6 A metal wire in a circuit has a length of 1.8 m and a cross‑sectional area of 1.5 × 10–6 m2.
The total number of free electrons (charge carriers) in the wire is 2.3 × 1023.

There is a current in the wire so that a charge of 172 C moves past a fixed point in the wire in a
time of 2.5 minutes.

(a) Show that the number density of the free electrons in the wire is 8.5 × 1028 m–3.

[1]

(b) Calculate the average drift speed of the free electrons.

average drift speed = ................................................ m s–1 [3]

[Total: 4]

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7 A battery of electromotive force (e.m.f.) 9.6 V and negligible internal resistance is connected in
series with two fixed resistors and a thermistor, as shown in Fig. 7.1.

9.6 V

5800 Ω

3400 Ω

Fig. 7.1

The fixed resistors have resistances of 3400 Ω and 5800 Ω. The reading on the voltmeter in the
circuit is 6.0 V.

(a) Calculate the current in the resistor of resistance 5800 Ω.

current = ....................................................... A [2]

(b) Calculate the resistance of the thermistor.

resistance = ...................................................... Ω [2]

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(c) The initial energy stored in the battery is 2.6 × 104 J.

Assume that the e.m.f. of the battery is constant.

Determine the final energy stored in the battery after a charge of 330 C has moved through it.

final stored energy = ....................................................... J [2]

(d) The environmental conditions change causing an increase in the resistance of the thermistor.

State whether there is a decrease, increase or no change to:

(i) the temperature of the thermistor

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) the current in the thermistor

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) the potential difference across the thermistor.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 9]

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8 An isolated stationary nucleus X decays by emitting an α‑particle to form a nucleus Y.

Nucleus Y and nucleus Z are isotopes of the same element.

(a) By comparing the number of protons in each nucleus, state and explain whether the charge
of nucleus Y is less than, greater than or the same as the charge of:

(i) nucleus Z

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) nucleus X.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Use the principle of conservation of momentum to explain why nucleus Y cannot be stationary
immediately after the decay of nucleus X.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 5]

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Question Answer Marks

1(a)(i) work done per unit time B1

1(a)(ii) (P = W / t gives) units: kg m2 s–2 / s = kg m2 s–3 B1

1(b) (I = P / A so) units of I: kg m2 s–3 / m2 or kg s–3 C1

units of f: s–1 C1
and units of A: m
and units of v: m s–1

units of k: kg s–3 / [(s–1)2 m2 m s–1] A1

= kg m–3

Question Answer Marks

2(a)(i) (component = ) 4.8 sin 30° = 2.4 (N) A1

2(a)(ii) (8.2  0.50) or (W  0.60) or (0.30  0.80) or (2.4  1.2) C1

(8.2  0.50) = (W  0.60) + (0.30  0.80) + (2.4  1.2) C1

W = 1.6 N A1

2(a)(iii) force = 4.8 cos 30° A1

= 4.2 N

2(b) E = ½Fx C1

0.32 = ½  8.2  x A1

x = 0.078 m

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2(c)(i) ((∆)E) = mg(∆)h or W(∆)h C1

= 0.30  0.090 A1

= 0.027 J

2(c)(ii) E = ½mv2 C1

E = 0.044 – 0.027 (= 0.017) C1

v2 = (2  0.017) / (0.30 / 9.81) (where v = speed at A) A1

v = 1.1 m s–1

or

E = ½mv2 (C1)

0.044 = ½  (0.30 / 9.81)  v2 (where v = speed at B) (C1)

(v2 = 2.88)

v2 = u2 + 2as (where u = speed at A)

2.88 = u2 + 2  9.81  0.090

u = 1.1 m s–1 (A1)

2(c)(iii) (gravitational / resultant) force / weight is vertical B1

2(c)(iv) straight line with positive gradient starting from non-zero value of vY at time tA to a time tB B1

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3(a) (resultant) force (on an object) is proportional to / equal to the rate of change of momentum B1

3(b)(i) resultant force = e.g. 6.0 / 4.0 A1

= 1.5 N

3(b)(ii) force X = 1.5 + 2.0 A1

= 3.5 N

3(c) from t = 0 to t = 4.0 s: horizontal line at any non-zero value of X B1

from t = 0 to t = 4.0 s: horizontal line at X = 3.5 N B1

from t = 4.0 s to t = 6.0 s: horizontal line at X = 2.0 N B1

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4(a)  = m / V or  = m / Ah B1

p = F / A or p = W / A B1

appropriate algebra leading to p = gh B1

e.g. p = Ahg / A or Vg / A or Vg / (V/h) and (so) p = gh

4(b) there is atmospheric / air pressure B1

4(c) ∆p = g∆h C1

e.g. (9.66 – 9.60)  104 / 8.0  10–2 =   9.81

 = 760 – 770 kg m–3 A1

4(d) F = gV C1

= 760  9.81  3.7  10–4  4.0  10–2 (= 0.11 N)

tension = 0.53 – 0.11 A1

= 0.42 N

or

F = (∆)p  A (C1)

= (9.63 – 9.60)  104  3.7  10–4 (= 0.11 N)

tension = 0.53 – 0.11 (A1)

= 0.42 N

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5(a)(i) infrared B1

5(a)(ii) v = f or c = f C1

f = 3.0  108 / 8.4  10–6 A1

= 3.6  1013 (Hz)

= 36 THz

5(b)(i) constant phase difference (between the waves) (with time) B1

5(b)(ii)  = ax / D C1

x = 22 / 8 or 2.75 (mm) or 22  10–3 / 8 or 2.75  10–3 (m) C1

a = (6.2  10–7  2.8) / (22  10–3 / 8) A1

= 6.3  10–4 m

5(c)(i) difference in distances = 6.2  10–7 / 2 A1

= 3.1  10–7 m

5(c)(ii) phase difference = 360° A1

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6(a) (number density =) 2.3  1023 / (1.5  10–6  1.8) = 8.5  1028 (m–3) A1

6(b) I = Q / t or I = 172 / 2.5  60 or I = 1.1(5) C1

I = nAvq C1

172 / (2.5  60) = 1.5  10–6  8.5  1028  v  1.6  10–19

v = 5.6  10–5 m s–1 A1

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7(a) 9.6 = 6.0 + (I  5800) or 3.6 = I  5800 C1

I = 6.2  10–4 A A1

7(b) 9.6 = 6.2  10–4  (3400 + 5800 + R) C1

or

6.0 = 6.2  10–4  (3400 + R)

R = 6.3  103  A1

7(c) (∆E =) 9.6  330 (= 3170 J) C1

final stored energy = 2.6  104 – 3170 A1

= 2.3  104 J

7(d)(i) decrease B1

7(d)(ii) decrease B1

7(d)(iii) increase B1

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8(a)(i) Y and Z have equal numbers of protons and (so) they have the same charge B1

8(a)(ii) Y has (two) fewer protons (than X) M1

(so) Y has less charge (than X) A1

8(b) (total) momentum before decay is zero B1

or
X has zero / no momentum

(total momentum after decay must be zero so) B1

Y must have equal (and opposite) momentum to -particle
(so cannot be stationary / must have speed/velocity)

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PHYSICS 9702/22
Paper 2 AS Level Structured Questions May/June 2023

Data

acceleration of free fall g = 9.81 m s–2

speed of light in free space c = 3.00 × 108 m s–1

elementary charge e = 1.60 × 10–19 C

unified atomic mass unit 1u = 1.66 × 10–27 kg

rest mass of proton mp = 1.67 × 10–27 kg

rest mass of electron me = 9.11 × 10–31 kg

Avogadro constant NA = 6.02 × 1023 mol–1

molar gas constant R = 8.31 J K–1 mol–1

Boltzmann constant k = 1.38 × 10–23 J K–1

gravitational constant G = 6.67 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2

permittivity of free space ε0 = 8.85 × 10–12 F m–1

1
( = 8.99 × 109 m F–1)
4rf0

Planck constant h = 6.63 × 10–34 J s

Stefan–Boltzmann constant σ = 5.67 × 10–8 W m–2 K–4

Formulae

uniformly accelerated motion s = ut + 12 at 2

v2 = u 2 + 2as

hydrostatic pressure ∆p = ρg∆h

upthrust F = ρgV

fs v
Doppler effect for sound waves fo = v!v
s

electric current I = Anvq

resistors in series R = R1 + R2 + ...

1 1 1
resistors in parallel = + + ...
R R1 R2

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1 (a) (i) Define pressure.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Use the answer to (a)(i) to show that the SI base units of pressure are kg m–1 s–2.

[1]

(b) A horizontal pipe has length L and a circular cross‑section of radius R. A liquid of density ρ
flows through the pipe. The mass m of liquid flowing through the pipe in time t is given by

π(p2 – p1)R 4ρt

m=
8kL
where p1 and p2 are the pressures at the ends of the pipe and k is a constant.

Determine the SI base units of k.

SI base units .......................................................... [3]

(c) An experiment is performed to determine the value of k by measuring the values of the other
quantities in the equation in (b).

The values of L and R each have a percentage uncertainty of 2%.

State and explain, quantitatively, which of these two quantities contributes more to the
percentage uncertainty in the calculated value of k.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 6]

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2 (a) State what is meant by the centre of gravity of an object.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Two blocks are on a horizontal beam that is pivoted at its centre of gravity, as shown in
Fig. 2.1.

0.45 m 0.95 m 0.35 m

horizontal
30°
beam pivot
54 N support 2.4 N T string
ground

Fig. 2.1 (not to scale)

A large block of weight 54 N is a distance of 0.45 m from the pivot. A small block of weight
2.4 N is a distance of 0.95 m from the pivot and a distance of 0.35 m from the right‑hand end
of the beam.

The right‑hand end of the beam is connected to the ground by a string that is at an angle of
30° to the horizontal. The beam is in equilibrium.

(i) By taking moments about the pivot, calculate the tension T in the string.

T = ...................................................... N [3]

(ii) The string is cut so that the beam is no longer in equilibrium.

Calculate the magnitude of the resultant moment about the pivot acting on the beam
immediately after the string is cut.

resultant moment = ................................................... N m [1]

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(c) The beam in (b) rotates when the string is cut and the small block of weight 2.4 N is projected
through the air. Fig. 2.2 shows the last part of the path of the block before it hits the ground at
point Y.

path of X
block

1.8 m
horizontal ground
Y

Fig. 2.2 (not to scale)

At point X on the path, the block has a speed of 3.4 m s–1 and is at a height of 1.8 m above the
horizontal ground. Air resistance is negligible.

(i) Calculate the decrease in the gravitational potential energy of the block for its movement
from X to Y.

decrease in gravitational potential energy = ....................................................... J [2]

(ii) Use your answer to (c)(i) and conservation of energy to determine the kinetic energy of
the block at Y.

kinetic energy = ....................................................... J [3]

(iii) State the variation, if any, in the direction of the acceleration of the block as it moves
from X to Y.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

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(iv) The block passes point X at time tX and arrives at point Y at time tY.

On Fig. 2.3, sketch a graph to show the variation of the magnitude of the horizontal
component of the velocity of the block with time from tX to tY.
Numerical values are not required.

horizontal
component
of velocity

0
tX tY
time

Fig. 2.3
[1]

[Total: 12]

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3 A block is pulled by a force X in a straight line along a rough horizontal surface, as shown in
Fig. 3.1.

velocity
total resistive
force 0.80 N X horizontal surface

Fig. 3.1

Assume that the total resistive force opposing the motion of the block is 0.80 N at all speeds of the
block.

The variation with time t of the magnitude of the force X is shown in Fig. 3.2.

2.0
X/N
1.5

1.0

0.5

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
t/s

Fig. 3.2

(a) (i) Define force.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Determine the change in momentum of the block from time t = 0 to time t = 3.0 s.

change in momentum = ............................................ kg m s–1 [2]

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(b) (i) Describe and explain the motion of the block between time t = 3.0 s and time t = 6.0 s.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Force X produces a total power of 2.0 W when moving the block between time t = 3.0 s
and time t = 6.0 s.

Calculate the distance moved by the block during this time interval.

distance = ...................................................... m [3]

(c) The block is at rest at time t = 0.

On Fig. 3.3, sketch a graph to show the variation of the momentum of the block with time t
from t = 0 to t = 6.0 s.
Numerical values of momentum are not required.

momentum

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
t/s

Fig. 3.3
[2]

[Total: 10]

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4 A spring is suspended from a fixed point at one end. The spring is extended by a vertical force
applied to the other end. The variation of the applied force F with the length L of the spring is
shown in Fig. 4.1.

12

10
F/N
8

0
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
L / cm

Fig. 4.1

For the spring:

(a) state the name of the law that gives the relationship between the force and the extension

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) determine the spring constant, in N m–1

spring constant = ................................................ N m–1 [2]

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(c) determine the elastic potential energy when F = 6.0 N.

elastic potential energy = ....................................................... J [2]

[Total: 5]

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5 (a) A progressive wave travels through a medium. The wave causes a particle of the medium to
vibrate along a line P. The energy of the wave propagates along a line Q.

Compare the directions of lines P and Q if the wave is:

(i) a transverse wave

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) a longitudinal wave.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) A tube is closed at one end. A loudspeaker is placed near the other end of the tube, as shown
in Fig. 5.1.

tube

A A

loudspeaker
L

Fig. 5.1 (not to scale)

The loudspeaker emits sound of frequency 1.7 kHz. The speed of sound in the air in the tube
is 340 m s–1. A stationary wave is formed with an antinode A at the open end of the tube.
There is only one other antinode A inside the tube, as shown in Fig. 5.1.

Determine:

(i) the wavelength of the sound

wavelength = ...................................................... m [2]

(ii) the length L of the tube

L = ...................................................... m [1]

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(iii) the maximum wavelength of the sound from the loudspeaker that can produce a
stationary wave in the tube.

maximum wavelength = ...................................................... m [1]

(c) Two polarising filters are arranged so that their planes are vertical and parallel. The first
filter has its transmission axis at an angle of 35° to the vertical and the second filter has its
transmission axis at angle α to the vertical, as shown in Fig. 5.2.

35°
α
incident light beam,
intensity 8.5 W m–2 intensity 5.2 W m–2

transmission
first filter axis of filter second filter

Fig. 5.2

Angle α is greater than 35° and less than 90°. A beam of vertically polarised light of intensity
8.5 W m–2 is incident normally on the first filter.

(i) Show that the intensity of the light transmitted by the first filter is 5.7 W m–2.

[1]

(ii) The intensity of the light transmitted by the second filter is 5.2 W m–2.

Calculate angle α.

α = ........................................................° [2]

[Total: 9]

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6 (a) The current in a filament lamp decreases.

State and explain how the resistance of the lamp changes.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) A cylindrical wire has length L and resistance R. The total number of free electrons (charge
carriers) contained in the volume of the wire is N. Each free electron has charge e. The
potential difference between the ends of the wire is V.

Determine expressions, in terms of some or all of the symbols e, L, N, R and V for:

(i) the current in the wire

current = ......................................................... [1]

(ii) the average drift speed of the free electrons

average drift speed = ......................................................... [2]

(iii) the average time taken for a free electron to move along the full length of the wire.

time taken = ......................................................... [1]

[Total: 5]

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7 (a) A battery of electromotive force (e.m.f.) 9.0 V and negligible internal resistance is connected
to a light‑dependent resistor (LDR) and a fixed resistor, as shown in Fig. 7.1.

9.0 V

1800 Ω 1200 Ω

Fig. 7.1

The LDR and fixed resistor have resistances of 1800 Ω and 1200 Ω respectively.

Calculate the potential difference across the LDR.

potential difference = ...................................................... V [2]

(b) The circuit in (a) is now modified by adding a uniform resistance wire XY and a galvanometer,
as shown in Fig. 7.2.

9.0 V

Z
X Y

1800 Ω 1200 Ω

Fig. 7.2 (not to scale)

The length of the wire XY is 1.2 m. The movable connection Z is positioned on the wire XY so
that the galvanometer reading is zero.

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(i) Calculate the length XZ along the resistance wire.

length XZ = ...................................................... m [2]

(ii) The environmental conditions change causing a decrease in the resistance of the LDR.
The temperature of the LDR remains constant.

State whether there is a decrease, increase or no change to:

• the intensity of the light illuminating the LDR

...........................................................................................................................................

• the total power produced by the battery

...........................................................................................................................................

• the length XZ so that the galvanometer reads zero.

...........................................................................................................................................
[3]

[Total: 7]

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19

8 (a) Nucleus P and nucleus Q are isotopes of the same element.

Nucleus Q is unstable and emits a β– particle to form nucleus R.

(i) For nuclei P and Q, compare:

• the number of protons

...........................................................................................................................................

• the number of neutrons.

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) When nucleus Q decays to form nucleus R, the quark composition of a nucleon changes.

State the change to the quark composition of the nucleon.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) State the name of another particle that must be emitted from nucleus Q in addition to the
β– particle.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) A hadron consists of two charm quarks and one bottom quark.

Determine, in terms of the elementary charge e, the charge of the hadron.

charge = ....................................................... e [2]

[Total: 6]

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Question Answer Marks

1(a)(i) force / area (normal to the force) B1

1(a)(ii) (p = F / A so units are) kg m s–2 / m2 = kg m–1 s–2 A1

1(b) unit of R: m and unit of t: s and unit of L: m C1

unit of : kg m–3 C1
or
 = m/V

base units of k: (kg m–1 s–2  m4  kg m–3  s) / (kg  m) = kg m–1 s–1 A1

1(c) R contributes 4  2% or 8% (and L contributes 2%) so R contributes more (to the percentage uncertainty in k) B1

Question Answer Marks

2(a) the point where (all) the weight (of the object) is taken to act B1

2(b)(i) (54  0.45) or (2.4  0.95) or (T sin 30°  1.3) C1

(54  0.45) = (2.4  0.95) + (T sin 30°  1.3) C1

T = 34 N A1

2(b)(ii) resultant moment = (54  0.45) – (2.4  0.95) or (34 sin 30°  1.3) A1

= 22 N m

2(c)(i) (∆)E = mg(∆)h or W(∆)h C1

= 2.4  1.8 A1

= 4.3 J

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2(c)(ii) 1 C1
E mv 2
2

1 C1
=  (2.4 / 9.81)  3.42
2

= 1.4 J (at X)

kinetic energy at Y = 4.3  1.4 A1

= 5.7 J

or

1 1 (C1)
mv 2 = mu 2  mg()h
2 2

v2 = 3.42  2  9.81  1.8 (C1)

v2 = 46.9 so v = 6.85 (m s–1)

1
KE =  (2.4 / 9.81)  6.852
2

= 5.7 J (A1)

2(c)(iii) no variation or acceleration is (always) vertically downwards B1

2(c)(iv) horizontal straight line at a non-zero value of velocity B1

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Question Answer Marks

3(a)(i) rate of change of momentum B1

3(a)(ii) change in momentum = (1.4 – 0.80)  3.0 C1

= 1.8 kg m s–1 A1

3(b)(i) resultant force (on block) is zero B1

(so) velocity is constant B1

3(b)(ii) P = Fv or P = Fs / t C1

v = 2.0 / 0.80 (= 2.5 m s–1) C1

distance = 2.5  3.0 A1

= 7.5 m

or

P = W / t or P = Fs / t (C1)

W = 2.0  3.0 (= 6.0 J) (C1)

distance = 6.0 / 0.80 (A1)

= 7.5 m

3(c) 0 to 3.0 s: upward sloping straight line from the origin. B1

3.0 to 6.0 s: horizontal line at non-zero value of momentum with no ‘step change’ in momentum at 3.0 s B1

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Question Answer Marks

4(a) Hooke’s (law) B1

4(b) k = F / x or k = gradient C1

= e.g. 12.0 / (0.240 – 0.08) A1

= 75 N m–1

4(c) 1 1 C1
E= Fx or E = kx 2 or E = area under graph
2 2

1 1 A1
E =  6.0  0.080 or  75  0.082
2 2

= 0.24 J

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5(a)(i) (they are) perpendicular B1

5(a)(ii) (they are) parallel B1

5(b)(i)  = v/f C1

= 340 / 1700 A1

= 0.20 m

5(b)(ii) 3 3 A1
L= =  0.20
4 4

= 0.15 m

5(b)(iii)  = 4  0.15 or 0.20  3 A1

= 0.60 m

5(c)(i) (I =) 8.5  cos2 35° = 5.7 (W m–2) A1

5(c)(ii) 5.2 = 5.7 cos2  C1

( = 17°)

 = 35° + 17° A1

= 52°

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Question Answer Marks

6(a) temperature decreases (so) resistance decreases B1

6(b)(i) current = V / R A1

6(b)(ii) I = Anvq C1

n = N / V or n = N / AL

v = (V / R) / [(V / L) (N / V) e] or (V / R) / [A (N / AL) e] A1

= VL / RNe

or

v = L/t (C1)

= L / (Q / I)

= LI / Q (A1)

= L(V / R) / Ne

= VL / RNe

6(b)(iii) time = distance / speed or Q / I A1

= L / (VL / RNe) or Ne / (V / R)

time = RNe / V

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Question Answer Marks

7(a) V / 9.0 = 1800 / (1800 + 1200) C1

V = 5.4 V A1

or

I = 9.0 / (1800  1200) = 3.0  10–3 (A) (C1)

V = 3.0  10–3  1800

= 5.4 V (A1)

7(b)(i) L / 1.2 = 5.4 / 9.0 or XZ / 1.2 = 5.4 / 9.0 C1

L = 0.72 m A1

or

L / 1.2 = 1800 / (1800  1200) or XZ / 1.2 = 1.8 / (1.8  1.2) (C1)

L = 0.72 m (A1)

7(b)(ii)  (intensity) increase B1

 (power) increase B1

 (length XZ) decrease B1

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8(a)(i) number of protons: equal/same B1

number of neutrons: unequal/different B1

8(a)(ii) down (quark) changes to up (quark) B1

or
up down down (quarks) change to up up down (quarks)

8(a)(iii) (electron) antineutrino B1

8(b) charm (quark charge) is ()2/3(e) C1

or
2 charm (quark charges) is ()4/3(e)
or
bottom (quark charge) is –1/3(e)

charge = 2/3(e) 2/3(e) –1/3(e) A1

= (+)1(e)

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PHYSICS 9702/23
Paper 2 AS Level Structured Questions May/June 2023

Data

acceleration of free fall g = 9.81 m s–2

speed of light in free space c = 3.00 × 108 m s–1

elementary charge e = 1.60 × 10–19 C

unified atomic mass unit 1u = 1.66 × 10–27 kg

rest mass of proton mp = 1.67 × 10–27 kg

rest mass of electron me = 9.11 × 10–31 kg

Avogadro constant NA = 6.02 × 1023 mol–1

molar gas constant R = 8.31 J K–1 mol–1

Boltzmann constant k = 1.38 × 10–23 J K–1

gravitational constant G = 6.67 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2

permittivity of free space ε0 = 8.85 × 10–12 F m–1

1
( = 8.99 × 109 m F–1)
4rf0

Planck constant h = 6.63 × 10–34 J s

Stefan–Boltzmann constant σ = 5.67 × 10–8 W m–2 K–4

Formulae

uniformly accelerated motion s = ut + 12 at 2

v2 = u 2 + 2as

hydrostatic pressure ∆p = ρg∆h

upthrust F = ρgV

fs v
Doppler effect for sound waves fo = v!v
s

electric current I = Anvq

resistors in series R = R1 + R2 + ...

1 1 1
resistors in parallel = + + ...
R R1 R2

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1 A well has a depth of 36 m from ground level to the surface of the water in the well, as shown in
Fig. 1.1.

ground

36 m
well

surface of water

Fig. 1.1 (not to scale)

A student wishes to find the depth of the well. The student plans to drop a stone down the well
and record the time taken from releasing the stone to hearing the splash made by the stone as it
enters the water.

(a) Assume that air resistance is negligible and that the stone is released from rest.

Calculate the time taken for the stone to fall from ground level to the surface of the water.

time = ...................................................... s [2]

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(b) The time recorded by the student using a stop-watch is not equal to the time in (a).

Suggest three possible reasons, other than the effect of air resistance, for this difference.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

3 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[3]

(c) The student repeats the experiment three times and uses the results to calculate the depth of
the well. The values are shown in Table 1.1.

Table 1.1

1st experiment 2nd experiment 3rd experiment

depth / m 54.4 53.9 54.1

The true depth of the well is 36.0 m. Explain why these results may be described as precise
but not accurate.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 7]

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2 A sphere floats in equilibrium on the surface of sea water of density 1050 kg m−3, as shown in
Fig. 2.1.

sphere

sea water, density 1050 kg m–3

Fig. 2.1

(a) 21% of the volume of the sphere is below the surface of the water.

Calculate the density of the sphere.

density = .............................................. kg m−3 [2]

(b) The sphere is now held so that its entire volume is below the surface of the water. The sphere
is then released.

(i) Calculate the initial acceleration of the sphere.

acceleration = ................................................ m s−2 [3]

(ii) The sphere accelerates upwards but remains entirely below the surface of the water.
State and explain what happens to the acceleration of the sphere as its velocity begins
to increase.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 8]
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3 (a) State the principle of conservation of momentum.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) A firework is initially stationary. It explodes into three fragments A, B and C that move in a
horizontal plane, as shown in the view from above in Fig. 3.1.

6.0 m s–1
fragment B

2m

fragment C 4.0 m s–1

3m

m θ fragment A

Fig. 3.1

Fragment A has a mass of 3m and moves away from the explosion at a speed of 4.0 m s–1.

Fragment B has a mass of 2m and moves away from the explosion at a speed of 6.0 m s−1 at
right angles to the direction of A.

Fragment C has a mass of m and moves away from the explosion at a speed v and at an
angle θ as shown in Fig. 3.1.

Calculate:

(i) the angle θ

θ = ........................................................° [3]

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(ii) the speed v.

v = ................................................ m s−1 [2]

(c) The firework in (b) contains a chemical that has mass 5.0 g and has chemical energy per unit
mass 700 J kg−1. When the firework explodes, all of the chemical energy is transferred to the
kinetic energy of fragments A, B and C.

(i) Show that the total chemical energy in the firework is 3.5 J.

[1]

(ii) Calculate the mass m.

m = .................................................... kg [3]

[Total: 11]

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4 (a) For a progressive wave, state what is meant by the frequency.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) A loudspeaker, microphone and cathode-ray oscilloscope (CRO) are arranged as shown in
Fig. 4.1.

microphone

loudspeaker

CRO

Fig. 4.1

The loudspeaker is emitting a sound wave which is detected by the microphone and displayed
on the screen of the CRO as shown in Fig. 4.2.

1.0 cm

1.0 cm

Fig. 4.2

The time-base on the CRO is set to 0.50 ms cm−1 and the y-gain is set to 0.20 V cm−1.

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Calculate:

(i) the frequency of the sound wave

frequency = .................................................... Hz [2]

(ii) the amplitude of the signal received by the CRO.

amplitude = ...................................................... V [1]

(c) The intensity of the sound wave in (b) is reduced to a quarter of its original intensity without
a change in frequency. Assume that the amplitude of the signal received by the CRO is
proportional to the amplitude of the sound wave.

On Fig. 4.2, sketch the trace that is now seen on the screen of the CRO. [3]

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(d) A metal sheet is now placed in front of the loudspeaker in (b), as shown in Fig. 4.3.

microphone
metal sheet

loudspeaker

CRO

Fig. 4.3

A stationary wave is formed between the loudspeaker and the metal sheet.

(i) State the principle of superposition.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) The initial position of the microphone is such that the trace on the CRO has an amplitude
minimum. It is now moved a distance of 1.05 m away from the loudspeaker along the line
joining the loudspeaker and metal sheet.

As the microphone moves, it passes through three positions where the trace has an
amplitude maximum before ending at a position where the trace has an amplitude
minimum.

Determine the wavelength of the sound wave.

wavelength = ..................................................... m [2]

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(iii) Use your answers in (b)(i) and (d)(ii) to determine the speed of the sound in the air.

speed = ................................................ m s−1 [2]

[Total: 13]

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5 A student sets up a circuit with a battery, an ammeter, a heater and a light-dependent resistor
(LDR) all in series.

The battery has negligible internal resistance.

A voltmeter is connected across (in parallel with) the heater.

(a) On Fig. 5.1, complete the circuit diagram of this arrangement.

Fig. 5.1

[3]

(b) The heater is a wire made of metal of resistivity 1.1 × 10−6 Ω m. The wire has length 2.0 m and
cross-sectional area 3.8 × 10−7 m2.

The reading on the voltmeter is 4.8 V.

Calculate:

(i) the resistance of the heater

resistance = ...................................................... Ω [2]

(ii) the reading on the ammeter.

reading on ammeter = ...................................................... A [1]

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(c) The heater is replaced by a new wire. The new wire is made of the same metal as the wire in
(b) and has the same length but a larger diameter.

The resistance of the LDR remains constant.

(i) State and explain whether the new wire has a resistance that is greater than, less than or
the same as that of the wire in (b).

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) State and explain whether the new reading on the voltmeter is greater than, less than or
equal to 4.8 V.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 10]

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6 (a) Define the Young modulus.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) A uniform wire is suspended from a fixed support. Masses are added to the other end of the
wire, as shown in Fig. 6.1.

fixed support

wire

masses

Fig. 6.1 (not to scale)

The variation of the length l of the wire with the force F applied to the wire by the masses is
shown in Fig. 6.2.

2.003
l/m
2.002

2.001

2.000

1.999

1.998
0 10 20 30
F/N

Fig. 6.2

The cross-sectional area of the wire is 0.95 mm2.

(i) Determine the unstretched length of the wire.

unstretched length = ..................................................... m [1]

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(ii) For an applied force F of 30 N, determine:

● the stress in the wire

stress = ......................................................... Pa

● the strain of the wire.

strain = ...............................................................
[3]

[Total: 5]

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7 (a) Table 7.1 shows incomplete data for three flavours (types) of quark. The elementary charge
is e.

Table 7.1

quark antiquark
flavour
symbol charge / e symbol charge / e
2
up u +3 u

down d d

charm c c

Complete Table 7.1 by inserting the missing charges. [2]

(b) Using the symbols given in Table 7.1, state a possible quark combination for the following
hadrons:

(i) a neutral baryon

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) a meson with a charge of +e.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Quarks are fundamental particles.

Electrons are in another group (class) of fundamental particle.

(i) State the name of this group.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State the name of another particle in this group.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 6]

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Question Answer Marks

1(a) t = √(2s / g) C1

= √[(2  36) / 9.81]

= 2.7 s A1

1(b)  reaction time between hearing the splash and stopping the stop-watch B3

 the sound (of the splash) takes time to reach the student or the stone hits the water at a different time to the sound
being heard or the sound (of the splash) has to travel to the student

 the student might not let go of the stone from ground level

 the student might not let go of the stone and start the stop-watch at the same time

 stop-watch may not be properly calibrated / has a zero error

 (local value of) g is not (exactly) 9.81 (m s2)

 stone given initial velocity / initial velocity not zero

 stone does not fall (exactly) vertically / in a straight line

Any three points, 1 mark each

1(c) precise: results are close together / have little scatter B1

not accurate: the values are not close to / 50% different / (very) different from the true value B1

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2(a) F = 1050  9.81  0.21V or W =   9.81  V C1

0.21V  1050 ( 9.81) = V ( 9.81)   A1


= 220 kg m–3

2(b)(i) F = 1050  9.81  V or W = 220  9.81  V C1

(V  1050  9.81) – (V  220  9.81) = (V  220)  a C1

a = 37 m s–2 A1

2(b)(ii) the (downward) drag / viscous force increases (with speed) M1

resultant force decreases (as upthrust and weight remain the same) M1

acceleration decreases (as its velocity increases) A1

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3(a) sum / total momentum before = sum / total momentum after M1

or
sum / total momentum (of a system of objects) is constant

if no (resultant) external force / for an isolated system A1

3(b)(i) 3m  4 = m  v sin  C1

(v sin  = 12)

2m  6 = m  v cos  C1

(v cos = 12)

therefore sin = cos or tan = 1 A1

= 45°

3(b)(ii) mv  cos 45° = 12m C1

or
mv  sin 45° = 12m
or
(mv)2 = (3m  4)2 + (2m  6)2

v = 17 m s–1 A1

3(c)(i) (chemical energy) = 0.0050  700 = 3.5 (J) A1

or
(chemical energy) = 5.0  0.700 = 3.5 (J)

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3(c)(ii) E = ½mv2 C1

total E = (0.5  3m  42) + (0.5  2m  62) + (0.5  m  172) C1

3.5 = 204m A1

m = 0.017 kg

Question Answer Marks

4(a) the number of wavefronts/crests/troughs passing a fixed point per unit time B1
or
the number of oscillations per unit time (of source / point on wave / particle of medium)

4(b)(i) T = 4  0.50  10–3 C1

( = 2.0  10–3 s)

f = 1 / 2.0  10–3 A1

= 500 Hz

4(b)(ii) amplitude = 2.8  0.20 A1

= 0.56 V

4(c) period same as original trace B1

sinusoidal wave of constant amplitude less than 2.8 cm throughout M1

amplitude 1.4 cm A1

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4(d)(i) when (two or more) waves meet (at a point) B1

(resultant) displacement is the sum of the individual displacements B1

4(d)(ii) node-to-node separation is  / 2 C1

or
microphone moves through 3 node-to-node separations
or
d = 1.5

 = 1.05 / 1.5 A1

= 0.70 m

4(d)(iii) v = f   C1

= 500  0.70 A1

= 350 m s–1

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Question Answer Marks

5(a) correct symbol for the heater or for the LDR M1

all correct symbols in series (ignore voltmeter) and no extra symbols A1

correct symbol for voltmeter and in parallel with the heater B1

5(b)(i) R = L / A C1

= (1.1  10−6  2.0) / 3.8  10−7 A1

= 5.8 

5(b)(ii) I = 4.8 / 5.8 A1

= 0.83 A

5(c)(i) A larger (for new wire) M1

or
A  d 2 (and d larger for new wire)
or
R  1 / d 2 (and d larger for new wire)

so R is less (than that of first wire) A1

5(c)(ii) (heater / total resistance decreases so) current (in circuit) increases (so p.d. across LDR increases) M1
or
heater resistance decreases so it has a smaller share/proportion/fraction of the (total) voltage / e.m.f.

(so voltmeter) reading is less (than 4.8 V) A1

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Question Answer Marks

6(a) (Young modulus =) stress / strain B1

6(b)(i) unstretched length = 1.9980 m A1

6(b)(ii) stress = F / A C1

= 30 / 9.5  10–7 A1

= 3.2  107 Pa

strain = 0.0050 / 1.9980 A1

= 2.5  10–3

Question Answer Marks

7(a) down charge = –1/3(e) and charm charge = (+)2/3(e) B1

all antiquarks have opposite sign and same (non-zero) magnitude of charge as the corresponding quarks B1

7(b)(i) udd or cdd B1

7(b)(ii) ud or cd B1

7(c)(i) lepton(s) B1

7(c)(ii) positron / neutrino / antineutrino B1

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PHYSICS 9702/21
Paper 2 AS Level Structured Questions October/November 2023

1 (a) Compare scalar and vector quantities.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) The radius of a small sphere is determined from a measurement of the volume of the sphere.
The sphere is submerged in water, displacing some of the water into a measuring cylinder as
shown in Fig. 1.1.

measuring
cylinder
sphere

displaced
water

Fig. 1.1 (not to scale)

The measured volume of displaced water is (28.0 ± 0.5) cm3.

Calculate:
(i) the radius, in cm, of the sphere

radius = ................................................... cm [1]

(ii) the percentage uncertainty in the radius of the sphere.

percentage uncertainty = ..................................................... % [2]

[Total: 5]

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4

2 A hot-air balloon floats just above the ground. The balloon is stationary and is held in place by a
vertical rope, as shown in Fig. 2.1.

balloon

rope

ground

Fig. 2.1

The balloon has a weight W of 3.39 × 104 N. The tension T in the rope is 4.00 × 102 N.
Upthrust U acts on the balloon.
The density of the surrounding air is 1.23 kg m–3.

(a) (i) On Fig. 2.1, draw labelled arrows to show the directions of the three forces acting on the
balloon. [2]

(ii) Calculate the volume, to three significant figures, of the balloon.

volume = .................................................... m3 [3]

(iii) The balloon is released from the rope.

Calculate the initial acceleration of the balloon.

acceleration = ................................................ m s–2 [3]

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(b) The balloon is stationary at a height of 500 m above the ground. A tennis ball is released from
rest and falls vertically from the balloon.

A passenger in the balloon uses the equation v2 = u2 + 2as to calculate that the ball will be
travelling at a speed of approximately 100 m s–1 when it hits the ground.

Explain why the actual speed of the ball will be much lower than 100 m s–1 when it hits the
ground.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(c) Before the balloon is released, the rope holding the balloon has a strain of 2.4 × 10–5.
The rope has an unstretched length of 2.5 m. The rope obeys Hooke’s law.

(i) Show that the extension of the rope is 6.0 × 10–5 m.

[1]

(ii) Calculate the elastic potential energy EP of the rope.

EP = ...................................................... J [2]

(iii) The rope holding the balloon is replaced with a new one of the same original length and
cross-sectional area. The tension is unchanged and the new rope also obeys Hooke’s
law.

The new rope is made from a material of a lower Young modulus.

State and explain the effect of the lower Young modulus on the elastic potential energy
of the rope.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 16]

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3 A trolley A moves along a horizontal surface at a constant velocity towards another trolley B which
is moving at a lower constant speed in the same direction. Fig. 3.1 shows the trolleys at time t = 0.

A B

horizontal surface

Fig. 3.1

Table 3.1 shows data for the trolleys.

Table 3.1

trolley mass / kg initial speed / m s–1

A 0.25 0.48
B 0.75 0.12

The two trolleys collide elastically and then separate. Resistive forces are negligible.

Fig. 3.2 shows the variation with time t of the velocity v for trolley B.

0.5
v / m s–1
0.4

0.3 B

0.2

0.1

0 t/s
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
–0.1

–0.2

–0.3

–0.4

–0.5

Fig. 3.2

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(a) State what is represented by the area under a velocity–time graph.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Use Table 3.1 and Fig. 3.2 to determine:

(i) the acceleration of trolley B during the collision

acceleration of B = ................................................ m s–2 [2]

(ii) the magnitude and direction of the final velocity of trolley A.

magnitude = ...................................................... m s–1

direction ...............................................................
[3]

(c) On Fig. 3.2, sketch the variation of the velocity of trolley A with time t from t = 0 to t = 0.50 s.
[3]

[Total: 9]

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4 (a) State the principle of superposition.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) Coherent light is incident normally on two identical slits X and Y. The diffracted light emerging
from the slits superposes to produce an interference pattern on a screen positioned at a
distance of 1.9 m from the slits.

Fig. 4.1 shows the arrangement and the central part of the interference pattern of bright and
dark fringes formed on the screen.

1.9 m
dark fringe

X
coherent
light 0.65 mm bright fringe

Y 1.7 mm

screen

Fig. 4.1 (not to scale)

The separation of the slits is 0.65 mm. The distance between the centres of adjacent bright
fringes is 1.7 mm.

Calculate the wavelength λ of the light.

λ = ..................................................... m [3]

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(c) Light waves from slits X and Y in (b) arrive at a point between adjacent bright fringes on the
screen. Fig. 4.2 shows the variation of displacement with time for the waves arriving at the
point where they meet.

wave from X wave from Y

displacement

0
time

Fig. 4.2

A student makes two statements about the waves at this point:

Statement 1: ‘The phase difference between the waves is 90°.’

Statement 2: ‘The amplitude of the resultant wave is zero.’

(i) Explain how statement 1 is correct.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State and explain whether statement 2 is correct.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) The width of each slit in (b) is decreased by the same amount. There is no change to the
separation of the slits.

Describe and explain the effect, if any, of this change on the appearance of the interference
pattern.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 9]

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5 A train travels at a constant high speed along a straight horizontal track towards an observer
standing adjacent to the track, as shown in Fig. 5.1.

train
observer
track

Fig. 5.1

The train sounds its horn continuously as it approaches the observer, from time t = 0 until it is well
past the observer at time t = t2. The train passes the observer at time t = t1.
The horn emits a sound wave of constant frequency fS.

(a) On Fig. 5.2, sketch the variation of the frequency of sound heard by the observer with time t,
from time t = 0 to t = t2.

frequency

fS

0
0 t1 t2
t

Fig. 5.2
[1]

(b) At a particular time, the sound waves at the observer have an intensity of 4.7 × 10–3 W m–2.
The waves at the observer are incident at right angles on a circular detector of radius 2.8 cm.

Calculate the power P of the waves incident on the detector.

P = ..................................................... W [3]

[Total: 4]

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6 A battery is connected in a circuit with a light-dependent resistor (LDR), two fixed resistors and a
voltmeter, as shown in Fig. 6.1.

25 V

320 Ω

V 240 Ω

Fig. 6.1

The battery has an electromotive force (e.m.f.) of 25 V and negligible internal resistance.
The resistors have resistances of 320 Ω and 240 Ω.

(a) The voltmeter displays a reading of 16 V.

(i) Show that the current in the battery is 0.050 A.

[1]

(ii) Calculate the resistance of the LDR.

resistance = ..................................................... Ω [3]

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(iii) Determine the ratio

power dissipated in the LDR
power dissipated in the 240 Ω resistor .

ratio = ......................................................... [2]

(b) The intensity of the light incident on the LDR increases.

State and explain what happens to the voltmeter reading.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 9]

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7 (a) The results of the α-particle scattering experiment led to the development of the nuclear
model for the atom.

State the results that suggested that most of the mass of the atom is concentrated in a very
small region and most of the atom is empty space.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) State the composition of γ-radiation.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(c) Table 7.1 lists the names of three particles and possible classifications for them.

Table 7.1

classification
particle name
baryon hadron lepton

neutrino

neutron

positron

Complete Table 7.1 by placing ticks (3) in the boxes to indicate the classifications that apply
to each particle. [2]

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(d) The discovery of a particle with an unusual charge was an important step in the development
of the theory of quarks. The particle is a hadron with a mass of 2.19 × 10–27 kg and a charge
of +2e, where e is the elementary charge.

(i) Calculate the mass, in u, of the particle. Give your answer to three significant figures.

mass = ....................................................... u [1]

(ii) Determine a possible quark composition of a hadron with a charge of +2e.

Explain your reasoning.

[2]

[Total: 8]

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1(a) scalar and vector have magnitude B1

vector has direction (and scalar does not have direction) B1

1(b)(i) r = [(3  28) / 4]1/3 A1

= 1.9 cm

1(b)(ii) percentage uncertainty in V = (0.5 / 28)  100 C1

( = 1.79%)

percentage uncertainty in r = 1.79 / 3 A1

= 0.6%

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2(a)(i) arrow upwards () and labelled upthrust / U B2

arrow downwards () and labelled weight / W / mg

arrow downwards () and labelled tension / T

1 mark: One or two correctly labelled arrows

2 marks: Three correctly labelled arrows

2(a)(ii) U = T + W or upthrust = tension + weight C1

Vg = T + W C1

V = [(4.00  102) + (3.39  104)] / (1.23  9.81)

V = 2.84  103 m3 A1

2(a)(iii) m = W / g or a = F / m C1

a = (4.00  102) / [(3.39  104) / 9.81)] C1

a = 0.12 m s–2 A1

2(b) there is air resistance (which increases with speed) B1

(average) resultant force is less (than weight) B1

(average) acceleration is less (than g / 9.81, so speed is less than 100 m s–1) B1

2(c)(i) (extension =) 2.5  2.4  10–5 = 6.0  10–5 (m) A1

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2(c)(ii) E(P) = ½ Fx C1
or
E(P) = ½ kx2 and F = kx

E(P) = ½  4.00  102  6.0  10–5 or E(P) = ½  6.7  106  (6.0  10–5)2 A1

E(P) = 0.012 J

2(c)(iii) longer extension M1

or
smaller spring constant

elastic potential energy is greater A1

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3(a) displacement A1

3(b)(i) a = gradient or a = v / ()t or a = (v – u) / t C1

e.g. a = (0.30 – 0.12) / (0.35 – 0.15) A1

a = 0.90 m s–2

3(b)(ii) (0.25  0.48) + (0.75  0.12) = (0.25 v) + (0.75  0.30) C1

or

(0.48 – 0.12) = (0.30 – v)

or

(½  0.25  0.482) + (½  0.75  0.122) = (½  0.25 × v 2) + (½ × 0.75  0.302)

v = (–)0.060 m s–1 A1

direction: to the left / from the right / opposite to (its) initial velocity / opposite to (initial / final) velocity of B B1

3(c) sketch: horizontal line from (0, 0.48) to (0.15, 0.48) B1

horizontal line from (0.35, –0.06) to (0.5, –0.06) B1

straight line between (0.15, 0.48) and (0.35, –0.06) B1

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4(a) (when two or more) waves meet / overlap (at a point) B1

(resultant) displacement is the sum of the individual displacements B1

4(b)  = ax / D C1

 = [(0.65  10–3)  (1.7  10–3)] / 1.9 C1

 = 5.8  10–7 m A1

4(c)(i) waves are out of phase by a quarter of a cycle / period B1

or
when one wave has maximum/minimum displacement, the other wave has zero displacement

4(c)(ii) (statement 2 is) not correct (because) B1

waves do not have phase difference of 180° / not in antiphase

or
one wave has some displacement when other has no displacement
or
the displacements of the waves are not always equal and opposite

4(d) more diffraction (of light/waves by slits) B1

or
light/waves are more spread (by slits)
or
light/waves (from slits) have less intensity

more (bright/dark) fringes B1

or
bright fringes are less bright / are dimmer / have lower intensity
or
no change to fringe spacing/separation/width

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5(a) sketch: approximately horizontal line above horizontal dashed line from t = 0 to t = t1 A1
and
approximately horizontal line below horizontal dashed line from t = t1 to t = t2

5(b) I = P/A C1

A =   0.0282 or   2.82 C1

( = 2.46  10–3 or 24.6)

P = 4.7  10–3  2.46  10–3 A1

= 1.2  10–5 W

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6(a)(i) (I =) 16 / 320 = 0.050 (A) A1

6(a)(ii) R = (25 – 16) / 0.050 C1

or
R = (9 / 16)  320
or
R = (25 / 0.050) – 320

R = 180 () C1

R(LDR) = [(1 / 180) – (1 / 240)]–1 A1

= 720 

or

I = (25 – 16) / 240 (C1)

( = 0.0375 A)

I (LDR) = 0.050 – 0.0375 (C1)

( = 0.0125 A)

R(LDR) = 9.0 / 0.0125 (A1)

= 720 

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6(a)(iii) P = V 2 / R or P = VI or P = I2R C1

ratio = (92 / 720) / (92 / 240) A1

or
ratio = (9  0.0125) / (9  0.0375)
or
ratio = (0.01252  720) / (0.03752  240)

ratio = 0.1125 / 0.3375

= 0.33

6(b) resistance of LDR decreases B1

resistance of parallel combination decreases M1

or
total resistance (of circuit) decreases
or
current in resistor of resistance 320  increases
or
potential difference across parallel combination / LDR / 240  resistor decreases

voltmeter reading increases A1

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7(a) a (very) small proportion of (alpha) particles are deflected (back) through large angles / angles greater than 90° B1

a large proportion of (alpha) particles pass straight through / deflected by small angles B1

7(b) electromagnetic wave / electromagnetic radiation A1

7(c) neutrino classified as a lepton only and positron classified as a lepton only B1

neutron classified as a baryon and a hadron and not as a lepton B1

7(d)(i) 1.32 u A1

7(d)(ii) working states or implies 3 quarks and each quark has a charge of (+) ⅔(e) B1

any combination of 3 quarks comprised of one or more of up / charm / top B1

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PHYSICS 9702/22
Paper 2 AS Level Structured Questions October/November 2023

1 (a) In the following list, underline all quantities that are SI base quantities.
charge electric current force time [1]
(b) Under certain conditions, the distance s moved in a straight line by an object in time t is given
by
1
s = 2 at 2

where a is the acceleration of the object.

State two conditions under which the above expression applies to the motion of the object.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(c) The variation with time t of the velocity v of a car that is moving in a straight line is shown in
Fig. 1.1.

25

20

15
v / m s–1
10

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
–5 t/s

–10

–15

Fig. 1.1

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(i) Compare, qualitatively, the acceleration of the car at time t = 8.0 s and at time t = 14.0 s
in terms of:

● magnitude

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

● direction.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) Determine the magnitude of the acceleration of the car at time t = 4.0 s.

acceleration = ................................................ m s–2 [2]

(iii) The car is at point X at time t = 0.

Determine the magnitude of the displacement of the car from X at time t = 12.0 s.

displacement = ...................................................... m [2]

[Total: 9]

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2 A high‑altitude balloon is stationary in still air. A solid sphere is suspended from the balloon by a
string, as shown in Fig. 2.1.

balloon

string
sphere

Fig. 2.1 (not to scale)

The volume of the balloon is 7.5 m3. The total weight of the balloon, string and sphere is 65 N. The
upthrust acting on the string and sphere is negligible.

(a) Calculate the density of the air surrounding the balloon.

density = .............................................. kg m–3 [2]

(b) The string breaks, releasing the sphere.

(i) State the magnitude of the acceleration of the sphere immediately after the string breaks.

acceleration = ................................................ m s–2 [1]

(ii) State and explain the variation, if any, in the magnitude of the acceleration of the sphere
when it is moving downwards before it reaches terminal (constant) velocity.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

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(c) The sphere has a mass of 4.0 kg.

Calculate the total resistive force acting on the sphere at the instant when its acceleration is
1.9 m s–2.

resistive force = ...................................................... N [2]

[Total: 8]

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3 A vertical rod is fixed to the horizontal surface of a table, as shown in Fig. 3.1.

rod

surface of spring
table

Fig. 3.1 (not to scale)

A spring of mass 7.5 g is able to slide along the full length of the rod.

The spring is first pushed against the surface of the table so that it has an initial compression of
2.1 cm. The spring is then suddenly released so that it leaves the surface of the table with a kinetic
energy of 0.048 J and then moves up the rod.

Assume that the spring obeys Hooke’s law and that the initial elastic potential energy of the
compressed spring is equal to the kinetic energy of the spring as it leaves the surface of the table.
Air resistance is negligible.

(a) By using the initial elastic potential energy of the compressed spring, calculate its spring
constant.

spring constant = ................................................ N m–1 [2]

(b) Calculate the speed of the spring as it leaves the surface of the table.

speed = ................................................ m s–1 [2]

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(c) The spring rises to its maximum height up the rod from the surface of the table. This causes
the gravitational potential energy of the spring to increase by 0.039 J.

(i) Calculate, for this movement of the spring, the increase in height of the spring after
leaving the surface of the table.

increase in height = ...................................................... m [2]

(ii) Calculate the average frictional force exerted by the rod on the spring as it rises.

average frictional force = ...................................................... N [2]

(d) The rod is replaced by another rod that exerts negligible frictional force on the moving spring.
The initial compression x of the spring is now varied in order to vary the maximum increase
in height Δh of the spring after leaving the surface of the table. Assume that the spring obeys
Hooke’s law for all compressions.

On Fig. 3.2, sketch a graph to show the variation with x of Δh. Numerical values are not
required.

Δh

0
0 x

Fig. 3.2
[2]

[Total: 10]

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4 (a) A ball Y moves along a horizontal frictionless surface and collides with a ball Z, as illustrated
in the views from above in Fig. 4.1 and Fig. 4.2.

0.25 kg
Y 3.7 m s–1

27°
P Y Z Q P Q
44°
0.25 kg mZ
Z
mZ 5.5 m s–1

BEFORE COLLISION AFTER COLLISION

Fig. 4.1 (not to scale) Fig. 4.2 (not to scale)

Ball Y has a mass of 0.25 kg and initially moves along a line PQ.
Ball Z has a mass mZ and is initially stationary.

After the collision, ball Y has a final velocity of 3.7 m s–1 at an angle of 27° to line PQ and
ball Z has a final velocity of 5.5 m s–1 at an angle of 44° to line PQ.

(i) Calculate the component of the final momentum of ball Y in the direction perpendicular
to line PQ.

component of momentum = .................................................... N s [2]

(ii) By considering the component of the final momentum of each ball in the direction
perpendicular to line PQ, calculate mZ.

mZ = ..................................................... kg [1]

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(iii) During the collision, the average force exerted on Y by Z is FY and the average force
exerted on Z by Y is FZ.

Compare the magnitudes and directions of FY and FZ. Numerical values are not required.

magnitudes: .......................................................................................................................

directions: ..........................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) Two blocks, A and B, move directly towards each other along a horizontal frictionless surface,
as shown in the view from above in Fig. 4.3.

4 m s–1 6 m s–1
A B

Fig. 4.3

The blocks collide perfectly elastically. Before the collision, block A has a speed of 4 m s–1 and
block B has a speed of 6 m s–1. After the collision, block B moves back along its original path
with a speed of 2 m s–1.

Calculate the speed of block A after the collision.

speed = ................................................ m s–1 [1]

[Total: 6]

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5 (a) A beam of vertically polarised light is incident normally on a polarising filter, as shown in
Fig. 5.1.

vertically polarised transmitted

incident light beam light beam

transmission
filter axis of filter

Fig. 5.1

(i) The transmission axis of the filter is initially vertical. The filter is then rotated through an
angle of 360° while the plane of the filter remains perpendicular to the beam.

On Fig. 5.2, sketch a graph to show the variation of the intensity of the light in the
transmitted beam with the angle through which the transmission axis is rotated.

maximum value

intensity of
the light

0
0 90 180 270 360
angle / °

Fig. 5.2
[2]

(ii) The intensity of the light in the incident beam is 7.6 W m–2. When the transmission axis
of the filter is at angle θ to the vertical, the light intensity of the transmitted beam is
4.2 W m–2.

Calculate angle θ.

θ = ........................................................° [2]

(b) State what is meant by the diffraction of a wave.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

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(c) A beam of light of wavelength 4.3 × 10–7 m is incident normally on a diffraction grating in air,
as shown in Fig. 5.3.

third order

beam of light, 68°

wavelength 68°
4.3 × 10–7 m

diffraction third order

grating

Fig. 5.3 (not to scale)

The third‑order diffraction maximum of the light is at an angle of 68° to the direction of the
incident light beam.

(i) Calculate the line spacing d of the diffraction grating.

d = ...................................................... m [2]

(ii) Determine a different wavelength of visible light that will also produce a diffraction
maximum at an angle of 68°.

wavelength = ...................................................... m [2]

[Total: 10]

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6 (a) A metal wire has a resistance per unit length of 0.92 Ω m–1. The wire has a uniform
cross‑sectional area of 5.3 × 10–7 m2.

Calculate the resistivity of the metal of the wire.

resistivity = .................................................. Ω m [2]

(b) A battery of electromotive force (e.m.f.) E and negligible internal resistance is connected in
series with a fixed resistor and a light‑dependent resistor (LDR), as shown in Fig. 6.1.

E 1400 Ω

1600 Ω

Fig. 6.1

The resistance of the fixed resistor is 1400 Ω. The intensity of the light illuminating the LDR
causes it to have a resistance of 1600 Ω. A voltmeter connected across the LDR reads 6.4 V.

(i) Show that the current in the LDR is 4.0 × 10–3 A.

[1]

(ii) Calculate the number of free electrons passing through the LDR in a time of 3.2 minutes.

number of free electrons = ......................................................... [2]

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(iii) Calculate the e.m.f. E.

E = ...................................................... V [2]

(iv) Determine the ratio

power dissipated in LDR
.
power dissipated in fixed resistor

ratio = ......................................................... [2]

(c) The environmental conditions change causing a decrease in the resistance of the LDR in (b).
The temperature of the environment does not change.

State whether there is a decrease, increase or no change to:

(i) the intensity of the light illuminating the LDR

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) the current in the battery

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) the reading of the voltmeter.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 12]

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7 (a) In the following list, underline all the particles that are not fundamental.

antineutrino baryon nucleon positron [1]

(b) A nucleus of thorium‑230 ( 230

90
Th) decays in stages, by emitting α‑particles and β– particles, to
form a nucleus of lead‑206 ( 206
82
Pb).

Determine the total number of α‑particles and the total number of β– particles that are
emitted during the sequence of decays that form the nucleus of lead‑206 from the nucleus of
thorium‑230.

number of α‑particles = ...............................................................

number of β– particles = ...............................................................

[2]

(c) A meson has a charge of –1e, where e is the elementary charge. The quark composition of
the meson includes a charm antiquark.

State and explain a possible flavour (type) of the other quark in the meson.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 5]

Permission to reproduce items where third‑party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer‑related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge
Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download
at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.

Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of Cambridge Assessment. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of Cambridge
Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is a department of the University of Cambridge.

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Question Answer Marks

1(a) only electric current and time underlined B1

1(b) initial speed / velocity is zero B1

(non-zero magnitude of) acceleration is constant / uniform (and in a straight line) B1

1(c)(i) • magnitude of acceleration at t = 8.0 s is less than that at t = 14.0 s B1

• direction of acceleration at t = 8.0 s is opposite to that at t = 14.0 s B1

1(c)(ii) a = gradient or a = (v – u) / t or a = ∆v / (∆)t C1

a = e.g. (20 + 10) / 12 or (0 + 10) / 4 or (20 – 0) / (12 – 4) A1

a = 2.5 m s–2

1(c)(iii) displacement = [½  (12 – 4)  20] – [½  4  10] C1

or
displacement = (–10  12) + (½  2.5  122)
or
displacement = (20  12) – (½  2.5  122)
or
displacement = ½  (20 – 10)  12

displacement = 60 m A1

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2(a) 65 = gV C1
or
65 = mg and m = V

 = 65 / (9.81  7.5) A1

= 0.88 kg m–3

2(b)(i) acceleration = 9.8 m s–2 A1

2(b)(ii) air resistance (acting on sphere) increases B1

resultant force (on sphere) decreases B1

(magnitude of) acceleration decreases B1

2(c) F = ma C1

= 4.0  1.9

( = 7.6 N)

resistive force = (4.0  9.81) – (4.0  1.9) A1

= 32 N

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3(a) E(P) = ½kx2 C1

or
E(P) = ½Fx and F = kx

0.048 = ½  k  (2.1  10–2)2 A1

k = 220 N m–1

3(b) E(K) = ½mv2 C1

0.048 = ½  7.5  10–3  v2 A1

v = 3.6 m s–1

3(c)(i) (∆)E = mg(∆)h C1

0.039 = 7.5  10–3  9.81  (∆)h A1

h = 0.53 m

3(c)(ii) F  0.53 = 0.048 – 0.039 C1

F = 0.02 N A1

3(d) sketch: curved line from the origin M1

curved line has increasing gradient A1

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4(a)(i) component of momentum = 0.25  3.7  sin 27° C1

= 0.42 N s A1

4(a)(ii) m(Z)  5.5  sin 44° = 0.42 A1

or
m(Z)  5.5  sin 44° = 0.25  3.7  sin 27°

mZ = 0.11 kg

4(a)(iii) magnitudes: equal B1

directions: opposite B1

4(b) 4+6=2+v A1

v = 8 m s–1

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5(a)(i) light intensity has maximum value at 0°, 180°, 360° and zero intensity at 90°, 270° M1

‘sinusoidally-shaped’ curve A1

5(a)(ii) 4.2 = 7.6 cos2 C1

 = 42° A1

5(b) wave passes (through) an aperture B1

or
wave passes (by / through / around) an edge

wave spreads (into geometrical shadow) B1

5(c)(i) n = d sin C1

d = (3  4.3  10–7) / sin 68° A1

= 1.4  10–6 m

5(c)(ii) 1.4  10–6  sin 68° = 2   C1

or
3  4.3  10–7 = 2  

 = 6.5  10–7 m A1

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6(a) R = L / A C1

 = 0.92  5.3  10–7 A1

= 4.9  10–7  m

6(b)(i) (current =) 6.4 / 1600 = 4.0 × 10–3 (A) A1

6(b)(ii) charge = 4.0  10–3  3.2  60 C1

( = 0.768 C)

number = 0.768 / 1.6  10–19 A1

= 4.8  1018

6(b)(iii) 6.4 / E = 1600 / (1400 + 1600) C1

or
E = 6.4 + (4.0  10–3  1400)
or
E = 4.0  10–3 (1600 + 1400)

E = 12 V A1

6(b)(iv) P = I2R or P = VI or P = V2 / R C1

ratio = (6.42 / 1600) / [(4.0  10–3)2  1400] A1

= 1.1

6(c)(i) increase B1

6(c)(ii) increase B1

6(c)(iii) decrease B1

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7(a) only baryon and nucleon underlined B1

7(b) number of -particles = 6 B1

number of – particles = 4 B1

7(c) charm antiquark (charge) = –⅔(e) B1

or

–⅔(e) + q = –1(e)

(other quark q = –⅓(e) so) down / strange / bottom B1

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PHYSICS 9702/23
Paper 2 AS Level Structured Questions October/November 2023

1 (a) Table 1.1 lists some physical quantities. Complete the table by placing a tick (✓) next to the
scalar quantities.
Table 1.1

acceleration

charge

momentum

power

upthrust

[1]

(b) A uniform cylinder has diameter D, length L and mass M.

The density ρ of the cylinder is given by
4M
ρ= .
π D2 L
Table 1.2 shows the data obtained from an experiment to determine the density of the cylinder.

Table 1.2

quantity measurement percentage uncertainty

D (26.2 ± 0.1) mm
................%

L (162 ± 1) mm
................%

M (247 ± 1) g 0.4%

(i) Calculate the percentage uncertainties in D and L. Write your answers in Table 1.2.

[1]

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(ii) Calculate the density of the cylinder. Give your answer to three significant figures.

density = .............................................. kg m–3 [2]

(iii) Calculate the percentage uncertainty in the density.

percentage uncertainty = ......................................................% [2]

[Total: 6]

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2 A ball on horizontal ground is kicked towards a vertical wall. Fig. 2.1 shows the path of the ball.

path of ball

horizontal h
u
ground
wall
38°

9.0 m
ball

Fig. 2.1 (not to scale)

The ball has an initial velocity u at an angle of 38° to the ground. The ball travels a horizontal
distance of 9.0 m before striking the wall at a height h above the ground. The horizontal
component uH of the initial velocity of the ball is 9.5 m s–1.

Air resistance is negligible.

(a) (i) Show that the time t for the ball to reach the wall is 0.95 s.

[1]

(ii) Calculate the vertical component uV of the initial velocity of the ball.

uV = ................................................ m s–1 [2]

(iii) Determine h.

h = ...................................................... m [2]

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(b) The speed of the ball just after striking the wall is less than its speed just before striking the
wall.

State what this indicates about the nature of the collision of the ball with the wall.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 6]

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3 (a) State the conditions for a system to be in equilibrium.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) Fig. 3.1 shows an airship in flight. The airship is propelled by identical fans that can be angled
to control the motion of the airship.

airship

fans

Fig. 3.1

The upthrust on the airship is 93 000 N.

The density of the surrounding air is 1.2 kg m–3.

(i) Calculate the volume of air displaced by the airship.

volume = .................................................... m3 [1]

(ii) When fully loaded, the weight of the airship is greater than the upthrust.
To maintain horizontal flight, the fans provide a total vertical force of 3.0 × 103 N upwards
on the airship.

Calculate the mass of the airship.

mass = ..................................................... kg [2]

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(c) At a certain time, the airship in (b) is stationary. The thrust force exerted by a fan on the
airship is 2800 N.

To produce this force, a mass of 64 kg of air is propelled through the blades of the fan in a
time of 0.50 s. Assume that this air is initially stationary at the entrance to the fan.

Calculate:

(i) the change in momentum ∆p of the air propelled through the fan blades in this time

∆p = ............................................ kg m s–1 [2]

(ii) the speed of the air as it leaves the fan

speed = ................................................ m s–1 [2]

(iii) the total kinetic energy of this air due to its movement through the fan.

kinetic energy = ....................................................... J [2]

[Total: 11]

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4 Fig. 4.1 shows the variation with extension x of the tensile force F for two wires, G and H, made
from the same material.

3.5
H
3.0 G
F/N
2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
x / mm

Fig. 4.1

The elastic limit has not been exceeded for G or H.

(a) For the lines in Fig. 4.1:

(i) state what is represented by the gradient

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) explain why the area under the line represents the elastic potential energy of the wire.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Wires G and H are joined together end‑to‑end to form a composite wire of negligible weight.
The composite wire hangs vertically from a fixed support.

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A block of weight of 2.0 N is attached to the end of the wire, as shown in Fig. 4.2.

fixed
support block,
H
weight 2.0 N

Fig. 4.2

(i) Use Fig. 4.1 to determine:

● the extension xG of wire G

xG = ........................................................ mm

● the extension xH of wire H.

xH = ........................................................ mm
[1]

(ii) Calculate the total elastic potential energy EP of the composite wire due to the weight of
the block.

EP = ....................................................... J [2]

(iii) The original length of wire G is L and the original length of wire H is 1.5 L.

Calculate the ratio

cross‑sectional area of wire G
.
cross‑sectional area of wire H

ratio = ......................................................... [3]

[Total: 9]

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5 Two point sources, A and B, produce coherent electromagnetic waves. The waves from A and B
are emitted in phase and have wavelength λ, as shown in Fig. 5.1.

A B

Fig. 5.1 (not to scale)

The lines on Fig. 5.1 represent wavefronts. All the points on a wavefront are in phase.

(a) On Fig. 5.1, mark with a cross (×):

(i) the position of an interference maximum (label this cross Y) [1]

(ii) the position of an interference minimum (label this cross Z). [1]

(b) The waves in air have a wavelength of 2.9 × 10–5 m.

An interference pattern is detected along a line parallel to AB and at a perpendicular distance

of 140 m from AB. The spacing between adjacent interference maxima is 1.2 cm.

(i) Calculate the separation a of the sources A and B.

a = ...................................................... m [3]

(ii) State the principal region of the electromagnetic spectrum to which the waves belong.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 6]

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6 A train travels at constant speed along a straight horizontal track towards an observer standing
adjacent to the track, as shown in Fig. 6.1.

train observer
track

Fig. 6.1

The train sounds its horn continuously as it approaches the observer. The horn emits a sound of
constant frequency 251 Hz. The frequency of sound heard by the observer is 291 Hz. The speed
of sound in air is 340 m s–1.

(a) Calculate the speed of the train.

speed = ................................................ m s–1 [2]

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(b) The train approaches and then passes the observer. The intensity I of the sound heard by the
observer varies with the distance d of the horn from the observer.

When the horn is at a distance x0 from the observer, the intensity I of the sound heard is I0
and the amplitude A of the sound wave at the observer is A0.

Fig. 6.2 shows the variation with d / x0 of I / I0 as the train moves away from the observer.

1.0 1.0

I / I0 A / A0

0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2

0 0
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
d / x0 d / x0

Fig. 6.2 Fig. 6.3

(i) State the relationship between amplitude A and intensity I for a progressive wave.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) On Fig. 6.3, sketch the variation with d / x0 of A / A0. [2]

[Total: 5]

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7 (a) State Ohm’s law.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) A battery of electromotive force (e.m.f.) 6.2 V and negligible internal resistance is connected
in a circuit to a uniform resistance wire, a voltmeter, a fixed resistor and a switch, as shown
in Fig. 7.1.

6.2 V

S
wire of resistance 18 Ω

Fig. 7.1

The resistance wire has resistance 18 Ω, length 0.94 m and cross‑sectional area 7.2 × 10–8 m2.
The slider S is positioned half‑way along the length of the wire.

(i) Calculate the resistivity ρ of the material of the resistance wire.

ρ = .................................................. Ω m [2]

(ii) The switch is open.

State the reading on the voltmeter.

voltmeter reading = ...................................................... V [1]

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(iii) The switch is now closed.

State whether there is an increase, decrease or no change to:

● the current in the battery

....................................................................................................................................

● the voltmeter reading.

....................................................................................................................................
[2]

(iv) The switch remains closed. The slider S is moved along the resistance wire so that the
voltmeter reading is 3.1 V.

On Fig. 7.1, draw a cross (×) on the resistance wire to show a possible new position of
the slider. [1]

(c) The circuit in (b) is altered by changing the battery for one of a different e.m.f.
The switch is open.

A student records the following data for the resistance wire:

current in the wire 0.93 A

mean drift speed of charge carriers 1.3 × 10–3 m s–1
number density of charge carriers 9.0 × 1028 m–3.

(i) Determine the charge q of a charge carrier in the wire suggested by this data.

q = ...................................................... C [2]

(ii) With reference to the value of q, explain why the data recorded by the student cannot be
correct.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 11]

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23
8 (a) The nuclide 12 Mg is an isotope of magnesium that undergoes β+ decay to form a new
nuclide X according to the equation

23 ........ ........ + 0
12
Mg X + β + 0
ν.
........ ........

Four numbers are missing from the equation.

23
(i) For the nuclide 12 Mg, state what is represented by the numbers 23 and 12.

23 represents: ...................................................................................................................

12 represents: ...................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) Complete the equation by inserting the missing numbers. [2]

(iii) State the name of the group (class) of fundamental particles to which the positron and
neutrino belong.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) A radioactive source emits particles from its nuclei when it decays.
Fig. 8.1 shows, for the source, the variation with kinetic energy of the number of particles
emitted.

number of
particles
emitted

0
0
kinetic energy of emitted particles

Fig. 8.1

State how Fig. 8.1 shows that these nuclei do not undergo beta‑decay.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 6]

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Question Answer Marks

1(a) charge and power only ticked B1

1(b)(i) %D = 0.4% and %L = 0.6% A1

1(b)(ii)  = (4  0.247) / [  (26.2  10–3)2  0.162] C1

 = 2.83  103 kg m–3 A1

1(b)(iii) percentage uncertainty = 0.4 + (2  0.4) + 0.6 C1

= 1.8% A1

Question Answer Marks

2(a)(i) (time / t =) 9(.0) / 9.5 = 0.95 (s) A1

2(a)(ii) (uV) = 9.5 tan 38° or 9.5 / tan 52° C1

or
9.5 = u cos 38° and uV = u sin 38°
or
9.5 = u cos 38° and uV = (u2 – 9.52)½

uV = 7.4 m s–1 A1

2(a)(iii) s = ut + ½at 2 C1

(h =) 7.4  0.95 – ½  9.81  0.952

h = 2.6 m A1

2(b) (collision is) inelastic B1

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3(a) resultant force (in any direction) is zero B1

resultant moment / torque (about any point) is zero B1

3(b)(i) F = Vg A1

V = 93 000 / (1.2  9.81)

= 7900 m3

3(b)(ii) weight = 93 000 + 3(.0)  103 C1

m = (93 000 + 3.0  103) / 9.81 A1

= 9800 kg

3(c)(i) (p) = F()t or F = ∆p / ()t or F = rate of change of momentum or F = m (v – u) / t C1

∆p = 2800  0.50 A1

= 1400 kg m s–1

3(c)(ii) (p =) mv C1

v = 1400 / 64 A1

= 22 m s–1

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3(c)(iii) EK = ½mv2 C1

= ½  64  222 A1

= 15 000 J

or

EK = p2 / 2m (C1)

= 14002 / (2  64) (A1)

= 15 000 J

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4(a)(i) spring constant B1

4(a)(ii) area represents the work done (to extend the wire) B1

work done (to extend the wire) is equal to elastic potential energy B1

4(b)(i) xG = 0.39 mm and xH = 0.29 mm A1

4(b)(ii) E = ½Fx C1
or
E = ½kx2 and F = kx
or
E = area under graph

for G: E = ½  2.0  (0.39  10–3) or ½  5.1  103  (0.39  10–3)2 A1

for H: E = ½  2.0  (0.29  10–3) or ½  6.9  103  (0.29  10–3)2

EP = 3.9  10–4 + 2.9  10–4

= 6.8  10–4 J

4(b)(iii) E = FL / Ax or stress / strain = FL / Ax C1

AG / AH = 1  (0.29  10–3) / [1.5  (0.39  10–3)] C1

ratio = 0.50 A1

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5(a)(i) cross labelled Y drawn: B1

at any position where wavefronts cross

or
centrally in a ‘diamond’ shape formed between any adjacent wavefronts from A and B

5(a)(ii) cross labelled Z drawn on a wavefront from one source at a point midway between adjacent wavefronts from the other B1
source

5(b)(i)  = ax / D C1

a = (2.9  10–5  140) / (1.2  10–2) C1

= 0.34 m A1

5(b)(ii) infrared A1

Question Answer Marks

6(a) 291 = 251  340 / (340–v(s)) C1

vs = 47 m s–1 A1

6(b)(i) I  A2 B1

6(b)(ii) sketch: line starts at (1.0, 1.0) B1

approximately straight line drawn with negative gradient and line ends at (4.0, 0.25) B1

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7(a) current (through a conductor is directly) proportional to potential difference (across the conductor) or vice versa M1

(provided that) temperature (of conductor remains) constant A1

7(b)(i) R =  L/A C1

 = (18  7.2  10–8) / 0.94 A1

= 1.4  10–6  m

7(b)(ii) voltmeter reading = 3.1 V A1

7(b)(iii) current in the battery: increase B1

voltmeter reading: decrease B1

7(b)(iv) cross marked on the resistance wire to right of the arrowhead of S, but not touching the right-hand end of the resistance B1
wire

7(c)(i) I = Anvq C1

q = 0.93 / [(7.2  10–8)  (9.0  1028)  (1.3  10–3)]

q = 1.1  10–19 C A1

7(c)(ii) charge / q (value) is below 1.6  10–19 (C) B1

or
charge cannot be below 1.6  10–19 (C)
or
(the charge carriers / q) should have a charge of 1.6  10–19 (C)

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8(a)(i) 23: nucleon number or number of neutrons and protons B1

12: proton number or number of protons B1

8(a)(ii) both numbers correct for X: 23 B1

11 X

both numbers correct for beta-plus: 01β+ B1

8(a)(iii) lepton(s) A1

8(b) (the emitted particles) have a single (kinetic) energy B1

or
beta particles / decay have a (continuous) range of (kinetic) energies

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