BSMLS 1B

ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY RMT 2025

Professor Rosalia B. Cabalza

References: Lecture, Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry 9th Ed by Skoog et. al

Topic Outline Quantitative analytical measurements also play

a vital role in many research areas in chemistry,
I. The Nature of Analytical Chemistry
biochemistry, biology, geology, physics, and
II. Role of Analytical Chemistry the other sciences. For example, quantitative
III. Quantitative Analytical Methods measurements of potassium, calcium, and
IV. Quantitative Analysis sodium ions in the body fluids of animals permit
physiologists to study the role these ions play in
I. THE NATURE OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY nerve-signal conduction as well as muscle
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY contraction and relaxation.
→ is the science of obtaining, processing, and
communicating information about the composition
and structure of matter.
→ it studies and uses instruments and methods
used to separate, identify, and quantify matter.
→ is a measurement science consisting of a set of
powerful ideas and methods useful in all fields of
science, engineering, and medicine.

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
: establishes the chemical identity of the species in
the sample.
: it reveals the identity of the elements and
compounds in a sample.

QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
: determines the relative amounts of these species,
or analytes, in numerical terms.

ANALYTES
: are the components of a sample that are Chemistry is often called the central science; its
determined. top center position and the central position of
: the substance that is f the interest in the analysis analytical chemistry in the figure emphasizes its
: Examples of Analytes- amount of hemoglobin in importance. The interdisciplinary nature of
blood, the constituents of blood chemical analysis makes it a vital tool in
medical, industrial, government, and academic
A qualitative analysis is often an integral part of the laboratories throughout the world.
separation step and determining the identity of the
analytes is an essential adjunct to quantitative
III. QUANTITATIVE ANALYTICAL
analysis.
METHODS
II. THE ROLE OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY We compute the results of a typical quantitative
Analytical chemistry is applied throughout industry, analysis from two measurements.
medicine, and all the sciences. → One is the mass, or the volume of sample
→ The concentrations of oxygen and of carbon being analyzed.
dioxide are determined in millions of blood samples → The second measurement is of some
every day and used to diagnose and treat illnesses. quantity that is proportional to the amount of
→ Quantities of hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and analyte in the sample such as mass, volume,
carbon monoxide present in automobile exhaust intensity of light, or electrical charge.
gases are measured to determine the effectiveness This second measurement usually completes
of emission-control devices. the analysis, and we usually classify analytical
→ Quantitative measurements of ionized calcium in methods according to the nature of this final
blood serum help diagnose parathyroid disease in measurement.
humans.
→ Quantitative determination of nitrogen in foods GRAVIMETRIC METHOD
establishes their protein content and thus their → determine the mass of the analyte or some
nutritional value.
compound chemically related to it.

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VOLUMETRIC METHOD → In the final step, we evaluate the quality of
→ measure the volume of a solution containing the results and estimate their reliability.
sufficient reagent to react completely with the
analyte. CHOOSING A METHOD
→ The essential first step in any quantitative
ELECTROANALYTCAL METHOD analysis is the selection of a method.
→ measure the electrical properties such as → The choice is sometimes difficult and
potential, current, resistance and quantity of requires experience as well as intuition.
electrical charge. → One of the first question that must be
considered in the selection process is the level
SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS of accuracy required.
→ explore the interaction between → UNFORTUNATELY, HIG RELIABILTY
electromagnetic radiation and analyte atoms or NEARL ALWAYS REQUIRES A LARGE
molecules or the emission of radiation analytes. INVESTMENT OF TIME.
→ The selected method usually represents a
IV. QUNATITATIVE ANALYSIS compromise between the accuracy required
→ Quantitative analysis includes the sequence and the time and money available for the
of steps shown in the diagram. analysis.
→ A second consideration related to economic
factors is the number of samples that will be
analyzed.
→ Finally, the complexity of the sample always
influences the choice of method to some
degrees.

ACQUIRING THE SAMPLE

→ To produce meaningful information, an
analysis must be performed on a sample that
has the same composition as the bulk of the
material from which it was taken.

HETEROGENEOUS
→ if its constituent parts can be distinguished
visually or with the aid of a microscope.
Examples include coal, animal tissue, and soil.

ASSAY
→ the process of determining how much of a
given sample is the material by its indicated
name. For example, a zinc alloy is assayed for
its zinc content and its assay is a particular
numerical value.

SAMPLING
→ the process of collecting a small mass of
material whose composition accurately
represents the bulk of the material being
→ In some instances, one or more of these sampled.
steps can be omitted. • The collection of specimens from biological
→ For example, if the sample is already a source represents a second type of sampling
liquid, we can avoid the dissolution stage. problem.
→ In the measurement step, we measure one → The analyst must be sure that the laboratory
of the physical properties sample is a representative of the whole before
→ In the calculation step, we find the relative proceeding. Sampling is frequently the most
amount of analyte present in the samples. difficult step in analysis and the source of
greatest error.

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→ The final analytical result will be any more
reliable than the reliability of the sampling step.

PROCESSING THE SAMPLE

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