REMOTE CONTROLLED SOLAR POWERED

SEEDS SPRAYER MACHINE

A Practical Research Proposal Presented to the

Senior High School Department
Polangui General Comprehensive High School

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Senior High School

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
(STEM) Student

PRINCESS JAY S. JALLA

CHARLES JANDIE A. BANDOLA
JUAN PIERRE OCTAVO
KENT LAURENCE D. RAGUAL
SAMUEL C. SUMPAY

S.Y. 2024-2025
 1

Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM

Introduction

Agriculture is the practice of cultivating plants and livestock. Growing crops is one

of the activities through centuries. To increase efficiency of growing crops, tools were

developed to save time and effort in agriculture. From the activities through centuries. To

increase efficiency of growing crops, tools were developed to save time and effort in

agriculture. From the combination of tools and animals to modern machinery to fulfil the

growing food demand by huge population of human society. In the twentieth century,

industrial agriculture was developed to dominate agriculture output to society. The

technology of industrial agriculture includes the agriculture machinery, genetic

technology, and synthetic fertilizers. Till today, developing on agriculture machinery

continues to fulfil the future demand of the world.

Most common Traditional Methods in Agricultural technology are manual labor,

animal power, hand tools, and traditional Seed Plowing. These methods are often labor-

intensive and less efficient compared to modern technologies but have been the

foundational in agricultural practices for centuries. However, solar-powered seeds

sprayer machine offers a more sustainable and cost-effective solution in the long run,

aligning with environmental goals. In terms of Environmental Impact, Solar Power uses

renewable energy, producing no emissions or pollution, which is better for the

environment. While, Fuel-Powered burns fossil fuels, contributing to greenhouse gas

emissions and environmental pollution.

 2

Statement of the Problem

The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness and feasibility of using remote-

controlled, solar powered seeds sprayer in agricultural practices and to assess how these

innovations can improve the efficiency for seed distribution, reduce labor costs, and

minimize environmental impact compared to traditional methods.

1. In what ways do remote controlled solar powered seeds sprayer enhance the

sustainability of agricultural practices particularly in terms of:

a. reducing energy consumption and minimizing environmental impact

b. Affecting soil health and promoting environmental sustainability through the use of

solar powered seeds sprayer.

2.What are the long - term impacts of using solar powered seed sprayers on soil health

and environmental sustainability?

3.What are the key benefits of using solar power in the operation of remote-controlled

seed sprayers compared to traditional fuel powered of manually operated systems?

 3

Statement of the Hypothesis

Ho: There is no significant effect on using remote controlled, solar powered seeds

sprayer machine in agricultural practices in terms of the efficiency in seed distribution,

reduce labor costs, and minimize environmental impact compared to traditional methods.

Ho: There is no significant difference on using solar power in the operation of remote-

controlled seeds sprayer machine compared to traditional fuel powered of manually

operated systems.

Ha: There is a significant effect on using remote controlled, solar powered seeds sprayer

machine in agricultural practices in terms of the efficiency in seed distribution, reduce

labor costs, and minimize environmental impact compared to traditional methods.

Ha: There is a significant difference on using solar power in the operation of remote-

controlled seeds sprayer machine compared to traditional fuel powered of manually

operated systems.
 4

Scope and Delimitation

In the research study on the solar-powered remote-controlled seeds sprayer

machine, the scope encompasses the design, development, and evaluation of a novel

agricultural tool that integrates solar power and remote-control technology. The study

will specifically address the integration of solar panels for energy supply and assess the

performance of the remote-control system. It will detail the machine's design, including

its seed dispersal mechanisms, power management, and control systems, and will

evaluate its effectiveness through criteria such as seed dispersion accuracy, remote

control range, battery life, and solar energy efficiency. Testing will occur under various

agricultural conditions to gauge the machine’s performance in different environments and

include user feedback on ease of use and operational challenges.

The study’s delimitations include several key constraints. It will be conducted in

selected geographic areas, potentially limiting the applicability of findings to different

climates. The research will focus on a limited range of seed types and will not explore

alternative power sources or non-remote-controlled seeds sprayer. Additionally, the

economic aspects of production costs and market pricing, as well as long-term durability

and maintenance of the machine, will not be addressed. Regulatory compliance issues

and the impact of user demographics on the machine’s effectiveness will also be outside

the scope of this study. By defining these parameters, the research aims to provide a

focused and manageable investigation into the solar-powered seeds sprayer’s feasibility

and performance.
 5

Significance of the Study

This study was beneficial to the following:

Small Scale Farmers. They benefit from the efficiency and convenience of automated

seed planting, which can reduce labor costs and improve crop yields

Agricultural Workers. It can reduce their workload and exposure to chemicals, making

their jobs safer and more manageable.

Environment. Solar power and precise seed application reduce reliance on fossil fuels

and minimize environmental impact.

Researchers and Developers. They gain from advancements in agricultural technology

and potential for further innovations.

Rural Communities. Rural communities particularly in off-grid areas, can benefit from

solar powered technology that doesn’t rely on expensive or hard to access fuels.
 6

Definition of Terms

The following terms in Conceptual Definition are defined as used in the study.

Arduino- Open-source electronic prototyping platform

Arduino UNO- an open-source microcontroller board based on the microchip

ATmega328P microcontroller.

Chassis- A chassis is a skeleton of the fabricated object, which supports the object in its

construction and use.

DC Motor- type of electric machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical

energy.

HC 05- the HC-05 is a very cool module which can add two-way (full-duplex) wireless

functionality to your projects. You can use this module to communicate between two

microcontrollers like Arduino or communicate with any device with Bluetooth

functionality like a Phone or Laptop.

Seed Sprayer- A device designed to distribute seeds over a designated area to facilitate

planting.

Solar-Powered- Refers to a system that derives its energy from sunlight, using solar

panels to convert solar energy into electrical power.

Remote-Controlled- Pertains to the capability of a device to be operated from a distance

using wireless communication methods, such as radio signals or infrared.

 7

REFERENCES

Al-Talib, A. A., Xian, Y. C., Atiqa, A., & Abdullah, N. F. (2023). Solar Powered Seed
Sprayer Machine.ICAROB 2023 (alife-robotics.co.jp)
Gangadhar, P. S., Gorane, R. R., Labhade, S. S., Labhade, P. S., & sandip Jadhav, A.
Solar Powered Seeds Sprayer Machine Control by Mobile.19_Solar.pdf (ijarasem.com)
Singhal, K., Prajapati, G., & Saxena, V. (2018). Solar powered seed sowing machine.
International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, 13(6), 259-262.Solar-Powered-
Seed-Sowing-Machine.pdf (researchgate.net)Solar-Powered-Seed-Sowing-Machine.pdf
(researchgate.net)
Krishnan, R. S., Narayanan, K. L., Julie, E. G., Prashad, V. B., Marimuthu, K., &
Sundararajan, S. (2022, February). Solar Powered Mobile Controlled Agrobot. In 2022
Second International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Smart Energy (ICAIS)
(pp. 787-792). IEEE. Solar Powered Mobile Controlled Agrobot | IEEE Conference
Publication | IEEE Xplore
Nevonprojects, design-and-manufacturing-of-solar-powered-seed-sprayer-machine
(2012) Design and Manufacturing of Solar Powered Seed Sprayer Machine
(nevonprojects.com)
Whayne, J. (Ed.). (2024). The Oxford handbook of agricultural history. Oxford
University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190924164.001.0001
Gaia Sustainable Technology. (n.d.). About Gaia. Agaiatech. Retrieved September 2,
2024, from 蓋婭的永續技術 – AgriGaia (agaiatech.com)
Bathaei, A., & Štreimikienė, D. (2023). Sustainable development and environmental
policies. Sustainability, 15(19), 14307. Sustainability | Free Full-Text | Renewable
Energy and Sustainable Agriculture: Review of Indicators (mdpi.com)
 8

CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter includes the sources of ideas, finished research studies, conclusion,

methodologies, abstract and others. Those in this chapter help in familiarizing the

information that is relevant to the present study.

Related Literature

Maghirang, R. G., et. al. (2021). Organic agriculture has seen notable expansion

despite the global economic downturn and is increasingly recognized as a viable

alternative to conventional, chemical-based farming, evolving beyond its niche status.

However, doubts remain about its ability to meet global food demands. In the Philippines,

organic farming currently covers only 52,500 hectares. Nevertheless, government

backing for the sector strengthened significantly in 2010 with the passage of the “Organic

Agriculture Act of 2010” (RA 10068), which aims to promote and advance organic

farming in the country. The National Academy of Science and Technology, serving as a

science and technology policy advisory body, has since conducted discussions to assess

the state of organic agriculture in the Philippines. Leaders in the organic sector have

presented findings indicating that organic cultivation of rice and sugarcane can achieve

yields comparable to traditional methods, though further research and scientific support

are needed, particularly in livestock and poultry. One paper also addressed food safety
 9

issues rather than focusing solely on organic produce. Despite its growth, organic

agriculture in the Philippines has yet to reach its full potential, facing challenges such as

limited formal support throughout its supply chain, including input supply, production,

and research and development. Therefore, direct comparisons with conventional farming

might be misleading. While organic agriculture is widely seen as environmentally

sustainable, its financial and social/cultural sustainability remains less clear. There is a

hopeful outlook for the sector, but addressing the various agronomic, economic, and

cultural challenges requires substantial, long-term support from research institutions, a

robust extension system, and a dedicated public willing to share the costs associated with

organic farming, given its broad benefits.

R. Parthiban et. al. (2022) Recently, solar panels have become increasingly popular as

a non-conventional energy source for producing clean and green electricity. However, a

drawback is that photovoltaic efficiency decreases as ambient temperatures rise.

Specifically, energy production drops by 0.33% for each degree Celsius above Standard

Test Conditions (STC). This reduction in power output can mean that solar panels might

not generate enough electricity to meet energy needs. In certain cases, like with

standalone electric vehicles, adding extra solar panels to offset the reduced power output

may not be practical. Implementing cooling solutions can help mitigate this issue.

Various cooling techniques, categorized as active and passive methods, have been

developed. This article reviews methods for enhancing solar panel efficiency through

different cooling techniques and the integration of Thermoelectric Generators (TEGs)

with solar panels.

 10

Pulkit Kumar et. al. (2024) An electric car is a vehicle that operates using an

electric motor powered by energy stored in its batteries. The concept of electric vehicles

dates back further than many people realize, originating shortly after the development of

the first DC power motor. As innovation in electric vehicle systems continues to grow,

understanding the factors involved in selecting electric motors has become increasingly

important. Usage of electric motors varies among different manufacturers. The growing

environmental awareness and the depletion of non-renewable energy resources are

driving the need for more fuel-efficient yet comfortable vehicles. Consequently, different

types of electric motors are employed based on the required power output. This article

reviews and compares the most used electric motors over time, evaluating them on

efficiency, power density, reliability, and size.

Ogbeide, Joseph O. et. al (2023) A home automation system has been developed

using smartphone Bluetooth in conjunction with Arduino to control and switch home

appliances. This system aims to reduce stress for individuals who are physically

challenged, elderly, or young children by providing an easy means of controlling home

appliances and minimizing the risk of electrocution from manual control sources. With

this automated control setup, users can manage their electrical devices from distances

between 30 to 100 meters using their smartphones. The system features a four-channel

relay module, an Arduino Uno board (based on the ATmega328 microcontroller), an HC-

05 Bluetooth module, and a manual backup switch. The Arduino Uno board acts as the

central processing unit, connecting to all other components. Appliances or devices are
 11

connected to the Arduino Uno via the relay module. The Arduino board is programmed

using the Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) to control the circuit. A

Bluetooth controller app installed on the smartphone serves as the remote control,

facilitating communication between the phone and the Arduino-based control unit. The

Bluetooth module connected to the Arduino board receives signals and instructions from

the phone. Additionally, an LCD (liquid crystal display) provides information about the

circuit’s operational status. The automated control unit offers significant benefits in terms

of convenience, particularly for the elderly and physically challenged individuals, by

simplifying the management of home lighting and appliances and reducing the need for

physical movement.

Musa B. Ibrahim et. al (2016) A solar-powered standing DC fan is a compact and

portable fan designed for use in various rooms within homes or offices. It offers greater

convenience compared to other types of fans, such as kitchen exhaust, window, and

pedestal fans, due to its portability. This fan provides several benefits, including energy

conservation, removal of heat and unwanted fumes from indoor spaces, cooling a room,

and generating mechanical noise that can help mask distracting background sounds,

allowing individuals to concentrate better. The concept of a solar fan is particularly

advantageous in countries like Nigeria, which receive an average of 8 hours of sunlight

daily. In this study, a 30-watt, 3-blade standing fan was powered by a single 80-watt

photovoltaic (PV) module, providing 6 hours of continuous operation. The system

achieved a minimum efficiency of 85%, and the fan operates at a low torque of 0.95 Nm.

The fan blades spin at a tip speed of 500 rpm on a 100 mm diameter shaft. To ensure
 12

consistent operation at night and during periods of low sunlight, a 75Ah, 12V battery has

been identified as an appropriate energy storage solution.

Abdul Ali, A. W., et. al. (2020) AC servomotors are extensively used in industries to

manage both static and dynamic loads. The primary concerns with AC servomotors

include precise control of position, speed, and torque. Industries often require AC

servomotors to respond accurately under dynamic load conditions. Various control

techniques are available for managing AC servomotors in both static and dynamic

scenarios, each with its own advantages and limitations. While numerous studies have

explored the control of AC servomotors, there is still a lack of comprehensive reviews on

the subject. This paper examines, discusses, and compares most of the commercially

available control techniques for AC servomotors.

 13

Related Studies

Local

Cagasan, U., et. al. (2021). To evaluate the Philippines' potential for achieving

optimal productivity and income in crop production, it is essential to assess the status of

innovation strategies in this sector. The growing food demands driven by a rapidly

expanding population underscore the need for more efficient and safer food production

methods. Consequently, identifying and evaluating these innovative strategies in

Philippine crop production is crucial. This paper aims to: identify innovative strategies in

Philippine crop production, assess current technological advancements in the field, and

discuss the importance of these innovations and advancements. Key findings highlight

various smart farming innovations (SFI), and digital agriculture (DA) techniques

implemented by researchers. Notable advancements include the use of F1 seeds, solar-

powered irrigation systems, crop planning websites (such as the Farmers' Guide Map and

Agri-information support portal), and various developed applications (like Rice Crop

Manager, AgriDOC, and KROPS). These improvements have enhanced the efficient use

of water, fertilizers, and other agricultural inputs in an environmentally friendly manner,

boosting crop productivity while ensuring a safer environment for farmers and the

community. The paper concludes that these innovations and technological advancements

represent significant steps toward increasing the Philippines' food production capacity.

By maintaining proper management of these technologies, the country can achieve

 14

greater food security while promoting sustainability and minimizing environmental

impact.

Guno, C. S., et.al. (2022). Solar irrigation is a technology aimed at mitigating climate

change by reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in agriculture. Despite its

advantages, many small-scale farmers cannot afford photovoltaic (PV) systems and

continue to use traditional diesel-powered pumps for irrigation. This study evaluates the

social, economic, and environmental impacts of implementing solar irrigation systems

from the perspective of small-scale farmers in developing countries. Focusing on the

Philippines, the study found that solar irrigation offers significant environmental benefits,

including a reduction in GHG emissions of up to 26.5 tons CO2eq per hectare per year

and a decrease in air pollutants such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides,

and particulate matter. Energy savings ranged from 11.36 to 378.54 liters of diesel per

hectare annually, resulting in net present values ranging from -USD 1255 to USD 68,582

per hectare, with returns on investment between 30% and 2958%, averaging 315%. The

payback period varied from 0.3 to 30 years, with an average of 2.88 years. Although

awareness of environmental sustainability is low among farmers, 69% expressed interest

in investing in solar irrigation systems, while 26% were not interested due to minimal

fuel consumption and the inability to recover the high initial investment through cost

savings. The study offers policy recommendations to enhance the accessibility of solar

irrigation for small-scale farmers and provides broader implications for making the

agricultural sector more sustainable.

 15

Alcantara, A., et.al. (2022). The Philippines is progressing towards industrialization,

yet it remains agricultural, with much of its population living in rural areas and

depending on farming for their livelihoods. The agricultural sector contributes 9.28% of

the country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as of 2018. Despite its small share of the

GDP, agriculture employs 24.3% of the national workforce. However, the sector faces

significant challenges, including a noticeable decline in the number of farmers and

available resources. The number of farmers decreased from 12,030 in 2008 to 10,001 in

2018. Additionally, there are issues with resources such as land, capital, machinery,

seedlings, and farming methods. Farmlands have suffered from degradation due to

excessive use of inorganic compounds for weeding and fertilization, as well as soil

compaction from heavy farm equipment. This study aims to propose a more effective

land farming method that also takes an environmentally conservative approach. The

prototype developed is designed to assist farmers by making it easier to convert

uncultivated land into productive plantations, thus expanding the farmable area. The

prototype, which was custom-built with easily replaceable mechanical parts, has proven

capable of performing farming tasks even on compacted soil that has been unused for

years. However, the researcher suggests further design improvements and modifications

to enhance farming precision.

Sanchez, P. R., et.al. (2022). In recent years, machine vision systems (MVS) using

convolutional neural networks (CNN) for precision spraying have been extensively

explored due to their effectiveness in plant detection. However, the high computational

demands of CNNs have hindered their implementation in field operations, particularly in

 16

unstructured environments like broadcast-seeded fields. In this study, we developed a

modular precision sprayer that distributes the heavy computational load of CNN across

multiple parallel, low-cost, and low-power vision computing devices. The sprayer

employed a custom precision spraying algorithm based on SSD-MobileNetV1, running

on a Jetson Nano 4 GB. This setup achieved a 76% mean Average Precision (mAP) at 19

frames per second (fps) for detecting weeds and soybeans in broadcast-seeded fields.

Additionally, the sprayer effectively targeted all weed samples and reduced spray volume

by up to 48.89%, while operating at a typical walking speed of up to 3.0 km/h, which is

three times faster than comparable systems with similar targeting performance. These

results show that CNN-based precision spraying can be highly accurate and efficient in

complex broadcast-seeded fields, even with modular and less expensive computational

hardware.

Rara Garcia, (2019). This document outlines the design of a solar-powered seed

sowing machine. It highlights the significance of agriculture in the Philippines, which is

labor-intensive and often involves significant manual effort. The introduction of a solar-

powered machine aims to automate the seed sowing process, thereby reducing labor costs

and minimizing pollution associated with traditional machinery. The study aims to review

current seed sowing machines, develop a solar-powered model, and test it in real farm

settings. The goal is to provide farmers with a cost-effective and efficient sowing

solution.
 17

Foreign

Al-Talib, A. A., et. al (2023). This project's primary goal is to build a fully

operational seed sprayer that runs entirely on solar power. It should be possible for the

solar seed sprayer machine to spray various kinds of vegetable seeds. The machine's

coverage area and the volume of seed sprayed over time have been used to further

analyze the performance. The machine gets its power from solar energy. The machine is

remotely controlled via wireless connectivity, and 3D printing technology helps to

fabricate necessary parts. There are four primary systems that make up the solar seed

sprayer device that is being studied. The systems include the impeller spreader, seed

storage dispenser, solar charging system, and remote driving system. Various trials have

been carried out to evaluate the machine's performance. The machine's ability to disperse

diverse seed varieties with varying sizes and shapes serves as a barometer of its

performance. The machine's coverage area has also been used to measure the spread seed

count.
 18

Majumdar, R., et. al. (2020). In the farming process, often used conventional

seeding operation takes more time and more labor. The seed feed rate is more but the

time required for the total operation is more and the total cost is increased due to labor

and hiring of equipment. The conventional seed sowing machine is less efficient, and

time consuming. Today’s era is marching towards the rapid growth of all sectors

including the agricultural sector. To meet the future food demands, the farmers have to

implement new techniques which will not affect the soil texture but will increase the

overall crop production. Agriculture in India has a significant history. Today, India ranks

second worldwide in farm output. Still, agriculture is demographically the broadest

economic sector and plays a significant role in the overall socio-economic fabric of India.

Vitkar, O. V., et. al. (2021). In Agriculture, robots have many applications. Now a

day’s robots are used to decrease the efforts of human beings. These robots help to

increase efficiency. Agriculture in India has a significant history. Today, India ranks

second worldwide in farm output. Still, agriculture is demographically the broadest

economic sector and plays a significant role in the overall socio-economic fabric of India.

In the farming process, more laborers are required to sow the seeds. The seed feed rate is

more but the time required for the total operation is more and the total cost is increased

due to labor. The conventional seed sowing machine is less efficient, and time

consuming. Today’s era is marching towards the rapid growth of all sectors including the

agricultural sector. To meet the future food demands, the farmers have to implement new

techniques which will not affect the soil texture but will increase the overall crop

production. The main aim of our project is to design and manufacture Machine to sow the

seeds automatically so that the time required will be reduced and efficiency will be
 19

increased. The 3 D model will be drawn with the help of CATIA software. All the

components will be manufactured and then assembled. After making the assembly, the

experimental testing will be carried out. After the testing, the result and conclusion will

be carried out.

Gangadhar, P. S., et. al. (2024). Today’s era is marching towards the rapid growth of

all sectors including the agricultural sector. To meet the future food demands, the farmers

must implement new techniques which will not affect the soil texture but will increase the

overall crop production. The aim of this project is to design and develop a solar powered

remote controlled seed sowing machine with sprayer. The seed sewing machine is a key

component of the agricultural field. This power is then transmitted to the DC motor to

drive the wheels. And to further reduction of labor dependency, IR sensors are used to

maneuver robot in the field. Here 4 post sensors are used to define the territory, and robot

senses the track length and pitch for movement from line to line. This paper represents a

machine which can carry out various farming activities simultaneously. Air and Noise

Pollution are caused by the combustion of fossil fuels in IC Engines and External

Combustion Engines. To negate these problems, this machine uses Solar Energy as an

eco-friendly energy resource. Solar Panel is used to convert solar energy into electrical

energy and a DC Motor converts this electrical energy into mechanical energy to rotate a

cutter for digging operation. Seed Hopper and Water Tank are used for seed sowing and

irrigation operations respectively. This machine maintains seed to seed spacing and row

to row spacing. It also decreases the cost of sowing the seeds and the requirement of

labor.
 20

Singhal, K., et. al. (2018). Agriculture Sector is the backbone of Indian Economy.

There is a need for improvement in the agriculture sector, which can be achieved by

using advanced technological methods for farming processes like digging, sowing and

irrigation etc. Mechanization reduces labor cost and improves the overall productivity

without affecting the quality of soil. This paper represents a machine which can carry out

various farming activities simultaneously. Air and Noise Pollution are caused by the

combustion of fossil fuels in IC Engines and External Combustion Engines. To negate

these problems, this machine uses Solar Energy as an eco-friendly energy resource. Solar

Panel is used to convert solar energy into electrical energy and a DC Motor converts this

electrical energy into mechanical energy to rotate a cutter for digging operation. Seed

Hopper and Water Tank are used for seed sowing and irrigation operations respectively.

This machine maintains seed to seed spacing and row to row spacing. It also decreases

the cost of sowing the seeds and the requirement of labor.

Conceptual Framework
 21

This section will show a deeper understanding on the

objectives for this study. Hence, the conceptual

PROCESS
paradigm is discussed. The researcher used the IPO

model (Input-Process-Output ⮚ Planning of the Model).

Device

⮚ Construction of

the Device

⮚ Programming

of Device

⮚ Testing and

Calibration of

Device

OUTPUT

⮚ Remote

Controlled,

Solar Powered

Seeds Sprayer

Machine
 22

Figure 1.0 Conceptual Paradigm

INPUT

In the study of the solar powered seeds sprayer machine, various essential

components were utilized to ensure optimal functionality and efficiency. The battery

powers the system, storing energy generated by the solar panel for continuous operation.

The DC motor drives the wheels, enabling movement, while the air blower assists in

distributing the seeds effectively. A servo motor controls the precision of seeds spraying.

The system is managed through an Arduino UNO microcontroller, with wireless

communication facilitated by the HC-05 Bluetooth module for remote operation. The

machine is constructed with aluminum steel for durability and lightness, featuring a

hopper to hold seeds and distribute them evenly. Wheels provide mobility, making the

machine versatile across various terrains.

PROCESS

The solar-powerd seeds sprayer machine starts by collecting energy through the solar

panel, which charge the battery. The battery. The Arduino UNO microcontroller,

receiving signals from the HC-05 Blueotooth module,controls the machine’s functions

remotely. The DC motor powers the wheels,moving the machine forward. As it moves,

the servo motor adjusts the hopper to release seeds. Simultaneously, the air blower

ensures that the seeds are spread evenly over the desired area. The sturdy aluminum steel

frame supports the machine throughout its operation, making it lightweight yet durable

for long-term use.

OUTPUT
 23

The machine efficiently sprays seeds across the targeted field in a precise, uniform

manner, using solar power for sustainable operation. The remote-controlled system

allows for easy navigation, ensuring that seeds are distributed evenly, reducing human

labor, and optimizing agricultural productivity.

The figure shown in figure 1.0 is the conceptual paradigm of the remote controlled,

solar powered seed sprayer machine. Consisting of 4 steps in constructing the device. The

input tells what the researcher should do in the study. The process will include the

planning, constructing, programming and testing and calibration of the device. It is the

conceptual framework that explains how a researcher considers knowledge development

as it moves from simple ideas to ideas that can be used and assist those who are able to

meet needs. During the construction of the device may encounter conflicts in the

programming, materials, etc. The Output is what the researchers wants to develop.
 24

Synthesis of the State of the Art

The automated seeds sprayer is an innovative agricultural device designed to

streamline and enhance the process of planting seeds over large areas. Gangadhar, P. S.,

et. al. To meet the future food demands, the farmers must implement the new techniques

which will not affect the soil texture but will increase the overall crop production.

Majumdar, R., et. al. (2020). In the farming process, often used conventional seeding

operation takes more time and more labor. The seed feed rate is more but the time

required for the total operation is more and the total cost is increased due to labor and

hiring of equipment. The Conventional seed sowing machine is less efficient and time

consuming.

But due to the review of related literature and studies it helps and gives a lot of

ideas how to make farming easier and do less job. This also reduces the need for manual

labor, saving time and costs. The art around automated seed sprayers continues to evolve,

with focus areas including enhancing energy efficiency as these machines often rely on

battery power or renewable energy sources like solar power. The automated seed sprayer

represents the convergence of agricultural technology, robotics, and data science, offering

a more efficient and environmentally friendly approach to modern farming.

 25

Gap Bridged by the Study

The advancement of agricultural technology is crucial for enhancing efficiency and

sustainability in farming practices. One innovative development in this field is the

"remote-controlled solar-powered seeds sprayer machine." This technology addresses

several critical challenges faced by modern agriculture, including the need for

automation, reduced reliance on non-renewable energy, and the reduction of manual

labor. By integrating remote control capabilities with solar power, this machine not only

streamlines the seed application process but also promotes environmental sustainability.

This introduction explores the significance of such a device in bridging the gaps between

traditional farming methods and the future of agricultural technology. Many small and

medium-sized farms lack automated solutions for planting and maintaining crops

efficiently also traditional seed sprayers rely on fossil fuels or electricity, which might not

be accessible or environmentally friendly.

This study introduces a remote-controlled seed sprayer, which automates the seeding

process, reducing the need for manual labor and increasing efficiency. By using solar

energy, the machine reduces dependency on fossil fuels and minimizes the environmental

impact of farming operations. The remote-controlled functionality bridges the gap

between manual farming techniques and modern automated systems. It also promotes

Renewable Energy using solar power which addresses the gap in sustainable energy

solutions for agricultural machinery.

 26

REFERENCES

Maghirang, R. G., De La Cruz, R., & Villareal, R. L. (2011). How sustainable is organic
agriculture in the Philippines. Trans Nat Acad Sci & Tec (Philippines), 33(2), 289-321.
NAST Trans 2011 Vol 33 Issue No. 2.pdf (dost.gov.ph)

Parthiban, R., & Ponnambalam, P. (2022). An enhancement of solar panel efficiency: a

comprehensive review. Frontiers in Energy Research, 10, 937155.
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenrg.2022.937155/full

P. Kumar, H. K. Channi and H. Singh, (2024). A Comprehensive Review of Electrical

Motors for Electric Mobility, pp. 130-135.
A Comprehensive Review of Electrical Motors for Electric Mobility | IEEE Conference
Publication | IEEE Xplore

Ogbeide and Oluyide, (2023). Implementation of an automated control system for home
appliances using bluetooth and smart phone. Mountain Top University Journal of Applied
Science and Technology (MUJAST) 3(2) 1-9.
1712569073_Ogbeide and Oluyide 2023 paper 1.pdf (mtu.edu.ng)

Musa B. Ibrahim, Auwal Mohammed, Haruna Abubakar (2016). Development of a Solar

Powered Standing Dc Fan Using Three Phase. Volume-5, Issue-12, pp-148-154
R05120148154 (3).pdf

Ali, A. W. A., Razak, F. A. A., & Hayima, N. (2020). A review of the AC servo motor
control systems. ELEKTRIKA-Journal of Electrical Engineering, 19(2), 22-39.
A Review on The AC Servo Motor Control Systems | ELEKTRIKA- Journal of Electrical
Engineering (utm.my)

Al-Talib, A. A., Xian, Y. C., Atiqa, A., & Abdullah, N. F. (2023). Solar Powered Seed
SprayerMachine.https://aliferobotics.co.jp/members2023/icarob/data/html/data/OS/
OS27/OS27-1.pdf
 27

Majumdar, R., Date, A., Dhoble, S., Patle, V., Sheikh, T., & Dhakate, P. (2020).
Agriculture Machine of Seed Sower, Weeder and Water Sprayer. International Journal of
Research in Engineering, Science and Management, 3(11), 53-54.
https://journal.ijresm.com/index.php/ijresm/article/view/373

Vitkar, O. V., Shinde, M. R., Rajput, R. R., Shelke, D. S., & Gaikwad, S. T. Design &
Fabrication of Seed Sowing Machine with Water Sprayer.
https://www.academia.edu/download/78877396/20_research_NC.pdf

Gangadhar, P. S., Gorane, R. R., Labhade, S. S., Labhade, P. S., & sandip Jadhav, A.
Solar Powered Seeds Sprayer Machine Control by Mobile.
https://ijarasem.com/admin/img/19_Solar.pdf

Singhal, K., Prajapati, G., & Saxena, V. (2018). Solar powered seed sowing machine.
International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, 13(6), 259-262.
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Vipul-Saxena
4/publication/342656182_Solar_Powered_Seed_Sowing_Machine/links/5efebc32299bf1
8816fcdf92/Solar-Powered-Seed-Sowing-Machine.pdf

Cagasan, U., & Dogello, J. (2021). a review on the status of crop production innovations
of the Philippines. Eurasian Journal of Agricultural Research, 5(2), 130-136. Eurasian
Journal of Agricultural Research » Submission » A Review on the Status of Crop
Production Innovations of the Philippines (dergipark.org.tr)

Guno, C. S., & Agaton, C. B. (2022). Socio-economic and environmental analyses of

solar irrigation systems for sustainable agricultural production. Sustainability, 14(11),
6834. https://www.mdpi.com/authors/english

Alcantara, A., & Magwili, G. V. (2022, December). CROPBot: Customized Rigid

Organic Plantation Robot. In 2022 International Conference on Emerging Technologies
in Electronics, Computing and Communication (ICETECC) (pp. 1-7). IEEE. CROPBot:
Customized Rigid Organic Plantation Robot | IEEE Conference Publication | IEEE
Xplore

Sanchez, P. R., & Zhang, H. (2022). Evaluation of a CNN-Based Modular Precision

Sprayer in Broadcast-Seeded Field. Sensors, 22(24), 9723. Sensors | Free Full-Text |
Evaluation of a CNN-Based Modular Precision Sprayer in Broadcast-Seeded Field
(mdpi.com)
 28

Rara Garcia, (2019). Solar powered seed sowing machine.pptx, pp. 1-7. Solar Powered
Seed Sowing Machine | PDF | Sowing | Agriculture (scribd.com)

Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

Research Design

This study will use the experimental method of research in determining the

effectiveness and feasibility of the Remote Controlled, Solar Powered Seeds Sprayer

Machine. The researchers aim to minimize the need for manual planting, to lower the

labor costs and to promote sustainability farming practices by using renewable energy.

Collection and Preparation of Materials

To construct the Remote Controlled, Solar Powered Seed Sprayer Machine,

the following materials were purchased by the researcher online. The rest of the needed

materials were bought in hardware store in Polangui, Albay.

Table 1. Materials needed in constructing the Machine.

Item description Quantity

Hopper 1 pc

Solar Panel 1 pc
 29

DC Motor 4 pcs

Wheels 4 pcs

Arduino Uno 1 pc

HC-05 Bluetooth Module 1 pc

Battery 1 pc (12V)

Servo motors 1 pc

Vehicle Body (Chassis) 1 pc

DC Fan 1pc

Table 2.

Solar Panel DC Motor

Hopper
 30

Wheels

Arduino Uno
HC-05 Bluetooth Module

Battery Servo Motors

DC Fan

Construction of the Machine

The researchers decided on constructing an innovative remote controlled, seed

sprayer machine named, A.G.R.O.B.O.T that is designed to use in agricultural practices

to lessen the burden of the user in sowing the seeds. In this machine a solar panel is used

to consume solar energy, and this energy is converted into electrical energy. The
 31

electrical energy is stored inside a 12V battery of capacity 9 Amp Hour, which then gives

the necessary power to a DC motor. This power is then transmitted to the Arduino Uno.

The basic objective of sowing operation is to out the seeds in rows at desired depth to

maintain seed to seed spacing and to cover the seeds with soil and provide proper

compaction over the seed.

Figure 2. Proposed design of the Machine

Frame Structure of the Machine

The skeletal frame of the Remote Controlled, Solar Powered Seed Sprayer Machine

is comprised of two 30cm length and 25 cm with using aluminum steel. At the back there
 32

is also a supporting aluminum steel with a height of 22cm on the other hand, at the

forefront of the machine is also supported of the aluminum steel with a height of

25cm.The four DC Motored Wheels are attached to the chassis of the machine fixated by

adhesive for it to be study and mobile on any terrain.

Technical Flow Chart

Once the machine is switched on, the robot remains in standby mode for at least one

minute to complete its component initialization. During this time, all internal systems and

sensors are calibrated to ensure optimal performance. After this initialization period, the

user needs to connect their device to the robot’s HC-05 Bluetooth module. This

connection allows the user to control the robot's movements remotely. To establish this

connection, the user must activate Bluetooth on their device and pair it with the robot’s

module, which may involve entering a passcode. Once paired, the robot’s movements are

governed by the commands sent from the connected device. The robot will respond in

real-time to the user’s inputs, enabling precise control and operation. If the robot starts to

advance using the remote control, the DC blower will also start to work, using the energy

produced by the solar panel. When the DC blower starts to work, it will blow air directly

to the hopper where the seed is automatically dropped. Once the hopper is empty, you

need to refill it by controlling the robot back.

The figure below shows the technical flowchart on how the prototype of

Remote Controlled, Solar Powered Seed Sprayer Machine works.

System Start
 33

Initialization of Arduino Uno and other electronics

Connection of Mobile devices HC-05

Bluetooth to the Robot

Motor Activation
Blower and Hopper Wheel driving
Mechanism

Robots start to advance using a remote control

NO YES
Close Hopper Open Hopper

Air blower operation

Monitoring and Adjustment

Direction Change
Speed

Figure 3. Technical flowchart of the Remote Controlled, Solar Powered Seed Sprayer

Machine.

Remote Controlling Application

A mobile app has been developed to control the robot's movements using an HC-05

Bluetooth module. The app allows users to send specific commands, and the robot

responds accordingly in real-time. Designed with a user-friendly interface, the app

ensures easy navigation and control. Once connected via Bluetooth, users can operate the
 34

robot seamlessly through the app. This application is available for download online,

offering a simple and convenient way to manage the robot’s movements remotely from

any smartphone or tablet.

Figure 4. Remote Control System

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

Functionality of the Machine

To test the machine's functionality and performance, the researchers will conduct test

on the efficiency of seed distributions in different type of seeds.

Seed Sowing Capability

To test the machine's seeds sowing capability, the researcher will be testing different

variety of seeds, dry chili seed (Capsicum annuum), watermelon seed (Citrullus lanatus)

okra seed (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) pechay seed (Brassica rapa L. Cv) and eggplant

seed (Solanum melongena) to test the effectiveness of seed distribution. First the seed
 35

distribution would be manually and second is it will be planted using the remote

controlled, solar powered seed sprayer machine to determine the significant difference

between the two. The researchers will also record the time spent in distributing the seeds.

Table 3. Data table for Manual Seed Sowing

Variety of Seeds Efficiency of Seed

Distribution
Row Spacing Time Spent

1.Dry Chili
(Capsicum
annuum)

2.Watermelon

(Citrullus lanatus)

3.Okra
(Abelmoschus
esculentus l.)

4.Pechay

(Brassica rapa l
cy.)

5.Eggplant

(Solanum
melongena)

Table 4. Data table for using Remote Controlled, Solar Powered Seed Sprayer

Variety of Seeds Efficiency of Seed Row Spacing Time Spent

 36

Distribution

1.Dry Chili
(Capsicum annuum)

2.Watermelon

(Citrullus lanatus)

3.Okra
(Abelmoschus
esculentus l.)

4.Pechay

(Brassica rapa l cy.)

5.Eggplant

(Solanum
melongena)

The data gathered here will also be useful in determining the significant difference

between the Manual Seed Sowing and the Remote Controlled, Solar Powered Seed

Machine in terms of the efficiency in seed distribution.

Machine’s Remote Response

To test the machine’s response and range to its remote, the researchers will tally

the delay of instructions from the remote control and its range connectivity at every

distance until the machine is connected.

Table 5. Data table for Machine’s Remote Response

Distance (m) Connectivity Status Delay Response (s)
 37

1m

2m

Acceptability of the Machine

To evaluate the machine's acceptability and performance, the researchers will use

purposive random sampling to select 15 respondents (small scale farmer's), and the

survey will be done using:

9-Point Likert Scale:

9-Highly Acceptable

8-Acceptable

7-Mostly Acceptable

6-Slightly Acceptable

5-Neutral

4-Slightly Unacceptable

3-Mostly Unacceptable

2-Unacceptable

1-Strongly Unacceptable
 38

Table 6. Performance Evaluation Table

Metric Statement Rating Average Acceptability

Rating
(1-9) Criteria

Spraying The machine

distributes
Efficiency
seeds evenly.

Battery Life The machine

operates for a
sufficient
duration on a
single charge.

Remote The remote

Control Range control
effectively
operates over
long distances.

Table 7. User Satisfaction Table

Aspect Statement Rating Average Acceptability
Rating
(1-9) Criteria

Ease of Use The machine is

easy to operate.

Maintenance Maintaining the

Requirements machine is
straightforward
.

Effectiveness The machine

in Planting effectively
plants seed as
 39

intended.

Table 8. Cost-Benefit Perception Table

Aspect Statement Rating Average Acceptability
Rating
(1-9) Criteria

Initial The initial cost

Purchase Cost of the machine
is reasonable.

Operational Ongoing
Costs maintenance
and operational
costs are
justified by the
benefits.

Overall Value The machine

for Money offers good
value for its
price.

Legend (Data Interpretation of Scalar Acceptability)

(1-3) = Strongly Unacceptable to Mostly Unacceptable

(4-5) = Strongly Unacceptable to Neutral

(6-7) = Slightly Acceptable to Mostly Acceptable

(8-9) = Acceptable to Highly Acceptable

 40

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

The researcher’s will use the weighted mean in determining the functionality of the

Remote Controlled, Solar Powered Seed Sprayer Machine in terms of Seed Sowing

Capability and the Machine’s Remote Response, as well as its acceptability in terms of its

Performance Evaluation, User-Satisfaction and Cost-Benefit Perception.

The formula used follows:

x̄ = ∑
❑
fX
❑

x̄ = Weighted Mean

n= Number of Samples

x= Ratings of the Panelists

f= Frequency
 41

The researchers will use t-test for independent samples in determining the

significant difference between manual seed sowing and seed sowing using the remote

controlled, solar powered seed sprayer machine.

The formula for t-test is:

x̄ 1−x̄ 2
t= S
. √❑