Family welfare programme

Learning objective
• 1- Define demography and enlist the sources of demographic
statistics in India.
• 2- Describe the demographic cycle & define life expectancy.
• 3- Define family planning, eligible couple and target couple. Enlist &
explain the objectives of family planning.
• 4- Explain the problems of population explosion and describe national
population policy.
• 5- Classify and describe the Contraceptive methods (Fertility
Regulating Methods).
Family Welfare Programme
Family Welfare Programs in India aim to improve the overall health
and well-being of families by
controlling population growth,
promoting reproductive health,
and ensuring child and maternal health.
 Definition of Demography and Sources of
Demographic Statistics in India
Definition of Demography:
• Demography is the statistical study of human populations, including their size,
distribution, structure, and changes over time due to births, deaths, migration,
and aging.
• It provides insights into population trends, fertility rates, mortality rates, and
population growth, which are essential for planning healthcare and welfare
policies.
•Size is about how many people are in a population.
•Distribution is about where they are located.
•Structure is about who makes up the population in terms of age,
gender, and other demographics
 Sources of Demographic Statistics in India:
1. Census of India:
Conducted every 10 years, it provides comprehensive data on population
size, distribution, and various demographic indicators like literacy, sex
ratio, and occupational patterns.
2. Civil Registration System (CRS):
Records vital statistics such as births, deaths, and marriages. It is an
essential source for tracking life events.
3. Sample Registration System (SRS):
Provides reliable estimates of birth and death rates, infant mortality rates,
and fertility rates. It complements the census and CRS data.
4. National Family Health Survey (NFHS):
A large-scale survey that provides data on health, nutrition, family
planning, and fertility.
5. National Sample Survey (NSS):
Conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO), it collects data
on employment, fertility, and other demographic aspects.
6. District Level Household Survey (DLHS):
Gathers health and demographic data at the district level to assist in
the planning and evaluation of various health programs.
The Demographic Cycle and Definition of Life
Expectancy
Demographic Cycle:
The demographic cycle refers to the changes in a country’s population
structure over time. It consists of five distinct stages:
1. High Stationary Stage: Characterized by high birth rates and high
death rates, -resulting in a relatively stable population.
2. Early Expanding Stage:
High birth rates but declining death rates due to better healthcare
and sanitation,- resulting in rapid population growth.
3. Late Expanding Stage:
Birth rates start to decline, but the death rates continue to fall. The
population growth rate slows down.
4. Low Stationary Stage:
Both birth and death rates are low, leading to a stable and slow-growing
population.
5. Declining Stage:
Birth rates drop below death rates, leading to a decline in population size.
• India:
Stage: Late Expanding Stage.
India has seen declining birth and death rates due to economic development,
healthcare improvements, and family planning. However, the birth rate is still
relatively high, leading to moderate population growth.
Definition of Life Expectancy:
Life expectancy is the average number of years a person is expected to
live, based on current mortality rates. It is a key indicator of a country’s
overall health and living conditions.
Family Planning, Eligible Couple, and Target
Couple
Definition of Family Planning:
Family Planning refers to the practice of controlling the number and
spacing of children through the use of contraceptive methods.
It aims to ensure that pregnancies are wanted, timed appropriately,
and spaced for the health of the mother and child.
Eligible Couple:
Eligible Couple refers to a married couple where the woman is in the
reproductive age group (15–49 years) and is eligible for family planning
services.
Target Couple:
Target Couple is a term used for couples who have two or more living
children, especially if they are still in the reproductive age group. They
are targeted for family planning counseling to limit the size of their
families.
Objectives of Family Planning:
1. Reduce Fertility Rates:
Control the birth rate to stabilize the population.
2. Prevent Unwanted Pregnancies:
Provide access to contraception to prevent unintended pregnancies.
3. Promote Maternal and Child Health:
Ensure better spacing between pregnancies to reduce maternal and
infant mortality rates.
4. Improve Reproductive Health:
Provide education and services for safe sex practices, reducing the
incidence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
5. Empowerment of Women:
Empower women to make informed decisions about reproduction
and family size.
Problems of Population Explosion and
National Population Policy
• Problems of Population Explosion:
1. Resource Scarcity: Overpopulation strains natural resources
like water, food, and energy.
2. Unemployment: An increasing population leads to insufficient
jobs, contributing to unemployment and underemployment.
3. Poverty: Population growth exacerbates poverty, as the
resources are insufficient to meet basic needs.
4. Environmental Degradation: Overpopulation leads to
deforestation, loss of biodiversity, and environmental pollution.
5. Healthcare Burden: A large population puts pressure on
healthcare systems, leading to inadequate services for the
masses.
National Population Policy (2000):
• The National Population Policy (NPP) 2000 was formulated to address the
challenges of population growth. Its key objectives include:
1. Immediate Objective:
Address unmet needs for contraception, healthcare infrastructure, and health
personnel.
2. Medium-Term Objective:
Bring the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) to replacement levels by 2010.
3. Long-Term Objective:
Achieve a stable population by 2045, in line with sustainable development
goals.
Key strategies of the NPP include delaying marriage age, spacing between
births, family planning counseling, and female empowerment.
Contraceptive Methods (Fertility Regulating
Methods)
Contraceptive methods are categorized into temporary and permanent
methods, with an additional focus on natural methods.
1. Natural Methods:
• Coitus Interruptus (Withdrawal): Withdrawal before ejaculation.
• Fertility Awareness-Based Methods: Tracking ovulation cycles to avoid
intercourse during fertile periods.
• Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM): Breastfeeding to delay the return of
fertility after childbirth.
2. Barrier Methods:
• Condoms (Male and Female): Prevent sperm from entering the female
reproductive tract.
• Diaphragms and Cervical Caps: Placed over the cervix to block sperm entry.
3. Hormonal Methods:
• Oral Contraceptive Pills (OCPs): Pills containing hormones (estrogen
and progesterone) that prevent ovulation.
• Injectable Contraceptives: Hormonal injections like Depo-Provera
that provide long-term contraception.
• Implants: Small rods placed under the skin that release hormones
over time.
• Emergency Contraceptive Pills (ECPs): Pills taken after unprotected
intercourse to prevent pregnancy.
4. Intrauterine Devices (IUDs):
• Copper IUDs: A T-shaped device placed in the uterus to prevent sperm from
fertilizing the egg.
• Hormonal IUDs: Release hormones to thicken cervical mucus and prevent
pregnancy.
5. Permanent Methods:
• Tubectomy (Female Sterilization): Surgical procedure to block or cut the
fallopian tubes, preventing eggs from reaching the uterus.
• Vasectomy (Male Sterilization): Surgical procedure to cut or block the vas
deferens, preventing the release of sperm.
6. Newer Methods:
• Contraceptive Patches: Skin patches that release hormones to prevent
pregnancy.
• Vaginal Rings: Flexible rings placed inside the vagina that release hormones to
prevent ovulation.
Questions?

Thank you