Examining the relationship between Cigarette Smoking and Academic Performance
among SMAW Senior High Students
In partial fulfillment for the subject Practical Research 2 (Quantitative Research) of Grade 12
Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) Students
Bagasbas Emmanuel
Balleros Boyet
Baylan John Stephen G.
Cabato Brenchar
Imalay Glenn
Itchon Rhenier Steve
Lingatong Moniel
Epis Lawrence
Tabaranza Joseph Glin Brian M.
November 2024
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Background of the study
Cigarette smoking remains a prominent health issue worldwide, particularly among
adolescents, where it poses significant physical and psychological risks. The habit of smoking
during the teenage years often affects various aspects of young people's lives, including their
academic performance, social interactions, and overall well-being. In the academic setting,
senior high school students who engage in cigarette smoking may face unique challenges,
especially in vocational fields like Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW), where focus,
discipline, and physical health are essential for success.
Academic performance among students is influenced by various factors, including
lifestyle choices, social environments, and personal habits. Smoking, as a lifestyle habit, has
been associated with reduced cognitive abilities, lower concentration levels, and decreased
motivation, all of which could impact academic outcomes. For SMAW students, the physical
demands of the field may amplify these effects, making it essential to understand how smoking
might influence their academic progress, skills acquisition, and overall potential.
Alqahtani et al. (2023) states that the significant relationship between cigarettes where
noted that higher cigarettes smoked per a day impacted the GPA, absent days and number of
academic warnings.
Mamun, et al. (2024) States that the Educational institutions, public health authorities,
and policymakers must implement mental health support and substance use prevention programs
for students. Integrating mental health education, providing resources, and enforcing regulations
can promote healthier coping strategies and reduce substance use risks among students.
Statement of the problem
The purpose of this study is to investigate the connection between senior high school
students participating in shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) programs and their academic
achievement in relation to cigarette smoking. The study specifically aims to respond to the
following queries.
1. Demographic Profile
1.1 Age;
1.2 Gender; and
1.3 Address
2. What is the prevalence of cigarette smoking among SMAW senior high students?
3. How does cigarette smoking correlate with the academic performance of SMAW
senior high students?
4. What interventions or support systems could be implemented to address cigarette
smoking among SMAW students and improve their academic performance?
5. Does the level of cigarette smoking (e.g., occasional vs. habitual smoking) have a
differentiated effect on academic performance?
Significance of the study
The significance of this study on the relationship between cigarette smoking and
academic performance among SMAW (Shielded Metal Arc Welding) senior high students is
multi-faceted, impacting students, educators, policymakers, and health practitioners. Here are
some key points of significance:
Student. By understanding the impact of smoking on academic performance, the study
highlights potential health and cognitive risks associated with smoking in adolescents. This
information can be used to develop targeted health education and smoking prevention programs
within schools, promoting healthier choices and overall well-being among students.
Academic Outcomes. Insights from this study can help educators and administrators
recognize smoking as a factor influencing academic performance. With this knowledge, schools
can implement supportive measures for students who smoke, potentially improving their
academic outcomes through intervention programs aimed at reducing smoking and improving
study habits.
School Policies and Support Services. The findings could lead to the development of
school policies that discourage smoking among students and offer support services for those
struggling with smoking. By addressing smoking behaviors, schools may create a more focused,
health-oriented academic environment that benefits all students.
Supporting Vocational Training Success. Since SMAW is a physically demanding field
requiring concentration and skill, understanding the impact of smoking on SMAW students is
particularly relevant. If smoking is shown to impair performance, interventions can be put in
place to support these students in meeting the demands of their training and future careers.
Guiding Future Research. This study contributes to the body of research examining lifestyle
factors that affect academic performance in high school students. It can serve as a basis for future
studies exploring the effects of smoking on vocational students in other fields, as well as in
different academic contexts.
Community and Public Health Implications. Finally, by highlighting the connection between
smoking and academic performance, this study may encourage community and public health
initiatives aimed at reducing teenage smoking. Local health agencies could use this information
to design outreach programs specifically targeting high school students in vocational tracks,
ultimately benefiting both individual students and society. Students. To aware the students the
negative impact of smoking cigarettes to their school activity and their studies, that can help
students to prevent smoking and have a bitter future to their academic.
Parents and families. To aware their children behavior also they can help their children
struggling to quit smoking cigarettes.
Educators. Teachers can support smoke-free programs in school and offer assistance to students
who are having difficulty quitting smoking.
Public Health Officials. To help and encourage healthy choices and increases awareness of the
risk associated with smoking.
nce this please
Scope and Delimitations
This study focuses on exploring the relationship between cigarette smoking and academic
performance among Senior High School students at Sogod National High School. The research is
specifically limited to students from the SMAW (Senior High School) program, and the data
gathered will be used solely for academic purposes. The study aims to address the central
research question while ensuring that respondents’ identities are kept confidential. No personal
identifiers, such as student names, will be collected to maintain privacy. Additionally, the study
does not extend beyond the selected sample, and findings may not be generalizable to other
schools or populations.
Hypothesis
(H₀) states that there is no significant correlation between smoking cigarettes and academic
achievement among SMAW senior high school students.
(H₁): Smoking cigarettes has a considerable impact on the academic performance of SMAW
senior high school students.
CHAPTER 2
Review of Related Literature
The connection between smoking behavior and academic achievements has received a lot of
attention lately, Developing successful treatment targeted at fostering students’ success requires
and understanding of how smoking effects educational results.
Prevalence of Cigarette Smoking
Interventions Address Cigarette Smoking
Level of Cigarette Smoking Effect on Academic Performance
Mamun, et al. (2024)
States that the The study found a 10% prevalence of current tobacco smoking and 4%
substance use. Females (OR = 1.98; 95% CI: 1.38–2.85), urban residence (OR = 2.03; 95% CI:
1.42–2.88), repeater (OR = 1.45; 95% CI: 1.02–2.06), anxiety (OR = 1.55, 95% CI: 1.10–2.19),
burnout (OR = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.00–2.12), and suicidal behavior (OR = 1.57; 95% CI: 1.03–2.40)
were the significant factors for cigarette use. Whereas the urban residence (OR = 1.91; 95% CI:
1.11–3.31), anxiety (OR = 2.47, 95% CI: 1.45–4.20), and suicidal behavior (OR = 2.76; 95% CI:
1.55–4.92) significantly increased the risk of substance use. GIS analysis revealed males varied
in substance use and females in tobacco smoking by district. Repeat test-takers were associated
with district variations in both smoking and substance use.
According to Akil & Arora (2020)
States that the review found consistent evidence that smoking is associated with lower
academic performance, Including reduced grades and higher rate of school drop out factor such
as cognitive decline and absenteeism were also noted as contributing factors.
Base on Akil & Arora they found evidence that smoking its not good to your academic
performance and they said that it can cause of reduce grades and higher rate o school drop out
and absenteeism.
According to Jabel, et al. (2023)
States that the smoking status and nicotine dependence were predictive of worsening
academic performance, including lower GPA, higher absenteeism rate and academic warnings in
addition, there is a substantial and unfavorable dose-response association between smoking
history and cigarette consumption with impaired academic performance indicator.
According to World Health Organization (WHO)
States that the Cigarette smoking during childhood and adolescence causes significant health
problems among young people, including an increase in the number and severity of respiratory
illnesses, decreased physical fitness and potential effects on lung growth and function.
According to Saral Vevers (2023)
States that the “If a person has been smoking for a long time, these brain changes can often
result in addiction which can lead to withdrawal symptoms such as irritability, anxiety, problems
with memory, difficulty concentrating.”
Base on the statement of Saral Vevers it can affects with mental health like problem of losing
memory also anxiety, if you a student smoker it can affect your academic performance because
of these symptoms that can affect your mental health and your activity in schools.
Yu and Chen (2016)
States that the it is a research indicates that cigarette smoking among vocational high school
students, such as those specializing in Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW), is associated with
poorer academic performance. A study conducted in China found that vocational high school
students who smoked cigarettes exhibited lower academic achievements compared to their non-
smoking peers.
According to Kassa, et al. (2017)
States that theThe life time and current prevalence of khat use were 14.6% and 13%,
respectively. Smoking cigarette (AOR=5.1, 95% C.I: 2.3-14.3), drinking alcohol (AOR=3.0,
95% C.I: 1.4-6.3), having a family growing khat (AOR=2.0, 95% C.I: 1.1-2.5), having friend
chewing khat (AOR=3. 95% C.I: 2.0-4.6), were some of factors that increased the odds of
students' khat use. Student's khat use increased the odds of student's poor academic performance
(AOR=2.1, 95% C.I: 1.1-3.9).
According to Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids
States that the Every day over 1,300 kids under 18 try to smoking for the first time, Though very
little data about smoking is regularly collected for kids under 12, the peak years for first trying to
smoke appear to be in the sixth and seventh grades (or between the ages of 11 and 13) with a
considerable number starting even earlier, According to the NYTS (combined 2014-2016
National Youth Survey data), the median age of cigarette initiation among middle and high
school students is 12.6 years old.
A 2021 nationwide survey found that 6.3 percent of high school had tried cigarette smoking
( even one or two puffs) before the age 13, The 2023 nationwide Monitoring the Future Study
reports that 15.0 percent of twelfth grade students, 9.4 percent of tenth grade students , and 5.8
percent of eighth grade students had ever tried smoking.
According to Messer, et al. (2019)
States that the In 1992, across the 24 most populous US states, there was a 40% difference
between the highest and lowest average cigarette price (range in 2020 dollars: US$3.04–
US$4.27) Changes in price over time tended to be synchronised across states, as indicated by the
colours of the heatmap. Considering the 24 states, from 1998 to 2001, 17 states had increases of
at least 40% with a 43.3% increase in average prices; from 2006 to 2010 prices increased by
30.3% In other time periods, prices were relatively stable, with a few outliers. By 2019, prices
varied across states from a low of US$5.68/pack in Missouri to a high of US$11.48/pack in New
York. Over the study period, the largest overall price increases occurred in Massachusetts
(+197%) and New York (+184%); there
were six states with less than half that level of increase: Virginia (+90%), South Carolina
(+86%), Missouri (+82%), Alabama (+81%), Tennessee (+79%), Georgia (+76%) and Texas
(+74%).
According to Manderski, et al. (2021)
States that the From 1997 to 2017, the prevalence of current smoking among high school
students fell by 75.8% from 36.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 34.1, 38.6) to 8.8% (95% CI:
7.3, 10.6) and Prevalence of rare, infrequent, moderate, frequent, and daily smoking also
declined substantially during this time period, with the greatest decreases observed for frequent
smoking (4.5% [95% CI: 3.8, 5.4] to 0.6% [95% CI: 0.4, 0.9], an 86.7% decrease) and daily
smoking (12.2% [95% CI: 10.6, 14.0] to 2.0% [95% CI: 1.4, 2.9], an 83.6% decrease).
Meanwhile, a greater decline occurred for the estimated average number of cigarettes smoked
per day (ACSD) for all students, by 86.7% (1.5 cigarettes in 1997 [95% CI: 1.3, 1.7] to 0.2
cigarettes in 2017 [95% CI: 0.2, 0.3]). Among current smokers, ACSD declined by 29.3% (4.1
cigarettes [95% CI: 3.7, 4.5] to 2.9 cigarettes [95% CI: 2.5, 3.4] and .However, there were no
significant changes in smoking intensity over this period within frequency subgroups and For
example, daily smokers consumed about a half pack (10 cigarettes) per day in both 1997 and
2017, with minimal variation over the two decades.
According to Mermer, et al. (2023)
States that the Peer education is one of the methods that can be used in health education and
counselling services on prevention of smoking among young people. Peer education includes
educational activities that aim at developing young people in terms of knowledge, attitudes,
beliefs and skills, and to at increasing awareness about protecting their own health. This is
carried out together with their peers after they have been made aware of it through interactive
methods by experts.7 Peer education programmare planned systematically, and it has been
determined that not only knowledge, but also behavioural change intervention can be provided in
this way.
Conceptual Operation
Prevalence. The total number of a particular condition (in this case of evaluating the association
between smoking cigarette and academic achievement) among a specified population at given
period.
Cigarette. Smoking is when you inhale and exhale smoke from burning plant material that’s
rolled into a wrapper (cigarette). You light the end of the cigarette and pull smoke into your
mouth through the other end. It travels down your airways, into your lungs and through your
bloodstream to your brain and other organs.
Impact. Smoking status and nicotine dependence were predictive of worsening academic
performance, including lower GPA, higher absenteeism rate and academic warnings. In addition,
there is a substantial and unfavorable dose–response association between smoking history and
cigarette consumption with impaired academic performance indicators.
Mental Health. Smoking cigarettes can have many adverse effects on the body. It increases a
person’s risk of cancer, heart disease, stroke, vision problems, and gum disease. According to the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), cigarette smoking harms almost all organs in
the body and causes many diseases. It reduces the health of smokers in general.
Academic performance: Has been defined as academic objectives and accomplishments, grade
point average, and results on standardized tests.
Implication. The results of this study highlight the negative impact of smoking on the academic
performance of SMAW senior high school students. These findings suggest the need for stronger
anti-smoking initiatives in schools, including health education, counseling, and support services
aimed at reducing smoking rates.
Conceptual Definition
Smoking Cigarettes: Smoking refers to the habitual act of inhaling and exhaling the smoke of
tobacco, typically through cigarettes. In this study its relates the prevalence and severity with
which SMAW senior high school students, indulge in smoking, and it can effect their health and
also their academic performance.
Academic Performance: Academic performance is the important goal to all students, to have a
good grade, and also learning, including test, quizzes, test scores, and your attendance and
overall academic achievements.
The theoretical definition of the association between cigarette smoking and academic
performance in this study is the possible impact of smoking behaviors on students' cognitive
capacities, attention spans, motivation, and overall academic results.
Operational Definition:
In this study “smoking cigarette” refers to how frequently Smaw senior high school students
smoke, as indicated by the number of cigarette they consume every week. The students existing
grade point average (GPAs) will be used to assess their “academic performance”. The study will
examine the association between smoking frequency and student GPAs.
Conceptual Framework:
Input Process Out put
1. Smoking Effects
on
1. Cigarette Smoking
CognitiveFunction 1. Prevalence of
(Freq, | | Duration,
(Memory, Focus) Smoking
Age of Initiation)
2. Smoking Effects 2. Correlation Between
2. Demographic
on Behavior Smoking and Academic
Profile (Age, Gender,
(Absenteeism, Performance
SES)
Engagement)
3. Recommendations
3.Social/Psychological
3. Interventions for | | Interventions and
Factors (Stress, Peer
(Counseling, | | Support
Influence, etc.)
Smoking Cessation
Programs)
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design
The researchers employ a descriptive-correlational research design to gather data from voluntary
responses in order to explore and analyze the relationship between various variables among the
SMAW Senior High School students at Sogod National High School. This research design is
appropriate for examining current conditions and identifying patterns or correlations between
different factors, such as academic performance, study habits, and other relevant variables,
within the student population. By utilizing voluntary participation, the study aims to ensure the
ethical collection of data while maintaining the reliability and validity of the results.
This version clarifies the purpose of using the descriptive-correlational design, emphasizing its
role in identifying relationships and current conditions. It also explains the importance of
voluntary responses in a more formal context.
Research Respondents
Participants will be selected through Descriptive method from specific population which is
deemed sufficient to ensure statistical validity and reliability for quantitative analysis and
thematic saturation for qualitative analysis.
We selected the participant from SMAW Senior High School Students from Sogod National
High School and the number of the population that been selected is maximum of 200
respondents have experienced smoking cigarettes.
Research Locale
This study is conducted at Sogod National High School, located in Barangay Zone 1 Sogod,
Southern Leyte. The school is a well-established educational institution that provides secondary
education to a wide range of students from the local community and surrounding areas. Sogod
National High School is known for its comprehensive curriculum that caters to both academic
and technical-vocational needs, ensuring that students are equipped with knowledge and skills
for further studies or immediate employment.
Junior/Senior Grade level Number of Total population
population
HUMSS Grade 11 Grade 12 127/306 733
STEM Grade 11 Grade 12 158/163 321
BAP Grade 11 Grade 12 33/96 129
SMAW Grade 11 Grade 12 164/168 332
GARMENTS Grade 11 Grade 12 36/38 74
SPS NFP SPA NFP STE NFP REGULAR NFP TP
Grade 7 90 Grade 7 91 Grade 7 73 Grade 7 386 640
Grade 8 67 Grade 8 61 Grade 8 77 Grade 8 266 471
Grade 9 61 Grade 9 67 Grade 9 104 Grade 9 367 599
Grade 37 Grade 47 Grade 82 Grade 10 395 561
10 10 10
Research Instrument
The researchers uses an adaptive survey questionnaires to gather the all data that we needed for
the study, and examine the relation between Smoking Cigarette and Academic Performance that
we conducted.
Research Sampling Technique
1. Target Population
The target population for this study consists of SMAW Senior High School Students has
enrolled SMAW (Shielded Metal Arc Welding) program.
This approach allow for generalizable findings across a larger populations.
Respondents Total population Number
Grade 12 Grade 11 200 133
Random Sampling
This method will be used to ensure that the sample is representative of the entire population. The
population will be divided into strata based on relevant characteristics such as: Gender,
Socioeconomic Status and Academic Performance.
Data Gathering Procedure
Data Gathering Procedure Step 1: Obtain Approval from the Principal the researcher prepares a
formal Request Letter: Write a letter addressed to the principal, explaining the purpose,
significance, and potential outcomes of the research. Emphasize the study’s goal of analyzing
Examining the relationship between Smoking Cigarette and Academic Performance among
SMAW Senior High School students.
Step 2: Coordinate with the Respondents (Grade 12 SMAW Students) the researcher will Inform
the Students and Parents: Hold an informational session for Grade 12 SMAW students and their
parents or guardians. Explain the purpose of the study, the voluntary nature of participation, and
the confidentiality of their responses.
Step 3: Conduct the Study, the researchers will distribute the Survey: Once consent forms are
collected, distribute the survey questionnaire to the selected participants. Ensure that students
have enough time and a suitable environment to complete the survey.
Step 4: Analyze the collected data to understand the prevalence and impact of Smoking
Cigarette and Academic Performance among SMAW Senior High School students.
The results will offer valuable insights into the prevalence of verbal bullying among Grade 12
SMAW students and its impact on their health and academic performance, potentially informing
future interventions and school policies.
Data Analysis Procedure
1. Objectives: To examine the relationship between smoking cigarette and academic
performance
2. Participants:
Target participants: SMAW Senior High School
Sample size: Minimum of 200 students for more better statistical power
3. Data collection
Obtain necessary approvals from the school authorities
Inform the students about this study that we conducted.
4. Administer:
Distribute the questionnaire during a designated class.
Allow 15-20 minutes for completion.
5. Data Analysis
Calculate the measures of Smoking Cigarettes and Academic Performance among SMAW
Senior High School Students.
