For More Updates Visit: www.python4csip.

com

CHAPTER-9 Data Handling Using

NUMPY
Data and its Purpose

Data can be defined as a systematic record of a

particular quantity. It is the different values of that
quantity represented together in a set. Data is a
collection of facts and figures to be used for a specific
purpose such as a survey or analysis. When data is
arranged in an organized form, can be called information.

Purpose of Data

1. Improve Business Performance

2. Improve Decision Making
3. To find solution of problems
4. To get desired results
5. To perform various calculation
6. For analyzing various activity

CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD

KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
 For More Updates Visit: www.python4csip.com

Structured and Unstructured Data

We can easily find structured data in our database

system in the form of fields such as names, dates,
addresses etc., as the time goes by, people think how to
handle unstructured data like text, image, video, audio,
etc. that might give you something useful to make
decision in your business.

What is a Data Processing Cycle?

Data processing cycle as the term suggests a
sequence of steps or operations for processing
data, i.e., processing raw data to the usable form. The
processing of data can be done by number of data
processing methods.
Stages of data processing:
1. Input – The raw data after collection needs to be fed
in the cycle for processing. This is considered the
first step and called input.
2. Processing – Once the input is provided the raw
data is processed by a suitable or selected
processing method. This is the most important

CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD

KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
 For More Updates Visit: www.python4csip.com
step as it provides the

CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD

KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
 For More Updates Visit: www.python4csip.com

processed data in the form of output which will be

used further.
3. Output – This is the outcome and the raw data
provided in the first stage is now “processed” and
the data is useful and provides information and no
longer called data.

CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD

KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
 For More Updates Visit: www.python4csip.com

Basic Statistical Method for Understanding Data

Mean / Average
Mean or Average is a central tendency of the data i.e. a
number around which a whole data is spread out. In a
way, it is a single number which can estimate the value of
whole data set.

Let’s calculate mean of the data set having 8 integers.

Median
Median is the value which divides the data in 2 equal
parts i.e. number of terms on right side of it is same as
number of terms on left side of it when data is
arranged in either ascending or descending order.

Median will be a middle term, if number of terms is odd

Median will be average of middle 2 terms, if number of

terms is even.

Mode

CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD

KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
 For More Updates Visit: www.python4csip.com

Mode is the term appearing maximum time in data set

i.e. term that has highest frequency.

Standard deviation
Standard deviation is the measurement of average
distance between each quantity and mean. That is, how
data is spread out from mean. A low standard deviation
indicates that the data points tend to be close to the
mean of the data set, while a high standard deviation
indicates that the data points are spread out over a wider
range of values.

When we are asked to find SD of some part of a

population, a segment of population; then we use sample
Standard Deviation.

where x̅ is mean of a sample.

Variance
Variance is a square of average distance between
each quantity and mean. That is it is square of
standard deviation.

CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD

KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
 For More Updates Visit: www.python4csip.com

NUMPY

NUMPY-Numpy stands for “Numeric Python” or “Numerical

python”.Numpy is a package that contains several classes,
functions, variables etc. to deal with scientific calculations in
Python. Numpy is useful to create and process single and multi-
dimensional arrays. In addition, numpy contains a large library of
mathematics like linear algebra functions and Fourier
transformations.

The arrays which are created using numpy are called n

dimensional arrays where n can be any integer. If n = 1 it
represent a one dimensional array. If n= 2, it is a two dimensional
array etc.
Numpy array can accept only one type of elements. We cannot store
different data types into same arrays.

CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD

KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
 For More Updates Visit: www.python4csip.com

ARRAY STRUCTURE IN NUMPY

PYTHON AND NUMPY

For working with numpy, we should first import numpy module

into our Python program.
Following line of code is use to import numpy in the python
programme.

import numpy or
import numpy as
<<name>>

CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD

KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
 For More Updates Visit: www.python4csip.com

TYPES OF ARRAY IN NUMPY

An array in numpy is of the following types-

1. 1D Array
2. 2D Array
3. N-Dimension Array

1D ARRAY

1D Array- One dimensional array contains elements only in one

dimension. In other words, the shape of the numpy array
should contain only one value in the tuple.
.

5 6 9 4 3 1

A simple program to implement one dimensional array using

numpy
Example 1

import numpy

a=
numpy.array([10,20,30,40,50])
print(a)
Output: [10,20,30,40,50]

CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD

KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
 For More Updates Visit: www.python4csip.com

import numpy as np

a = np.array([10,20,30,40,50])

print(a)

Output: [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]

Note: if we use the following statement then there is no need to

add anything in front of array function.

from numpy import *

a = array([10, 20,30,40,50])

print(a)

Output : [10, 20,30,40,50]

IMPLEMENTATION
Creating array OFbe
in numpy can 1D done
ARRAYinINseveral
NUMPY ways.
Some of the important ways are-

i. Using array() function

ii. Using linspace() function
iii. Using arange() function
iv. Using zeros() and ones() functions

CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD

KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
 For More Updates Visit: www.python4csip.com

1. Using array() function

Using this function we can create array of any data type, but if
not data types is mentioned the default data type will be the "int"

For e.g :

from numpy import *

Arr=array([10,20,30,40,50],int) is similar
to arr = array([10,20,30,40,50])

While creating array if one of the values in the specified list

belongs to float then all the values will be converted to float by
default.
from numpy import *

a = array([10,30,40.5, 50,100])

print(a)

Output : = [10.0,30.0,40.5,50.0,100.0]

CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD

KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
 For More Updates Visit: www.python4csip.com

2. linspace() Function

The linspace() function is used to create an array with evenly

spaced points between a starting and ending point. The following
examples demonstrate the use of linspace() function.

Syntax- linspace(start, stop,

 Start represents
N)
the starting
number.
 Stop represents
the ending
e.g.- element.
 N represents the
import numpy as np
number of parts the
a = np.linspace(1,10,10) elements should be
divided
print(a)
Output :[ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.]

CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD

KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
 For More Updates Visit: www.python4csip.com

3. arange() Function

The arange() function in numpy is same as range() function in

Python. The following format is used to create an array using the
arange() function.

Syntax-

arange(start,stop,stepsize)

arange(10) – will create an array with values [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]

arange(5,10) – will create an array with values [5, 6,7,8,9]
arange(10,1,-1) will create an array with values[10,9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2]

Example
import numpy as np
a = np.arange(10)
b = np.arange(5,10)
c = np.arange(10,1,-1)
print(a)
print(b)
print(c)

Output-
[0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]
[5,6,7,8,9]

[10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2]

CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD

KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
 For More Updates Visit: www.python4csip.com

4. Creating array using ones() and zeros()

functions
We can use zeros() function to create an array with all zeros. The
ones() function will is useful to create an array with all 1s. They
are written in the following format-

zeros(n,datatype)

ones(n,datatype)

Note : if datatype is missing then the default value will be float.

Example 1

zeros(5) will create an array with five zero values.

ones(5) will create an array with five 1 values.

Example

import numpy as
np K =
np.zeros(5)
R = np.ones(5)

print(K

print(R

Output :
CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD
[0.,0.,0.,0.,0.]
KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
[1.,1.,1.,1.,1.]
 For More Updates Visit: www.python4csip.com

CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD

KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
 For More Updates Visit: www.python4csip.com

Mathematical Operations on Arrays

It is possible to perform various Mathematical operations like

addition, subtraction, division etc. on the elements of any arrays.
The functions of math module can be applied to the elements of
any array.

Example

import numpy as np
K = np.array([10, 20, 30, 40,50])
K = K+5 Add 5 to the Array
print(k)
K = K-5 Subtract 5 from each value of Array
print(k)
K = K*5 Multiply array by 5
print(k)
K = K/5 divide Array by 5
print(k)

Output-
[15 25 35 45 55]
[10 20 30 40 50]
[ 50 100 150 200 250]
[10. 20. 30. 40. 50.]

CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD

KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
 For More Updates Visit: www.python4csip.com

Aliasing the Arrays

Aliasing in arrays does not make any new copy of the array
defined earlier. It means new array created only reference to the
array k.

The following example demonstrates the use of aliasing.

import numpy as np
k = np.array ([3, 5, 6,7,8])
print(k)
h=k Give another name h to array k
print(h)
print(k)
k[0] =
45
print(h)

print(k)

Output

-
[3 5 6 7 8]
[3 5 6 7 8]
[3 5 6 7 8]
[45 5 6 7 8]
[45 5 6 7 8]

CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD

KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
 For More Updates Visit: www.python4csip.com

copy() method
The copy() method is used to copy the contents of one array to
another. The following function demonstrates the use of the copy
method.

import numpy as np

k = np.array([3,5,6,7,8])
print(k)

h = k.copy() Create a copy of array k and call it h

print(h)
print(k)
k[0] =
45
print(h)

print(k)

Output-
[3 5 6 7
8]
[3 5 6 7 8]
[3 5 6 7 8]
[3 5 6 7 8]
[45 5 6 7 8]

CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD

KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
 For More Updates Visit: www.python4csip.com

2-Dimensional Arrays in Numpy

2D Array-The dimension of an array represents the arrangement
of elements in the array. If the elements are arranged
horizontally, it is called the row and if the elements are arranged
vertically, then it is called the column. When they contain only
one row and one column of elements, it is called the Single
dimensional array or one dimensional array. When an array
contains more than one row and more than one column of
elements, it is called the two dimensional array or 2-D array. The
following example is used demonstrate how to declare the two
dimensional array in using numpy.

Indexes in 2d Array

2D Array structure

CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD

KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
 For More Updates Visit: www.python4csip.com

Let us create a 2D array in numpy-

import numpy as np

x =np.array([[2,4,6],[6,8,10]] 2DArray
elements Print(x)
Output-

[ [2 4 6]
[6 8 10] ]

ndim Attribute
ndim attribute is used to represent the number of dimensions of
axes of the array. The number of dimensions is also known as
'rank'. The following example demonstrate the use of the ndim
attribute

import numpy as np
A = np.array([5,6,7,8])

R = np.array([[4,5,6],[7,8,9]])

print(A.ndim) Number of rows in array A

print(R.ndim) Number of rows in array R

Answer
:1

CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD

KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
 For More Updates Visit: www.python4csip.com

shape attribute
The 'shape' attribute gives the shape of an array. The shape is
tuple listing the number of elements along each dimension. A
dimension is called an axis. For one dimensional array it will
display a single value and for two-dimensional array it will display
two values separated by commas represent rows and columns.

For Example
import numpy as
np
k = np.array([1,2,3,4,5])

print(k.shape) Number of elements in array k

d = np.array([[5,6,7],[7,8,9]])

print(d.shape) Number of rows and Columns in

array d
Output-

(5,)
(2, 3)

CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD

KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
 For More Updates Visit: www.python4csip.com

size Attribute
The size attributes gives the total number of elements in the
array. For e.g.

import numpy as np

a1 = np.array([1,2,3,4,5])

print(a1.size) will result 5

In case of two dimensional array the result will be total rows*

total columns

import numpy as np

k = np.array([[5,6,7],[7,8,9]])

print(k.size) will result 6

CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD

KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
 For More Updates Visit: www.python4csip.com

itemsize Attribute
The itemsize attributes gives the memory size of array
elements in bytes. For e.g.

import numpy as np

a1 = np.array([1, 2,3,4,5])

print(a1.itemsize) Give memory size of array

elements in bytes

Output-

reshape() Method
The reshape() method is useful to change the shape of an array.
The new array should have the same number of elements as in
the original array. For e.g.

import numpy as np
d =np.array([[4,5,6,7],[5,6,7,8],
[7,8,9,6]])

print(d)
d= Reshape array d to 6 rows and 2
d.reshape(6,2) columns
CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD
KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
 For More Updates Visit: www.python4csip.com

print(d)
d = d.reshape(1,12) Reshape array d to 1row and 12
columns print(d)
d = d.reshape(12,1) Reshape array d to 12rows and 1
column print(d)
Output-

[[4 5 6 7]
[5 6 7 8]
[7 8 9 6]]
[[4 5]
[6 7]
[5 6]
[7 8]
[7 8]
[9 6]]
[[4 5 6 7 5 6 7 8 7 8 9 6]]
[[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[6]]

CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD

KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
 For More Updates Visit: www.python4csip.com

empty() function
This function is used to create the empty array or an
uninitialized array of specified data types and shape.

For e.g.

import numpy as np

x =np.empty([3,2], dtype = int)

y = np.empty([4,4], dtype = float)

print(x)
print(y)

Output-
[[0 0]
[0 0]
[0 0]]
[[6.23042070e-307 4.67296746e-307 1.69121096e-306 8.45593934e-
307] [6.23058028e-307 2.22522597e-306 1.33511969e-306
1.37962320e-306] [9.34604358e-307 9.79101082e-307
1.78020576e-306 1.69119873e-306] [2.22522868e-306
1.24611809e-306 8.06632139e-308 2.29178686e-312]]

CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD

KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
 For More Updates Visit: www.python4csip.com

Indexing in 2-D dimension array

Index represents the location number. The individual elements of

an array can be accessed by specifying the location number of
the row and column of the array element as follow-

A[0][0] => represents 0th row and 0th column element in array A
A[1][3] => represents 1st row and 3rd column element in the
array A

0 1 2
0 1 2 3

1 4 5 6

2 7 8 9

CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD

KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
 For More Updates Visit: www.python4csip.com

Slicing in 1D Array
Syntax-
 Arrayname[start:stop:stepsize]
 The default value of stepsize is “1"

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1

6 7 8 9 23
0 1 2 3 4
A[:5] will give [6 7 8 9 23]
A[::2] will give [6 8 23]
A[-1:-5:-1] will give [23 9 8
7] A[2:-2] will give [8]

Slicing in 2-D Array

A slice represents a part or piece of the array.

Row Part Column Part

Array_Name[ start: stop: stepsize, start: stop: stepsize]

CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD

KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
 For More Updates Visit: www.python4csip.com

0th row to 1st row, 0th column to 2nd column

A[0:2, 0:3]

11 2 3 56 14
Or
A[:2, :3]
40 52 16 12 20
2Nd row to 3RD row,

column to
3RD TH 70 8 9 32 22
A[2:4,
4 3:]
column

18 30 17 44 49

25 55 66 78 82

Top 2 rows and Right 3 columns

A[0:2, 2:]

11 2 3 56 14
Or
A[:2, 2:]
40 52 16 12 20

Lower 3 rows and right

2 columns 70 8 9 32 22

A[2:, 3:]
18 30 17 44 49

25 55 66 78 82

CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD

KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
 For More Updates Visit: www.python4csip.com

0th row and 0th column

element 11 2 3 56 14
A[0:1, 0:1]
40 52 16 12 20

2nd row and 1th column

element 70 8 9 32 22

A[2:3, 1:2]
18 30 17 44 49

25 55 66 78 82

0th row and 4th row as( 0+4=4), 0th column and 3rd column as (0+3=3)

A[: :4, : :3] 11 2 3 56 14

40 52 16 12 20

70 8 9 32 22

18 30 17 44 49

25 55 66 78 82

CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD

KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
 For More Updates Visit: www.python4csip.com

Negativ
e Index
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1

-5 11 2 3 56 14

(-2th row ), -4 40 52 16 12 20
th
(-5 column
and -3rd
-3 70 8 9 32 22
column, -1st
column)
-2 18 30 17 44 49
A[-2:-3, -5::2]

-1 25 55 66 78 82

CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD

KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
 For More Updates Visit: www.python4csip.com

eye() or identity() Function

The eye() function creates a 2D array and fills the elements in the
diagonal with 1s.
Syntax-eye(n, dtype=datatype)
This function will create an array with n rows and n columns with
diagonal elements as 1s.The default data type is float.

e-g-
import numpy
a=numpy.eye(3)
print(a)
output-

[[1 0. 0.]
.
[ 0. 1. 0.]

[0. 0. 1.] ]

CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD

KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
 For More Updates Visit: www.python4csip.com

zeros() function in 2D array

This function is used to create two dimensional array with the 0
as default value and default data type is float.

import numpy

Q = numpy.zeros([3,2], dtype =
int) Z = numpy.zeros([4,4], dtype
= float) print(Q)
print(Z)

Output
- [[0 0]
[0 0]
[0 0]]
[[0. 0. 0. 0.]
[0. 0. 0. 0.]
[0. 0. 0. 0.]
[0. 0. 0. 0.]]

CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD

KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
 For More Updates Visit: www.python4csip.com

ones() function in 2D array

This function will be used to create the array with 1 as default
value for each of individual defined element.

import numpy

Q = numpy.ones([3,2], dtype =
int) Z = numpy.ones([4,4],
dtype = float) print(Q)
print(Z)

Output
- [[1 1]
[1 1]
[1 1]]
[[1. 1. 1. 1.]
[1. 1. 1. 1.]
[1. 1. 1. 1.]
[1. 1. 1. 1.]]

Joins in Array
We can join array in numpy by following method-

1. Concatenate()
2. hstack()
3. vstack()

CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD

KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
 For More Updates Visit: www.python4csip.com

1. concatenate()
concatenate()- is used to join more than one
array but the array must be of the same
shape.
e.g.-
import numpy as np
a=np.array([2,3,4,50]) Output-

b=np.array([8, [2 3 4 50 8 9 10 11 15]

9,10,11,15])
c=np.concatenate([a,b]
) print (c)

import numpy as np
a=np.array([[2,3,4],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]])
b=np.concatenate([a,a],axis=1) concatenate array a

with array a column wise

print Output-
(b)
[ [2 3 4 2 3 4]
[4 5 6 4 5 6]

[7 8 9 7 8 9] ]
GT(CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD
CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, P
KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
 For More Updates Visit: www.python4csip.com

E.g-2
import numpy as np
a=np.array([[2,3,4],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]])
b=np.concatenate([a,a],axis=0)
concatenate array
a
with array a row wise
print Output-
(b) [ [2 3 4]

[4 5 6]
[7 8 9]
[2 3 4]

[4 5 6]
[7 8 9] ]

CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD

KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
 For More Updates Visit: www.python4csip.com

2. hstack()
hstack() – It is used to join more than one array
horizontally or row wise.
e.g.-

import numpy as np

a=np.array([1,2,3])
Output-
b=np.array([10,11,12])
[1 2 3 10 11 12]
c=np.hstack((a,b))
print (c)

CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD

KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
 For More Updates Visit: www.python4csip.com

3. vstack()
vstack() – It is used to join more than one array
vertically or column wise.
e.g.-
import numpy as np
a=np.array([1,2,3]) Output-
[[1 2 3 ]
b=np.array([10,11,12])
c=np.vstack((a,b)) [10 11 12]]

print (c)

Array subsets

We can get subsets of a numpy array by using any of the

following-
1 split()
. hsplit(
2 )
.
vsplit(

CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD

KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
 For More Updates Visit: www.python4csip.com

split()

It is used to split a numpy array into equal or unequal parts.

import numpy as np

x = [1, 2, 3, 99, 99, 3, 2,

1]

x1, x2, x3 = np.split(x, [3, split array into 3 subsets

like-

[0 : 3], [3 : 5] and [5 : ]
print(x1, x2,
x3)
Output-[1 2 3] [99 99] [3 2 1]

1 2 3

0 1 2 99 99 3 2 1

3 4 5 6 7

CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD

KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
 For More Updates Visit: www.python4csip.com

hsplit()

It is used to provide the subsets of an array after splitting it

horizontally.

import numpy as np

a= np.arange(16).reshape((4, 4))

print( a)

Output-

array([[ 0, 1, 2, 3],

[ 4, 5, 6, 7],

[ 8, 9, 10, 11],

[12, 13, 14,

left right
15]])
e.g.-
0 1 2 3
left, right = np.hsplit(a,
4 5 6 7
2) print(left)
8 9 10 11
print(right)
12 13 14 15

CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD

KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
 For More Updates Visit: www.python4csip.com

Output
- [[ 0 1]
[ 4 5]
[ 8 9]
[12 13]]

[[ 2 3]
[ 6 7]
[10 11]
[14 15]]

vsplit()

It is used to provide the subsets of an array after splitting it

vertically.

Example:-

import nump as np

CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD

KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
 For More Updates Visit: www.python4csip.com

a= np.arange(16).reshape((4, 4))

print (a)

Output-

array([[ 0, 1, 2, 3],
[ 4, 5, 6, 7],
[ 8, 9, 10, 11],
[12, 13, 14, 15]])
e.g.-

top, bottom = np.vsplit(a, 2) 0 1 2 3

print(top) 4 5 6 7

print(bottom)
8 9 10 11

12 13 14 15

Output-

[[0 1 2 3]

[4 5 6 7]]

[[ 8 9 10 11]

[12 13 14 15]]

CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD

KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
 For More Updates Visit: www.python4csip.com

Statistical Function in Numpy

CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD

KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
 For More Updates Visit: www.python4csip.com

CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD

KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
 For More Updates Visit: www.python4csip.com

Covariance– Covariance is a measure of how two variables vary

togethe r (like the height of a person and the weight of a person
in a population
).

The covariance σ(x,y)of two random variables x and y is given

by with n samples.

e.g.-
importnumpyas
np x
=np.array([0,1,2]
)
y =np.array([2,1,0]) print("\
nOriginal array1:") print(x)
print("\nOriginal array2:")
print(y)

print("\nCovariance matrix of the said arrays:\n",np.cov(x, y))

CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD

KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR
 For More Updates Visit: www.python4csip.com

Output-
Original
array1:
[0 1 2]

Original array2:

[2 1 0]

Covariance matrix of the said

arrays: [ [ 1. - 1. ]

[ -1. 1. ] ]

CREATED BY: SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT(CS) KV NO.1 TEZPUR, MR. VINOD

KUMAR VERMA, PGT (CS) KV OEF KANPUR