单句功能判断
闫晨晨
双线阅读法
功能线 信息线
单句（视角判断） 带着逻辑预判进行主
句间关系 动阅读
全文结构
“视角”的重要性
信息题的切入点
主旨题的考点
预判后文
单句功能(分类)
作者视角
视角
引用视角
单句功能(分类)
作者观点
作者视角
视角 事实
引用视角
视角
引用观点（后文的靶子）
作者观点（被后文展开/证明）
事实（为观点服务）
单句功能(分类)
作者观点
作者视角
视角 事实
引用视角(一定有标志词提示）
引用观点
1.直接引用
Scientists believe that ...
引用观点
1.直接引用
Scientists believe that ...
2.被动表达
It is believed that ...
引用观点
1.直接引用
Scientists believe that ...
2.被动表达
It is believed that ...
3.名词化表达
a belief that ...
思考：
Scientists observed that ...
观点类动词 VS 叙实类动词
版本1:
古希腊时期，有人提出/认为地球是宇宙的中心。
版本2：
古希腊时期，有人观察到地球是宇宙的中心。
观点类动词 VS 叙实类动词
版本1:
古希腊时期，有人提出/认为地球是宇宙的中心。观点
版本2：
古希腊时期，有人观察到地球是宇宙的中心。 事实
思考：
Scientists observed that ... 事实
思考：
1.Scientists observed that ... 事实
2.It has been observed that ...
3.An observation that ...
思考：
1.Scientists observed that ... 事实
2.It has been observed that ... 事实
3.An observation that ... 事实
对比：
引用观点 事实
1.Scientists believe that ... 1.Scientists observed that ...
2.It is believed that ... 2.It has been observed that ...
3.a belief that ... 3.An observation that ...
对比：
引用观点 事实
1.Scientists believe that ... 1.Scientists observed that ...
2.It is believed that ... 2.It has been observed that ...
3.a belief that ... 3.An observation that ...
引用观点
1.直接引用 (sb.+观点类动词）
Scientists believe that ...
2.被动表达（观点类动词被动化）
It is believed that ...
3.名词化表达（观点类动词名词化）
a belief that ...
观点类动词
believe, state, contend, claim, assert, maintain, hold, suggest,
conclude, imply, argue, assume, suppose, write, theorize, hypothesize,
posit, postulate, speculate, allege, purport, concur...
attribute A to B...
观点类名词
1.所有观点类动词的名词化
2.补充
perspective, view, opinion, conjecture, speculation, understanding, attitude,
perception, notion, conception,
judgement, interpretation, consensus ...
叙实类动词
1.发现/观察到/注意到
discover, find, observe, see, note, notice...
2.知道/意识到
know, realize, recognize
3.证实/揭露
prove, demonstrate, show, reveal
引用观点
1.直接引用 (sb.+观点类动词）
Scientists believe that ...
2.被动表达（观点类动词被动化）
It is believed that ...
3.名词化表达（观点类动词名词化）
a belief that ...
4. v. + n. + as...
regard/ label/ characterize ... as...
作者观点
1.情感色彩评价词（无发出者）
eg. The theory is extremely limited.
successfully, rightly, correctly...
misunderstand, underestimate, overestimate, ignore ...
作者观点
1.情感色彩评价词（无发出者）
successfully, rightly, correctly...
misunderstand, underestimate, overestimate, ignore ...
2.没有特殊视角标志的质疑
eg.以前人们都以为是太阳绕着地球转。但是，之后的研究揭露出其实是地
球绕着太阳转。
作者观点
1.情感色彩评价词（无发出者）
successfully, rightly, correctly...
misunderstand, underestimate, overestimate, ignore ...
2.没有特殊视角标志的质疑
3.无标志，相对抽象/被后文展开的句子
作者观点
1.情感色彩评价词（无发出者）
successfully, rightly, correctly...
misunderstand, underestimate, overestimate, ignore ...
2.没有特殊视角标志的质疑
3.无标志，相对抽象/被后文展开的句子
吴彦祖很帅。
作者观点
1.情感色彩评价词（无发出者）
successfully, rightly, correctly...
misunderstand, underestimate, overestimate, ignore ...
2.没有特殊视角标志的质疑
3.无标志，相对抽象/被后文展开的句子
吴彦祖很帅。一定是他的帅让他拥有很多粉丝。
吴彦祖很帅。你看，他浓眉大眼瘦高个。
作者观点
1.情感色彩评价词（无发出者）
successfully, rightly, correctly...
misunderstand, underestimate, overestimate, ignore ...
2.没有特殊视角标志的质疑
3.无标志，相对抽象/被后文展开的句子
吴彦祖很帅。一定是他的帅让他拥有很多粉丝。事实
吴彦祖很帅。你看，他浓眉大眼瘦高个。观点
Tips
1.可能性
it seems that .../ it is possible that/ it is likely that
2.表推理的动词
sth. indicates / implies/ suggests/ means/ follows that ...
特殊性：
一定是观点（不可能是事实）
但是视角（作者or引用）需要根据后文是否有反驳进行辅助判断
视角判断
例1： When studying shrimp feeding from hydrothermal vents at the
bottom of the ocean, biologists were surprised that the shrimps’
reproductive cycles followed seasonal patterns.
视角判断
例1： When studying shrimp feeding from hydrothermal vents at the
bottom of the ocean, biologists were surprised that the shrimps’
reproductive cycles followed seasonal patterns.
无引用视角；事实（怪事）
视角判断
例2： Widespread climate change challenges traditional notions that
preserving specific chunks of land is an adequate way to protect
endangered species.
视角判断
例2： Widespread climate change challenges traditional notions that
preserving specific chunks of land is an adequate way to protect
endangered species.
traditional notions 引用观点
sth. challenges 作者负态度
视角判断
例3： The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890’s that the
agrarian discontent that had been developing steadily in the United States
since about 1870 had been precipitated by the closing of the internal
frontier—that is, the depletion of available new land needed for further
expansion of the American farming system.
视角判断
例3： The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890’s that the
agrarian discontent that had been developing steadily in the United States
since about 1870 had been precipitated by the closing of the internal
frontier—that is, the depletion of available new land needed for further
expansion of the American farming system.
引用观点
视角判断
例4： It has been said of Beethoven that he toppled the rules and freed
music from the stifling confines of convention.
视角判断
例4： It has been said of Beethoven that he toppled the rules and freed
music from the stifling confines of convention.
引用观点
视角判断
例5： Johnson’s rejection of his patron’s belated assistance has often been
identified as a key moment in the history of publishing, marking the end
of the culture of patronage.
视角判断
例5： Johnson’s rejection of his patron’s belated assistance has often
been identified as a key moment in the history of publishing, marking the
end of the culture of patronage.
引用观点
视角判断
例6：Roger Rosenblatt’s book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply
literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject, successfully alters
the approach taken by most previous studies.
视角判断
例6：Roger Rosenblatt’s book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply
literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject, successfully alters
the approach taken by most previous studies.
作者观点（态度评价）
单句功能判断（视角）
1. Even as the number of females processed through juvenile courts
climbs steadily, an implicit consensus remains among scholars in criminal
justice that male adolescents define the delinquency problem in the United
States.
1. Even as the number of females processed through juvenile courts
climbs steadily, an implicit consensus remains among scholars in criminal
justice that male adolescents define the delinquency problem in the United
States.
引用观点
2. Most historians tend to depict the African Americans as victims of
racism and the farm tenancy system.
2. Most historians tend to depict the African Americans as victims of
racism and the farm tenancy system.
引用观点
3. It is well known that biological changes at the molecular level have
morphogenetic consequences, consequences affecting the formation and
differentiation of tissues and organs.
3. It is well known that biological changes at the molecular level have
morphogenetic consequences, consequences affecting the formation and
differentiation of tissues and organs.
事实
4. The black experience, one might automatically assume, is known to
every Black author.
4. The black experience, one might automatically assume, is known to
every Black author.
引用观点
5. Writing about nineteenth-century women’s travel writing, Lila Harper
notes that the four women she discussed used their own names, in contrast
with the nineteenth-century female novelists who either published
anonymously or used male pseudonyms.
5. Writing about nineteenth-century women’s travel writing, Lila Harper
notes that the four women she discussed used their own names, in
contrast with the nineteenth-century female novelists who either published
anonymously or used male pseudonyms.
事实
6. It is a popular misconception that nuclear fusion power is free of
radioactivity.
6. It is a popular misconception that nuclear fusion power is free of
radioactivity.
引用观点（conception）+作者观点（mis-负态度）
7. A Marxist sociologist has argued that racism stems from the class
struggle that is unique to the capitalist system—that racial prejudice is
generated by capitalists as a means of controlling workers.
7. A Marxist sociologist has argued that racism stems from the class
struggle that is unique to the capitalist system—that racial prejudice is
generated by capitalists as a means of controlling workers.
引用观点
8. Historian F. W. Maitland observed that legal documents are the best—
indeed, often the only—available evidence about the economic and social
history of a given period.
8. Historian F. W. Maitland observed that legal documents are the best—
indeed, often the only—available evidence about the economic and social
history of a given period.
事实
9. Global fishery resources are facing a number of threats, which have
principally been attributed to commercial fishing.
9. Global fishery resources are facing a number of threats, which have
principally been attributed to commercial fishing.
引用观点
10. Favorable environments do not necessarily lead to the occurrence of
plant cultivation.
11. During the Pleistocene epoch, several species of elephants isolated on
islands underwent rapid dwarfing.
10. Favorable environments do not necessarily lead to the occurrence of
plant cultivation.
作者视角
11. During the Pleistocene epoch, several species of elephants isolated on
islands underwent rapid dwarfing.
作者视角
10. Favorable environments do not necessarily lead to the occurrence of
plant cultivation.
作者视角（作者观点）
11. During the Pleistocene epoch, several species of elephants isolated on
islands underwent rapid dwarfing.
作者视角（事实）
12. The continued viability of the kiva in Spanish mission settlements has
been underestimated by historians.
12. The continued viability of the kiva in Spanish mission settlements has
been underestimated by historians.
引用观点+作者观点（负态度）
13. Buell’s study of village sketches (a type of fiction popular in the
United States in the 1830s and 1840s) provides a valuable summary of
sketches that portray the community as homogenous and fixed, but it
ignores those by women writers, which typically depicted the diversity
that increasingly characterized actual village communities at that time.
13. Buell’s study of village sketches (a type of fiction popular in the
United States in the 1830s and 1840s) provides a valuable summary of
sketches that portray the community as homogenous and fixed, but it
ignores those by women writers, which typically depicted the diversity
that increasingly characterized actual village communities at that time.
① 作者对B的“偏负评价”
② male sketches：homo
③ female sketches：diverse
④ 作者认可female sketches
