Trichotillomania Pyromania

● Hair pulling disorder ● An impulse-control disorder that

● The urge to pull out one’s own hair involves having an irresistible urge
anywhere on the body including the to set fires.
scalps, eyebrows and arms. ● The pattern parallels that of
● More common in women than in kleptomania, where the person feels
men. a tension or arousal before setting a
fire and a sense of gratification or
Kleptomania relief while the fire burns.
● The patterns described by those with ● Treatment is generally
this disorder are strikingly cognitive-behavioral.
similar—the person begins to feel a
sense of tension just before stealing, Withdrawal delirium
which is followed by feelings of ● Is a severe and potentially
pleasure or relief while the theft is life-threatening condition that occurs
committed (Nock et al., in press) during withdrawal from alcohol or
● Patients with kleptomania often other substances after prolonged
report having no memory (amnesia) heavy use. It is characterized by
about the act of shoplifting confusion, disorientation,
(Hollander, Berlin, & Stein, 2009) hallucinations, severe agitation, and
● Some refer to kleptomania as an tremors. Physical symptoms may
“antidepressant” behavior, or a include high blood pressure, rapid
reaction on the part of some to heart rate, fever, and sweating.
relieve unpleasant feelings through
stealing (Fishbain, 1987). Delusions
● A belief that would be seen by most
Pathological Gambling members of a society as a
misrepresentation of reality is called
● Thinking about gambling constantly, a disorder of thought content.
planning the next gambling ● “the basic characteristic of madness”
opportunity, or reliving past gambling
experiences. Agonist Substitution
● A treatment method where a safer
Eugen Bleuler substance with effects similar to the
● A Swiss psychiatrist who introduced addictive drug is used to reduce
the term schizophrenia, meaning cravings and withdrawal symptoms.
“splitting of the mind.” For example, methadone is used for
opioid addiction, and nicotine
Substance use patches for smoking.
● Substance use refers to the
consumption of psychoactive Schizophrenia
substances, including alcohol, ● A serious mental condition of a type
tobacco, prescription medications, involving a breakdown in the relation
and illicit drugs. between thought, emotion, and
 behavior, leading to faulty Cognitive-Behavioral Intervention
perception, inappropriate actions ● A structured, goal-oriented approach
and feelings, withdrawal from reality that helps individuals identify and
and personal relationships into change negative thought patterns
fantasy and delusion, and a sense of and behaviors contributing to their
mental fragmentation. problems. It combines cognitive
● It is a disorder characterized by a therapy, which focuses on modifying
broad spectrum of cognitive and distorted thinking, with behavioral
emotional dysfunctions including strategies aimed at altering harmful
delusions and hallucinations, behaviors.
disorganized speech and behavior,
and inappropriate emotions. Opponent-Process Theory
● Explains that after the initial pleasure
Disorganized Speech of drug use, a negative feeling (like a
● Refer to thoughts and speech that crash) follows.
are jumbled or do not make sense
For example, the person may switch Avolition
from one topic to another or respond ● Is the inability to initiate and persist
with an unrelated topic in in activities. People with this
conversation. symptom (also referred to as apathy)
show little interest in performing
Cravings even the most basic day-to-day
● Are intense and persistent urges or functions, including those associated
desires to consume a substance, with personal hygiene.
often experienced by individuals with ● Which derives from the combination
substance use disorders. of a, meaning (“without”) and
volition,
Moral Weakness Model which means (“an act of willing,
● The moral weakness model sees choosing, or deciding”)
drug use as a failure of self-control,
where individuals are blamed for Hallucinations
their inability to resist temptation. ● It is the experience of sensory
events without any input from the
Affective Flattening surrounding environment
● A significant reduction in the range
and intensity of emotional Emil Kraepelin
expression. Individuals with this ● A German psychiatrist who unified
condition may display diminished the distinct categories of
facial expressions, lack of emotional schizophrenia (hebephrenic,
responsiveness, and a monotone catatonic, and paranoid) under the
voice. name dementia praecox.
Anhedonia ● Physical characteristics of fetal
● The inability to experience pleasure alcohol syndrome include skin folds
or interest in activities that were at the corners of the eyes, low nasal
previously enjoyable or rewarding. bridge, short nose, groove between
nose and upper lip, small head
A. Clinical Description of the following: circumference, small eye opening,
small midface, and thin upper lip.
1. Alcohol Use Disorder
● Although alcohol is a depressant, its 3. Sedative, Hypnotic,or Anxiolytic
initial effect is an apparent Substance Use Disorder
stimulation, where the person ● Sedative, hypnotic, and anxiolytic
experience a feeling of well-being drugs, including barbiturates and
and become more outgoing benzodiazepines, are used to induce
● With increasing alcohol intake, it sleep, reduce anxiety, or relax
results in more depressed areas in muscles. However, they pose
the brain, impeding the ability to significant risks, especially when
function properly. The motor misused.
coordination is impaired, reaction ● Barbiturates were popular in the
time is slowed, the person becomes 1930s and 1940s for sleep aid but
confused, and hearing and vision are highly addictive. Low doses relax
are negatively affected. muscles and create mild euphoria,
● Withdrawal from chronic alcohol use but high doses mimic heavy drinking
typically include tremors and, within effects and may cause death by
several hours, nausea or vomiting, respiratory failure. They are often
anxiety, insomnia, and at its involved in overdose-related
extreme, withdrawal suicides.
delirium/delirium tremens, a ● Benzodiazepines, initially seen as a
condition the produces frightening solution to modern stress, are used
hallucinations and body tremors, but as muscle relaxants and
this can be reduced with adequate anticonvulsants. They induce
medical treatment. feelings of euphoria and reduced
● Consequences of long-term inhibitions, similar to alcohol.
excessive drinking include liver Continued use leads to tolerance,
disease, pancreatitis, cardiovascular dependence, and withdrawal
disorders, and brain damage. symptoms resembling those of
alcohol.
2. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome ● Both alcohol and these drugs can
● Recognized as a combination of lead to maladaptive behaviors like
problems that can occur in a child aggression, mood swings, impaired
whose mother drank while she was judgment, and motor coordination
pregnant. These problems include problems. Combining alcohol with
fetal growth retardation, cognitive these drugs amplifies their effects to
deficits, behavior problems, and dangerous levels, increasing the risk
learning difficulties .
 of severe impairment or fatal ● Aversion Treatment: Seeks to
overdose. discourage substance use by pairing
it with unpleasant experiences,
B. Condition, Cause, Treatment and creating negative associations.
Prevention of Cognitive Disorders.
Psychosocial Treatments:
Biological Factors in dementia include
brain trauma, diseases, and drug abuse, ● Inpatient Facilities: Provide support
which can contribute to cognitive decline. during the withdrawal phase and
Psychosocial Factors such as stress and therapy to help individuals
social support play a role in how individuals reintegrate into society.
cope and the progression of symptoms. ● Alcoholics Anonymous (AA): A
12-step program focused on
Dementia Treatment Approaches: recognizing addiction and
empowering individuals to manage
● Biological: Treatment focuses on its impact.
slowing disease progression, with ● Controlled Drinking: Encourages
promising research on neurotrophic moderation or abstinence, though its
factors and stem cell transplants. effectiveness is debated due to
● Psychosocial: Support for potential misuse of "slips" as
caregivers and coping strategies for excuses.
patients are key components of ● Component Treatment: Combines
treatment. multiple strategies, such as
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
Dementia Prevention Strategies: or Motivational Enhancement
Therapy (MET), to enhance the
● Control blood pressure.
success of biological interventions.
● Stay physically and socially active.
● Avoid substance abuse. D. Psychotic Disorders
● Are a group of mental health
C. Treatment strategies in treating
conditions characterized by
Substance-Related Disorders
disruptions in thinking, perception,
Biological Treatments: and reality. Individuals with psychotic
disorders may experience
● Agonist Substitution: A method hallucinations (sensory experiences
where a substance with a similar that aren't real, like hearing voices)
chemical composition to the and delusions (false beliefs, such as
addictive drug is used as a believing they are being persecuted
substitute, helping to reduce or have special powers). The most
withdrawal symptoms and cravings. well-known psychotic disorder is
● Antagonist Treatment: Involves schizophrenia.
medications that block or counteract
the effects of addictive substances,
such as drugs that neutralize opiate
effects.