ODA BULTUM UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITY

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

ASSESSING AGRICULTURAL LAND SIZE FRAGMENTATION

AND ITS ECONOMIC EFFECTS IN THE CASE OF DALLOMANA WOREDA

RESEARCH SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND

ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF ART IN GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES.

BY ISMAEL AYUB ID NO
2551/14
ADVISOR; BAYU SAFISA (MA)
JUNE, 2017

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 CHIRO, ETHIOPIA

ODA BULTUM UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES
DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

BY ISMAEL AYUB SIGNATURE DATE

……………………… ………………. ……….
APPROVED BY
ADVISOR SIGNATURE DATE
…………………. …………………. ……….
EXAMINER SIGNATURE DATE
………………. ……………… ………

JUNE, 2017
CHRO, ETHIOPIA

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First of all I would like to be thanks my God for helping to finish this work. Secondly, I would
like express my greatest appreciation and thanks my advisor Bayu Safisa(MA) for immediate
feedback and constructive advice he gave me .Had it been without unreserved effort and follow up
the completion of the study.
Thirdly I would like to given my deepest gratitude and heartfelt thanks for my family for all
aspect and accomplishment of my study.

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Table of contents Page
Contents
Acknowledgment ………………………………………………….
List of figures ……………………………………………………...
List of tables………………………………………………………..
Acronym…………………………………………………………….
Abstract ……………………………………………………..............
CHAPTER ONE
1 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………...
1.1 .Background of the study ……………………………………….
1.2. Statement of the problem………………………………………..
1.3. Objective of the study …………………………………………...
1.3.1. General objective ……………………………………………...
1.3.2. Specific objective ……………………………………………….
1.4. Research question ……………………………………………….
1.5. Significance of the study ………………………………………..
1.6. Scope of the study ……………………………………………….
1.7. Limitation of the study ………………………………………….
1.8. Organization of the study ……………………………………….
CHAPTER TWO
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE………………………….
2.1 .Concept of agricultural land size fragmentation ………………….
2.1.1. Advantage of agricultural land size fragmentation …………….
2.1.2. Disadvantage of agricultural land size fragmentation ………….
2.1.3. Cause of agricultural land size fragmentation ………………….
2.1.4 .Economic impact of agricultural land fragmentation…………..
2.1.5. Farm size land fragmentation and smallholder production ….

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2.2 .Land tenure ……………………………………………………….
2.2.1 .Land fragmentation policies …………………………………....
2.2.2. Land consolidation program …………………………………...
CHAPTER THREE
3. Research methodologies ……………………………………………..
3.1 .Description of the study area ……………………………………...
3.1.1. Location …………………………………………………………...
3.1.2 .Climate …………………………………………………………….
3.1.3 .Topography ……………………………………………………….
3.1.4 .Soil type …………………………………………………………...
3.1.5 .Demographic characteristic……………………………………….
3.1.6 .Socio economic characteristic …………………………………….
3.2 .Research methodology ……………………………………………….
3.2.1. Research design …………………………………………………….
3.2.2 .Data source ………………………………………………………….
3.2.3 .Method of data collection …………………………………………..
3.2.4. Primary data collection ……………………………………………..
3.3. Secondary data collection ……………………………………………..
3.4 .Sampling size and sampling techniques ……………………………....
3.5. Method of data analysis …………………………………………...
CHAPTER FOUR
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1. Background information of the respondent ……………………………….
4.1.1 .Age structure ……………………………………………………………..
4.1.2. Age distribution of respondent by age group…………………………….
4.1.3. Educational status ………………………………………………………….
4.1.4 .Occupation status ………………………………………………………….
4.1.5. Marital status ……………………………………………………………….
4.2. Religious status ……………………………………………………………….
4.2.1 .Land ownership …………………………………………………………….
4.2.2 .Amount of land per hectare ……………………………………………….

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4.2.3 .Measures of its economic effects …………………………………………...
CHAPTER FIVE
5 .Conclusion and recommendation ……………………………………………
5.1. Conclusion ………………………………………………………………….
5.2 .Recommendation …………………………………………………………….
Referent
Appendix

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 List of figures Page
3. Map of the study area ………………………………………………...

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 List of table Page
Table 4.1. Sex structure of the respondent ……………………………………….
Table 4.2. Age distribution by age group …………………………………….......
Table 4.3. Distribution of respondent by educational status …………………….
Table 4.4 . Distribution of respondent by occupation …………………………….
Table 4.5. Marital status of respondent …………………………………………...
Table 4.6. Religious status of respondent ………………………………………….
Table 4.7 .The respondent of land ownership ……………………………………..
Table 4.8. Amount of land owned per hectare……………………………………..
Table 4.9. Current agricultural land fragmentation and reason ………………….
Table 4.10. Impact of land fragmentation on agricultural production of income...
Table 4.11. Cause of land fragmentation and transfers of agricultural land…….
Table 4.12 . Land redistribution of agricultural land fragmentation and reason...
Table 4 .13. Land fragmentation could be a problem on your income …………...
Table 4.14. Measures of its economic effects ………………………………………

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 ACRONYM
CSA - Central statistical agency
CWB - Warm and temperate climate
DMAO - Dallomana woreda administration office
KM OR- Kebele manager office report
KM - Kilometer
MM - Millimeter
MOA - Ministry of agriculture

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 ABSTRACT
The research was entitled as agricultural land size fragmentation in Dallomana woreda .Land
fragmentation was a single farm consists of a large number of separated land plots in common
agricultural phenomena in many countries .To address the problem objective were to identify the
main cause of agricultural land size fragmentation and its economic effect on agricultural land.
To achieve this objective the necessary data were collected from both primary and secondary data
source .The samples were selected through a simple random sampling method and household
respondents interviewee .The total sampling size was 48 respondent .The given data were analyzed
using qualitative and quantitative method .The present land holding or plots of land of farmers
were located in different places .As the finding indicated the majority of the farmers have less than
1 hectare land in the study area .The major cause of agricultural land size fragmentation in the
study area were population growth ,land distribution and redistribution ,increase number of
farmers .The possible solution for agricultural land size fragmentation in Dallomana woreda is
controlling the population growth and creating job opportunity other than agricultural activities.

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 CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
In Ethiopia Land fragmentation where a single farm comprises numerous individual parcels of
land is a common agrarian feature of many transition economic (Dijk, 2002). Land fragmentation
is side to be constraint to effective crop production and agricultural modernization in several
countries this has resulted in land consolidation program. The existence of fragmentation land
holding is regarded an important feature in less developed agricultural system. It has the major
obstacle to agricultural activity, because it hinders agricultural mechanization cause in effect
(Austin et al, 2012).
In the oromia region land fragmentation and recurrent drought combine to leave nearly a quarter
of the population food insecurity (ADA, 2003). Land fragmentation is often considered to be an
obstacle for improving agricultural productivity (Theesfeld et al, 2005).
It is thought to impede growth and prevent efficiency grains in the agricultural
sector and many government have sought to promote a more rational spatial allocation of land
and formulated policies aim at encouraging land consolidation (Hung et al,2007).Although it has
been argued that land fragmentation may be detrimental to both farmers and the economy there
are a number of reasons why farmers may benefit from land fragmentation .Land fragmentation
provides a means of exploiting land parcels of differing quality .This facilities crop diversification
,spreads labor requirements ,reduces production and price risks and better matches soil types with
necessary food crops .land fragmentation is thought to promote crop and agricultural diversity
(Ibid)
In Dallomana woreda the problem of agricultural land size fragmentation and its economic effect
caused by population growth, land distribution and land redistribution rules are common problems
in Dallomana woreda and the combination of farming to the local economy declining as it is in
rural community nationwide. Land fragmentation has been a prominent feature in many countries
since of least the 17 century the existence of fragmented land holding is regarding an important
Mechanization for the feature of less developed agricultural system . It can be a major obstacle to

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agricultural causes in efficiencies in production and involves large cost to all deviate its effect
(Van hung etal, 2006)

1.2. Statement of the problem

Land fragmentation has been considered to have different advantage and disadvantage and has
long history in Ethiopia. The previous and current government regarding rural administration
issued different policy options especially during the previous government. Land fragmentation
was considered as an evil to be avoided in any cost (MOA 1987). Land fragmentation reduces risks
by giving several of soil and growing condition .Besides the benefits of agricultural land size
fragmentation in oromia region result in economic use of land as well as labour resource in other
words farm land holding are diminished to the level that it could not support the requirement of
the family and fragmented in small parcel scattered over area as long as peasant lack of an area of
plot of land and investment increase for an area productivity cannot crop with population growth
(Ibid).
There are various problems but the major problem are population growth, unequal distribution of
land size for the society. Traditional tenure arrangement and small size of landholding are common
problems in west Bale zone espcataly in Dallomana woreda (MOA, 1989).
The main reason that initiated the researcher to conduct this agricultural land size fragmentation
in Dallomana woreda is small size agricultural land has been distributed several times in oromia
region including west Bale being equity among farmer in their ownership and belongingness.
Therefore this study assessed agricultural land size fragmentation and its economic effect .This
study were to give up data information is needed for policy maker to take immediate action on
the problem of land fragmentation and its economic effect .This study were to fulfill those gap.

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 1.3. Objective of the study
1.3.1. General objective
The general objectives of this study were to assess agricultural land size fragmentation and its
economic effects in Dallomana woreda.
1.3.2. Specific objective
The specific objectives of the study were;
1. To investigate the impact of agricultural land size fragmentation on farm production in the
study area.
2. To identify the main cause of agricultural land size fragmentation in the study area.
3 .To examine the economic effects of agricultural land size fragmentation in Dallomana woreda.
1.4 .Research question
To achieve the objective of the study. The researcher were forward the following question;
1 .What is the impact of agricultural land size fragmentation on farm production in Dallomna
woreda?
2. What is the main cause of agricultural land size fragmentation in the study area?
3. What are the economic effects of agricultural land fragmentation in Dallomana woreda?
1.5. Significant of the study
The result of this study has the following importance.
The study on agricultural land size fragmentation can contribute to the understanding of land
fragmentation and its effects at household and community level with respect to the existing attitude
towards it hence. Policy makers could be understands and make use of information about merits
and demerits of agricultural land size fragmentation at household and community level. Finally,
the result of this research may be useful for governmental and non-governmental organization
dealing with land use planning and extension activity. It helps to reduce negative impact which
exerts force on the farmers.

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 1.6. Scope of the study
The study was conducted in Dallomana woreda and it was conducted to assessment of agricultural
land size fragmentation and its economic effects .The reason that researcher was selected the topic
agricultural land size fragmentation was on the base of background knowledge to this problem
existed in the study area. The problem like conflict between the families when the lands were
fragmented and crop production is directly decreased. The presence of effective development
policy in a given country’s paver ways in attaining sustainable development.
1.7. Limitation of the study
The major problem faced during data gathering was shortage of time, financial problem and
another problem during the study was reluctance of the respondent to fill the questionnaires. This
may be data several reasons such as inability to understand the necessity of the researcher and
overburden of work.
1.8. Organization of the paper
This study has five chapters .The first chapter incorporates background of the study ,statement of
the problem ,objectives of the study ,research question, significance of the study ,scope of the
study ,limitation of the study and organization of the paper. The second chapter also includes
review of related literature ,the third chapter deal with the description of the study area in this
chapter the place where this study concerns is briefly described .The fourth chapter include result
and discussion and the last chapter of this study about conclusion and recommendation.

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 CHAPTER TWO
2. Review of related literature
2.1. Agricultural land fragmentation
Agricultural land fragmentation is widespread in the world and the result of various institutional,
political, historical and sociological factors such as inheritance laws collectivization and
consolidation processes .transaction cost in land market urban development policies and personal
valuation of land ownership .Land fragmentation is considered division of farmland in to small
farm as agricultural land size fragmentation. As a single farm considering numerous discrete
parcels of the scattered over wider area evaluated both the cost and benefits of land fragmentation
in the case of rice production in Japan similarly to Rahman (Kawasaki, 2010).
2.1.1 .Advantage of agricultural land fragmentation
A benefit associated with land fragmentation is variety of soil and growing condition that reduce
the risk of total crop failure by giving the farmer a variety of soil and growing conditions many
different plots allows farmers access to land of different qualities when it comes to soil slope-
micro-climatic variation etc (The World Bank, 2005).
Another benefit of land fragmentation is the use of multiple eco-zones .Different plots enable
farmers to grow a wider mix of crop .since crops ripe at different time when the plots are the
different altitudes spreading out the agriculture work like harvest and sowing during a long period
of time help farmers to avoid household labour bottlenecks .This is especially important when
growing season of the crop is short and easily creates seasons of peak labour demand (Ibid).
2.1.2. Disadvantage of agricultural land fragmentation
Land fragmentation is said to harm productivity in a number of ways .First fragmented land
holding can increase transport cost. If the plot are located far from the home and far from each
other there is a waste of time for the workers spent on traveling in between the plots and home
management supervision and securing of scattered plots can also be more difficult time consuming
and costly small and scattered plots waste land area and require more land for fencing border
construction and paths and roads .Land fragmentation might also increase the risk of disputes
between neighbors’ (Mweb Arose, Gaynor Richard, 2002).

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 2.1.3. Cause of agricultural land fragmentation
The cause of agricultural land fragmentation vary in different country's land fragmentation
commonly results when implementation agrarian reform but ,the phenomenon has developed in
different ways in different country's land distribution and redistribution ,population growth
,subsistence cropping ,social ,cultural ,economic and physical processes are considered as causes
of land fragmentation(Ten et al,2005-2006).
2.1.4. Economic impact of agricultural land fragmentation
The increasing population size of rural Ethiopia and the limited total land area .Especially in the
high land farming area has been the cause for decaling perceptual landholding studies suggest that
on average small land holding less than hector household most of the small plots of land is devoted
to food production ,but households seldom produce enough crops to meet their family’s
consumption requirement .As the land is too small to produce any marketable surplus under the
prevailing conduction .Subsistence and survival are over three riding concerns of the farmer this
result in lack of cash of investment purchase of commercial inputs and purchase of oxen for land
preparation(Ayele, 2003).
2.1.5. Farm size land fragmentation and smallholder production
Ethiopia is country of smallholder agriculture in the 2000 cropping season 87.4 percent of rural
household operated less than 2 hectors .Whereas 64.5 percent of them cultivated small farms are
fragmented on average into 2.3 plots the average farm size can generate only about 50 percent of
the minimum income required for the average farm households to lead a life out of poverty. Farm
size been taken to be synonymous with farm acreage because it can easily be ascertained and is
sold days worked off-farm (for small-scale farm ) level of farm income. To the level of total family
income has commonly. If currently levels of farmer productivity and prices structures remain
constant .such farmers have little (Samuel, 2006).
2.2. Land tenure
Land tenure security and market prices of agricultural commodities are determined by
governmental laws and agricultural policies which is disguise influence farmers profit margins and
land use decisions specifically, the land tenure plays one of the vital roles in shaping farmers land
use decision (Rasul et al ,2004). In the area where shifting cultivation is common farmer need
much of investment in land development .However their investment decision may be affected if

16
they are not sure how long they were allowed to use the ownership right if property right are
absent and if land tenancy is insecure farmers do not care much about the land use and though
concentrate on short terms profit maximizing at the cost of accelerating the degradation of land
(Cairns et al,2003 ).
2.2.1. Land fragmentation policies
The relationship between land and people is reflective although the livelihood of peoples is directly
linked to land .The ownership of land is decreasing rapidly land fragmentation has been a
prominent torture in many country's especially in the developing country's (Thepa et al ,2005).
2.2.2. Consolidation programs
Policy makers often propose land consolidation programs as a solution to the costs associated with
land fragmentation .Land consolidation means that farmers surrender their scattered plots in order
to receive an equivalent area most consolidation program are result of government policies ranging
from large -scale mandatory programs to decentralized small program encouraging consolidation
on a more voluntary basis . Programs often include new roads, irrigation system, settlement
schemes and related services (Mwebaza et al, 2002).

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 CHAPTER THREE
3. Research methodologies
3.1 Description of the study area
3.1.1. Location
In oromia region there are 287 woreda in west Bale zone of oromia region has 10 woreda.
Dallomna woreda is found in Bale zone of oromia regional state .It is bordered in the north Madda
wolabu woreda, in the south East Borana one, on the east Guradhamole woreda and in the waste
Haranabuluk woreda .This woreda is found 126 km, faraway from Robe town to south .The total
area coverage of Dallomana woreda is 627.42 square km and it has 17 administrative unit .Its
astronomical location of Dallomana woreda .The woreda is divided into 17kebeles.

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Figure 3.1

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 3.1.2 .Climate
The climatic condition of Dallomana woreda is classified as warm and temperate. The summer
here have a good deal of rainfall while the winter was very little according to kop pen and Geiger
this climate is classified as Cwb in Dallomana the average annual temperature is 16º.6 c,The
rainfall here average 1138 mm( DWAO ,2009).
3.1.3 Topography
The topographic nature of the study area were characterized by flat 38.8%, rigid 11.8%, hill49.4
%( DWAO, 2009).
3.1.4. Soil type
The type of soil which is common in the study area is categorize locally into red soil 12% ,black
soil 65% and brawn soil 5% gray soil 18%.However based on the local farmers perception the soil
type of the study area were categorized under black soil(DWAO, 2009).
3.1.5. Demographic characteristic
Based on 2007 national census conducted by central statistical agency of Ethiopia this woreda has
total population of 92,359, an increase of 17.02% over the 1994 census of whom 49487 were man
and 52872 women 8700 or 8.5% were urban inhabitant with an area of 620.97 square km .
Dallomana has a population density of 164.84 which is greater than the zone average 153.8% per
square km a total of 25511 household were counted in this woreda resulting in an average of 4.01%
to a household and 24.917 housing unit .The majority of the inhabitants were Muslims with
97.01% reporting that as their religion while 2.85 % of the population were orthodox Christianity
(CSA ,2007).
3.1.6 .Socio-economic characteristics
The major source of income of the population of Dallomana woreda is agricultural based economy
.Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy ,because of above 95% of the population
live in rural area .The dominant crops including; barley, wheat ,teff, sorghum, nug, maize .The
rivers with this woreda include the welmal and Yadot which flows to the Somali ,a survey of land
in this woreda shows that 64% is cultivable and another 25 % under irrigation 6% pasture, 4%
forest and remaining 1% considered degraded or other infrastructure is the basic physical and

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organizational structural needed for the operation of the society and facilities necessary for an
economy to function it can be generally defined as the set of interconnected structural element that
provide a framework supporting an entire structure of development .(DWAO,2014).
3.2. Research methodology
3.2.1. Research design
The research used survey type of research for the study area .Because survey study is conducted
to detail description of the existing phenomena condition with term of employing data to justify
current condition, by using this research type the study obtained precise general information about
the current feature of the society and its very important to drown conclusion from the reality .The
study was conducted on agricultural land size fragmentation practice in the study area .In this
method the researcher employed both quantitative and quantitative type of data.
3.2.2. Data source
The relevant data source for this study is including both primary and secondary data source.
Primary data source was field survey through the use of questionnaire, interview and secondary
data were collected from land administration offices of document, book, literature documents
report and internet service.
3.2.3. Method of data collection
3.2.4. Primary data collection
Questionnaires
This instrument involves closed ended and open ended questions was basically construct and
employ to generate data household heads of agricultural land size fragmentation.
Interview
The different checklist was prepared by gathering the required information from different number
of respondents this were selected from rural kebele administrative office ,woreda agricultural
office and other household heads or farmers.

3.3.5. Secondary data collection

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The secondary data were obtained from previous related researches, books, and census report
mainly through soft copies over the internet and hard copies found in the woreda offices, libraries
were also use.
3.4. Sampling size and sampling techniques
The total number and list of household in Dallomna woeda is 450. Therefore,from the total
household which constitute 450 rural household heads 48 was selected using simple random
sampling method, because they have responsible to rise the living standard of household in the
woeda level. The reason why the researcher used simple random sampling method was to avoid
bias among the total household given equal chance for all respondent to select.
General formula:n=N/1+N(e)2
Where n=sample size
N=Total population
e=Level of population
The above formula is used to calculate the sample size at 90% confidence level
and at with 10% estimation error.
To get the sample size n=450/1+450
n=450/1+450(0.5)
n=450/1+8.4
n=450/9.4=48

3.5. Methods of data analysis

The data were collected through questionnaires and interview the available data of the study was
analyze through qualitative and quantitative .Qualitative data were analyzed in the form the verbal
description of the primary data and quantitative data were analyzed by using, table, frequency and
percentage.

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 Chapter four
4. Result and Discussion
4.1 Background of information about the respondents.
This chapter deals with the analyzing discussion of background of information in the study area
4.1.1. Age structure.
It is one of the demographic factors which affect the socio-economic activities.
Table 4.1. Sex structure of the respondent
Sex Number of respondent percentage
Male 33 67.5
Female 15 32.5
Total 48 100
Source field survey, 2017.
As indicated on the above table higher percentage of the respondent were male head of household
in which accounted 67.5 percent of the total sample population .The remaining 32.5 percent of
respondents were female headed of household .This indicates the higher of the respondent were
males.
4.1.2 .Age distribution of respondents by age group
Table 4.2.Age distribution by age group
Age group Frequency Percentage
18-26 29 57.5
27-35 11 27.5
36-44 7 12.5
Above 44 1 2.5
Total 48 100
Source field survey, 2017

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As indicated the above table 4.2 shows that 57.5 percent of respondents were found the age group
of 18-26, 27.5 percent of the respondents were found between 27-35 ,12.5 percent of the
respondents found between the age of 36-44 and 2.5 percent of the respondents were found the age
of above 44years.

4.1.3. Educational status

Table 4.3.Distribution of respondent by educational status
Educational status Frequency Percentage
Literate 6 62.5
Illiterate 30 20
Read and write only 2 17.5
Total 48 100
Source field survey, 2017
As indicated the above table 4.3 the literate accounts 62.5 percent, illiterate accounts 20 percent
and 17.5 percent read and write only .The majority of respondent were llliterate because the urban
household people are educational status of the respondent is very low.
4.1.4. Occupational status
Table 4.4. Distribution of respondent by occupation
Occupation Frequency Percentage
Agriculture 30 50
Trade 15 42.5
Carts service 3 7.5
Total 48 100
Source field survey, 2017
As indicated in the above table 4.4, 5 percent were agriculture 42.5 percent were trade 7.5 percent
were carts services .The majority of the people in the woreda is engaged by agriculture.
4.1.5 .Marital status
Table 4.5. Marital status of respondent
Marital status Frequency Percentage

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 Married 24 52.5
Not married 15 30
Divorced 6 10
Widowed 3 7.5
Total 48 100
Source field survey, 2017
As indicated in the above table 4.5 it indicated the majority of the respondent were married which
accounts 52.5 percent it also indicates that 30 percent of the respondent were not married ,10
percent of divorced and 7.5 percent of the total sample population of respondent were widowed.
4.2 .Religious status
Table 4.6 .Religious status of respondents
Religious status Frequency Percentage
Orthodox 15 75
Protestant 3 5
Muslim 30 20
Catholic - -
Total 48 100
Source field survey, 2017
According to religious status 75 percent of respondent were Orthodox 5 percent of respondents
were Protestant and remaining 20 percent of the respondent were Muslim .Due to this reason
Muslim religious were more dominant from other religious in the study area .
4.2.1 .Land ownership
Table 4.7. the respondent of land ownership
Questions Response Frequency Percentage

Did you have your Yes 35 70

own land?
NO 13 30

Total 48 100
Source file survey 2017
As illustrated in the above table 4.7 ,70 percent of respondent of the total household reported as
they have their own land and the remaining 30 percent of respondents indicated as they have no
land .This indicated that the majority of respondents have their farming land in the study area.

25
 4.2.3. Size of land per hectare
Table 4.8 .Amount of land owned per hectare
If you say yes Response in hectare Frequency Percentage
How many lands <1 30 50
do you have in < 2 10 20
hectare?
≤3 2 5
>3 6 25
Total 48 100
Source field survey, 2017
As indicated in the above table 4.8 the majority of household respondent had less than 1hectare
of the land .It account 50 percent of the total household respondent where as less than 2 hectare it
accounts 20 percent and less than or equal to 3 hectare accounts 5 percent and greater than 3 it
accounts 25 percent of the total household respondent respectively .According to Dallomana
woreda land expert indicates the majority of respondent had less than 1 hectare for individual
because of farmer land taken by different purposes like building of school ,health station and
urban expansion and the construction of industry in this case the farmers have been landless.

26
Table 4.9. Current agricultural land fragmentation and reason
Question Alternative Frequency Percentage
What look like land Very high 20 35
fragmentation in high 11 22.5
Dallomana woreda?
Medium 12 27.5
Low 5 15
Total 48 100
If your answer is very Increase investment 25 50
high and high for the Government policies 13 25
above question what
is the reason? Other 10 25
Total 48 100
Source field survey, 2017
According to the Dallomana woreda seems land fragmentation is very high, As the table 4.9 shows
us, 35 percent of the respondent express as very high, 22.5 percent high, 27.5 percent medium, 15
percent low respectively and 50 percent of respondents that their reason to say increasing
investment reason and 25 percent of respondent says government policies.
Table 4.10. Impact of land fragmentation on agricultural productivity
Question Alternative Frequency Percentage
Does land Yes 30 55
fragmentation have No 18 45
impact on your Total 48 100
agricultural activity
Source field survey, 2017

27
According to the above table 4.10 question, 55 percent of respondent is said yes when they asked
whether land fragmentation has impact on their agricultural activities, such as shortage of land
,reduced crop product, and increase land rents etc. However ,45 percent of the respondents oppose
the above idea.

Table4.11. Cause to land fragmentation and transfers of agricultural land

Question Alternative Frequency Percentage
What do you think Land redistribution 11 22.5
that the main causes of Population growth 28 55
land fragmentation?
Traditional land 4 10
tenure arrangement
Government policy 5 12.5
Other - -
Total 48 100
Source field survey, 2017
According to the above table 4.11 the respondent were asked responding the main cause of land
fragmentation in Dallomana woreda is population growth 55 percent of the population of
respondent replied that population growth and 10 percent of the respondent is traditional land
tenure arrangement is also the cause of land fragmentation in Dallomana woreda, 22.5 percent
were land redistribution and governmental policy is 12.5 percent and other respondents replied the
cause of land fragmentation is traditional tenure.

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Table 4.12. land redistribution of agricultural land fragmentation and reasons
Question Alternative Frequency Percentage
Does land Yes 20 55
redistribution takes
place in your lifetime?
No 28 45
Total 48 100

If your answer is yes for

the above question has One time 18 12.5
many times?
Two time 10 12.5
Three time - -
More than 3 time 20 50
Total 48 100
Source field survey, 2017
According to the above table 4.12 question the researcher raised to the respondents what do you
think about land redistribution takes place in their lifetime 55 percent of respondent say yes and
45 percent of respondent says no then answered that land redistribution researcher asked them
consecutive question that for how many time does it takes place 50 percent of respondents more
than 3 time and 12.5 percent of respondent is said that one time out of 40 respondents answered
that land redistribution and the reset of 12.5 percent said that two time .

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Table 4.13. land fragmentation could be a problem on your income
Question Alternative Frequency Percentage
How does land Increase additional 30 52.5
fragmentation could expense for land rent
be a problem on your Decrease fruit and 6 15
income? vegetable product
Decrease crop product 7 17.5
Decrease animal 5 12.5
product
Other - -
Total 48 100
Source field survey, 2017
As indicated the above table 4.13 the respondents were asked about how does land fragmentation
could be a problem on their income 52.5 percent of respondent increase additional expense for
land rent, 15 percent of respondent said that decreased fruit and vegetable product , 12.5 percent
were decrease animal product and 17.5 percent were decrease crop product .
Table 4.14. Measures of its economic effects
Alternative Frequency Percentage
How do you measure its Total employment 32 65
economic effects?
Value added 8 17
Business output 6 15
Other 2 3

Total 48 100

30
 Source field survey, 2017
As indicated the above table 4.14 higher percentage of the respondents said that the measures of
economic effects is total employment it accounts 65 percent, 17 percent it is value added and
business output 15 and the rest it accounts 3 percent others and also aggregate personal income
are the other measures of economic effects.

4.2.3. Measures of its economic effects

The economic effect can be measures, total employment, aggregate personal income, valueadded,
and business output.
Total employment; refers the number of additional jobs created by economic growth this is the
most popular measures of economic effects.
Aggregate personal income; rises as pay levels rise or additional workers are hired.
Value added is a broader measure of the full income effect .it reflects the sum of wage income and
corporate profit generated in the study area.
Business output (sales volume) is the broadest measure of economic activity as it generates the
largest numbers.

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 CHAPTER FIVE
5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1. CONCLUSION
As mentioned before, the objective of this study is to find out the major problem of agricultural
land size fragmentation that affect an economic growth .To accomplish this objective data is
collected from sample size and then the data was analyzed by using quantitative and qualitative as
well as percentage because of the high population density .Land holding per household is small
Population growth, land distribution, redistribution and also increase number of farmers where the
major cause of agricultural land size fragmentation in Dallomana woreda.
Land fragmentation has a negative impact on farmers productivities in the study area .Because
land is fragmented the farmers production is decline, that mines shortage of food decries supply of
marketing crop production.
Population growth is the major cause of agricultural land size fragmentation in Dallomana woreda.
Government policy transferring rules are also the cause of land fragmentation in the study area
next to population growth Agricultural land size fragmentation in Dallomana woreda is very high.
The main reason to land redistribution is to allocate land to the society in Dallomana woreda most
farmer in Dallomana woreda less than1 hector .That means not self-sufficient in food for their
family population growth is also the major cause for land fragmentation.
Land fragmentation has a negative impact on the farmer in cultivation quality, duration of work
accomplishment and finally crop product decrease.

32
 5.2. Recommendations
Based on the finding the researcher gave the following possible recommendation in order to
minimize the problem or overcome the problem for the concerned body to take an action of
solution on it.
The possible solution for agricultural land fragmentation in Dallomana woreda may be;
Control the population growth or limited population growth.
To creating job opportunity other than agricultural activities by the local government bodies.
The government particularly ministry of agricultural and rural development should be have
to implement regularities that protects the land not to be fragmented as well as the cause of
Agricultural land size fragmentations have to be minimized.
The concerned body must resettle the farmer.
Another solution for agricultural land size fragmentation in Dallomana woreda is using family
Planning when the family is limited land fragmentation is directly reduces. or decrease .
Farmers shall select productive solution i.e. .using selective crop seeds, drought resistance crop
and productive seeds in a small farming land.
The major impact of agricultural land fragmentation parameters distance of parcels number of
parcels owned and average size parcels has to be considered separately to take proper measure
on each of them by the farmers.

33
 REFERENCES

Oromia development association, (2003).THE Oromia region .and it's people .online
;http;//www.telecom .net.et /-ada/Oromia .htm.
Austin et al, (2012).Exploring between land fragmentation productivity available at international
Journal of agriculture in Ethiopia.
Ayele ,.and Alemu .d,(2003).Ethiopian economic policy and economic association.
Cairns ,(2003).Land rights systems and agricultural development in sub-saharan africa .world
bank research observer.
CSA,(2007).Table ,Oromia region ,Archived november 14,2010 at the way back machine ,table
2,1,2,4,2,5,3,1,3,2,and 3,4 assessing economic impact and economic development.
Dallomana woreda land administration offices report,(2009).
Dijk, T.v,(2002).scenarios of central European land fragmentation ,land use policy, 20(2),149-
158.
Hung ,p.v,macaulay ,G.T,marsh,s,(2007).The economics of land fragmentation in the north of
Vietnam, The Australian jornal of agricultural and research economic 51(2),195-211.
Kawasaki,(2010) .The cost and benefits of land fragmentation of japan australia of agricultural
and resource economic vol.54,99,509-526.
Kebele manager offices report, (2009).

34
MOA,(1989).Land fragmentation reduces risks by giving several of soil and growing condition
In Ethiopia.
Mwebaza Rose, Gaynor. Richard,(2002).Land sector analysis ,land market ,land consolidation and
land re-adjustment component ,rural development institute .The government of the republic
of Uganda .
Rasul et al,(2004). Measuring the production efficiency of alternative land tenure contracts in a
Mixed crop livestock system in Ethiopia agricultural economic 20(1);3-49.
Samuel gebreselassie,(2006)..Land Policy and smallholder agriculture in Ethiopia option and
Scenarios.
Ten .s.Heerink .N.QU.F,(2005-2006). Land fragmentation and it's during forces in china land use
Policy ,23,272-285.
Thapa ,G.B,(2007).Impact of land fragmentation on input use crop yield and production
efficiency in the mountains of nepal land degradation and development 18(3).237-248.
Thepa et al ,(2005) .Assessment of impact in high fragmentation of land up on the productivity
and profitability of farmers in Ethiopia.
Theesfeld, I, (2005). A Common pool Resource in transition determinants of institutional change
for bulgarian postsocialist irrigation sector.
The world bank,(2005).Land consolidation issues in northern vietnam-institutions
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vietnam .The university of sydney.

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 APPENDIX

ODA BULTUM UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

QUESTIONNAIRES

This questionnaire is prepared to collect data for research purpose by undergraduate students of
geography and environmental studies on agricultural land size fragmentation and its economic
effect in Dallomana woreda.

Notice; No need of writing your name

Please indicate your answer by putting in the box

Part 1(Background information of the respondent)

Age

A. 18-26 B. 27- 35 C. 36-44 D.>44

36
2. Sex

A. male B. Female

3. Marital status

A. married B. not married C. divorced D. widowed

4. Educational status

A. literate B. illiterate C. read and write only

5. Occupational status

A. agriculture B. trade C. Cart service

6 .Religious status

A. orthodox B. protestant C.muslim D. others

Part 2

1 .Did you have your own land

A. yes B. No

2. How much land do you have in hectare?

A. <1 B. < 2 C. ≤ 3 hectare D. >3

3. What looks like land fragmentation in your kebele

A. very B. high C. medium D. low

4. If your answer is very high and high to the above question no.3 what is the reason

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

5. Does land fragmentation have impact on your agricultural activity?

37
 A. Yes B. No

6. If your answer is yes for the above question how is it? -----------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------

7. What did you think that the main cause of land fragmentation

A. land redistribution B. population growth C. traditional land tenure

arrangement D. government policy E.others (specify it) ---------

8. Have ever observed land redistribution in your lifetime A. yes B. no

9. If your answer for the above question is yes, has many times what are the reasons ---------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

10 How does land fragmentation could be a problem on your income

A. increase additional expense for land rent B. decrease crop product

C. animal product D. decrease fruit and vegetable product E. others (

specify it).........................................................................................................................

11. How did you measures it economic effect A. total employment B.value added

C. business output D. others (specify it) -----------------

Part 3

INTERVIEW QUESTION

1. What are the economic effects of agricultural land size fragmentation?

2. What is the main cause of agricultural land size fragmentation?

3 .What is the impact of agricultural land size fragmentation on farm production?

4 .What measures are you taking to monitor land size fragmentation?

5 .What did you think about role and responsibility of agricultural land size fragmentation?

38
39