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ATOM AND MOLECULES class 9th

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26 views5 pages

ATOM AND MOLECULES class 9th

Uploaded by

anuragkhatibaba45
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Anurag chemistry atoms and molecules 9140272122

ATOM AND MOLECULES


Antonie Lavoisier laid the foundation of the chemical science by establishing two
important laws of chemical combination.
1. Law of conservation of mass
2. Law of constant proportion
1. Law of conservation of mass- According to lavoisier Mass is neither Created
nor destroyed. There is no change in mass during a chemical reaction.
“ total mass of reactants = total mass of products.
2. Law of constant proportion – law of constant proportion is given by proust
“ In a chemical substance the element are always present in definite
proportion of mass
Ex. H2o -- 2: 1
ATOM – Atom is a smallest particle of an element that can take part in a
chemical Reaction.
i) Atoms are very small in Size.
ii) The size of an atom is indicated by its radius which is called atomic
radius.
iii) Radius is Measured in ‘ nanometer’ and symbol is nm.

Modern symbol of Elements.


It was J.J. Berzelius who proposed that the first letter (or first and
another letter) of the name of an element be used as its Symbol.
The idea led to the modern symbol of element.
A) First letter should be capital
B) Second letter should be small
C) Use different language to show the symbol i.g. sodium – Na
K- potassium
IUPAC _ International Union of Scientific organization” which approves
names of elements, symbol and Unit.
Anurag chemistry atoms and molecules 9140272122

Atomic mass of Element


Mass of C-12 atom = 12 a.m.u
12 a.m.u = mass of carbon – 12 atom
1 a.m.u =1/12 mass of C-12 atom

Mass of 1 hydrogen atom = 1 a.m.u.


Mass of 1 oxygen atom = 1 a.m.u.
Mass of 1 hydrogen atom = 1.673 × 10-24
“ One atomic mass unit (1u) is defined as exactly one twelfth the mass of
an atom of C-12 .

Atomic mass :-
Atomic mass are categorized in two types( it’s a trick not a method )
1. Even number of atomic number - multiple by 2
2. Odd number of atomic number – multiple by 2 and + 1
Exception – 1H1, 4Be9, 7N14, 18Ar40

Atomicity:- The number of Atoms present in one molecule of an element


is called its atomicity.
The atomicity of an element is indicated by writing the number as
subscript on the right hand side bottom of the symbol.
Ex. H2 shows the atomicity of hydrogen is 2,
P4 shows the atomicity of hydrogen is 4,
“ on the basis of atomicity the elements may be classified as Diatomic,
triatomic, tetra atomic, and polyatomic.
Anurag chemistry atoms and molecules 9140272122

Molecules :- molecules are the smallest particles of an element or


Compound which can exist freely and shows all the properties of the
substances.
Formula Unit Mass :- In case of the Compounds formed by ions ( ionic
compounds ), we calculate formula mass. As the formula of ionic
compounds is called formula unit of the ionic compound.
i.e. Formula mass of calcium oxide (Cao) = Ca + O = 40+16= 56u

IONS :- Ions are electrically charged species. An ions is formed by loss or


gain of electron by an atom, so it contains unequal number of electrons
and protons .
There are two types of Ions.
i) Cation+ e- loss e<p
ii) Anion- e- gain e>p
i) Cation:- A positively charged Ions is known as cation.
“ A cation is formed by the loss of one or more electron by an atom. A
cation contains less electrons than a normal atom. Due to more
protons than a electron, a cation has a positive charge on it.”
Simple Ions :- Those ions which were formed from single atoms are
called simple ions. Ex. Na+, Cl-
Polyatomic Ions :- Those ions which were formed from group of atoms
are called polyatomic ions. Ex. Co32-, So42-.
Anurag chemistry atoms and molecules 9140272122

Que1 - why do atoms combine-


Ans- atoms have the combining capacity to will be more stable. They
stable by the form of octet or duplet.
They achieve the stability by e- gain , e- loss , e-share .
Valency :- The number of electrons gained, lost or shared by the atom of
an element so as to achieve stability is called the valency of the element.
Que2 - In CaCo3 find the percentage % of Ca
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑎
Ans – 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 ×100
40 40
40+12+3×16
= 100×100 = 40%
Anurag chemistry atoms and molecules 9140272122
Que3 - Find cation and Anion in the compound
CH3CooNa CH3Coo- , Na+
NaCl Na+ , Cl –
H2 no cation and anion
NH4No3 NH4+ , No3-
Que 4- Give the formulae of the Compounds formed from the following
sets of elements.
a) Calcium and fluorine b) Hydrogen and Sulphur c) Nitrogen and
hydrogen d) Carbon and chlorine

Que5 – find the ration by mass :-


Ammonia (NH3) - 14:3
Carbon monoxide - 12:16 = 3:4
Aluminium floride – 27:57 = 9:19

Que6 - Find number of Atom


Co32- 1+3 4
PO43- 1+4 5
P2O5 2+5 7
CO 1+1 2

Que7 - Clasify each of the following on the basis of their atomicity.


F2 – Di automic HCl- Di automic
P4- tetra automic Ag – mono automic

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