LECTURE 3
VECTOR SPACES
DUONG MINH BUI, PH.D
LECTURER IN ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING
VIETNAMESE - GERMAN UNIVERSITY, BINH DUONG PROVINCE, VIETNAM
EMAIL: [email protected]
CONTENTS
• Vectors in Rn
• Spaces and Subspaces (Invariant Subspaces)
• Four Fundamental Subspaces
• Spanning Sets and Linear Independence
• Basis and Dimension (Change of Basis and Similarity)
• Rank of a Matrix and Systems of Linear Equations
• Linear Transformations
• Classical Least Squares
• Applications of Vector Spaces
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PART 2 - GENERAL VECTOR SPACES
• Spaces and Subspaces (Invariant Subspaces)
• Spanning Sets and Linear Independence
• Basis and Dimension (Change of Basis and Similarity)
• Rank of a Matrix and Systems of Linear Equations
• Linear Transformations
• Classical Least Squares
• Applications of Vector Spaces
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1. REAL VECTOR SPACES (1)
1.1 Define a vector space and recognize some important vector spaces
• Any set that satisfies these properties (or
axioms) is called a vector space, and
the objects in the set are vectors.
• It is important to realize that the
definition of a vector space below is
precisely that — a definition.
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1. REAL VECTOR SPACES (2)
1.1 Define a vector space and recognize some important vector spaces (cont.)
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1. REAL VECTOR SPACES (3)
1.1 Define a vector space and recognize some important vector spaces (cont.)
• Zero vector space:
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1. REAL VECTOR SPACES (4)
1.1 Define a vector space and recognize some important vector spaces (cont.)
• Rn is vector space:
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1. REAL VECTOR SPACES (5)
1.1 Define a vector space and recognize some important vector spaces (cont.)
• The Vector Space of “Infinite Sequences of Real Numbers”
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1. REAL VECTOR SPACES (6)
1.1 Define a vector space and recognize some important vector spaces (cont.)
• The Vector Space of “2 × 2 Matrices”
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1. REAL VECTOR SPACES (7)
1.1 Define a vector space and recognize some important vector spaces (cont.)
• The Vector Space of " × Matrices”:
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1. REAL VECTOR SPACES (8)
1.1 Define a vector space and recognize some important vector spaces (cont.)
• The Vector Space of “Real-Valued Functions” (the Vector Space of continuous):
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1. REAL VECTOR SPACES (9)
1.1 Define a vector space and recognize some important vector spaces (cont.)
• The Vector Space of “all Polynomials of Degree 2 or less”
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1. REAL VECTOR SPACES (10)
1.1 Define a vector space and recognize some important vector spaces (cont.)
• A Set That Is NOT a Vector Space IF:
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1. REAL VECTOR SPACES (11)
1.1 Define a vector space and recognize some important vector spaces (cont.)
• An Unusual Vector Space - Let be the set of positive real numbers
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1. REAL VECTOR SPACES (12)
1.1 Define a vector space and recognize some important vector spaces (cont.)
• Summary of Important Vector Spaces
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1. REAL VECTOR SPACES (13)
1.1 Define a vector space and recognize some important vector spaces (cont.)
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1. REAL VECTOR SPACES (14)
1.2 Sets that are NOT Vector Spaces
The Set of Integers is NOT a Vector Space:
“An integer is a whole number (not a fractional number) that can be positive,
negative, or zero.”
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1. REAL VECTOR SPACES (15)
1.2 Sets that are NOT Vector Spaces (cont.)
• The Set of Second-Degree polynomials is not a Vector Space:
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1. REAL VECTOR SPACES (16)
1.2 Sets that are NOT Vector Spaces (cont.)
• A Set that is not a Vector Space:
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EXERCISES (1)
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2. SUBSPACES OF VECTOR SPACES (1)
• Determine whether a subset W of a vector space V is a subspace of V.
• Determine subspaces of Rn.
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2. SUBSPACES OF VECTOR SPACES (2)
2.1 Subpaces
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2. SUBSPACES OF VECTOR SPACES (3)
2.1 Subpaces (cont.)
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2. SUBSPACES OF VECTOR SPACES (4)
2.1 Subpaces (cont.)
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2. SUBSPACES OF VECTOR SPACES (5)
2.1 Subpaces (cont.)
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2. SUBSPACES OF VECTOR SPACES (6)
2.1 Subpaces (cont.)
(symmetric matrices, upper/lower triangular
matrices, and diagonal matrices)
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2. SUBSPACES OF VECTOR SPACES (7)
2.1 Subpaces (cont.) The Set of Singular Matrices is not a Subspace of Mn,n
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2. SUBSPACES OF VECTOR SPACES (8)
2.1 Subpaces (cont.)
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2. SUBSPACES OF VECTOR SPACES (9)
2.1 Subpaces (cont.)
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2. SUBSPACES OF VECTOR SPACES (10)
2.2 Subspace of Rn
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2. SUBSPACES OF VECTOR SPACES (11)
2.2 Subspace of Rn (cont.)
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2. SUBSPACES OF VECTOR SPACES (12)
2.2 Subspace of Rn (cont.)
• A subspace of R2 is the one that passes through the origin.
• If W is a subset of R2, then it is a subspace if and only if it has one of the forms
listed below.
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2. SUBSPACES OF VECTOR SPACES (13)
2.2 Subspace of Rn (cont.)
• Note that the graph of each subset is a plane in R3, but the only subset that is a
subspace is the one represented by a plane that passes through the origin. A subset
W of R3 is a subspace of R3 if and only if it has one of the forms listed below.
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2. SUBSPACES OF VECTOR SPACES (14)
2.2 Subspace of Rn (cont.)
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EXERCISES (2)
1-4,
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EXERCISES (3)
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3. SPANNING SETS AND LINEAR INDEPENDENCE (1)
• Write a linear combination of a set of vectors in a vector space V.
• Determine whether a set S of vectors in a vector space V is a spanning set of V.
• Determine whether a set S of vectors in a vector space V is linearly independent.
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3. SPANNING SETS AND LINEAR INDEPENDENCE (2)
3.1 Linear Combinations of Vectors in a Vector space
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3. SPANNING SETS AND LINEAR INDEPENDENCE (3)
3.1 Linear Combinations of Vectors in a Vector space (cont.)
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3. SPANNING SETS AND LINEAR INDEPENDENCE (4)
3.1 Linear Combinations of Vectors in a Vector space (cont.)
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3. SPANNING SETS AND LINEAR INDEPENDENCE (5)
3.1 Linear Combinations of Vectors in a Vector space (cont.)
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3. SPANNING SETS AND LINEAR INDEPENDENCE (6)
3.2 Spanning Sets
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3. SPANNING SETS AND LINEAR INDEPENDENCE (7)
3.2 Spanning Sets (cont.)
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3. SPANNING SETS AND LINEAR INDEPENDENCE (8)
3.2 Spanning Sets (cont.)
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3. SPANNING SETS AND LINEAR INDEPENDENCE (9)
3.2 Spanning Sets (cont.)
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3. SPANNING SETS AND LINEAR INDEPENDENCE (10)
3.2 Spanning Sets (cont.)
The set S1 spans R3 whereas the set S2 does not. The reason for this difference can
be seen in Figure. The vectors in S2 lie in a common plane; the vectors in S1 do not.
What is the
common
plane?
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3. SPANNING SETS AND LINEAR INDEPENDENCE (11)
3.2 Spanning Sets (cont.)
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3. SPANNING SETS AND LINEAR INDEPENDENCE (12)
3.2 Spanning Sets (cont.)
A procedure for identifying spanning sets
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3. SPANNING SETS AND LINEAR INDEPENDENCE (13)
3.2 Spanning Sets (cont.)
A procedure for identifying spanning sets (cont.)
Because det(A) = 0; S does not span P2.
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3. SPANNING SETS AND LINEAR INDEPENDENCE (14)
3.2 Spanning Sets (cont.)
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3. SPANNING SETS AND LINEAR INDEPENDENCE (15)
3.2 Spanning Sets (cont.)
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3. SPANNING SETS AND LINEAR INDEPENDENCE (16)
3.2 Spanning Sets (cont.)
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3. SPANNING SETS AND LINEAR INDEPENDENCE (17)
More examples:
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3. SPANNING SETS AND LINEAR INDEPENDENCE (18)
More examples (cont.)
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3. SPANNING SETS AND LINEAR INDEPENDENCE (19)
3.3 Linear Dependence and Linear Independence (phụ thuộc/độc lập tuyến tính)
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3. SPANNING SETS AND LINEAR INDEPENDENCE (20)
3.3 Linear Dependence and Linear Independence (cont.)
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3. SPANNING SETS AND LINEAR INDEPENDENCE (21)
3.3 Linear Dependence and Linear Independence (cont.)
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3. SPANNING SETS AND LINEAR INDEPENDENCE (22)
3.3 Linear Dependence and Linear Independence (cont.)
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3. SPANNING SETS AND LINEAR INDEPENDENCE (23)
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3. SPANNING SETS AND LINEAR INDEPENDENCE (24)
3.3 Linear Dependence and Linear Independence (cont.)
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3. SPANNING SETS AND LINEAR INDEPENDENCE (25)
3.3 Linear Dependence and Linear Independence (cont.)
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3. SPANNING SETS AND LINEAR INDEPENDENCE (26)
3.3 Linear Dependence and Linear Independence (cont.)
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3. SPANNING SETS AND LINEAR INDEPENDENCE (27)
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3. SPANNING SETS AND LINEAR INDEPENDENCE (28)
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4. MORE LINEAR INDEPENDENCE (1)
4.1 A Geometric Interpretation of Linear Independence
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4. MORE LINEAR INDEPENDENCE (2)
4.1 A Geometric Interpretation of Linear Independence (cont.)
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4. MORE LINEAR INDEPENDENCE (3)
4.2 Linear Independence of Functions
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4. MORE LINEAR INDEPENDENCE (4)
4.2 Linear Independence of Functions (cont.)
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4. MORE LINEAR INDEPENDENCE (5)
4.2 Linear Independence of Functions (cont.)
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EXERCISES (4)
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EXERCISES (5)
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EXERCISES (6)
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HOMEWORK (1)
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HOMEWORK (2)
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HOMEWORK (3)
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THANK YOU VERY MUCH
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