weed Metals and Non-metals Elements can be classified into the following two groups depending on their physical and chemical properties: Metals such as iron, copper, tin, silver and gold. In general, metals are hard and s in appearance. © Mon-metals such as sulphur and phosphorus. In general, they are not so hard and dull in appearance. There are also certain elements, such as silicon, arsenic, antimony and germanium, which have some properties of metals and some properties of non-metals. They are known as metalloids, From the electronic viewpoint, metals are defined as elements which form positive ion by losing electrons. They contain 1, 2 or: valence electrons. For example, a sodium atom loses 1 electron, a calcium atom lose 2 electrons and an aluminium atom lose 3 electrons, to form the respective positively charged ions. Non-metals are defined as elements whic form negative ions by gaining electrons They contain 5, 6 or 7 valence electrons. Fo ‘Sample, chlorine contains 7 valence electron: pe Hits 1 electron to form a negatively *¢ chilerine ion, Oxygen contains 6 valenc tlectrons. and. galns 2 electrons to form ti *gatively-charged oxygen ion IN THIS CHAPTER OCCUREENCE OF METALS AND MOWNETALS + PROPERTIES OF metas 48 + sareRurs— “Elements with 4 valence electrons are normally metalloids. The noble gases with 8 valence electrons do not form ions and cannot really be classified as metals or non-metals. However, since they are gases they show the physical characteristics of gases. ‘OCCURRENCE OF} METALS. In nature, most metals occur in the combined state as minerals. Nearly all rocks contain some metallic minerals. Often the amount of metal present in the rock is so little that it is too expensive to mine these rocks and extract the metal from them. If the amount of metal is more, it is profitable to mine the rocks and_ “extract the metal. Such rocks are called ores In ores, the useful metallic mineral is mixed with other minerals which are not of much use. These minerals, present as impurities, are called ‘gangue (pronounced as ‘ganq’). Some metals, such as silver, platinum and gold, are not very reactive. They occur in the free state in nature. Their ores contain particles of metals mixed with large quantities of impurities. They are known as The ores of very reactive metals, such ‘as sodium or calcium, contain chlorides or carbonates of the metals, for example, rock salt (NaCl), dolomite (CaCO, - MgCO,). The ores of other metals, such as aluminium, non, copper or zinc, contain mostly oxides ot for example, bauxite (Al,0,), iron pyrites (FeS,), haematite (Fe,0,), copper glance (Gu,5), and zinc blende (ZnS). makes up the sun and other stars. On earth, hydrogen mainly occurs in combined form as a constituent of water (about 11% by weight of water is hydrogen), petroleum, natural gas, coal, clay, and all animals and plants. u gen_mainly occurs in the free state in the phere. About 76% by mass of air is nitrogen. In the combined state, it is a constituent of minerals such as chile saltpetre (NaNO,) and nitre (KNO,). Oxygen is the most abundant element in the ‘earth's crust. It occurs in the free state in the atmosphere, forming about 23% by mass of the atmosphere. In the combined state, it constitutes about 89% by mass of water. It is also present in the combined state in the earth's crust as oxides, carbonates and silicates of metals. In the free state, carbon occurs as graphite. diamond and coal. Diamond and graphite are pure forms of carbon. Coal contains 60-90% of carbon. In the combined state it occurs im the atmosphere as carbon dioxide, In the earth's crust, it occurs as carbonates of metals and 3s fossil fuels. Carbon is the central element of ait tiving matter. ‘on is the second most abundant element © ea Th does nod occur ie the fee ‘tate. In the combined state, 1 exces #8 QS. (Si0,) and siticates. The mest conan FO sitica bs . Sulphwar occuss te tine free state tn the earth's METALS AND NONAMIALS @ 49 a a aGust. In the combined state, it occurs in rocks 5 metal sulphates and sulphides. It als Occurs as hydrogen sulphide (H,S) which is Present in petroleum and natural gas. Noble gases, such as helium, neon, 2°90", laypton and xenon occur in elemental form in Extraction of non-metals from their sources is equally important. Non-metals so obtained hhelp in the production of many useful chemicals. “AMD/MON-METALS Physical properties of metals and non-metals ‘Physical state: Metals are generally solid at foom temperature. Mercury is an exception—it is a liquid at room temperature. Non-metals occur as solids (carbon, sulphur), liquids (bromine) or gases (oxygen, nitrogen). Uustre: Metals have 2 metallic lustre, i.e. they have 2 shiny appearance. Non-metals do not have 2 metallic lustre. Some exceptions are graphite (a form of carbon) and iodine. Metals are generally hard and strong. Some exceptions are sodium and potassium which are soft and can be easily Cut with 2 knife. Non-metals are generally not $0 hard and strong. Diamond (a form of carbon) is an exception. It is the hardest substance known. - Do Activity 1 to Observe 2 well-known difference between metals and non-metals. tit 4 experiment of . tleabitity following objects: a of the OY aluminium wire, thick opps eT Sencil (araphite) 7 oe coal and graphite are (Note Tse with the help of a Beat each That happens t0 thei harming, po they break oF NOE bo they get flattened or not? deecimen «CHANGE 1 SHAPE OE Copper wire ‘ ‘Aluminium wire ’ Ison sail i cm 2 i You will find that copper, aluminium ang iron can be flattened on beating. Coal ang graphite break on beating, i.e. they are brittle The property of metals by which they can be beaten into thin sheets is known as malleability, You have seen wires of copper ang aluminium. In general, metals can be draws into wires. However, have you ever seen wites of coal or graphite? Non-metals cannot be" drawn into wires. The Property of metals by which they can be drawn into thin wires is known as ductitity. Gold and silver are the most malleable and ductile metals, : Non-metals are neither malleable nor luctile: they are brittle.of cooking utensils are not ma of wood or plastic, Why? " good conduct Therefore, heat gets properly ¢ the fire into the food being cooked, if the handles of cooking utensils: of metals, they would become very ees Therelore, handles are made of plastic Conductivity: The following activity — which are bad conductors of heat, demonstrates another property of metals and pon-metals, on which various applications in our daily life are based, copper are best conductors of electricity, followed by gold and aluminium, If you examine electric wires, Acrviry 2. (Experimentat you will find that they are made of copper oF investigation): Electrical aluminium. ae Non-metals are bad conductors of heat and Set up an electric circuit, as shown, electricity. Graphite is an exception. It is bby using copper wire. Test if the following good conductor of heat and electricity. conduct electricity or not, by putting them Sonorouiss When wood is struck, does it in the circuit, one at a time: aluminium foil, produce a ringing sound? Do the following ‘von nail, coal, ‘lead’ of pencil (graphite). activity to listen to sounds produced by In which cases does the bulb light up? different materials. Tabulate your results. ‘Conucrinc 08 wot Acn erimental investi os Sound produced byINS, The Sxceptions are graphite an whieh have very high melting an baiting points Specific gravity Most ‘Metals have High specific gravities, fo SAMple, iron 7.8, copper 8.7 lead 11,3, Pp MeN 13.6, gold 19.3, Exceptions are sodium Potassium, both Of which have specific ‘Gravity less than 1. Nonsmetals generally have ow specific gravities, Chemical Properties of metals ang Non-metals AS in the case ofp) hysical Properties, met, Pon-metals differ in their ability to, chemically ‘combine with other elements and compounds, Oxygen reacts with ‘metals and non. metals to produce oxides, tals and imental inve: metals with ‘anesium wire with a pair flame. ARer some time the with @ dazzting flame, # magnesium oxide thus stigation): oxygen formed in a glass + tthe white ash of dish, 2Mgo magnesium oxide Of the Magnesium oxide in Test it with req lar experiments with Other motyy Similar expe onyaen 4p id that Most metals f a ma metals, tuch as sodium and Dota Some metals, act with oxygen even at room ‘mp reac and catch fire while reacting. a” 0, To prevent this reaction, these metal stored in kero Others s iron and copper, re on heating at very high temperature not burn while reacting 4 5 and 4 au + 2cu0 copper ori copper onygen te Activiy 5 (Experimentat investigation). Reaction of non-metals with oxygen Take a small amount of sulphur in a deflagrating spoon, Heat it burner flame, As soon as it introduce it into @ lid, After the the spoon, Add a smalt amount of over a Bunsen tarts burning, 4 a5 jar and cover it with Sulphur stops burning, remove \ water into ———_ the gas jay, | Quickly replace | the = <== M45 Suptur eee ee idle one, Ba. 8A showing: shee. gue I sel. Thus, sulphur ure fo arto produce an acidic oxide, Bae, ete . an sulphur oxygen Sulphur dioxide When the sulphur dioxide is dissolved in water, it forms sulphurous acid, NOs = vier One + sulphur dioxide stilphurous acid When phosphorous by phosphorous pentoxide, oxide. urns in air, it forms which is also an acidic 42 3) ap > Pp, phosphorus ‘oxygen, °. Phosphorus pentoxide In general, non-metals react with oxygen “Same, Metals react with water to form oxides or hydroxides, and hydrogen, Acrivrry 6 (Experimental investigation): | \ enone aston, OF Sodium with water { (Note: This activity should be demonstrated by ithe teacher as it is dangerous.) Half-fill a beaker with water. Cut a small Blece of sodium, about the size of a wheat | grain. Dry it with a filter paper. Hold it with a Pair of tongs and gently drop it in the beaker. | Note your observations. Touch the beaker after the reaction is over. Is it hot? Test the water with red and blue litmus paper. Is the solution acidic or | basic? Sodium, potassium and calcium react vigorously with water, giving off a lot of heat. Ma + HO 2NaoH + Ht sodium water sodium hydrogen hydrorie Magnesium reacts with hot water or steam. Mp + 40 — Mg + Hf magnesium hot water magnesium oxide hydrogen The reaction of aluminium with water 2a os aluminium i ALO, + water aluminium oxide Zinc reacts only with steam, 3H hdogen Bes Ho” Symon am ine steam ine oxide hydrogen Tron reacts with steam when it is heated strongly. Copper, gold or platinum do not react with water or steam. The reaction of metals with water show that different metals have different reactivities. Non-metals do not react with water. Very reactive non-metals such as phosphorous, which catch fire when exposed to air, are therefore stored in water. Let us observe how dilute acids react with metals and non- metals. “ Acriviry 7 (Experimental investigation): Reaction of dilute acids with metals and non-metals Take samples of the following metals and on-metals: magnesium ribbon, aluminium foil, iron filings, copper wire, charcoal powder, r Keep the samples in To each test tube, add hydrochloric acid, Note if ‘occurs. IF it does, bring a burning to the mouth of the test tube, What happens? Tf a reaction does not occur, heat the test tube. Does a reaction occur now? Test with a lighted matchstick, - Now try the same with dilute sulphuric acid instead of hydrochloric acid, Which metals and non-metals did not react with dilute acids at all? MITALS AND NONMETALS # 53. F . The hydrogen formed burns with a pop sound when a lighted matchstick is brought near it. Metal + ‘pydrochioric and ‘the correspondit Acid > Salt + Hydrogen The more reactive metals, sodium and potassium react violently with dilute acids. The reaction is slower for less reactive metals. Copper, silver and gold do not react with acids. 2M + 2H —> mc + Hf sodium hydrochloric sodium hydrogen acid chloride fe + 2 > Feo, + Hf ‘ron hydrochloric ferrous. ——_—hydrogen acid chloride zal + = GHCL —> 2alc, + 3H,7 aluminium hydrochloric aluminium hydrogen acid chloride Mg + 4H,SO, —> MgSO, + H,T magnesium sulphuric magnesium hydrogen acid sulphate This is the reason why certain food items which contain acids, like pickles and curd Tasue 4.4 Comparison of properties of metals and non-metals Brae generally solid at room temperature (except mercury) lustrous generally hard generally have high density ‘malleable and ductile ‘good conductors of heat and electricity £ ‘generally form basic oxides with oxygen metals above in the reactivity displace generally have high melting and boiling points ‘sonorous - form oxides or hydroxides with water and hydrogen from dilute acids etallic stored 1” m be sreaminium. AS t in the acid and the Pea jn the formation of a poi may "s substance. ‘ Only some mm, zinc and lead react h as sodium hydroxide sh as aluminiu! suc! . es sucl strong bast felease hydrogen 92 The reaction of non: hydroxide is complex: | ent reactions—the reactivity metals with s Displacem series of metal: The reaction 0 and acids show: s ¢ metals with OXYGEN, Wate, 5 that metals have different reactivities. Potassium and sodium are the most reactive, whereas silver and gold are the least reactive. We can arrange the common metals jn order of decreasing reactivity as shown j Table 4.2. Such an arrangement of metals in decreasing ofder of reactivity is called the reactivity series of metals. NON-METALS solid, liquid or gas at room temperature not lustrous (except graphite) comparatively soft (except diamond) generally have low density Generally brittle when sotid ‘bad conductors of heat and a a Generally have tow metting and boiling points not sonorous, form acidic oxides with oxygen 40 not react with water 40 not react with acids Re? —$ 84 MATERIALSTasu 4.2 Reactivity series of metals Lo As ce m | | sarium ee | | aleum cs | | waieon Ng | aluminium: al | re eee | iron | | Meereasing, vit wo | | eae te sn ead | Pb eee 4 copper | aw | | mercury | hg | sver Ag gold Au | Hydrogen though a non-metal is also placed in the series because it also forms Positive ions like metals. You have read that some ‘metals can replace other metals from their salt Solutions. It has been ‘observed ‘that @ more reactive metal Can replace a less reactive metal. Thus, a metal can replace another metal placed ‘it in the reactivity series, but Cannot replace it in the reactivity series, it from dilute acids, but metals it in the series wilt not. METALS AND NONSETANS 6 55 Remove the nail aft thin layer of copper that iron can displace co, Of copper sulphate. fer five minutes. Is there a Fon the nail? This shows PPer from a solution FE et, S550.) VIRGO 4.) Git iron copper iron’ copper sulphate sulphate Now take a clean copper wire and put it in a solution of iron sulphate. Remove the copper wire after some time. 5 You will find that there is no deposit on the wire. This shows that copper cannot displace iron from its salt solution, Fis. 4.6 Iron nail in copper sulphate solution In the reactivity series, iron is placed above Copper. Therefore, these observations prove that @ metal can replace another metal placed below it in the Teactivity series, but Cannot replace a metal placed above it in the series. Magnesium, zine and aluminium, above copper in the Teactivity serie: ‘eplace copper from its salt solution, being Ss, can eo ae cu magnesium — copper Magnesium copper sulphate sulphate Be uso, _, 250, + Gy zine copper zing copper sulphate sulphateSION ORAL QUESTIONS FOR CLASS DISCUS TOCk is iton fj very it would be too ¢, ‘Sxtract Aa small amount of iron. Geologists thought emen cm © We i i e of iron? sal ieee hs ther itis hard and shiny oF not. . 1S a metal oF not is finally determined by whet Aste? Give a Property must ake thin wires of the Materay metal ; Substance possess for it to be possible to ma tee fed litmus in aie Ty stance Pees REM isles and tested th blue aa Sas burt in air. The su Mea M3 Ore Teactive than m, i up in the reactivi i ‘ 1 eee Fs do fetal M2. Which metal will es dy iy M4 hag 2 reant With a salt of metal Ma, The products were M4 an M3. Howeves ail 4 NO reaction with it of M3. What can you say about the reactivities of M3 and Mg with a salt of M3, y u: Usessotsiron OF SOME METaLs to prevent rusting of iron. > Pig * Aluminium alloys are light and stro tron #82 hard and brittle form of iron with a high ca are used to make bodies and engine h carbon Content. It is used to of aircrafts and cars. make pipes, sinks, storage tanks, railings, oli etc., by the process of casting. ‘Uses of zinc ; * Atticles, ‘such as nails, bolts, chains, wire * Zinc is used in dry cells. Nets, gricultural tools, etc., are made by — It is used in Coating iron sheets to Preven f hammering heated Wrought iron, Wrought ae Tron is a tough, mal ; tusting of iron. The process ig know lleable form of iron with galvanizing of iron. : very little carbon content, * It is used in the Preparation of Useful ling _ ® Steel (contains 9.5-1.5% carbon) is used = 2 such as brass, bronze and German Silver,” of buildings, ships, bridges, tailway lines, etc, Stainless steel is used to make utensils, knives, etc,uses OF COMMON NON-METALS AND METALLOIDS ‘¢ Silicon is extensively used in the electronic ‘and computer industries to make devices, such as transistors, microchips and solar cells. ‘¢ It is used to manufacture silicones, which are used for making waterproof clothes, greases and polishes, and insulating material for electrical appliances. ¢ Sulphur is used in the manufacture of sulphuric acid, which is used in several industrial processes. ¢ It is used in the vulcanization of rubber, which makes rubber hard enough to be used in tyres. ¢ It is used in skin ointments because of its fungicidal properties. * Being an insecticide and fungicide, it is used to spray fruit trees against pests and diseases. ‘Uses of phosphorus: ‘¢ Phosphorus is used in making matchboxes and in the fireworks industries. # It is used in the manufacture of phosphate fertilizers. Uses of carbon © Carbon as graphite is used in making the ead! of pencils, electrodes in dry cells and electric arcs, and as a lubricant. 4 Carbon as diamond is used in jewellery and in making cutting tools, 4 Carbon as charcoal is used in filters to purify air and water. Carbon as coal is used as a fuel, Uses of hydrogen # Hydrogen is used for the manufacture of —— _ ammonia gas, which is used to manufacture fertilizers such as urea and ammonium sulphate. © It is used in the extraction of metals such as copper, lead and tin. Oxy-hydrogen flame, obtained by burning hydrogen in oxygen is used for cutting and welding metals. Hydrogen is considered to be a non- polluting fuel of the future. Considerable amount of research is being carried out to use it efficiently as a fuel. NOBLE METALS Silver and gold are present at the bottom of the reactivity series of metals. They are unreactive metals and do not react with water, acids and alkalis, They, therefore, occur in the free state in nature. They are known as Platinum has similar properties and is also a noble metal. The noble metals are mainly used to make ornaments. As they are unreactive, the ornaments made from them do not lose their shine easily. * Gold and silver are also used to give a decorative and protective coating on other metals by the process oe SeRSpLattg: % Gold and silver are used for making high value coins. Platinum is used in electrical gadgets. The international standards of weight and measures are made of platinum-iridium alloys. Being highly priced, a number of people invest their money in noble metals or ornaments made from them especially in times when the economy is not doing well. CORROSION OF METALS. Corrosion is the process by which materials. such as metals, are slowly eaten away when exposed to air and moisture, Thus, rusting of iron which eats into the metal layer by layer, the conversion of the surface of copper into a METALS AND NONMETALS # 57greenish powder, or the turning black Of the surface of silver ornaments, are all examples of 7 A rusted iron chain CMTOSion of metals on exposure to air. To investigate the cont ions under which iron Tusts, perform the following activity, Acnvmy 9 (Experimentat investigation): ns for rusting i the water surface in the test tube by uring molten wax on it (wax will solidify on the cool water surface). Close the test with a cork. Half-fill test tube C with water and drop the nail in it. Close thie tube also with a cork. Leave the tubes several days and then examine them, What " you observe? cy You will find that the nails in test and B have not rusted, while that in testa C has rusted. What do you conclude? til The experiment shows that for Tusting ty place, both air (oxygen) and water are Scent Acnvry 10 (Experimental investigation Nature of rust 7 To test the nature of rust, scrape off some rust from an old iron gate. Colect a spoonfy of the rust and add a small amount of wates to it Shake it well and test with blue and neq litmus. Is the solution acidic or basic? Rust is iron oxide, that is, it is an oxide gp a metal. Will it be acidic or basic? Corrosion of other metals Copper gets corroded in the Presence of moist air. It first tarnishes, then gradually changes to dark brown or black, and finally to green, The green coating is a mixture FS: 4.9 A comoded copper coin of copper compounds, Silver does not get easily corroded in unpolluted ai, However, if the air is polluted with sulphur compounds such as hydrogen sulphide, silver reacts with it to form a black Coating of silver sulphide, 2Ag + HS Ags +H, On exposure to air, aluminium reacts with oxygen to form a protective coating of aluminium oxide that prevents further corrosion. 4Al + 30, 2 2abo, 58 © MAreRiALssome metals such as gold and platinum do ot corrode in ait. That is why gold omaments to not Lose their shine even after several years. ation of corrosion gusting of iron, and corrosion of other metals can be prevented by not allowing air to come in contact with the metal. Some methods for doing this are as given below. Painting the surface of the metal after cleaning it thoroughly js the most common method of preventing corrosion. The paint keeps air away from the metal surface. Applying grease or oil on the surface has a similar effect. However, if there is a break in the layer of paint, grease or oil, the metal starts corroding at that point. Covering with another metal: Depositing a layer of another metal which is more resistant to corrosion is another commonly used method for the prevention of corrosion of metals. The metals mostly used are tin and zinc. Covering a metal with another metal can be done by the following ways: (Galanizing; Clean iron sheets are dipped in ‘molten zinc to deposit a layer of zinc on_it. This process is called galvanization. The G.I. water pipes available in the market are made of galvanized iron. Galvanized iron does not rust even if there is a scratch on the zinc layer. @leetroplating: The process of electroplating is also used to deposit a metallic layer to prevent corrosion. Tin is electroplated on containers commonly However, if the tin layer gets scratched, the iron starts rusting at that place. The tin can is then no longer suitable for storing food. Chromium is ‘steel furniture and bicycle ‘prevent rusting. In addition, the chromium layer also gives steel an attractive shine. ©Wnodizingwofwaluminium: A layer of aluminium oxide is formed on aluminium upon exposure to air. This prevents further corrosion of aluminium. If this layer is made more uniform, it protects the aluminium underneath more effectively. This is done by a process called anodizing. Tt consists of passing an electric current Through sulphuric acid using aluminium as anode. Oxygen is evolved at the anode which reacts with aluminium to form a uniform protective layer of aluminium oxid Alloying; Some metals become corrosion- resistant when alloyed with other metals. For example, stainless steel which is an alloy of iron, chromium and nickel, does not rust easily. "ALLOYS (An pllay is a homogeneous mixture of two or more metals, or one or more metals and a non- metal (usually carboh). Alloying is used to alter the properties of metals to suit certain applications. Ao ally usualy ade by msn together meas [ten formayhey are also sometimes made by mixing metal powders together. 1. Alloying can be used to increase hardness of metals. Pure aluminium, iron and copper are too soft for construction purposes. However, alloying them with small amounts of other metals or non-metals considerably increases their hardness. Nickel is alloyed with chromium and molybdenum to make alloys that are so hard and heat-resistant that they can be used to make the parts of jet engines that get heated up to extreme temperatures. ed to make metals by chemicals. and . Chromium is alloyed with which does not tust. It is also used in lining containers used in the chemical industry to hold corrosive tiquids Alloys of platinum are very corrosion resistant. METALS AND NON-MBTALS @ 59rcuits. Superplastic, 4 ae ic ci . — tric ci Properties on, 212 used to change the wires in ClO” TL ctretched several of aluminium can be s everal ly in other ways. For example, Bee thenary metal or alloy. ting their COMpog, : alloy of - fe Point w toy of lead and tin, has a melting ‘ hich is much lower than that of lead or tin, This makes solder useful for joining copper Taste 4.3 Alloys, their composition, gael properties, CONSTITUENTS PRESENT hard, corrosion- | resistant | hard, corrosion- copper, tin resistant lead, tin low melting poi iron, carbon | very strong | | | | very strong, / duralumin | does not rust light and strong (or duralium) | light and strong | high electrical | resistance Some CO! and uses are properties and uses mmon alloys, ‘ given in Table g io, "utensils, electrical goods, cartridge containers, parts of watches and musical instruments statues, bearings joining metals bodies of ships and other vehicles, bridges, railway lines, construction of buildings utensils, cutlery, surgical instruments bodies of aeroplanes and vehicles balances and other light instruments, bodies of aeroplanes and vehicles utensils, electric heaters, | resistors int