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.. -

~ INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KHARAGPUR

Date FN/AN, Time: 3 Hrs., Full Marks: 120, Dept.:AG,AR,ME,MF,NA,PH

No. of Students: 239 End Autumn Semester Examination 2011
Sub. No.: ME21101 Sub. Name: Fluid Mechanics
2"d Yr. B.Tech.(H)IB.Arch.(H)/M.Sc./M.Tech.(Dual)

Instructions: Attempt all questions. Symbols have their usual meanings. Please explain your work
carefully. Clearly indicate the coordinate system used in your analysis. Make suitable assumptions
wherever necessary. Please state your assumptions clearly. If you use the global or integral forms of the
conservation laws, clearly indicate your choice of control volume using dotted lines.
The following information may be useful
The density ofwater is 1000 kg/m 3 . The acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m!s 2 •
The divergence and curl of a vector field, v = v ,e, + v 6 e 0 + v zez, in cylindrical coordinates are given by
1a I av 6 av
V·v=--(rv r )+----L __z '
r ar '
r ae az
1 avz
\7 X V = ( ~
av JAe
a(} - -a:; 8
r + a; - avarz )Ae
(av,
6
1 (a av JA
+ -;:-- a; (r VB) - a; e z .
The Navier-Stokes equations for a constant-property fluid may be expressed in cylindrical coordinates as

p (Dv, _
Dt r ar r r ae
(v
v~ J= _ ap + JL v, -~-~ av J, 2
2 2
6

P ( Dv 6
Dt
+ v, v J= _ ~ aP + JL
r
6

r ae
v ~ + ~ av, J,
r r ae
(v 2
6
_
2 2

Dvz aP
p --=--+JL v 2
vz,
Dt az
where P = p- p g · r, g is the gravitational acceleration, r = r e, + z ez is the position vector,
D a a v a
- = - + v - + -6 - + v -
a
Dt at 'ar rae zaz'
2a 1a I a a
2 2 2

v =ar 2 +~ar +~ ae 2 + az 2 •
I. A water jet pump has jet area 0.009 m2 and jet speed rj = 30.5 m/s. The jet is within a secondary stream
of water having speed Vs = 3 mls (see Figure 1). The total area of the duct (the sum of the jet and
secondary stream areas) is 0.07 m2.The water is thoroughly mixed in the jet pump. The velocity profile at
the exit may be approximated by a uniform profile. The pressure of the jet and secondary stream are the
same at the pump inlet. The drag on the walls of the duct may be neglected.
(a) Explain why Bernoulli's equation cannot be used to determine the pressure rise, p 2 - PI. Here, PI is
the pressure at the inlet and p 2 is the pressure at the exit.
(b) Determine the flow speed at the pump exit.
(c) Calculate the pressure rise, p 2 - PI . 2+8+10=20

2. Laminar to turbulent transition in two-dimensional boundary-layer flow over a flat plate takes place at
Reynolds number Rec = pU xc I JL = 10 6 , where U is the free-stream speed, pis the density of the fluid, 11
is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid, and xc is the critical distance from the leading edge where the
transition occurs (see Figure 2). The boundary-layer is laminar over a distance xc of the plate, from the
leading edge. Then transition takes place and the boundary layer becomes turbulent. It may be assumed
that the boundary-layer is turbulent from location x = xc to x = L, where L is the length of the plate. The
boundary-layer thickness at the location xc is be. The thickness, b, of the laminar boundary layer at a

distance x from the leading edge is described by the equation

8
~. The local skin friction
X Rex
'f . 0.664
coefficient, c1 = w , for a laminar boundary layer is gtven by c1 = - -11-2 . Here Rex = p U X I f1
!pu2 R~
2
is the local Reynolds number and rw is the wall shear stress at a distance x from the leading edge. It is
. . . . 8 0.382 .
known that the thtckness of a turbulent boundary-layer IS descnbed by the equatiOn - = - -11-5 , whtle
x Re X
0.0594
the local skin-friction coefficient for a turbulent boundary-layer is c1 = 115
• The turbulent boundary-
Rex
layer may be thought to grow from location x = xc -lc, as shown in Figure 2. Thus, the distance 'x' in
the equation describing the growth of the turbulent boundary-layer and the equation describing the
variation of local skin friction factor for a turbulent boundary-layer, may be interpreted as the distance
along the plate measured from a virtual origin located at x = xc -lc. The length, lc, shown in Figure 2,
can be obtained from the turbulent boundary-layer growth equation. If the total length, L, of the plate is 2
m, the width of the plate is 1 m, the free-stream speed, U, is 50 m/s, the viscosity, )1, of the fluid is 1.82 x
10·5 kg m· 1 s· 1 and the density, p, of the fluid is 1.2 kg/m 3, calculate'
(a) the transition distance Xc,
(b) the boundary-layer thickness, ~c, at the transition point,
(c) the distance lc if ~cis also the turbulent boundary-layer thickness at the critical Reynolds number,
(d) the turbulent boundary-layer thickness at the end of the plate,
(e) the drag over a distance xc of the plate from the leading edge,
(f) the drag on the plate from location x = xc to x = L. 4+4+3+3+3+3=20

3. A 8 mm diameter, 3 m long (AB+BC) smooth walled tube is inserted into a 0.5 m3 capacity water
container kept on a high table, as shown in Figure 3.The water flows out through the tube. The minor loss
coefficient, k1 , is 0.3 at the entrance 'A' to the tube and 2.5 for the fully open valve. The dynamic
viscosity of water is 1 X 10"3 Pa.s.
(a) Write down the equation for pressure difference over the full length of the tube if the flow rate is Q
m3/s and the flow is assumed to be laminar.
(b) If the water level in the container is 0.5 m when full, find the time required to fill a 250 cm3 bottle
kept under the outlet of the tube.
(c) What is the gauge pressure at the highest point 'B' when the tank is full?
(d) Find the approximate time required to empty the tank. You may assume the flow rate to vary linearly
with water head. 5+5+5+5=20

4. A liquid of density p and viscosity J1 flows by gravity through a hole of diameter d at the bottom of a
tank of diameter D (see Figure 4 ). It takes time t empty to drain out the liquid of height h in the tank. So,
we may say that !empty= f(p,p,g,d,D,h). Here, g is the gravitational acceleration. The designers
want to experimentally predict the time required to drain out ethylene glycol from the tank. As ethylene
glycol is expensive, they want to do the experiment using water as the test liquid in a one-fourth scale
geometrically similar model of the prototype tank. The kinematic viscosity, v, of water is
v = JLI p = A exp( BIT), where A = 1.06 x I o-9 m2/s, B = 2022 K and Tis the temperature.
.. to the other variables.
(a) Find the dimensionless parameters that relate t emp.y
(b) The temperature of the ethylene glycol in the prototype tank is 60°C, at which the kinematic viscosity
is v = 4. 75 x 10-6 m2Is. At what temperature should the water in the model experiment be set in order to
ensure complete similarity between model and prototype?
(c) It takes 4.53 min to drain the model tank. Predict how long it will take to drain the ethylene glycol
from the prototype tank. 10+5+5 = 20

5. Consider steady laminar axisymmetric fully developed incompressible flow of a constant-property

Newtonian fluid through a horizontal concentric cylindrical annulus of inner radius R 1 and outer radius
R2 , driven by a constant externally applied axial pressure gradient.
(a) Solve the Navier-Stokes system of equations to determine the radial distribution ofthe axial velocity,
v_ (r).
(b) Determine the average velocity, ~ = QI A, through the annulus, where Q is the volume flow rate
av
and A is the cross-sectional area of the annular duct.
(c) Use your answer to part (b) to obtain an expression for the Darcy friction factor, f, defined by the
L (~ )2
equation, H = f- av , where H is the head loss over a length L of the duct, g is the
1oss Dh 2g 1oss
magnitude of the gravitational acceleration and Dh is the hydraulic diameter. 10+4+6=20

6 (a) Consider cross flow past a long stationary circular cylinder of radius a. Far upstream of the cylinder,
the flow is uniform, with a velocity field v = U oo i, where U oo is the speed of the uniform stream
approaching the cylinder. Two-dimensional steady incompressible irrotational flow over the cylinder is

represented by the velocity field, v~ U. [I - (;)' }os B e, -U. [I (;)'}in e, ,

+ B in cylindrical

polar coordinates. Here, the origin of the coordinate system is at the centre of the cylinder, er is the unit
vector in the radial direction, e8 is the unit vector in the azimuthal direction, r is the radial coordinate and
e is the angle measured from the rear stagnation point. Obtain an expression for the pressure coefficient
CP = ~s- Poo, where Ps is the pressure on the surface ofthe cylinder, Poois the pressure far upstream of
-pU2
2 00

the cylinder and p is the density of the fluid.

(b) An Arctic hut in the shape of a semi-circular cylinder has a radius a. A wind of velocity Uoo batters the
hut and threatens to raise it off its foundations due to the lift of the wind. The lift is partly due to the fact
that the entrance to the hut is at ground level at the location of the stagnation pressure. A clever occupant
e
sized up the situation quickly and re-located the entrance at an angle 0 from the ground level, which
caused the net force on the hut to vanish (see Figure 5). What is the angle eo? The flow over the hut may
be represented by the velocity field for flow past a cylinder, given in part (a) above. Assume that the
opening is vety small compared to the radius a. Note that the static pressure, p,, inside the hut depends
on the angle e 0 • 7+ 13 = 20
 D

ils=3m/s
h

1 2

Figure 1 (for Question 1) Figure 4 (for Question 4)

x = 0 Laminar X= Xc Turbulent x= L
boundary layer boundary layer

Figure 2 (for Question 2)

high level lm

0.5m

low level A
t:::::::::::::tt::=:i
Water
2m
container

lm

c
Figure 3 (for Question 3) Figure 5 (for Question 6)