3.2.2 Transformers and conform to international standards.

For
By converting the system voltage level, the expensive and long-lasting applications like a
power transformer connects a power system's
generators and transmission lines, as well as the power transmission system, costs and lifetime
transmission and distribution systems. Two are also crucial. The choice of a transmission
categories—two winding and three winding
transformers with tap changers—are available line cable is made after taking Equation 3.12
for system study. Nine parameters are
necessary to model transformers in MATLAB, into account. The system interface for
including the nominal voltages at the primary simulating the transmission line cable is shown
and secondary sides (V1, V2), the rated power
(S), the operation frequency (f), the connection in Figure 3.10 below.
setup, the short circuit voltage, the copper
¿=S ÷ (√ 3∗V −i)
losses, the no load current, and the no load
power losses. Where the line current, whose SI unit is A, is

3.3 Modelling of overhead lines and represented as Li, the line to line voltage,V , is
cables presented as Vi−i , and the apparent

power, VA , is represented by S.
International standards and recommendations

were chosen on the Basic Options page of the

3. Results and discussions

software before configuring the transmission

The technique is first tried out on IEEE-14 and
line model with MATLAB/Simulink by specifying
30 bus systems before being implemented into
the safety margin for the cable current capacity
the Pakistani grid. Below are explanations of the
in a percentage. Similar to cables with the same
test system outcomes and the Pakistan Grid.
diameter, overhead lines were used for a

variety of reasons. The overhead lines were

used for their prices and their ability to transmit

3.1. Test Case IEEE-14 and 30 Bus
Systems
more power. Several factors determine

whether a transmission line cross section exists: IEEE-14 and 30 bus systems are from
To begin with, taking safety into account, the MATPOWER [38], respectively. Table 1 contains
selected transmission line must be able to an overview of power generating units,
transmit at any rate the maximum current that transmission lines, and load buses.
can flow at the nominal operating state. Table 1: bus systems for IEEE-14 and 30
Additionally, the decision needs to be available
S.No IEEE-14 IEEE-30 10-11 18 0.89 4th

Bus Bus 13-14 20 0.8 5th

System System 4-5 7 0.78 6th
1 Power 5 6 9-14 17 0.67 7th
Generating 12-13 19 0.629 8th
Units 9-10 16 0.587 9th
2 Transmission 20 41 Branches 8, 9, 15, and 18 are weak lines, making
Lines them potential sites for TCSC deployment.
3 Load Busses 9 20 Similar to that, VCPI is calculated for each bus,

as shown in Table 3, and buses with VCPI values

Weak lines and buses are found using Lmn and close to 1 are regarded as weak and, as a result,
VCPI indices, respectively, to discover the are the best places to install SVC. Buses 14, 4, 9,
candidate locations for TCSC and SVC and 5 are substandard in this location.
placements. These indices are computed in Load VCPI at Rank
MATPOWER using the Newton Raphson power Bus Maximum Loading
flow method to calculate load flows. Equations No Point
(8) and (9) are used to calculate the Lmn and 14 1.0023 1st
VCPI indices, respectively. Table 2 displays the 4 1.0007 2nd
Lmn index results for IEEE-14 Bus systems. 9 0.9704 3rd

5 0.9363 4th
Table 2: IEEE-14 Bus System with index 11 0.906 5th
values of lines. 12 0.8904 6th
line branch Lmn at Rank 7 0.8687 7th
Maximum 13 0.8355 8th
loading 10 0.8173 9th
point

4-7 8 0.998 1st PSO is used to determine the best rating for
nd
4-9 9 0.993 2 these devices after identifying potential
rd
7-9 15 0.97 3 locations for TCSC and SVC. Table 4 displays the
 One of the largest issues in the majority of
ideal rating of FACTS devices and how they
developing nations is T&D losses in lines.
affect power loss.Because SVC can efficiently Technical losses from heating in the lines and
unmetered losses from theft are among the
manage VAr in the system, as shown in Figure 2, losses. Some Distribution Companies (DISCOs)
they can significantly enhance the voltage of in the Pakistan grid have distribution losses of
greater exceeding 30% [5]. There has been
the entire power system. The voltages prior to some improvement in the energy deficit during
FACTS range from 0.95 to 1.05, however they the last few years with the construction of
10,000 MW of producing capacity. However,
typically dip below 1 p.u. However, the voltage because of significant overloading, transmission
profile is nearly steady above 1 p.u. when the lines began to operate at their maximum
loading point [46]. The overall transmission and
SVC and TCSC are installed. distribution losses for the Pakistan grid from
Figure 3 demonstrates that the addition of 2015 to 2020 are shown in Figure 5 [10].

FACTS devices significantly improves the overall

voltage profile of the IEEE-30 bus system. The majority of developing nations lack
appropriate planning for their electrical
Therefore, the overall voltage profile of the systems, but even then, putting those plans into
network can be significantly improved by action can be difficult. Modeling the operations
and parts of the generation, transmission, and
installing SVCs with the best ratings at the distribution systems is essential for long-term
network's weakest points. planning. For the planning and study of power
systems, there are numerous commercial
software programs available. MATPOWER has
Figure 3: Bus voltages prior to and been utilized to model and analyze the
electrical network in this research project
following the placement of FACTS (IEEE-30 Bus [21].The study has been applied to Pakistan's
System) projected national gird for the year 2025 as well
as its current national gird (for the year 2018).
3.2 Practical grid for Erbil The National Transmission and Dispatch
Company's power system planning division has
The suggested approach of placing and sizing assisted with the research (NTDC). NTDC is in
FACTS devices optimally is evaluated on charge of overseeing the transmission network
standard IEEE systems before being that connects Power Generation Units with
implemented on countries such as Pakistan’s Load Centers dispersed across the nation. The
national grid. Figure provides a summary of the NTDC disclosed all the research's findings,
electric grid's electricity deficit from 2013 to including its actual plans for grid development.
2017. Figure 5; Transmission and distribution
Figure 4: Demand, supply and deficit for losses in a grid.
electricity between 2013 and 2017.
In the current national grid architecture, there increase to 42,000 MW.The main factor driving

are 1930 load buses, 277 producing buses, and the high demand was air conditioning.

4147 overhead transmission lines. The current In the projected national grid for 2025, load is

electric grid experienced a total active power expected to be around 41,000 MW, while

loss of 853 MW while experiencing a reactive generation is expected to be around 42,000

power loss of 9951 MVAr. The base voltage and MW. The grid system model has 10,110

base power of the national network are 500 kV transmission lines, 6007 load buses, 797

and 100 MVA, respectively, and are expressed generator buses, and 2961 generator

in terms of per-unit data. The T&D network in buses.Table 7 provides a summary of the

Pakistan consists of six voltage levels: 500, 220, electrical elements of the Pakistani national grid

132, 66, 33, and 11 kV, of which the high that were utilized in this investigation.

voltage transmission network (500 kV, 220 kV,

and 132 kV) is owned and operated by NTDC Table 7: network-grid summary current

and the balance by the Distribution Companies and forecast.

(DISCOs).

MATPOWER is used to do the Newton Raphson

Table 6: Bus details of the grid. method-based AC load flow analysis. The power

system is weak and susceptible, with extremely

277 GENCOs were connected to the NTDC significant active and reactive power losses,

transmission network in 2018 according to the according to load flow findings. Modern tools

modeling data, and it is anticipated that like FACTS are therefore absolutely necessary

number will rise to 797 generating stations by for the system.

the year 2025. The majority of these power

3.2.1. Lmn Index to find weak lines
plants are thermal and hydroelectric, but small

amounts of nuclear, wind, and solar PV facilities The best places to install the TCSC are found to

are also included in the nation's energy mix. On be weak lines throughout the entire system.

July 11, 2018, the peak load for 2018 was FACTS can therefore be applied to clusters with

21,483.6 MW, and by 2025, it is expected to decreasing vulnerability in later phases,

commencing with the cluster of the weakest

lines in the first phase. According to the zones around Peshawar, Quetta, and Faisalabad

findings, a group of seven lines indicated in will cause nearby buses and lines to be

Table 8 were determined to be the weakest relatively stressed points.

lines, and as such, they were recommended as

3.2.3 FACTS optimal rating and
potential sites for the installation of TCSCs. Itscontributiontowardsgrid losses.

3.2.2. Using VCPI Index to Detect

Finding appropriate ratings for the chosen
Weak Buses
devices was the next stage after choosing
After calculating the VCPI values for the national proper places for FACTS devices. The total
grid, the list of buses was arranged by Operating Cost (OC), which takes into account
decreasing VCPI values. The placement of SVC in the cost of FACTS devices and power loss, has
the first phase was chosen for a group of six been reduced using a heuristic-based
buses that were the most vulnerable and had optimization technique called PSO.Both the
the highest values of VCPI, as stated in Table 9. number of particles and the number of PSO
The map of the nation is designated with the iterations are equal to 100. Particles stand in for
best spots for FACTS devices in the 2018 and optimization decision variables, or the sizes of
2025 models, as seen in Figure 6. In 2018, the associated FACTS devices.Table 10 displays the
buses and transmission lines in the regions of best ratings for the matching devices for the
Guddu, Multan, and Muzaffargarh make up the national grid's 2018 and 2025 models. Note that
cluster of vulnerable places in central and in the 2018 model, SVC of large sizes are
southern Punjab. The NTDC planning section needed at the nodes in Ludewala and Guddu,
has correctly recognized and addressed the whereas in the 2025 scenario, SVC of huge sizes
issue. The weak links that were weak in the are needed at the node in MuzaffarGarh.
network for 2018 are now stable in the network Additionally, the 2018 model does not require a
planned for 2025.The China-Pakistan Economic large-sized TCSC, however lines from Okara to
Corridor (CPEC) programs planned industrial Yousafwala and Sumundri to Multan do require
load hubs sometimes end up being weak two large-sized TCSCs.Before and after the
connections.In the national grid designed for FACTS devices were placed in the best possible
2025, for instance, the load of special economic location, load flow analyses were conducted.
FACTS devices are added to the grid to FACTS has been subtracted from OC without

dramatically reduce power losses. Total active FACTS to determine the savings. While OC with

power losses in the network model for 2018 FACTS is the total of the capital cost of FACTS

were 853.67 MW before FACTS devices were and the cost associated with real power loss, OC

installed, however they were reduced to 792.12 without FACTS is the cost associated with active

MW after their placement. Moreover, the power loss.Real power transfer as a result of

reactive power loss in the 2018 model was FACTS placement is added before calculating

decreased from 9951.2 MVAr to 9283.86 MVAr. the cost of real power loss after FACTS

As a result, it has been noted that active and placement.

reactive power losses have decreased by about The inclusion of FACTS devices will prevent total

6.21% and 6.71%, respectively. Figure 7 power losses of 61 MW and 96 MW, or around

illustrates the national grid model for the year 6% of the overall loss, in the current grid model

2025, which has also seen similar and the predicted grid model, respectively.As a

advancements. result, there is a 6% increase in transmission

line capacity. In order to calculate the financial

Figure 7: power loss change after analysis and the payback period, energy savings

addition of FACTS devices at the rate of $0.09/kWh (the cost of electricity

A thorough financial analysis is conducted, in Pakistan) were taken into account. Figure 8

including a comparison of the national grid's displays the operating costs, FACTS costs, and

Operation Cost (OC) before and after the net savings for each scenario both before and

installation of FACTS devices.The main benefits after FACTS implementation. Subtracting OC

of FACTS deployment are VAR compensation before to the deployment of FACTS from OC

and voltage profile enhancement.Improved post-FACTS placement yields the total net save.

voltage profiles lead to lower network losses After FACTS are sized and placed in the ideal

and, as a result, increased real power flow.The location, the OC is greatly reduced.The payback

additional real power transmission has been period assessed for both the current national

taken into account while calculating the cost- grid and the projected national grid is less than

benefit analysis and payback period for the a year, demonstrating the project's financial

placement of FACTs. Operating Cost (OC) with viability.

The improvement in voltage variation after the and T2, two power generating substations S1

installation of FACTS is depicted in Figures 9 and and S2 of 2100MVA and 1400MVA,

10. The typical operating voltage range at any respectively, are linked with buses B1 and B4.

bus is 0.95 to 1.05 p.u [36]. Prior to the The capacity of six and four producing units,

introduction of FACTS, the voltage profile is respectively, make up the combined total of S1

typically unstable but becomes more stable and S2. 250 MW and 100 MW of load L1 and L3

later. The voltages ranged from 0.779 p.u. to linked to B1 and B4, respectively. Similarly,

1.526 p.u. in the voltage profile of buses for the 50MW and 2200MW of load L2 and L4 are

grid model 2018 with a standard deviation of connected to L21 and L22, respectively.

0.081. Six SVCs are inserted, bringing down the According to Fig. 6-7, SSSC is linked in series

value of to 0.06. Depending on the available between B1 and B2. L1, L21, L22, and L3 are

budget, placing more SVCs could result in transmission lines with lengths of 280 km, 150

further improvement. Similar to this, the km, and 50 km, respectively.

projected grid's, which was 0.02 before the

Discussions
deployment of FACTs, is now 0.01 9 after the

placement of six SVCs.

Table 11 provides an overview of the planning SSSC is a device connected between buses B1
issue that has been resolved for FACTS devices and B2 that belongs to the series family of
in both the current 2018 and anticipated 2025 FACTS devices. Here, the transmission line L1's
models. active power flow can be improved by the SSSC
injecting a maximum of 10% compensating
Table 11: Planning model summary for voltage. As seen in Fig. 8, when the SSSC is not
present and forecast model. in use, the Vinj is zero. When it is in use, the

SSSC needs 0.2 seconds to fully inject 0.1 p.u. of

Network of power system
compensating voltage.It should be noted that
There are four 500kV buses in the system: B1, the compensating voltage's amplitude is
B2, B3, and B4. Fig. 6 displays a single line inversely proportional to the DC link voltage.
schematic of the electricity network under The active power flow in L1 increases to 765
investigation. Through step-up transformers T1 MW after correction (0.1 p.u.). That is a growth
of 19.53 %. Similar improvements in active MATLAB/Simulink 2017(a) support the new

power flow are seen in Fig. 9 for various SSSC controller for 500kV grid station that has

compensating voltages (2% to 10%). (Red Line). been proposed.

Improvement in active power flow was 17.18% A thorough planning model is offered for

at 0.1 p.u. in (Bisht et al., 2020). Similar to this, enhancing the national grid's performance by

Fig. 9's depiction of the range in P's positioning FACTS devices for both the existing

improvement from 2% to 10% (Green Line). It is scenario and the anticipated scenario. First,

evident that the proposed model increased the analysis using line stability and voltage collapse

active power by 15MW over the prior control proximity indices is done to determine the best

(Bisht et al., 2020). The increase in current flow sites for FACTS devices. Weak lines and

and decrease in inductive losses brought on by potential TCSC installation locations are those

the SSSC's virtual capacitance are the causes of with Lmn index values that are near to

this improvement. unity.Similar to this, candidates for SVC

placement are buses with VCPI values near to

Conclusions
unity. The ideal sizes of these devices have been
Using 48 pulses and a 3-level NPC-based VSC, a established using PSO after the candidate
new SSSC control for 500kV grid stations is locations for FACTS devices have been
designed in this study. SSSC is used to look at a identified. The outcomes demonstrate that an
steady state power transfer problem. Buses B1 optimized strategy substantially lowers power
and B2 were connected by SSSC, which system losses. Using eight TCSCs and six SVCs,
improved the transfer of 125 MW of active the active power losses in the Pakistani national
electricity through L1. The importance of this grid model for 2018 are decreased by 6.21%,
model for 500kV grid station will be while the reactive losses are decreased by
demonstrated through a thorough comparison 6.71%.Depending on the budget, more FATCS
with or without SSSC. Additionally, this devices can be installed to further limit the
approach successfully accomplishes important losses. The voltage profiles for both the current
objectives including the prevention of grid and the projected grid are been improved.
malfunctioning, a reduction in line losses, cost The standard deviation of bus voltages for the
effectiveness, and simplicity. Results from current model is 0.08 before the placement of
FACTS and improves to 0.064 after the controlled reactors and controls system

placement of FACTS. A thorough financial study voltages. High voltage transmission networks

has been done, accounting for operational costs employ SVCs. These electrical appliances are

both before and after the placement of FACTS used to deliver quick-reacting reactive power to

as well as the payback period. Policymakers in improve voltage profile, power factor

developing nations will use the information correction, and power system stability. SVCs are

offered in this paper as a roadmap to improve placed primarily for two purposes:

the performance of their national grids under i. Enhancing and regulating the

the projected and present-day scenarios.The transmission network's voltage

objective function will eventually be expanded (transmission SVC)

to incorporate the power system's small-signal ii. modifying the industrial loads' power

stability. As a result, FACTS will be positioned quality (industrial SVC)

and sized to fulfill both tiny signal stability and SVCs are typically utilized in transmission

the goals attained in this work. networks to increase grid voltages. When a

capacitive load is present in the power system,

2. SVC modeling
SVC consumes "var" by using thyristor-
High voltage transmission networks employ controlled reactors and controls system
SVCs. These electrical appliances are used to voltages. Two or more fixed or switched banks
deliver quick-reacting reactive power to of shunt reactors or capacitors, one of which is
improve voltage profile, power factor thyristor-switched, are used to construct SVCs.
correction, and power system stability. SVCs are SVC is often created using mechanically
placed primarily for two purposes: I enhancing switched reactors and capacitors, thyristor-
and regulating the transmission network's controlled reactors, harmonic filters, and
voltage (transmission SVC), and (ii) modifying switched capacitors with thyristors. In [42], an
the industrial loads' power quality (industrial SVC model is covered in great detail. The
SVC). SVCs are typically utilized in transmission mathematical representation of SVC's reactive
networks to increase grid voltages. When a support is as follows:
2
capacitive load is present in the power system, Qsvc=V Bsvc
SVC consumes "var" by using thyristor-
Where B stands for the susceptance at the line's receiving node, Vs for the source voltage,

node where the SVC is linked, and Vn is the θ for the impedance angle, and δ for the angle
voltage of the bus at node n . difference between buses.

FACTS allocation SVC allocation

FACTS devices regulate several transmission The VCPI index is used to arrange SVCs in the

network parameters including voltage, current, best possible locations. The index aids in

and impedance while taking into consideration identifying the busses in a transmission system

the power transmission lines' capacity for that are unstable. All buses' VCPI indices are

transfer. But if any of these devices are used calculated; those with indices close to 1.0 are

effectively through ideal positioning and regarded as weak. These buses are therefore

sensible sizing, their full potential can be potential sites for the installation of SVCs.

realized. For the system's ideal placement of Maximum power transfer via line is the basis for

the FACTS, which are covered in the next VCPI, which is characterized as:

sections, weak lines and buses are computed, VCPI=P ÷ Pmax

using Lmn and VCPI, respectively.
FACTS sizing
TCSC allocation
PSO is used to determine the ideal TCSC and

The stability index ( Lmn) of the transmission SVC sizes for each chosen location in an effort

line, which can be used to identify weak to reduce the overall cost of system operating.
transmission lines, is where TCSC is placed. A
Mathematical derivations
transmission line that is more unstable is one

whose Lmn index value is closer to 1.0 than The major goal of determining the FACTS rating

one whose Lmn index value is farther from 1.0. that is best is to reduce both the active power

Equation can be used to determine Lmn index loss costs and the FACTS installation expenses.

(8). Equation represents the objective function

Lmn=4 XQr [Vs sin(θ−δ)]2 numerically (12). PSO modifies the ratings of

Where X stands for the line impedance, Qr for FACTS devices with each iteration; as a result,

the reactive power demand of the transmission active power loss is estimated with each
 Figure 4: Demand, supply and deficit for
iteration and multiplied by the price of electrical
electricity between 2013 and 2017.
energy. The cost of electrical energy per unit
One of the largest issues in the majority of
[43] and the total active power losses of the developing nations is T&D losses in lines.
Technical losses from heating in the lines and
complete system (PL) for the entire year (365
unmetered losses from theft are among the
24) are compounded to get "0.09$". The losses. Some Distribution Companies (DISCOs)
in the Pakistan grid have distribution losses of
Newton Raphson power flow method is used in greater exceeding 30% [5]. There has been
MATPOWER to compute active power losses in some improvement in the energy deficit during
the last few years with the construction of
each iteration of PSO in order to reduce this 10,000 MW of producing capacity. However,
value. The following is the overall objective because of significant overloading, transmission
lines began to operate at their maximum
function: loading point [46]. The overall transmission and
min [CPL+ CFACTS] distribution losses for the Pakistan grid from
2015 to 2020 are shown in Figure 5 [10].
Where CPL, or the cost of active power loss, is

determined as
The majority of developing nations lack
O 1=(x 1 , x 2) appropriate planning for their electrical
and is a function of active power loss that must systems, but even then, putting those plans into
action can be difficult. Modeling the operations
be kept to a minimum. The conductance of line and parts of the generation, transmission, and
k is Gk. The sending and receiving buses' distribution systems is essential for long-term
planning. For the planning and study of power
respective voltage amplitudes are Vi and Vj. systems, there are numerous commercial
Phase difference between ith and jth bus is software programs available. MATPOWER has
been utilized to model and analyze the
represented by ij. Here, the arrays of dependent electrical network in this research project
variables (x1) and control variables (x2) are [21].The study has been applied to Pakistan's
projected national gird for the year 2025 as well
shown. as its current national grid (for the year 2018).
The National Transmission and Dispatch
Practical grid for Erbil Company's power system planning division has
assisted with the research (NTDC). NTDC is in
The suggested approach of placing and sizing charge of overseeing the transmission network
FACTS devices optimally is evaluated on that connects Power Generation Units with
standard IEEE systems before being Load Centers dispersed across the nation. The
implemented on countries such as Pakistan’s NTDC disclosed all the research's findings,
national grid. Figure provides a summary of the including its actual plans for grid development.
electric grid's electricity deficit from 2013 to
2017.
 Figure 5; Transmission and distribution electrical elements of the Pakistani national grid
losses in a grid. that were utilized in this investigation.

In the current national grid architecture, there Table 7: network-grid summary current
are 1930 load buses, 277 producing buses, and and forecast.
4147 overhead transmission lines. The current
electric grid experienced a total active power
loss of 853 MW while experiencing a reactive MATPOWER is used to do the Newton Raphson
power loss of 9951 MVAr. The base voltage and method-based AC load flow analysis. The power
base power of the national network are 500 kV system is weak and susceptible, with extremely
and 100 MVA, respectively, and are expressed significant active and reactive power losses,
in terms of per-unit data. The T&D network in according to load flow findings. Modern tools
Pakistan consists of six voltage levels: 500, 220, like FACTS are therefore absolutely necessary
132, 66, 33, and 11 kV, of which the high for the system.
voltage transmission network (500 kV, 220 kV,
and 132 kV) is owned and operated by NTDC 5.1 Discussions
and the balance by the Distribution Companies
(DISCOs). SSSC is a device connected between buses B1
and B2 that belongs to the series family of
FACTS devices. Here, the transmission line L1's
Table 6: Bus details of the grid. active power flow can be improved by the SSSC
injecting a maximum of 10% compensating
voltage. As seen in Fig. 8, when the SSSC is not
277 GENCOs were connected to the NTDC in use, the Vinj is zero. When it is in use, the
transmission network in 2018 according to the SSSC needs 0.2 seconds to fully inject 0.1 p.u. of
modeling data, and it is anticipated that compensating voltage.It should be noted that
number will rise to 797 generating stations by the compensating voltage's amplitude is
the year 2025. The majority of these power inversely proportional to the DC link voltage.
plants are thermal and hydroelectric, but small The active power flow in L1 increases to 765
amounts of nuclear, wind, and solar PV facilities MW after correction (0.1 p.u.). That is a growth
are also included in the nation's energy mix. On of 19.53 %. Similar improvements in active
July 11, 2018, the peak load for 2018 was power flow are seen in Fig. 9 for various
21,483.6 MW, and by 2025, it is expected to compensating voltages (2% to 10%).
increase to 42,000 MW.The main factor driving Improvement in active power flow was 17.18%
the high demand was air conditioning. at 0.1 p.u. in (43). Similar to this, Fig. 9's
depiction of the range in P's improvement from
In the projected national grid for 2025, load is 2% to 10%. It is evident that the proposed
expected to be around 41,000 MW, while model increased the active power by 15MW
generation is expected to be around 42,000 over the prior control (21). The increase in
MW. The grid system model has 10,110 current flow and decrease in inductive losses
transmission lines, 6007 load buses, 797 brought on by the SSSC's virtual capacitance are
generator buses, and 2961 generator the causes of this improvement.
buses.Table 7 provides a summary of the
5.2 Conclusion into the system also reduces active and reactive
power losses on the line.
The IEEE 14 bus test system assesses Using 48 pulses and a 3-level NPC-based VSC, a
STATCOM's effectiveness in reducing power new SSSC control for 500kV grid stations is
losses and boosting system voltage stability designed in this study. SSSC is used to look at a
limitations. The outcomes show how the device steady state power transfer problem. Buses B1
controller simultaneously reduces power losses and B2 were connected by SSSC, which
and improves the voltage profile of the system. improved the transfer of 125 MW of active
The IEEE 14 bus transmission technology was electricity through L1. The importance of this
initially modeled in. model for 500kV grid station will be
Standard load on the transmission system was demonstrated through a thorough comparison
done using MATLAB/Simulink. At that time, the with or without SSSC. Additionally, this
system was simulated using the Newton- approach successfully accomplishes important
Raphson load flow program to conduct a power objectives including the prevention of
flow study. Before STATCOM was added to the malfunctioning, a reduction in line losses, cost
system, quantities of the voltage magnitude effectiveness, and simplicity. Results from
profile and active and reactive power losses MATLAB/Simulink 2017(a) support the new
were seen to have an impact on the system's SSSC controller for 500kV grid station that has
voltage stability and power transfer at steady- been proposed.
state operating conditions. To obtain the A thorough planning model is offered for
voltage profile and active and reactive power enhancing the national grid's performance by
losses in the system, STATCOM constructed in positioning FACTS devices for both the existing
MATLAB/Simulink was introduced into the scenario and the anticipated scenario. First,
system. The power flow analysis was carried out analysis using line stability and voltage collapse
once more on the system. The maximum proximity indices is done to determine the best
loading factor was raised once more, this time sites for FACTS devices. Weak lines and
in increments of 10% up to 40%. To determine potential TCSC installation locations are those
the effects of the device on the system with Lmn index values that are near to unity.
quantities, the obtained data were compared. Similar to this, candidates for SVC placement
When STATCOM was added to the system at are buses with VCPI values near to unity. The
normal load, the active and reactive power ideal sizes of these devices have been
losses were reduced by 17.63% and 24.78%, established using PSO after the candidate
respectively. It was noted that there was a locations for FACTS devices have been
sufficient improvement in the voltage profile identified. The outcomes demonstrate that an
and power transfer on the transmission line. optimized strategy substantially lowers power
The active and reactive power losses were system losses. Using eight TCSCs and six SVCs,
significantly decreased, it was found when the the active power losses in the Pakistani national
results obtained for all scenarios for load grid model for 2018 are decreased by 6.21%,
increases in steps of 10% to 40% before and while the reactive losses are decreased by
after the insertion of STATCOM were compared. 6.71%.Depending on the budget, more FATCS
The results show that STATCOM effectively devices can be installed to further limit the
improves voltage stability and reduces active losses. The voltage profiles for both the current
and reactive power losses at the load bus and grid and the projected grid are been improved.
the lines connecting the buses of the system. The standard deviation of bus voltages for the
Therefore, STATCOM effectively improves current model is 0.08 before the placement of
voltage profiles and reduces power loss when FACTS and improves to 0.064 after the
linked to the system. Incorporating STATCOM placement of FACTS. A thorough financial study
has been done, accounting for operational costs
both before and after the placement of FACTS A STATCOM is typically implemented to assist
as well as the payback period. Policymakers in
electrical networks that frequently have poor
developing nations will use the information
offered in this paper as a roadmap to improve voltage management and poor power factor.
the performance of their national grids under
Voltage stability is STATCOM's primary
the projected and present-day scenarios. The
objective function will eventually be expanded application. A voltage source converter (VSC)-
to incorporate the power system's small-signal
based device, a reactor serves as the voltage
stability. As a result, FACTS will be positioned
and sized to fulfill both tiny signal stability and source in a STATCOM. A STATCOM has very
the goals attained in this work.
little active power capabilities because the

5.2 Recommendations voltage source is made from a DC capacitor.

However, if a suitable energy storage device is
One of the main issues with the Erbil power
placed across the DC capacitor, its active power
system is voltage stability. The definition of
capability can be boosted.
voltage stability is being consolidated by
This study has highlighted STATCOM as a
engineers and researchers, who are also
significant and crucial technology that Erbil
offering strategies and tools for its examination.
power utility and service providers should
The majority of these strategies are predicated
investigate to offer dependable and high-quality
on the pursuit of the system's Jacobian
power to consumers in Erbil. Future research on
singularity, also known as the point of voltage
STATCOM should consider the device's
collapse or maximum load capability. The
performance analysis under various fault
maximum transfer capacities of the power
scenarios. Additionally, other approaches to the
network can be increased by the series and
placement of STATCOM devices in a broader
shunt correction. Regarding voltage stability,
network should be researched. The findings
such compensation aims to inject reactive
should be examined using different analytical
power to keep the nodes' voltage magnitudes
methods with greater precision, such as
close to their nominal values, as well as to
statistical inference and pattern recognition.
decrease line currents and, as a result, the
3.6 Modelling of overhead lines and
overall system losses. Due to advancements in cables
power electronics, it is now possible to change
International standards and recommendations
the magnitude of the voltage at specific system were chosen on the Basic Options page of the
nodes using complex and adaptable devices software before configuring the transmission
line model with MATLAB/Simulink by specifying
called FACTS. The static synchronous the safety margin for the cable current capacity
compensator is one of them (STATCOM). in a percentage. Similar to cables with the same
diameter, overhead lines were used for a
variety of reasons. The overhead lines were Weak lines and buses are found using Lmn and
used for their prices and their ability to transmit VCPI indices, respectively, to discover the
more power. Several factors determine candidate locations for TCSC and SVC
whether a transmission line cross section exists: placements. These indices are computed in
To begin with, taking safety into account, the MATPOWER using the Newton Raphson power
selected transmission line must be able to flow method to calculate load flows. Equations
transmit at any rate the maximum current that (8) and (9) are used to calculate the Lmn and
can flow at the nominal operating state. VCPI indices, respectively. Table 2 displays the
Additionally, the decision needs to be available Lmn index results for IEEE-14 Bus systems.
and conform to international standards. For
expensive and long-lasting applications like a
power transmission system, costs and lifetime Table 2: IEEE-14 Bus System with index
are also crucial. The choice of a transmission values of lines.
line cable is made after taking Equation 3.12
into account. The system interface for line branch Lmn at Rank
Maximum
simulating the transmission line cable is shown
loading
in Figure 3.10 below.
point
¿=S ÷ (√ 3∗V −i) 4-7 8 0.998 1st
4-9 9 0.993 2nd
Where the line current, whose SI unit is A, is 7-9 15 0.97 3rd
represented as Li, the line to line voltage,V , is 10-11 18 0.89 4th
presented as Vi−i , and the apparent 13-14 20 0.8 5th
power, VA , is represented by S. 4-5 7 0.78 6th
9-14 17 0.67 7th
3.7 Test Case IEEE-14 and 30 Bus Systems
12-13 19 0.629 8th
IEEE-14 and 30 bus systems are from 9-10 16 0.587 9th
MATPOWER [38], respectively. Table 1 contains Branches 8, 9, 15, and 18 are weak lines, making
an overview of power generating units, them potential sites for TCSC deployment.
transmission lines, and load buses. Similar to that, VCPI is calculated for each bus,
as shown in Table 3, and buses with VCPI values
Table 1: bus systems for IEEE-14 and 30 close to 1 are regarded as weak and, as a result,
are the best places to install SVC. Buses 14, 4, 9,
and 5 are substandard in this location.
S.No IEEE-14 IEEE-30
Bus Bus Load Bus No VCPI at Rank
System System Maximum
1 Power 5 6 Loading Point
Generating 14 1.0023 1st
Units 4 1.0007 2nd
2 Transmission 20 41 9 0.9704 3rd
Lines 5 0.9363 4th
3 Load Busses 9 20 11 0.906 5th
12 0.8904 6th
7 0.8687 7th
13 0.8355 8th
10 0.8173 9th transmission lines with lengths of 280 km, 150
PSO is used to determine the best rating for km, and 50 km, respectively.
these devices after identifying potential
3.2.3.1. Lmn Index to find weak lines
locations for TCSC and SVC. Table 4 displays the
ideal rating of FACTS devices and how they The best places to install the TCSC are found to
affect power loss. Because SVC can efficiently be weak lines throughout the entire system.
manage VAr in the system, as shown in Figure 2, FACTS can therefore be applied to clusters with
they can significantly enhance the voltage of decreasing vulnerability in later phases,
the entire power system. The voltages prior to commencing with the cluster of the weakest
FACTS range from 0.95 to 1.05, however they lines in the first phase. According to the
typically dip below 1 p.u. However, the voltage findings, a group of seven lines indicated in
profile is nearly steady above 1 p.u. when the Table 8 were determined to be the weakest
SVC and TCSC are installed. lines, and as such, they were recommended as
potential sites for the installation of TCSCs.
Figure 3 demonstrates that the addition of
FACTS devices significantly improves the overall 3.2.3.2. Using VCPI Index to Detect Weak Buses
voltage profile of the IEEE-30 bus system.
Therefore, the overall voltage profile of the After calculating the VCPI values for the national
network can be significantly improved by grid, the list of buses was arranged by
installing SVCs with the best ratings at the decreasing VCPI values. The placement of SVC in
network's weakest points. the first phase was chosen for a group of six
buses that were the most vulnerable and had
the highest values of VCPI, as stated in Table 9.
Figure 3: Bus voltages prior to and The map of the nation is designated with the
following the placement of FACTS (IEEE-30 Bus best spots for FACTS devices in the 2018 and
System). 2025 models, as seen in Figure 6. In 2018, the
buses and transmission lines in the regions of
3.8Network of power system Guddu, Multan, and Muzaffargarh make up the
cluster of vulnerable places in central and
There are four 500kV buses in the system: B1, southern Punjab. The NTDC planning section
B2, B3, and B4. Fig. 6 displays a single line has correctly recognized and addressed the
schematic of the electricity network under issue. The weak links that were weak in the
investigation. Through step-up transformers T1 network for 2018 are now stable in the network
and T2, two power generating substations S1 planned for 2025.The China-Pakistan Economic
and S2 of 2100MVA and 1400MVA, Corridor (CPEC) programs planned industrial
respectively, are linked with buses B1 and B4. load hubs sometimes end up being weak
The capacity of six and four producing units, connections.In the national grid designed for
respectively, makes up the combined total of S1 2025, for instance, the load of special economic
and S2. 250 MW and 100 MW of load L1 and L3 zones around Peshawar, Quetta, and Faisalabad
linked to B1 and B4, respectively. Similarly, will cause nearby buses and lines to be
50MW and 2200MW of load L2 and L4 are relatively stressed points.
connected to L21 and L22, respectively.
According to Fig. 6-7, SSSC is linked in series 3.2.3.3 FACTS optimal rating and Its
between B1 and B2. L1, L21, L22, and L3 are contribution towards grid losses.
Finding appropriate ratings for the chosen Operation Cost (OC) before and after the
devices was the next stage after choosing installation of FACTS devices.The main benefits
proper places for FACTS devices. The total of FACTS deployment are VAR compensation
Operating Cost (OC), which takes into account and voltage profile enhancement.Improved
the cost of FACTS devices and power loss, has voltage profiles lead to lower network losses
been reduced using a heuristic-based and, as a result, increased real power flow.The
optimization technique called PSO. Both the additional real power transmission has been
number of particles and the number of PSO taken into account while calculating the cost-
iterations are equal to 100. Particles stand in for benefit analysis and payback period for the
optimization decision variables or the sizes of placement of FACTs. Operating Cost (OC) with
associated FACTS devices. Table 10 displays the FACTS has been subtracted from OC without
best ratings for the matching devices for the FACTS to determine the savings. While OC with
national grid's 2018 and 2025 models. Note that FACTS is the total of the capital cost of FACTS
in the 2018 model, SVC of large sizes are and the cost associated with real power loss, OC
needed at the nodes in Ludewala and Guddu, without FACTS is the cost associated with active
whereas in the 2025 scenario, SVC of huge sizes power loss. Real power transfer as a result of
are needed at the node in MuzaffarGarh. FACTS placement is added before calculating
the cost of real power loss after FACTS
Additionally, the 2018 model does not require a
placement.
large-sized TCSC, however lines from Okara to
Yousafwala and Sumundri to Multan do require The inclusion of FACTS devices will prevent total
two large-sized TCSCs.Before and after the power losses of 61 MW and 96 MW, or around
FACTS devices were placed in the best possible 6% of the overall loss, in the current grid model
location, load flow analyses were conducted. and the predicted grid model, respectively. As a
FACTS devices are added to the grid to result, there is a 6% increase in transmission
dramatically reduce power losses. Total active line capacity. In order to calculate the financial
power losses in the network model for 2018 analysis and the payback period, energy savings
were 853.67 MW before FACTS devices were at the rate of $0.09/kWh (the cost of electricity
installed, however they were reduced to 792.12 in Pakistan) were taken into account. Figure 8
MW after their placement. Moreover, the displays the operating costs, FACTS costs, and
reactive power loss in the 2018 model was net savings for each scenario both before and
decreased from 9951.2 MVAr to 9283.86 MVAr. after FACTS implementation. Subtracting OC
As a result, it has been noted that active and before to the deployment of FACTS from OC
reactive power losses have decreased by about post-FACTS placement yields the total net save.
6.21% and 6.71%, respectively. Figure 7 After FACTS are sized and placed in the ideal
illustrates the national grid model for the year location, the OC is greatly reduced. The payback
2025, which has also seen similar period assessed for both the current national
advancements. grid and the projected national grid is less than
a year, demonstrating the project's financial
viability.
Figure 7: power loss change after
The improvement in voltage variation after the
addition of FACTS devices
installation of FACTS is depicted in Figures 9 and
A thorough financial analysis is conducted, 10. The typical operating voltage range at any
including a comparison of the national grid's bus is 0.95 to 1.05 p.u [36]. Prior to the
introduction of FACTS, the voltage profile is
typically unstable but becomes more stable
later. The voltages ranged from 0.779 p.u. to
1.526 p.u. in the voltage profile of buses for the
grid model 2018 with a standard deviation of
0.081. Six SVCs are inserted, bringing down the
value of to 0.06. Depending on the available
budget, placing more SVCs could result in
further improvement. Similar to this, the
projected grid's, which was 0.02 before the
deployment of FACTs, is now 0.01 9 after the
placement of six SVCs.

Table 11 provides an overview of the planning

issue that has been resolved for FACTS devices
in both the current 2018 and anticipated 2025
models.

Table 11: Planning model summary for

present and forecast model.