HKDSE NEW CHEMISTRY  A Modern View Book 3B

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HKDSE NEW CHEMISTRY  A Modern View

Suggested Answers  Book 3B

Table of contents
Chapter 28 Chemical cells in daily life

Class practice 28.1………………………………………….……………………………………………………............5

Class practice 28.2………………………………………….……………………………………………………............5

Class practice 28.3………………………………………….……………………………………………………............5

Class practice 28.4………………………………………….……………………………………………………............5

Chapter exercise……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..5

Exam practice………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...6

Chapter 29 Simple chemical cells

Class practice 29.1………………………………………….……………………………………………………..........9

Class practice 29.2………………………………………….……………………………………………………..........9

Class practice 29.3………………………………………….……………………………………………………..........9

Class practice 29.4………………………………………….……………………………………………………..........9

Chapter exercise…………………………………………………………………………………………………………...10

Exam practice………………………………………………………………………………………………………..........12

Chapter 30 Redox reactions

Class practice 30.1………………………………………….……………………………………………………..........14

Class practice 30.2………………………………………….……………………………………………………..........14

Class practice 30.3………………………………………….……………………………………………………..........14

Class practice 30.4………………………………………….……………………………………………………..........14

Class practice 30.5………………………………………….……………………………………………………..........15

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Class practice 30.6………………………………………….……………………………………………………..........15

Class practice 30.7………………………………………….……………………………………………………..........15

Class practice 30.8………………………………………….……………………………………………………..........15

Class practice 30.9………………………………………….……………………………………………………..........16

Class practice 30.10………………………………………….……………………………………………………........16

Class practice 30.11………………………………………….……………………………………………………........16

Chapter exercise…………………………………………………………………………………………………………...16

Exam practice………………………………………………………………………………………………………..........19

Chapter 31 Redox reactions in chemical cells

Class practice 31.1………………………………………….……………………………………………………..........22

Class practice 31.2………………………………………….……………………………………………………..........22

STSE issue 31.1……………………………………………………………………………………………………………...22

Chapter exercise…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….22

Exam practice………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..23

Chapter 32 Electrolysis

Class practice 32.1………………………………………….……………………………………………………..........25

Class practice 32.2………………………………………….……………………………………………………..........25

Class practice 32.3………………………………………….……………………………………………………..........25

Class practice 32.4………………………………………….……………………………………………………..........25

Class practice 32.5………………………………………….……………………………………………………..........26

Class practice 32.6………………………………………….……………………………………………………..........26

Class practice 32.7………………………………………….……………………………………………………..........26

Class practice 32.8………………………………………….……………………………………………………..........26

Feature reading.......………………………………………….…………………………………………………….......27

Chapter exercise…………………………………………………………………………………………………………...27

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Exam practice………………………………………………………………………………………………………..........29

Part exercise……......….……………………………………………………………………………………………………32

Revision test......……..…………………………………………………………………………………………………….35

Chapter 33 Energy changes in chemical reactions

Class practice 33.1………………………………………….…………………………………………………….........38

Class practice 33.2………………………………………….…………………………………………………….........38

Class practice 33.3………………………………………….…………………………………………………….........38

Class practice 33.4………………………………………….…………………………………………………….........38

STSE issue 33.1……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..39

Chapter exercise……………………………………………………………………………………………………………39

Exam practice……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….40

Chapter 34 Standard enthalpy changes of reactions

Class practice 34.1………………………………………….……………………………………………………..........43

Class practice 34.2………………………………………….……………………………………………………..........43

Class practice 34.3………………………………………….……………………………………………………..........43

Class practice 34.4………………………………………….……………………………………………………..........44

Class practice 34.5………………………………………….……………………………………………………..........44

Class practice 34.6………………………………………….……………………………………………………..........45

Class practice 34.7………………………………………….……………………………………………………..........46

STSE issue 34.1……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..46

Chapter exercise……………………………………………………………………………………………………………46

Exam practice……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….48

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Chapter 35 Hess’s Law

Class practice 35.1………………………………………….……………………………………………………..........51

Class practice 35.2………………………………………….……………………………………………………..........51

Class practice 35.3………………………………………….………………………………………………….............52

Class practice 35.4………………………………………….……………………………………………………..........52

Class practice 35.5………………………………………….……………………………………………………..........52

Reading to learn...………………………………………….……………………………………………………..........53

Feature reading....………………………………………….……………………………………………………..........53

Chapter exercise…………………………………………………………………………………………………………...54

Exam practice…………….………………………………………………………………………………………………….57

Part exercise………………………………………………………………………………………………………….........61

Revision test......……..…………………………………………………………………………………………………….67

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Chapter 28 Chemical cells in daily life

Class practice 28.1 (p.5)
C

Class practice 28.2 (p.8)

(a) Zinc-carbon cell and alkaline manganese cell
(b) Alkaline manganese cell and silver oxide cell
(c) Alkaline manganese cell
(d) Alkaline manganese cell and silver oxide cell
(e) Silver oxide cell

Class practice 28.3 (p.11)

(a) Nickel metal hydride cell and lead-acid accumulator
(b) Lithium ion cell and nickel metal hydride cell
(c) Lithium ion cell and nickel metal hydride cell
(d) Nickel metal hydride cell
(e) Lead-acid accumulator

Class practice 28.4 (p.14)

(a) Lithium ion cells provide a high and steady voltage to power mobile phones. Besides,
they have a high energy density and can be recharged many times after use.
(b) Lead-acid accumulators provide a very large current to start up car engines and they
can be recharged many times after use.
(c) Alkaline manganese cells provide a steady voltage to power shavers.

Chapter 28 Chapter exercise (p.17)

A. Fill in the blanks (p.17)

1. electricity; chemical
2. Primary cells; secondary cells
3. (a) heavy metals
(b) carcinogenic
(c) corrosive

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B. Multiple-choice questions (p.17)

4. A
5. D
6. D
7. B
8. B
9. C
10. C
11. C

C. Structured question (p.18)

12. (a) 2.4 V 1

(b) (i) Alkaline manganese cells are not rechargeable. 1
(ii) The maximum voltage of lithium ion cells is 3.7 V, which is (much)
higher than the operating voltage of the phone. 1
(c) Nickel metal hydride cells 1

Chapter 28 Exam practice (p.19)

A. Multiple-choice questions (p.19)

1. B
2. A
Statement (2): potassium hydroxide (electrolyte of nickel metal hydride cells) is
corrosive while ammonium chloride (electrolyte of zinc-carbon cells) is mildly acidic
with a pH between 4.5 and 6.
Statement (3): nickel(II) hydroxide (positive electrode of nickel metal hydride cells)
contains nickel, which is a heavy metal.
3. B
Lithium ion cells (3.7 V) are suitable for use in high-drained portable electronic
devices such as mobile phones, digital cameras, notebook computers, tablet
computers, etc.

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B. Structured questions (p.19)

4. (a) Silver oxide cells 1

This is because they are small in size and lightweight. 1
(b) Lithium ion cells 1
This is because they provide a high and steady voltage to power tablet
computers. Besides, they have a high energy density and can be
recharged many times after use. 1
(c) Lead-acid accumulators 1
This is because they provide a very large current and a very high
voltage (or provide electricity at a relatively low cost) to power
wheelchairs. Besides, they can be recharged many times after use. 1
(d) Zinc-carbon cells 1
This is because they are of low cost and it is economical to use them in
low-drained electrical devices such as remote controls. 1
5. (a) Zinc-carbon cells
This is because they are of low cost. 1
Alarm clocks often require only a small current to operate. 1
(b) Alkaline manganese cells
This is because they provide a steady voltage to power flashlights. 1
Besides, they have a wide operating temperature range. 1
(c) For zinc-carbon cells, each dollar can run the motorized toy robot for
65 minute
= 13 minute 1
2.5 × 2
For alkaline manganese cells, each dollar can run the motorized toy
170 minute
robot for = 15.5 minute 1
5.5 × 2
Although nickel metal hydride cells are rechargeable, the total price for
the cells and the battery charger for running the motorized toy robot is
$100 + 20.0 × 2 = $140, which is rather high. Besides, nickel metal
hydride cells have a relatively short shelf life compared to alkaline
manganese cells. 1
Thus, alkaline manganese cells are more economical to buy.

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6. (a) Nickel 1
(b) Nickel(II) hydroxide 1
This is because this substance is carcinogenic. 1
(c) Nickel-cadmium cells contain two heavy metals, namely nickel and
cadmium. Both of them are toxic to animals and plants. 1
(d) Lithium ion cells 1

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Chapter 29 Chemical cells in daily life

Class practice 29.1 (p.25)
(a) Positive electrode: silver strip; negative electrode: magnesium strip
(b) From magnesium to silver
(c) (i) Mg(s)  Mg2+(aq) + 2e
(ii) Ag+(aq) + e  Ag(s)
(d) Mg(s) + 2Ag+(aq)  Mg2+(aq) + 2Ag(s)

Class practice 29.2 (p.2930)

1. (a) Mg/Pb, Fe/Pb, Zn/Pb
(b) Mg/Pb
This is because the difference in tendency of losing electrons between Mg and
Pb is the greatest among all cells which give a positive voltage.
2. (a) X
This is because X loses electrons to iron.
(b) (i) The direction of electron flow in the external circuit is reversed (i.e. from
iron to silver).
(ii) The mass of the iron electrode decreases.
(iii) The colourless sodium chloride solution turns pale green gradually.

Class practice 29.3 (p.34)

(a) From P to Q
(b) (i) P(s)  P2+(aq) + 2e
(ii) Q2+(aq) + 2e  Q(s)
(c) P(s) + Q2+(aq)  P2+(aq) + Q(s)
(d) (i) Na+(aq) ions move to the right half cell.
(ii) SO42(aq) ions move to the left half cell.

Class practice 29.4 (p.3536)

1. B (76%)
2. (a) From iron to tin
This is because iron displaces tin(II) ions from tin(II) nitrate solution, suggesting
that iron loses electrons more readily.
(b) (i) The iron electrode dissolves, becomes smaller and thinner gradually.
(ii) A silvery solid deposits on the surface of tin electrode.
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(c) Sn2+(aq) + 2e  Sn(s)

(d) It completes the circuit by allowing ions to move between two half cells.

Chapter 29 Chapter exercise (p.40)

A. Fill in the blanks (p.40)

1. metals; electrolyte
2. voltage; losing
3. higher
4. salt bridge
5. porous device

B. Practice question (p.40)

6. (a) Positive electrode: copper strip

Negative electrode: metal X strip
Direction of electron flow in the external circuit: from metal X to copper
(b) Positive electrode: metal Y strip
Negative electrode: copper strip
Direction of electron flow in the external circuit: from copper to metal Y
(c) Positive electrode: metal Y strip
Negative electrode: metal X strip
Direction of electron flow in the external circuit: from metal X to metal Y

C. Multiple-choice questions (p.41)

7. C
8. D
9. A
10. B
Statement (3): NaCl(aq) allows ions, but not electrons, to pass through it when the
cell operates. Electrons move between the two electrodes through the external circuit.
11. D
Magnesium is the negative electrode and copper is the positive electrode of this
chemical cell. In the left beaker, the formation of Mg2+(aq) ions creates excess
positive charge in the solution. SO42(aq) ions from the salt bridge flow to this half
cell to balance the positive charge. In the right beaker, the consumption of Cu 2+(aq)
ions creates excess negative charge in the solution. Na+(aq) ions from the salt bridge
flow to this half cell to balance the negative charge.
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D. Structured question (p.42)

12. (a) From metal X to metal Y

This is because metal X can displace metal Y from YSO4(aq), suggesting
that metal X loses electrons more readily. 1
(b) (i) Negative electrode 1
(ii) Y2+(aq) + 2e  Y(s) 1
(c) Metal X reacts directly with YSO4(aq) (i.e. displacement reaction occurs)
and less electrons would be ‘pumped’ through the external circuit.
Hence, the voltage of the cell drops rapidly soon. 1
OR
When metal Y forms on the surface of metal X strip, the potential
difference between the two electrodes would decrease. Hence, the
voltage of the cell drops rapidly soon. (1)
13. (a) The sodium chloride solution provides a medium that allows movement
of ions to complete the circuit. 1
(b) Copper is at a higher position than silver in the E.C.S. and releases
electrons. The electrons pass from the negative pole of digital
multimeter to the positive pole. Hence, a positive reading is recorded. 1
(c) The reading will drop to zero. 1
(d) The cell voltage will increase as iron is at a higher position than copper
in the E.C.S. (or iron and silver are further apart in the E.C.S. than
copper and silver). 1
14. (a) (i) Copper container 1
(ii) Zinc strip 1
(b) Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq)  Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s) 1
(c) Any TWO of the following:
Zinc strip gradually dissolves, becomes smaller and thinner. 1
A (thin layer of) brown deposit forms on the inner wall of copper
container. 1
The blue colour of copper(II) sulphate solution becomes paler gradually. (1)

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Chapter 29 Exam practice (p.43)

A. Multiple-choice questions (p.43)

1. D
X is the positive electrode of the chemical cell. Hydrogen ions are discharged on this
electrode to give H2.
2. C
A positive voltage is recorded in both chemical cells, suggesting that P is the negative
electrode of these cells and it has a higher tendency to lose electrons in aqueous
solutions compared to Q and R. The chemical cell formed by the P/Q couple gives a
higher voltage than that formed by the P/R couple, suggesting that Q has a lower
tendency to lose electrons in aqueous solutions compared to R.
3. B
The overall reaction taking place in this cell is Zn(s) + 2Ag+(aq)  Zn2+(aq) +
2Ag(s). Precipitate of silver chloride forms when silver ions (from silver nitrate
solution) react with chloride ions (from sodium chloride solution).
4. B
Electrons flow from P to Q through the external circuit, suggesting that P is the
negative electrode of this cell. The overall reaction taking place in this cell is P(s) +
Q+(aq)  P+(aq) + Q(s). The voltmeter gives a positive reading only when its
negative terminal is connected to the negative electrode of the cell (i.e. P).

B. Structured questions (p.44)

5. (a) It acts as an electrolyte of this cell. 1


(b) (i) Cu(s)  Cu (aq) + 2e
2+
1

(ii) 2H (aq) + 2e  H2(g)
+
1
(c) (i) The voltage of this cell is positive, indicating that electrons flow
from strip of V to copper strip through the external circuit. Hence,
copper strip gains electrons when the cell operates. 1
(ii) The voltmeter reading increases (or is greater than +0.92 V)
because the difference in tendency of losing electrons between V
and silver is greater than that between V and copper. 1
The greater the difference in tendency of losing electrons between
two metals, the higher is the cell voltage.

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6. (a) Electrons flow from magnesium to iron because magnesium is at a

higher position than iron in the E.C.S.. It loses electrons more readily
than iron. 1
(b) Iron electrode is the positive electrode because it gains electrons. 1
(c) Mg(s)  Mg2+(aq) + 2e 1
(d) Interchange copper electrode and iron electrode in Strawberry I. 1
(e) The voltmeter reading drops to zero. 1

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Chapter 30 Redox reactions

Class practice 30.1 (p.49)
1. (a) C(s) undergoes oxidation by gaining oxygen to form CO(g), while H2O(g)
undergoes reduction by losing oxygen to form H2(g). Hence, the reaction is a
redox reaction.
(b) H2O(g) is the oxidizing agent and C(s) is the reducing agent.
2. (a) H2S(aq) undergoes oxidation by losing hydrogen to form S(s), while I2(aq)
undergoes reduction by gaining hydrogen to form HI(aq). Hence, the reaction is
a redox reaction.
(b) H2S(aq) is oxidized and I2(aq) is reduced.

Class practice 30.2 (p.50)

(a) Sodium undergoes oxidation by losing electrons to form Na+ ions, while chlorine
undergoes reduction by gaining electrons to form Cl ions. Hence, the reaction is a
redox reaction.
(b) Na(s) is the reducing agent and Cl2(g) is the oxidizing agent.

Class practice 30.3 (p.52)

(a) Mg(s)
(b) Ag+(aq)
(c) Fe2+(aq)

Class practice 30.4 (p.57)

1. (a) 0
(b) +3
(c) +6
(d) 3
(e) +5
(f) +6
2. Cl2(g) is the oxidizing agent because the oxidation number of chlorine decreases
from 0 to 1.
P4(s) is the reducing agent because the oxidation number of phosphorus increases
from 0 to +5.
3. A (72%)

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Class practice 30.5 (p.60)

(a) Concentrated nitric acid is the oxidizing agent because the oxidation number of
nitrogen decreases from +5 to +4.
Magnesium is the reducing agent because the oxidation number of magnesium
increases from 0 to +2.
(b) Mg(s)  Mg2+(aq) + 2e
(c) NO3(aq) + 2H+(aq) + e  NO2(g) + H2O(l)
(d) Mg(s) + 2NO3(aq) + 4H+(aq)  Mg2+(aq) + 2NO2(g) + 2H2O(l)

Class practice 30.6 (p.61)

B

Class practice 30.7 (p.6465)

1. (a) Ag(s) is at a lower position than Zn(s) in the E.C.S.. The reducing power of Ag(s)
is weaker than that of Zn(s). Thus, the reaction between Ag(s) and ZnCl 2(aq) is
not feasible.
(b) Fe3+(aq) is at a lower position than I2(aq) in the E.C.S.. The oxidizing power of
Fe3+(aq) is stronger than that of I2(aq). Thus, the reaction between Fe3+(aq) and
I(aq) is feasible.
2. (a) Electrons flow from X to copper through the external circuit because X loses
electrons more readily than copper in aqueous solution.
(b) (i) Cu2+(aq) + 2e  Cu(s)
(ii) X(s)  X2+(aq) + 2e
(c) X(s) + Cu2+(aq)  X2+(aq) + Cu(s)
(d) (i) From zinc to X
(ii) Zn(s) + X2+(aq)  Zn2+(aq) + X(s)
(iii) The original chemical cell has a higher voltage. Although zinc and X are
further apart in the E.C.S. than X and copper, the polarities of the two metal
electrodes connected to the voltmeter are reversed in the new chemical cell
after the replacement. The new chemical cell gives a negative voltage.

Class practice 30.8 (p.69)

1. (a) The colourless potassium iodide solution changes to brown. The oxidizing
power of chlorine is stronger than that of iodine. It can displace iodine from
potassium iodide solution.
(b) Cl2(aq) + 2I(aq)  2Cl(aq) + I2(aq)
(c) Chlorine water
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2. (a) (i) Cl2(g) + 2OH(aq)  Cl(aq) + OCl(aq) + H2O(l)

(ii) 3Cl2(g) + 6OH(aq)  5Cl(aq) + ClO3(aq) + 3H2O(l)
(b) (i) From 0 to 1 and +1 in Cl and OCl respectively
(ii) From 0 to 1 and +5 in Cl and ClO3 respectively

Class practice 30.9 (p.72)

(a) Magnesium ribbon dissolves. Brown fumes evolve (or a brown gas evolves).
(b) Mg(s) + 2NO3(aq) + 4H+(aq)  Mg2+(aq) + 2NO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
(c) Oxidizing property

Class practice 30.10 (p.7475)

(a) In Tube 1, magnesium strip dissolves to give a colourless solution. Colourless gas
bubbles evolve.
Mg(s) + H2SO4(aq)  MgSO4(aq) + H2(g)/
Mg(s) + 2H+(aq)  Mg2+(aq) + H2(g)
In Tube 2, magnesium strip dissolves to give a colourless solution. Colourless gas
bubbles evolve and a choking smell of burning sulphur is detected.
Mg(s) + 2H2SO4(l)  MgSO4(aq) + SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
(b) In Tube 1, dilute sulphuric acid exhibits its acid property.
In Tube 2, concentrated sulphuric acid exhibits its oxidizing property.

Class practice 30.11 (p.77)

(a) Sulphur dioxide
(b) Mg(s) + 2H2SO4(l)  MgSO4(aq) + SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
(c) The orange acidified potassium dichromate solution changes to green because the
sulphur dioxide produced in the reaction occurring in tube P reduces the dichromate
ions to chromium(III) ions in tube Q.
3SO32(aq) + Cr2O72(aq) + 8H+(aq)  3SO42(aq) + 2Cr3+(aq) + 4H2O(l)

Chapter 30 Chapter exercise (p.82)

A. Fill in the blanks (p.82)

1. (a) gains
(b) loses
(c) oxidizes; losing
(d) reduces; gaining

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2. (a) loses
(b) gains
3. (a) loses
(b) gains
4. loses; stronger; weaker
5. charge; ion
6. (a) increases
(b) decreases
7. disproportionation

B. Practice questions (p.82)

8. (a) +3
(b) 2
(c) +1
(d) +3
(e) 1
(f) +2
(g) +3
9. (a) The reaction is a redox reaction because the oxidation number of nitrogen
increases from +2 to +4 and that of oxygen decreases from 0 to 2.
(b) The reaction is not a redox reaction because the oxidation number of every
element remains unchanged in the reaction.
(c) The reaction is a redox reaction because the oxidation number of oxygen
increases from 2 to 0 and that of fluorine decreases from 0 to 1.
10. (a) Ni(s) is at a higher position than Cu(s) in the E.C.S.. The reducing power of Ni(s)
is stronger than that of Cu(s). Thus, the reaction between CuSO4(aq) and Ni(s) is
feasible.
(b) Cu(s) is at a lower position than H2(g) in the E.C.S.. The reducing power of Cu(s)
is weaker than that of H2(g). Thus, the reaction between Cu(s) and H+(aq) is not
feasible.
(c) I2(aq) is at a higher position than Cl2(g) in the E.C.S.. The oxidizing power of
I2(aq) is weaker than that of Cl2(g). Thus, the reaction between I2(aq) and
NaCl(aq) is not feasible.

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11. (a) Copper metal dissolves to give a blue solution. Brown fumes form (or a brown
gas evolves).
Cu(s) + 2NO3(aq) + 4H+(aq)  Cu2+(aq) + 2NO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
(b) The purple acidified potassium permanganate solution changes to yellowish
brown.
5Fe2+(aq) + MnO4(aq) + 8H+(aq)  5Fe3+(aq) + Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l)
(c) The orange acidified potassium dichromate solution changes to green.
3SO32(aq) + Cr2O72(aq) + 8H+(aq)  3SO42(aq) + 2Cr3+(aq) + 4H2O(l)

B. Multiple-choice questions (p.83)

12. B
Option(A): O2 undergoes reduction as it gains hydrogen.
Option (C): NH3 is oxidized as it loses hydrogen.
Option (D): NH3 is the reducing agent and it undergoes oxidation.
13. D
The oxidation number of chlorine in Cl2, HCl, NaOCl and NaClO3 are 0, 1, +1 and
+5 respectively.
14. C
Statement (1): IO3(aq) is reduced as the oxidation number of iodine decreases from
+5 to 0.
15. C
Reaction (1): it is a redox reaction because the oxidation number of silver decreases
from +1 to 0 and that of oxygen increases from 2 to 0.
Reaction (3): it is a redox reaction because the oxidation number of nitrogen
decreases from +5 to +3 and that of oxygen increases from 2 to 0.
16. C
Ag+(aq) is a common oxidizing agent. Refer to Table 30.5 on p.5758 again.
17. B
Both Cl2(aq) and Fe2(SO4)3(aq) are oxidizing agents. They do not undergo redox
reaction with acidified potassium permanganate solution, which is also an oxidizing
agent.

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Chapter 30 Exam practice (p.85)

A. Multiple-choice questions (p.85)

1. C
The oxidation number of nitrogen in NO2, N2O, NO, HNO3 and HNO2 are +4, +1, +2,
+5 and +3 respectively.
2. A (70%)
C4H10 undergoes oxidation as it gains oxygen (or loses hydrogen) in the reaction.
3. D
Option (A): the oxidation number of sulphur decreases from +6 to +4.
Option (B): the oxidation number of sulphur does not change.
Option (C): the oxidation number of sulphur decreases from +6 to 2.
Option (D): the oxidation number of sulphur increases from 2 to 0.
4. C (51%)
CO2(g) has no reaction with acidified KMnO4(aq), whereas it acts as an oxidizing
agent in some reactions, e.g., 2Mg(s) + CO2(g) 2MgO(s) + C(s).
5. C
The balanced equation for this redox reaction is 3I(aq) + 2MnO4(aq) + H2O(l) 
3IO(aq) + 2MnO2(s) + 2OH(aq).
6. D
The balanced equation for this redox reaction is 5Fe2+(aq) + MnO4(aq) + 8H+(aq) 
5Fe3+(aq) + Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l).
7. D
The balanced equation for this redox reaction is 3Ag(s) + NO3(aq) + 4H+(aq) 
3Ag+(aq) + NO(g) + 2H2O(l).
8. B (85%)
AgNO3(aq) decomposes in the presence of light. The equation for the reaction
involved is 2AgNO3(aq)  2Ag(s) + 2NO2(g) + O2(g).
9. C
Reaction (1): the oxidation number of oxygen in H2O2, H2O and O2 are 1, 2 and 0
respectively.
Reaction (3): the oxidation number of chlorine in Cl2, CaCl2 and Ca(OCl)2 are 0, 1
and +1 respectively.
10. B (70%)
The balanced equation for this redox reaction is 2I(aq) + 2NO3(aq) + 4H+(aq) 
I2(aq) + 2NO2(g) + 2H2O(l).

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B. Structured questions (p.86)

11. (a) Hydrogen/H2 1

(b) Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq)  ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g) 1
OR
Zn(s) + 2H+(aq)  Zn2+(aq) + H2(g) (1)
(c) (i) The copper(II) oxide changes from black to reddish brown. 1
(ii) CuO(s) + H2(g)  Cu(s) + H2O(l) 1
It involves a redox reaction. 1
(d) Any one of the following:
This saves chemicals. 1
This saves time on carrying out the experiment. (1)
This minimizes the potential hazards of the experiment. (1)
This reduces chemical wastes produced. (1)
12. HKDSE 2021 Paper 1B Q8
13. (a) The Fe2+(aq) ions are oxidized to Fe3+(aq) ions by HClO3(aq) in the
presence of acid. Fe3+(aq) is yellowish brown in colour. 1
(b) Chlorine/Cl2 1
 
(c) 2ClO3 (aq) + 12H (aq) + 10e  Cl2(g) + 6H2O(l)
+
1

(d) 2ClO3 (aq) + 12H (aq) + 10Fe (aq)  Cl2(g) + 6H2O(l) + 10Fe (aq)
+ 2+ 3+
1
 
14. (a) (i) 2MnO4 (aq) + 10Cl (aq) + 16H (aq)  2Mn (aq) + 5Cl2(g) +
+ 2+

8H2O(l) 1
(ii) Acidified KMnO4(aq) is the oxidizing agent because the oxidation
number of manganese decreases from +7 to +2. 1
Concentrated hydrochloric acid is the reducing agent because the
oxidation number of chlorine increases from 1 to 0. 1
(b) (i) The drop of KI(aq) changes from colourless to brown. 1
(ii) Cl2(g) + 2I(aq)  2Cl(aq) + I2(aq) 1
(c) (i) The drop of FeSO4(aq) changes from pale green to yellowish
brown. 1
(ii) The reaction is a redox reaction because the oxidation number of
iron increases from +2 to +3 and that of chlorine decreases from 0
to 1. 1

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15. (a) Cr3+(aq) would react with zinc metal because Zn(s) is at a higher
position than Cr(s) in the E.C.S.. (or because Zn(s) is a stronger
reducing agent than Cr(s)). 1
3Zn(s) + 2Cr3+(aq)  3Zn2+(aq) + 2Cr(s) 1
(b) Mn2+(aq) is the weakest oxidizing agent because it is at a higher
position than Zn2+(aq) and Cr3+(aq) in the E.C.S.. 1
2+
Mn (aq) has the lowest tendency to lose electrons. 1
(c) Manganese-manganese(II) ion half cell and chromium-chromium(III)
ion half cell 1
16. Add aqueous chlorine to potassium bromide solution and potassium iodide
solution respectively. 1
Both solutions of potassium bromide and potassium iodide change from
colourless to brown. This suggests that chorine has a stronger oxidizing
power than bromine and iodine. 1
Add aqueous bromine to potassium chloride solution and potassium iodide
solution respectively. 1
The colourless potassium iodide solution turns brown while there is no
observable change for potassium chloride solution. This suggests that the
oxidizing power of bromine is stronger than that of iodine but is weaker than
that of chlorine. 1
Add aqueous iodine to potassium chloride solution and potassium bromide
solution respectively. There is no observable change in both the solutions of
potassium chloride and potassium bromide. This further suggests that iodine
has the weakest oxidizing power. 1
Communication mark 1
17. (a) C(s) + 2H2SO4(l)  CO2(g) + 2SO2(g) + 2H2O(l) 1
(b) Oxidizing property 1
(c) (i) The brown bromine water turns colourless. 1
SO32(aq) + Br2(aq) + H2O(l)  SO42(aq) + 2Br(aq) + 2H+(aq) 1
(ii) The limewater turns milky. 1
CO2(g) + Ca(OH)2(aq)  CaCO3(s) + H2O(l) 1
(d) The purple acidified potassium permanganate solution is decolourized. 1
5SO32(aq) + 2MnO4(aq) + 6H+(aq)  5SO42(aq) + 2Mn2+(aq) +
3H2O(l) 1

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Chapter 31 Redox reactions in chemical cells

Class practice 31.1 (p.97)
1. (a) Br(aq) ions lose electrons at electrode X and are oxidized to Br2(aq) when the
cell operates. Since the electrons move out from electrode X, it is the negative
electrode.
(b) The solution in the left half cell gradually turns brown.
The solution in the right half cell gradually changes from orange to green.
(c) (i) 2Br(aq)  Br2(aq) + 2e
(ii) Cr2O72(aq) + 14H+(aq) + 6e  2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O(l)
(d) 6Br(aq) + Cr2O72(aq) + 14H+(aq)  3Br2(aq) + 2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O(l)
2. (a) As the aluminium can takes part the reaction of this cell, it is not an inert
electrode.
(b) (i) Al(s) + 4OH(aq)  Al(OH)4(aq) + 3e
(ii) OCl(aq) + H2O(l) + 2e  Cl(aq) + 2OH(aq)
(c) Aluminium can is the anode because aluminium undergoes oxidation at it.
(d) 2Al(s) + 2OH(aq) + 3OCl(aq) + 3H2O(l)  2Al(OH)4(aq) + 3Cl(aq)

Class practice 31.2 (p.101)

C (52%)

STSE issue 31.1 (p.100101)

1. CH3CH2OH + 3O2  2CO2 + 3H2O
2. Ethanol acts as a fuel and oxygen acts as an oxidant in fuel cell sensors.
3. Expensive metal is used in making the electrodes of fuel cell sensors.

Chapter 31 Chapter exercise (p.104)

A. Fill in the blanks (p.104)

1. (a) anode
(b) cathode
2. anode; cathode
3. hydrogen; oxygen
4. (a) H2(g) + 2OH(aq)  2H2O(l) + 2e
(b) O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e  4OH(aq)

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B. Multiple-choice questions (p.104)

5. D
As copper is a stronger reducing agent than silver, it loses electrons more readily than
silver.
6. C
At electrode P: MnO4(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5e  Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l)
At electrode Q: SO32(aq) + H2O(l)  SO42(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e
SO32(aq) ions are oxidized and MnO4(aq) ions are reduced.
7. D

C. Structured question (p.105)

8. (a) (i) Iodine is produced at electrode X and then reacts with the starch
solution to give a product which is dark blue in colour. 1
 
(ii) 2I (aq)  I2(aq) + 2e 1
(iii) Potassium iodide solution undergoes oxidation because the
oxidation number of iodine increases from 1 to 0. 1
(b) (i) Fe3+(aq) + e  Fe2+(aq) 1
(ii) Iron(III) sulphate solution acts as an oxidizing agent because the
oxidation number of iron decreases from +3 to +2. 1
(iii) The solution gradually changes from yellow to pale green. 1
(c) From electrode X to electrode Y 1

Chapter 31 Exam practice (p.106)

A. Multiple-choice questions (p.106)

1. B
The green colour of nickel(II) sulphite solution gradually fades out. This suggests
that Ni2+(aq) ions are discharged at the nickel electrode.
At nickel electrode: Ni2+(aq) + 2e  Ni(s)
At chromium electrode: Cr(s)  Cr3+(aq) + 3e
2. A (79%)

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3. D
At electrode Y: Cu2+(aq) + 2e  Cu(s). Thus, electrolyte Z is copper(II) sulphate
solution.
At electrode X: Fe(s)  Fe2+(aq) + 2e. For this cell to operate, the anodic reaction
cannot be Fe2+(aq)  Fe3+(aq) + e. This is because Fe2+(aq) is a weaker reducing
agent than Cu(s). It cannot reduce Cu2+(aq) to Cu(s). Therefore, X is iron and Y is
carbon.
4. D (43%)
X is oxygen and Y is hydrogen. The equation for the change at electrode B is: H2(g) +
2OH(aq)  2H2O(l) + 2e

B. Structured questions (p.107)

5. (a) Electrons flow from electrode X to electrode Y because sodium atoms

lose electrons and nickel(II) ions accept electrons when the cell
operates. 1
(b) At electrode X: Na(l)  Na+(aq) + e 1
At electrode Y: Ni2+(l) + 2e  Ni(l) 1
(c) This is to keep both the sodium and the electrolyte in the molten state. 1
(d) No exhaust gas is emitted. 1
6. HKDSE 2019 Paper 1B Q7
7. HKDSE 2020 Paper 1B Q6
8. (a) X is the cathode and Y is the anode. 1
(b) Unreacted oxygen 1
(c) (i) O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e  4OH(aq) 1
(ii) H2(g) + 2OH(aq)  2H2O(l) + 2e 1
(d) They have high energy conversion efficiency. 1
They can operate continuously when there is a continuous supply of H2
and O2. 1
(e) Disagree. Currently, hydrogen gas used in hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells is
mainly produced by heating fossil fuels/coal/natural gas with steam.
Carbon dioxide is emitted during the process. 1

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Chapter 32 Electrolysis
Class practice 32.1 (p.116)
B

Class practice 32.2 (p.117118)

1. (a) At graphite electrode X: a silvery liquid forms
At graphite electrode Y: a reddish brown gas evolves
(b) At graphite electrode X: Pb2+(l) + 2e  Pb(l)
At graphite electrode Y: 2Br(l)  Br2(g) + 2e
2. B

Class practice 32.3 (p.126)

(a) (i) As the concentration of Cl(aq) in concentrated sodium chloride solution is
much higher than that of OH(aq), Cl(aq) ions are preferentially discharged to
form Cl2(g) as the main product.
2Cl(aq)  Cl2(g) + 2e
(ii) H+(aq) is at a lower position than Na+(aq) in the E.C.S., so H+(aq) ions are
preferentially discharged to form H2(g).
2H+(aq) + 2e  H2(g)
(b) 2H+(aq) + 2Cl(aq)  H2(g) + Cl2(g)
(c) When the Cl2(g) produced at electrode X dissolves in water, HCl(aq) and HOCl(aq)
form. HCl(aq) is acidic, it turns litmus solution red. HOCl(aq) turns the red solution
colourless because of its bleaching action.

Class practice 32.4 (p.130)

(a) The gas is oxygen. OH(aq) ions are preferentially discharged to form O2(g) because
OH(aq) is at a higher position than SO42(aq) in the E.C.S..
(b) Reddish brown solid deposits on the surface of electrode. Cu2+(aq) ions are
preferentially discharged to form Cu(s) because Cu2+(aq) is at a lower position than
H+(aq) in the E.C.S..
(c) The blue colour of the copper(II) sulphate solution fades gradually because the
concentration of Cu2+(aq) ions decreases during electrolysis.
(d) (i) There is no change in the intensity of blue copper(II) sulphate solution because
the Cu2+(aq) ions discharged at the cathode and the Cu2+(aq) ions formed at the
anode are equal in amounts. The concentration of copper(II) sulphate solution
remains unchanged.
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(ii) Half equation for the anodic reaction: Cu(s)  Cu2+(aq) + 2e
Half equation for the cathodic reaction: Cu2+(aq) + 2e  Cu(s)

Class practice 32.5 (p.132133)

(a) Cationic species: Na+(aq), H+(aq); anionic species: OH(aq)
(b) Oxygen gas forms at the anode and hydrogen gas forms at the cathode.
At the anode, as OH(aq) ions are the only anions present, they are discharged to
form O2(g).
At the cathode, H+(aq) ions are preferentially discharged to form H2(g) because
H+(aq) is at a lower position than Na+(aq) in the E.C.S..
(c) Half equation for the anodic reaction: 4OH(aq)  O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e
Half equation for the cathodic reaction: 2H+(aq) + 2e  H2(g)
(d) During electrolysis, the amount of water molecules decreases and the amounts of
Na+(aq) and OH(aq) ions from the sodium hydroxide solution remain unchanged.
That is, the concentration of sodium hydroxide solution increases. Thus, the pH of the
solution increases.

Class practice 32.6 (p.137)

1. D
2. C

Class practice 32.7 (p.142)

C (61%)

Class practice 32.8 (p.144)

(a) Copper(II) ions are heavy metal ions. They are toxic to animals and plants.
(b) Add iron powder to the wastewater containing copper(II) ions. Copper can be
displaced out from the wastewater, and it can be collected and reused.
OR
Add sodium hydroxide solution to the wastewater containing copper(II) ions to
precipitate out copper(II) hydroxide. The precipitate is then filtered off before
discharge.

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Feature reading (p.145)

1. (a) Electrolysis of brine/cracking of naphtha/steam reforming of natural gas 1
(b) Fractional distillation of liquid air 1
2. (a) O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e  4OH(aq) 1
 
(b) H2(g) + 2OH (aq)  2H2O(l) + 2e 1
3. Production of the fuel (hydrogen) and the oxidant (oxygen) used in fuel cells
often requires the use of fossil fuels as an energy source, which are
non-renewable. 1
On the contrary, regenerative fuel cells are actually convertors of solar
energy (of which the supply is unlimited in the universe) to electrical energy. 1

Chapter 32 Chapter exercise (p.151)

A. Fill in the blanks (p.151)

1. Electrolysis; electrical; chemical

2. cathode; anode
3. electrons; ions
4. (a) position
(b) concentration
(c) electrodes
5. Electroplating
6. cathode; anode
7. alkalis; heavy metal

B. Multiple-choice questions (p.151)

8. B
Statement (3): negative ions are oxidized at the positive electrode, which is the anode
of an electrolytic cell.
9. A
H+(aq) ions are preferentially discharged to form H2(g) at electrode X. The amount of
OH(aq) ions increases at this electrode as H+(aq) ions are consumed. Thus, the
solution near this electrode becomes alkaline. Cl(aq) ions are preferentially
discharged to form Cl2(g) at electrode Y. When Cl2(g) dissolves in water, HOCl(aq)
forms and it bleaches the solution around this electrode.

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10. C
Cu(s) is a stronger reducing agent than OH(aq) and NO3(aq). Thus, copper anode
itself dissolves to form Cu2+(aq) ions. At the cathode, Cu2+(aq) ions are preferentially
discharged to form Cu(s) because Cu2+(aq) is at a lower position than H+(aq) in the
E.C.S..
11. B
Electrolytic solution Anodic reaction Cathodic reaction
10 M silver nitrate 4OH(aq) Ag+(aq) + e  Ag(s)
solution  O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e
10 M hydrochloric acid 2Cl(aq)  Cl2(g) + 2e 2H+(aq) + 2e  H2(g)
10 M sodium hydroxide 4OH(aq) 2H+(aq) + 2e  H2(g)
solution  O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e
12. D
13. A

C. Structured question (p.152)

14. (a) Pure water is a poor conductor of electricity. When hydrogen chloride
gas dissolves in water, it ionizes to form mobile ions (H+(aq) and
Cl(aq)) for conducting electricity. 1
(b) Oxygen gas is produced at electrode X and hydrogen gas is produced at
electrode Y. 2
(c) At electrode X: 4OH(aq)  O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e 1
At electrode Y: 2H+(aq) + 2e  H2(g) 1
(d) The equation for the overall reaction in this electrolysis is 2H2O(l) 
2H2(g) + O2(g). From the equation, the mole ratio of H2 to O2 formed is
2:1. According to Avogadro’s Law, the theoretical volume ratio of H2 to
O2 formed is 2:1. 1
Hence, different volumes of gases are produced at the two electrodes.

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Chapter 32 Exam practice (p.153)

A. Multiple-choice questions (p.153)

1. D
At electrode X: 4OH(aq)  O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e
At electrode Y: Cu2+(aq) + 2e  Cu(s)
The blue colour of the copper(II) sulphate solution fades gradually because the
concentration of Cu2+(aq) ions decreases during electrolysis.
2. B
(1): it is actually the electrolysis of water. The nitric acid thus becomes more and
more concentrated.
(2): as the electrolysis goes on, both the amounts of Cl(aq) ions and H+(aq) ions
decrease. The hydrochloric acid thus becomes more and more dilute.
(3): it is actually the electrolysis of water. The neutral potassium sulphate solution
thus becomes more and more concentrated.
3. A (69%)
OH(aq) ions are preferentially discharged to form O2(g) at electrode A (anode)
because OH(aq) is at a higher position than Cl(aq) in the E.C.S..
4. B (50%)
Rod II is the cathode of the left electrolytic cell. Cu2+(aq) ions are preferentially
discharged to form Cu(s) at this electrode because Cu2+(aq) is at a lower position than
H+(aq) in the E.C.S..
Rod IV is the cathode of the right electrolytic cell. However, as Mg2+(aq) is a weaker
oxidizing agent than H+(aq), H+(aq) ions are preferentially discharged to form H2(g)
at this electrode.

B. Structured questions (p.154)

5. (a) (i) Negative terminal 1

(ii) Positive terminal 1
(b) (i) A silvery liquid forms. 1
Mg2+(l) + 2e  Mg(l) 1
(ii) A yellowish green gas evolves. 1
2Cl(l)  Cl2(g) + 2e 1
(c) The electrolysis should be carried out in a fume cupboard. 1

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(d) (i) Hydrogen gas will be produced. H+(aq) ions are preferentially
discharged to form H2(g) because H+(aq) is at a lower position than
Mg2+(aq) in the E.C.S.. 1
(ii) Oxygen gas will be produced. OH(aq) ions are preferentially
discharged to form O2(g) because OH(aq) is at a higher position
than Cl(aq) in the E.C.S.. 1
6. (a) (i) Region 1 around electrode X turns blue. 1
The amount of OH(aq) increases at this electrode as the H+(aq)
ions are consumed. Litmus solution turns blue under alkaline
conditions. 1
(ii) Region 2 around electrode Y turns brown. 1
I(aq) ions are preferentially discharged to form I2(aq), which
dissolves in NaI(aq) to form brown I3(aq). 1
(b) 2H+(aq) + 2I(aq)  H2(g) + I2(aq) 1
(c) No. This is because copper cannot accept electrons at the negative
electrode to form negative ions. 1
OR
Yes. This is because copper and carbon have different electrical
conductivities. Region 1 around electrode X will turn blue more quickly. (1)
7. (a) (i) At electrode P: hydrogen gas 1
At electrode Q: chlorine gas 1
(ii) At electrode P: 2H+(aq) + 2e(aq)  H2(g) 1
At electrode Q: 2Cl(aq)  Cl2(g) + 2e 1
(b) The solution around electrode P turns blue. 1
The solution around electrode Q turns red and then colourless very
quickly. 1
(c) (i) Electrode X is the cathode and electrode Y is the anode. 1
(ii) Colourless gas bubbles evolve at electrode X. 1
Electrode Y dissolves/becomes thinner. 1
(d) (i) Colourless gas bubbles evolve at both platinum electrodes X and Y. 2
(ii) As electrolysis goes on, water is decomposed. The concentration of
ZnSO4(aq) thus increases. 1

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8. (a) (i) OH(aq) ions are preferentially discharged and oxidized to form
O2(g) at electrode X. Hence, this electrode is the anode. 1
(ii) At electrode X: 4OH(aq)  O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e 1
At electrode Y: Cu2+(aq) + 2e  Cu(s) 1
(b) (i) Electrode P is the anode. 1
(ii) At electrode P: Cu(s)  Cu2+(aq) + 2e 1
At electrode Q: Cu2+(aq) + 2e  Cu(s) 1
(iii) Electrode P dissolves/becomes thinner. 1
Reddish brown solid deposits on the surface of electrode Q. 1
(c) Electrode X is an inert electrode. It does not take part the cell reaction.
Since OH(aq) is a stronger reducing agent than SO42(aq), OH(aq)
ions are preferentially discharged to form O2(g). 1
Electrode P is not an inert electrode. Since Cu(s) is a stronger reducing
agent than OH(aq) and SO42(aq), Cu(s) is preferentially discharged to
form Cu2+(aq). 1
(d) In Cell 1, as the concentration of Cu2+(aq) ions decreases, the blue
colour of the electrolytic solution fades gradually. 1
OR
In Cell 1, as Cu2+(aq) and OH(aq) ions are consumed and H+(aq) and
SO42(aq) ions remain, the electrolytic solution eventually changes to
acidic (with H2SO4). (1)
In Cell 2, as the Cu2+(aq) ions discharged at the cathode and the Cu2+(aq)
ions formed at the anode are equal in amounts. The concentration of
copper(II) sulphate solution does not change. Hence, there is no
observable change in the electrolytic solution. 1
9. HKDSE 2017 Paper 1B Q4
10. (a) Plastic is a poor conductor of electricity. Spraying the plastic handle
with graphite powder can increase its electrical conductivity. 1
(b) Nickel 1
(c) Electrolyte is a compound that conducts electricity when melted or
dissolved in water. 1
(d) (i) Ni(s)  Ni2+(aq) + 2e 1
(ii) Ni2+(aq) + 2e  Ni(s) 1
(e) No. For every Ni2+(aq) ion discharged at the cathode, one Ni2+(aq) ion
forms at the anode during electroplating. The concentration of nickel(II)
sulphate solution does not change. 1

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(f) Add iron powder to the wastewater containing nickel(II) ions, nickel
can be displaced out from the wastewater, and it can be collected and
reused. 1
OR
Add sodium hydroxide solution to the wastewater containing nickel(II)
ions to precipitate out nickel(II) hydroxide. The precipitate is then
filtered off before discharge. (1)

Chapter 32 Part exercise (p.157)

A. Multiple-choice questions (p.157)

1. D
H+(aq) ions are preferentially discharged to form H2(g) at the lead electrode because
H+(aq) is a stronger oxidizing agent than Pb2+(aq).
2. A
3. B
4. B (64%)
5. C
6. C
Option (C): Pb2+(aq) is a stronger oxidizing agent than Co2+(aq).
7. D
The equation for the redox reaction is Cl2(aq) + 2I(aq)  2Cl(aq) + I2(aq). Chlorine
water is reduced in the reaction because the oxidation number of chlorine decreases
from 0 to 1.
8. B (74%)
5C2O42(aq) + 2MnO4(aq) + 16H+(aq)  10CO2(g) + 2Mn2+(aq) + 8H2O(l)
Minimum volume of 0.010 M acidified KMnO4(aq) required

15.00 2
0.020 mol dm3 × 1000 dm3 × 5
=
0.010 mol dm3

= 0.012 dm3
= 12.00 cm3
9. D (53%)
10. D

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11. D (40%)
At copper electrode X: Cu(s)  Cu2+(aq) + 2e
At copper electrode Y: Cu2+(aq) + 2e  Cu(s)
12. D
13. B (24%)
In order to slow down the corrosion of an iron-made object, the object should be
made as the cathode of a chemical cell, namely cathodic protection.
14. B
15. A
16. B
17. A (62%)
Electrolytic cell 1 Electrolytic cell 2
Anodic reaction 4OH(aq) Cu(s)  Cu2+(aq) + 2e
 O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e
Cathodic reaction Cu2+(aq) + 2e  Cu(s) Cu2+(aq) + 2e  Cu(s)
18. C
At the cathode in Cell 1: Ag+(aq) + e  Ag(s)
At the anode in Cell 2: 4OH(aq)  O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e
1.08 g
Number of moles of electrons required to produce 1.08 g of Ag(s) =
107.9 g mol1
1.08 g 1
Number of moles of O2 produced = 1 ×
107.9 g mol 4
19. C
During electrolysis, positive ions in the electrolyte move towards the cathode.

B. Structured questions (p.160)

20. (a) Air/atmosphere 1

(b) From chemical energy to electrical energy 1
(c) (i) H2(g) + 2OH(aq)  2H2O(l) + 2e 1
(ii) O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e  4OH(aq) 1
(d) Hydrogen is flammable. It may lead to explosion. 1
(e) The electrolyte inside hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells freezes below 0C.
Then no ions would be allowed to move between the two electrodes. 1

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21. (a) From magnesium to chromium 1

(b) The concentration of chromium (III) ions in the solution decreases
because Cr3+(aq) ions are reduced to form Cr(s) in the left half cell. 1
(c) Magnesium electrode dissolves/becomes thinner. 1
Mg(s)  Mg2+(aq) + 2e 1
(d) The K+(aq) ions from the KNO3(aq) in the salt bridge move to the left
half cell to balance the excess negative charge in the solution created by
the consumption of Cr3+(aq) ions. 1
The NO3(aq) ions from the KNO3(aq) in the salt bridge move to the
right half cell to balance the excess positive charge in the solution
created by the formation of Mg2+(aq) ions. 1
(e) 3Mg(s) + 2Cr3+(aq)  3Mg2+(aq) + 2Cr(s) 1
(f) Decrease in mass of Mg
0.520 3
= × × 24.3 g 1
52.0 2
= 0.365 g 1
22. HKDSE 2020 Paper 1B Q1
23. (a) (i) It completes the circuit by allowing the movement of ions between
two electrodes. 1
(ii) 2H2(g) + O2(g)  2H2O(l) 1
(iii) Any TWO of the following:
 Controlling possible ignition sources since hydrogen is highly
flammable in the presence of a spark in air 1
 Ensuring storage vessels are appropriate since hydrogen is
stored under pressure 1
 Using hydrogen-release detectors (1)
 Regular maintenance of hydrogen containers (1)
 Safe storage/location of hydrogen containers (1)
(b) (i) Any TWO of the following:
 No toxic/hazardous products are generated from PEM fuel
cells. 1
 Fuel cells are more efficient. 1
 High energy density of H2 means less fuel needs to be carried. (1)
 PEM fuel cells generate less heat. (1)
 Less noise is generated from PEM fuel cells. (1)

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 Water produced in PEM fuel cells could be used in the

submarine. (1)
(ii) Electrolysis of water (seawater) 1
using energy from the diesel engine or solar energy 1

Chapter 32 Revision test (p.163)

A. Multiple-choice questions (p.163)

1. A
2. D
3. C
4. B
5. D
6. B
H2(g) is a stronger reducing agent than Cl(aq). It undergoes oxidation by losing
electrons to form H+(aq). The pH of the solution in the left half cell decreases
gradually because the concentration of H+(aq) in the solution increases when the cell
operates.
7. A
8. B
As H+(aq) and Cl(aq) ions are consumed and Rb+(aq) and OH(aq) ions remain, the
electrolytic solution eventually changes to alkaline (with RbOH(aq)).
9. C
Lead conducts electricity but it is not an electrolyte.
10. D
11. D

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B. Structured questions (p.165)

12. (a)

H2SO4(l)

anhydrous CaCl2(s)

SO2(g)
copper turning

heat
2

(1 mark for correct drawing; 1 mark for correct labelling; accept the drawing
without a drying tube and a drying agent.)
(b) Cu(s) + 2H2SO4(l)  CuSO4(aq) + SO2(g) + 2H2O(l) 1
(c) Any one of the following:
Perform the experiment in a fume cupboard. 1
Wear safety spectacles and protective gloves. (1)
(d) (i) Since the reducing power of SO2(g) is stronger than that of Br(aq),
it can reduce Br2(aq) to Br(aq). 1

Br2(aq) + SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)  2Br (aq) + SO4 (aq) + 4H (aq)
2 +
1
OR
Br2(aq) + SO32(aq) + H2O(l)  2Br(aq) + SO42(aq) + 2H+(aq) (1)
2+
(ii) No reaction occurs because Fe (aq) is a weaker reducing agent
than SO2(g). It cannot reduce SO2(g) to SO42(aq). 1
13. (a) Ag2O(s) is the oxidizing agent of the reaction because it loses oxygen to
form Ag(s). 1
(b) X is zinc powder because it loses electrons in the cell reaction. 1
(c) It acts as the electrolyte/allows ions to move between the two electrodes
within the cell. 1

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(d) The cell voltage decreases. 1

This is because Cu2+(aq) ions accept electrons less readily than Ag+(aq)
ions/Cu2+(aq) is a weaker oxidizing agent than Ag+(aq). 1
(e) Any TWO of the following:
Silver oxide cells are small in size/lightweight. 1
Silver oxide cells have a wide operating temperature range. 1
Silver oxide cells provide a steady voltage to power digital watches. (1)
Silver oxide cells have a high energy density. This means that it can
operate for a relatively long period of time. (1)
14. (a) Zn(s)  Zn2+(aq) + 2e 1
(b) Brass anode dissolves/becomes thinner. 1
(c) Cu2+(aq) ions are preferentially discharged at the platinum cathode
because Cu2+(aq) is at a lower position than H+(aq) in the E.C.S.. 1
(d) The blue colour of electrolytic solution fades gradually. 1
(e) If the brass electrode is replaced by a copper electrode, Cu(s) will be
oxidized to form Cu2+(aq) ions. For every Cu2+(aq) ion discharged at the
copper electrode, one Cu2+(aq) ion forms at the platinum electrode. 1
The concentration of the copper(II) sulphate solution remains
unchanged. Thus, there is no observable change in the electrolytic
solution. 1

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Chapter 33 Energy changes in chemical reactions

Class practice 33.1 (p.174)
(a) Hydrochloric acid, potassium hydroxide, potassium chloride and water (product)
(b) Water (solvent), conical flask, the atmosphere over the solution, etc.
(c) From the system to the surroundings

Class practice 33.2 (p.176)

C

Class practice 33.3 (p.180181)

1. D
2. (a) The ΔH of the reaction is positive. Hence, the reaction is endothermic.
(b)
Enthalpy

3. B

Class practice 33.4 (p.186)

(a) Covalent bonds broken: C=C, 4CH, HCl
Covalent bonds formed: CC, 5CH, CCl
(b) (i) Energy absorbed during bond-breaking
= (612 + 413 × 4 + 431) kJ mol1 = 2695 kJ mol1
(ii) Energy released during bond-forming
= (348 + 413 × 5 + 338) kJ mol1 = 2751 kJ mol1
(c) The energy released during bond-forming is greater than that absorbed during
bond-breaking. Hence, the reaction is exothermic.
(d) Enthalpy change of the reaction = (2695  2751) kJ mol1 = 56 kJ mol1

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STSE issue 33.1 (p.181)

1. Iron powder reacts with the oxygen in air and the reaction is exothermic.
2. 4Fe(s) + 3O2(g)  2Fe2O3(s)
3. The reactants have the greater total enthalpy.

Chapter 33 Chapter exercise (p.190)

A. Fill in the blanks (p.190)

1. created; destroyed; remains constant

2. volume
3. pressure
4. releases/gives out; smaller
5. absorbs/takes in; greater
6. greater

B. Multiple-choice questions (p.190)

7. A
Let the work done be x kJ.
211 = 256 + x
x = 45
8. C
(1): there is no change in the total gas volume after the reaction.
(3): no gaseous reactants or products are involved in the reaction.
9. A

C. Structured questions (p.191)

10. (a) Potassium, water, potassium hydroxide and hydrogen 1

(b) Water trough, the atmosphere over the solution, water, etc. 1
(Note: in this reaction, water is one of the reactants as well as the
solvent.)
(c) 2K(s) + 2H2O(l)  2KOH(aq) + H2(g) 1
(d) From chemical energy to thermal energy, light energy and sound energy 1
(e) The temperature rises. Heat is transferred from the system to the
surroundings. 1
(f) The total enthalpy of the reactants is greater than that of the products. 1

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11. (a) Covalent bonds broken: 4CH, 2OH 1

Covalent bonds formed: C≡O, 3HH 1
(b) (i) Energy absorbed during bond-breaking
= (413 × 4 + 463 × 2) kJ mol1 = 2578 kJ mol1 1
(ii) Energy released during bond-forming
= (1072 + 436 × 3) kJ mol1 = 2380 kJ mol1 1
(c) The energy released during bond-forming is smaller than that absorbed
during bond-breaking. Hence, the reaction is endothermic. 1
(d) Enthalpy change of the reaction
= (2578  2380) kJ mol1 = +198 kJ mol1 1
(e)
Enthalpy

(1 mark for correct diagram; 1 mark for correct labelling)

Chapter 33 Exam practice (p.192)

A. Multiple-choice questions (p.192)

1. D
2. B
3. C
Sublimation is an endothermic process in which energy is absorbed to separate the
constituent particles.
4. C (72%)
5. C
The reaction also involves bond-breaking processes.

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B. Structured questions (p.193)

6. (a) The reaction in set-up P is carried out at a constant volume while the
reaction in set-up Q is carried out at a constant pressure. 1
In set-up Q, the hydrogen gas produced from the reaction has to push
back the air in the atmosphere. Work is done against the atmospheric
pressure and this consumes energy. As a result, less heat is given out in
the reaction in set-up Q compared to the reaction in set-up P. 1
(b) The reaction in set-up Q and that in set-up R are carried out at constant
pressure and the volumes of the reaction mixtures in the two set-ups are
almost the same. 1
However, the numbers of moles of Mg and dilute H2SO4 reacting in
set-up Q are greater than that in set-up R. Hence, more heat is produced
in the reaction in set-up Q compared to the reaction in set-up R. 1
7. (a) 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l)  C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g) 1
(b) From light energy to chemical energy 1
(c) The total enthalpy of the reactants is smaller than that of the products. 1
(d)
Enthalpy

8. (a) Calcium oxide 1

(b) CaO(s) + H2O(l)  Ca(OH)2(s) 1
(c) Aluminium is a good conductor of heat. 1
(d) It is cheap and non-toxic. 1
9. (a) Fe2O3(s) + 2Al(s)  2Fe(l) + Al2O3(s) 1
(b) The oxidation number of aluminium increases from 0 to +3 and that of
iron decreases from +3 to 0. 1
(c) The reactants have a greater total enthalpy because heat is given out to
the surroundings in this reaction. 1

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(d) No. This is because copper is a weaker reducing agent than iron. 1
OR
No. This is because copper loses electrons less readily than iron. (1)
(e) This reaction can be used for welding railway tracks. 1
10. (a) It is an endothermic process. 1
Enthalpy

(b) The energy absorbed for breaking the ionic bonds in NH4NO3(s) and
overcoming the intermolecular forces between water molecules is
greater than the energy released from the formation of attraction
between NH4+ ions and water molecules and that between NO3 ions
and water molecules. 1
Therefore, heat is taken in from the surroundings and the dissolution is
endothermic. 1

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Chapter 34 Standard enthalpy changes of reactions

Class practice 34.1 (p.199)
1. A temperature of 25C or 298 K and a pressure of 1 atm or 101 325 Nm2
2. (a) +68.4 kJ mol1
68.4
(b)  kJ mol1 = 34.2 kJ mol1
2
3. (a) Energy released = 1366.8 kJ mol1 × 2 mol = 2733.6 kJ
11.5 g
(b) Energy released = 1366.8 kJ mol1 ×
(12.0 × 2 + 1.0 × 6 + 16.0)g mol1
= 341.7 kJ

Class practice 34.2 (p.202)

Heat released for the combustion of 1.0 g of methane
1.0 g
= 890.8 kJ mol1 × = 55.7 kJ
(12.0 + 1.0 × 4) g mol1
Heat released for the combustion of 1.0 g of butane
1.0 g
= 2877.6 kJ mol1 × = 49.6 kJ
(12.0 × 4 + 1.0 × 10) g mol1
Heat released for the combustion of 1.0 g of hydrogen
1.0 g
= 285.8 kJ mol1 × = 142.9 kJ
(1.0 × 2) g mol1

Class practice 34.3 (p.206)

(a) Heat transferred to water
= 50.00 g × 4.2 J g1 K1 × [(71.0 + 273)  (25.0 + 273)] K = 9660 J
Number of moles of hexane burnt
(63.24  62.92) g
= 1 = 3.72 × 103 mol
(12.0 × 6 + 1.0 × 14) g mol
Heat released per mole of hexane burnt
9660 J
= = 2 596 774 J mol1
3.72 × 103 mol1
∴the enthalpy change of combustion of hexane is 2596.8 kJ mol1.

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(b) Any TWO of the following:

 The metal can was not covered with a lid to reduce heat loss to the surroundings
caused by conduction and convection.
 The metal can and the spirit burner were not insulated by placing polystyrene
boards around them to reduce heat loss to the surroundings caused by
conduction and convection.
 As the water in the metal can was not stirred thoroughly with a stirrer, the heat
released from the combustion did not evenly distribute in water. This led to an
inaccurate measurement of temperature rise of water.

Class practice 34.4 (p.209)

1. HNO3(aq) + NaOH(aq)  NaNO3(aq) + H2O(l)
0.1 M in excess
25.0 cm3
25.0
Number of moles of H2O produced = 0.1 × mol = 2.5 × 103 mol
1000
Heat released = 57.3 kJ mol1 × 2.5 × 103 mol = 0.14 kJ
2. (a) The maximum number of moles of water produced in Experiments 1, 2 and 3
are 1 mol, 1 mol and 2 mol respectively.
(b) The increasing order in magnitudes of x, y and z is x < y < z.
In Experiments 1 and 2, same number of moles of water is produced in both
reactions. However, in Experiment 1, some energy has to be supplied for the
complete ionization of CH3COOH(aq) and NH3(aq). Hence, less heat is released
from the reaction mixture.
Compared to Experiment 2, a greater number of moles of water are produced in
Experiment 3. As more heat is available for heating up the same volume of the
resultant solution, the maximum temperature rise in Experiment 3 is greater than
that in Experiment 2.

Class practice 34.5 (p.212)

(a) Expanded polystyrene cup is a better heat insulator. It can better reduce heat loss to
the surroundings (caused by conduction and convection).
(b) This is to ensure that the two solutions are mixed well for complete reaction.
This is to ensure uniform heating of the reaction mixture.
(c) (i) Reasonable average temperature rise
(23.8  19.2) + (23.6  19.1) + (23.8  19.4)
= C = 4.5C
3
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(ii) Heat released

= (25.0 + 25.0) cm3 × 1.0 g cm3 × 4.2 J g1 K1 × 4.5 K = 945 J
25.0
Number of moles of H2O formed = 1.0 × mol = 0.025 mol
1000
945 J
Heat released per mole of H2O formed = = 37 800 J mol1
0.025 mol
∴the enthalpy change of neutralization between HCl(aq) and KOH(aq) is 37.8
kJ mol1.

Class practice 34.6 (p.214215)

50.0
(a) Number of moles of HCl = 0.50 × mol = 0.025 mol
1000
0.45 g
Number of moles of MgO used = = 0.0112 mol
(24.3 + 16.0) g mol1
From the equation, mole ratio of HCl to MgO = 2:1. 0.025 mol of HCl required
0.0125 mol of MgO for complete reaction. However, there was only 0.0112 mol of
MgO available. Hence, MgO was the limiting reactant.
(b) From the graph, the maximum temperature rise was (33.0  26.8)C = 6.2C
Temperature / C

Time / min

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(c) Heat released = 50.0 cm3 × 1.0 g cm3 × 4.2 J g1 K1 × 6.2 K = 1302 J
1302
1000
kJ
Heat released per mole of MgO = = 116.3 kJ mol1
0.0112 mol
∴ the enthalpy change of the reaction is 116.3 kJ mol1.

Class practice 34.7 (p.219)

1
1. (a) Na(s) + Cl2(g)  NaCl(s) Hfꝋ = 407.3 kJ mol1
2
1 3
(b) Na(s) + H2(g) + C(graphite) + O2(g)  NaHCO3(s)
2 2
Hfꝋ = 932.1 kJ mol1
(c) Ca(s)  Ca(s) Hfꝋ = 0 kJ mol1
1
(d) 2C(graphite) + 3H2(g) + O2(g)  CH3CH2OH(l)
2
Hfꝋ = 277.6 kJ mol1
2. The reaction between carbon and oxygen does not only give carbon monoxide.
Carbon dioxide will also be produced.

STSE issue 34.1 (p.202)

1. Polar ice caps melt. This causes flooding in low-lying lands and destroys the habitat
of wildlife.
Climate changes in different parts of the world. This may lead to desertification and
extreme weather in many places.
2. Solar power systems do not work very well in cloudy or foggy weather.

Chapter 34 Chapter exercise (p.223)

A. Fill in the blanks (p.223)

1. reaction
2. combustion
3. neutralization; water
4. calorimetric
5. formation

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B. Multiple-choice questions (p.223)

6. D
7. C
8. B
The enthalpy change of this reaction
(50.0 + 50.0) × 1.0 × 4.2 × [(23.1 + 273)  (21.2 + 273)]
1000
=  50.0 kJ mol1 = 79.8 kJ mol1
0.20 × 1000

(Note: from the equation, mole ratio of Pb(NO3)2 to KI is 1:2. 0.01 mol of KI
required only 0.005 mol of Pb(NO3)2 for complete reaction. Hence, KI was the
limiting reactant.)
9. A
Statement (2): as one of the reactants is added by portions, it is inappropriate to find
the maximum temperature rise of the reacting solution by subtracting the initial
temperature of sodium hydroxide solution from the highest temperature recorded for
the reacting solution.
Statement (3): the enthalpy change of neutralization between HCl(aq) and NaOH(aq)
was being determined.
10. C

C. Structured questions (p.224)

11. (a) Propane 1

(b) It releases a large amount of heat during combustion. 1
(c) (i) Number of moles of ‘propagas’ required
3000 kJ
= = 1.352 mol 1
2219.2 kJ mol1
Mass of ‘propagas’ required
= 1.352 mol × (12.0 × 3 + 1.0 × 8) g mol1 = 59.5 g 1
(ii) Heat produced = 14.5 mol × 2219.2 kJ mol1 = 32 178.4 kJ 1
12. (a) Heat released
= 400 cm3 × 1.0 g cm3 × 4.2 J g1 K1 × [(70 + 273)  (20 + 273)] K
= 84 000 J = 84 kJ 1
Mass of propan-1-ol needed
84 kJ
= 1 × (12.0 × 3 + 1.0 × 8 + 16.0) g mol1 = 2.5 g 1
2021.3 kJ mol

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(b) A greater mass of propan-1-ol is needed because there will be heat loss to
the surroundings during combustion. 1
13. (a) Precipitation 1
(b) AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq)  AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq) 1
OR
Ag+(aq) + Cl(aq)  AgCl(s) (1)
(c) Standard enthalpy change for the reaction

150 cm3 × 1.0 g cm3 × 4.2 J g1 K1 × 1.3 K

= 50 1
1.0 mol dm3 × dm3
1000

= 16 380 J mol1

=  16.4 kJ mol1 1
(d) Any TWO of the following:
 Hold the reaction mixture using an expanded polystyrene cup
instead of a glass beaker. 1
 Cover the container with a lid. 1
 Stir the reaction mixture thoroughly with a stirrer. (1)
14. (a) This is for breaking the strong ionic bonds between the Al3+ and O2
ions in Al2O3. 1
3351.4
(b) The Hfꝋ of Al2O3(s) =  kJ mol1 = 1675.7 kJ mol1 1
2
3
(c) 2Al(s) + O2(g)  Al2O3(s) Hfꝋ = 1675.7 kJ mol1 1
2

Chapter 34 Exam practice (p.226)

A. Multiple-choice questions (p.226)

1. C
2. C (50%)
3. A
4. B
From sets 1 and 2, alkali X is stronger than alkali Y.
From sets 2 and 3, acid B is stronger than acid A.
From sets 3 and 4, alkali Z is stronger than alkali Y.
Alkali X reacts with a weaker acid A but yet has a larger Hnꝋ than that of the
reaction between alkali Z and a stronger acid B. Hence, alkali X is stronger than alkali
Z.
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5. A (45%)
6. A (66%)

B. Structured questions (p.227)

7. (a) Any TWO of the following:

 Same volume of water in the metal can 1
 Same distance between the metal can and the spirit burner 1
 Same stirring speed of water (1)
 Same type of metal can/stirrer/thermometer/spirit burner/electronic
balance used (1)
 Same temperature rise of water (when the number of moles of fuel
burnt was a dependent variable) (1)
 Same number of moles of fuel burnt (when the temperature rise of
water was a dependent variable) (1)
(b) Any one of the following:
 Some fuels were lost by evaporation or vaporization when heated. 1
 The gaseous product formed in the reaction escaped from the
reaction mixture in the spirit burner during burning. (1)
(c) (i) Energy released
= 250.0 g × 4.2 J g1 K1 × [(53.0 + 273)  (28.5 + 273)] K
= 25 725 J
= 25.7 kJ 1
(ii) The enthalpy change of combustion for this fuel
25.7 kJ
=  (62.8  61.0) g = 456.9 kJ mol1 1
32.0 g mol1

8. HKDSE 2018 Paper 1B Q6b

9. (a) The enthalpy change of neutralization between H3PO4(aq) and
NaOH(aq)
150.3 kJ mol1
= = 50.1 kJ mol1 1
3
(b) The enthalpy change of neutralization for Reaction 2 is smaller than that
for Reaction 1. This is because some energy has to be supplied for the
complete ionization of H3PO4(aq), which is a weak acid. 1

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10. (a)

Temperature / C

Volume of HCl(aq) added / cm3

From the graph, the maximum temperature rise was (34.6 

25.4)C = 9.2C. 1
(b) Volume of HCl(aq) required to reach the titration end point is 18.0 cm3.
NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq)  NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
20.0
Number of moles of NaOH = 1.50 × mol = 0.0300 mol
1000
Molarity of HCl(aq)
0.0300
= 18.0 mol dm3 1
1000
= 1.67 mol dm3 1
(c) At the titration end point, volume of the resultant solution
= (20.0 + 18.0) cm3 = 38.0 cm3 1
The enthalpy change of neutralization for this reaction
38.0 cm3 × 1.0 g cm3 × 4.2 J g1 K1 × 9.2 K
= 1
0.0300 mol
= 48 944 J mol1
= 48.9 kJ mol1 1

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Chapter 35 Hess’s Law

Class practice 35.1 (p.235236)
1.

H1
N2(g) + 2O2(g) 2NO2(g)

H2 H3

2NO(g) + O2(g)

2.

H3 N2H4(g)
N2(g) + 2H2(g)

H1 H2
N2H4(l)

Class practice 35.2 (p.238)

3 Hꝋ
Fe(s) + Cl2(g) FeCl3(s)
2

1
H1ꝋ × H2ꝋ
2
1
FeCl2(s) + Cl2(g)
2

By applying Hess’s Law,

1
Hꝋ = H1ꝋ + × H2ꝋ
2
1
= [(341.8) + × (115.4)] kJ mol1
2
= 399.5 kJ mol1

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Class practice 35.3 (p.242)

1. By applying Hess’s Law,
Hꝋ = [3 × (393.5) + 4 × (285.8)  (103.8)] kJ mol1
= 2219.9 kJ mol1
2. By applying Hess’s Law,
Hꝋ = [2 × (350.5) + 2 × (296.8)  2 × (206.0)] kJ mol1
= 882.6 kJ mol1

Class practice 35.4 (p.246)

1. By applying Hess’s Law,
Hꝋ = [(283.0) + 2 × (285.8)  (726.1)] kJ mol1
= 128.5 kJ mol1
2. (a) C4H6(g) + 2H2(g)  C4H10(g)
(b) By applying Hess’s Law,
Hꝋ = [(2541.5) + 2 × (285.8)  (2877.6)] kJ mol1
= 235.5 kJ mol1

Class practice 35.5 (p.250)

1. 2H2O(l)  2H2(g) + O2(g) Hꝋ = +285.8 × 2 kJ mol1
= +571.6 kJ mol1
Ca(s) + O2(g) + H2(g)  Ca(OH)2(s) Hꝋ = 985.2 kJ mol1
Add the above thermochemical equations together and cancel the same species on the
two sides of the equation.
2H2O(l)  2H2(g) + O2(g) Hꝋ = +571.6 kJ mol1
+) Ca(s) + O2(g) + H2(g)  Ca(OH)2(s) Hꝋ = 985.2 kJ mol1
Ca(s) + 2H2O(l)  Ca(OH)2(s) + H2(g)
By applying Hess’s Law,
Hꝋ = [(+571.6) + (985.2)] kJ mol1
= 413.6 kJ mol1

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2. 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)  C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) Hꝋ = +2043.9 kJ mol1

3C(s) + 3O2(g)  3CO2(g) Hꝋ = 393.5 × 3 kJ mol1
= 1180.5 kJ mol1
4H2(g) + 2O2(g)  4H2O(g) Hꝋ = 241.8 × 4 kJ mol1
= 967.2 kJ mol1
Add the above thermochemical equations together and cancel the same species on the
two sides of the equation.
3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)  C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) Hꝋ = +2043.9 kJ mol1
3C(s) + 3O2(g)  3CO2(g) Hꝋ = 1180.5 kJ mol1
+) 4H2(g) + 2O2(g)  4H2O(g) Hꝋ = 967.2 kJ mol1
3C(s) + 4H2(g)  C3H8(g)
By applying Hess’s Law,
Hꝋ = [(+2043.9) + (1180.5) + (967.2)] kJ mol1
= 103.8 kJ mol1

Reading to learn (p.250)

1. They act as a catalyst to speed up the reaction between hydroquinone and hydrogen
peroxide.
2. By applying Hess’s Law,
Hꝋ = [(+177.0) + (94.6) + (285.8)] kJ mol1
= 203.4 kJ mol1

Feature reading (p.251)

1. Gaseous fuels and oxidizers occupy a large volume of space, and huge tanks
are required for their storage. 1
2. (a) 10Al(s) + 6NH4ClO4(s)  4Al2O3(s) + 2AlCl3(s) + 12H2O(l) + 3N2(g) 1
(b) By applying Hess’s Law,
Hꝋ = [4 × (1676) + 2 × (706) + 12 × (286)  6 × (296)] kJ mol1 1
1
= 9772 kJ mol 1
3. (a) Both H2 and O2 have very low boiling points (the boiling point of H2 is
253C and that of O2 is 183C). It is not easy to transform the two
gases to their respective liquid states. Moreover, the tanks for storing
these liquids must be very strong. 1
On the contrary, as Al and NH4ClO4 are solids, no transformation is
needed. 1
(b) The reaction between H2(l) and O2(l) can be controlled by cutting off

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the supply of either the fuel or the oxidizer, 1

while the reaction between Al(s) and NH4ClO4(s), once started, cannot
be stopped. 1
(c) The mixture of H2(l) and O2(l) has a lower mass than that of a mixture
of Al(s) and NH4ClO4(s). 1
(Note: in space exploration, the energy density, i.e. the energy produced
per unit mass, of fuels is more important than the enthalpy change of the
reaction between the fuel and the oxidizer, i.e. the energy produced per
mole of fuel consumed.)

Chapter 35 Chapter exercise (p.256)

A. Fill in the blanks (p.256)

1. Hess’s; independent

B. Multiple-choice questions (p.256)

2. A
2x 2y
Hꝋ = =xy
2
3. A
By applying Hess’s Law,
Hꝋ = [(+135.1) + (241.8)  (110.5)  (45.9)] kJ mol1
= +49.7 kJ mol1
4. B

1 Hfꝋ [Na2O(s)]
2Na(s) + O2(g) Na2O(s)
2
1 1
Hꝋ =510.9 kJ mol1 + O2(g) + O2(g) Hꝋ = 96.7 kJ mol1
2 2
Na2O2(s)

By applying Hess’s Law,

Hfꝋ [Na2O(s)] = [(510.9)  (96.7)] kJ mol1
=414.2 kJ mol1

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5. C

Hꝋ
CaO(s) + H2O(l) Ca(OH)2(s)

Hfꝋ [CaO(s)] + Hcꝋ[H2(g)] Hfꝋ [Ca(OH)2(s)]

Ca(s) + O2(g) + H2(g)

6. A
2NO2(g)  N2(g) + 2O2(g) Hꝋ = 66.4 kJ mol1
N2(g) + 2O2(g)  N2O4(g) Hꝋ = +5.6 × 2 kJ mol1 = +11.2 kJ mol1
+) 2NO2(g)  N2O4(g)
Hꝋ = [(66.4) + (+11.2)] kJ mol1
= 55.2 kJ mol1

C. Structured questions (p.257)

7. Hꝋ = [4 × (92.3)  (657.0)] kJ mol1 1

= +287.8 kJ mol1 1
8.

Hꝋ
N2H4(g) + 2H2O2(g) N2(g) + 4H2O(g)

Hfꝋ[N2H4(g)]
4 × Hfꝋ [H2O(g)]
+ 2 × Hfꝋ [H2O2(g)]

N2(g) + 4H2(g) + 2O2(g)

2
(Two marks for any TWO the following:
 drawing arrows pointing in the correct direction
 writing correct enthalpy changes alongside the arrows
 giving correct formulae of the chemical species involved, the
stoichiometric coefficients and the state symbols)
Hꝋ = 4 × Hfꝋ [H2O(g)]  Hfꝋ [N2H4(g)]  2 × Hfꝋ [H2O2(g)]
= [4 × (241.8)  (+95.4)  2 × (136.3)] kJ mol1 1
= 790 kJ mol1 1

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9. (a) Hfꝋ [H2O(g)] = [(285.8) + (+44.0)] kJ mol1 = 241.8 kJ mol1 1

3351.4
(b) Hfꝋ [Al2O3(s)] =  kJ mol1 = 1675.7 kJ mol1 1
2
(c) By applying Hess’s Law,
1 3
1015 = 3 × Hfꝋ [H2O(g)] + × Hfꝋ [Al2O3(s)]  × Hfꝋ [NH4NO3(s)]
2 2
1 3
1015 = 3 × (241.8) + × (1675.7)  × Hfꝋ [NH4NO3(s)] 1
2 2
Hfꝋ [NH4NO3(s)] = 365.5 kJ mol1 1
10. (a) The energy released during bond-forming is smaller than that absorbed
during bond-breaking. 1
(b) CaCO3(s)  CaO(s) + CO2(g) Hꝋ = +178 kJ mol1 1
(c) By applying Hess’s Law,
+178 = Hfꝋ [CaO(s)] + Hfꝋ [CO2(g)]  Hfꝋ [CaCO3(s)]
+178 = (635) + (394)  Hfꝋ [CaCO3(s)]
Hfꝋ [CaCO3(s)] = [(635) + (394)  (+178)] kJ mol1 1
= 1207 kJ mol1 1
11. (a) CH3CH2CHO(l) + 4O2(g)  3CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)
Hcꝋ [CH3CH2CHO(l)] = 1822.7 kJ mol1 1
7
(b) CH3CH2COOH(l) + O2(g)  3CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)
2
Hcꝋ [CH3CH2COOH(l)] = 1527.2 kJ mol1 1
(c) 1

Hꝋ
CH3CH2COOH(l) + H2(g) CH3CH2CHO(l) + H2O(l)

Hcꝋ[CH3CH2COOH(l)] + 4O2(g) + 4O2(g)

Hcꝋ[CH3CH2CHO(l)]
+ Hcꝋ[H2(g)]
3CO2(g) + 4H2O(l)

By applying Hess’s Law,

Hꝋ = [(1527.2) + (285.8)  (1822.7)] kJ mol1
= +9.7 kJ mol1 1

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12. H2S(g) + 2O2(g)  H2SO4(l) Hꝋ = 793.4 kJ mol1

H2O(g)  H2O(l) Hꝋ = 44.0 kJ mol1
H2SO4(l)  SO3(g) + H2O(g) Hꝋ = +176.5 kJ mol1
Add the above thermochemical equations together and cancel the same species on the
two sides of the equation.
H2S(g) + 2O2(g)  H2SO4(l) Hꝋ = 793.4 kJ mol1
H2O(g)  H2O(l) Hꝋ = 44.0 kJ mol1
+) H2SO4(l)  SO3(g) + H2O(g) Hꝋ = +176.5 kJ mol1
H2S(g) + 2O2(g)  SO3(g) + H2O(l)
By applying Hess’s Law,
Hꝋ = [(793.4) + (44.0) + (+176.5)] kJ mol1 1
= 660.9 kJ mol1 1

Chapter 35 Exam practice (p.259)

A. Multiple-choice questions (p.259)

1. B
The equation for the complete combustion of hexane is:
19
C6H14(l) + O2(g)  6CO2(g) + 7H2O(l)
2
4163.2 = 6 × Hfꝋ [CO2(g)] + 7 × Hfꝋ [H2O(l)]  Hfꝋ [C6H14(l)]
4163.2 = 6 × (393.5) + 7 × (285.8)  Hfꝋ [C6H14(l)]
Hfꝋ [C6H14(l)] = 198.4 kJ mol1
2. B
2 × (1675.7) + 6 × (296.8)  2 × (723.8)
Hcꝋ [Al2S3(s)] = kJ mol1
2
1
= 1842.3 kJ mol

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3. C
1 221.0
C(graphite) + O2(g)  CO(g) H1ꝋ =  kJ mol1 = 110.5 kJ mol1
2 2
1 163.2
N2O(g)  N2(g) + O2(g) H2ꝋ = + kJ mol1 = +81.6 kJ mol1
2 2
Add the above thermochemical equations together and cancel the same species on the
two sides of the equation.
1
C(graphite) + O2(g)  CO(g) H1ꝋ = 110.5 kJ mol1
2
1
+) N2O(g)  N2(g) + O2(g) H2ꝋ = +81.6 kJ mol1
2
C(graphite) + N2O(g)  CO(g) + N2(g)
By applying Hess’s Law,
Hꝋ = [(110.5) + (+81.6)] kJ mol1
= 28.9 kJ mol1
4. A (71%)
Hꝋ = [(3268) + 3 × (286)  (3920)] kJ mol1
= 206 kJ mol1

B. Structured questions (p.259)

5. 2CO2(g)  2C(graphite) + 2O2(g) Hꝋ = +393.5 × 2 kJ mol1

= +787.0 kJ mol1
2SrCO3(s)  2SrO(s) + 2CO2(g) Hꝋ = +234.6 × 2 kJ mol1
= +469.2 kJ mol1
2SrO(s)  2Sr(s) + O2(g) Hꝋ = +1184.0 kJ mol1
Add the above thermochemical equations together and cancel the same species on the
two sides of the equation.
2CO2(g)  2C(graphite) + 2O2(g) Hꝋ = +787.0 kJ mol1
2SrCO3(s)  2SrO(s) + 2CO2(g) Hꝋ = +469.2 kJ mol1
+) 2SrO(s)  2Sr(s) + O2(g) Hꝋ = +1184.0 kJ mol1
2SrCO3(s)  2Sr(s) + 2C(graphite) + 3O2(g)
By applying Hess’s Law,
Hꝋ = [(+787.0) + (+469.2) + (+1184.0)] kJ mol1 1
= +2440.2 kJ mol1 1

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3 3
6. 3NO2(g)  3NO(g) + O2(g) Hꝋ = +114.2 × kJ mol1
2 2
= +171.3 kJ mol1
5 830.2
N2(g) + O2(g) + H2O(l)  2HNO3(aq) Hꝋ =  kJ mol1
2 2
= 415.1 kJ mol1
2NO(g)  N2(g) + O2(g) Hꝋ = 182.6 kJ mol1
Add the above thermochemical equations together and cancel the same species on the
two sides of the equation.
3
3NO2(g)  3NO(g) + O2(g) Hꝋ = +171.3 kJ mol1
2
5
N2(g) + O2(g) + H2O(l)  2HNO3(aq) Hꝋ = 415.1 kJ mol1
2
+) 2NO(g)  N2(g) + O2(g) Hꝋ = 182.6 kJ mol1
3NO2(g) + H2O(l)  2HNO3(aq) + NO(g)
By applying Hess’s Law,
Hꝋ = [(+171.3) + (415.1) + (182.6)] kJ mol1 1
= 426.4 kJ mol1 1
7. (a) (i) Ca(s) + 2HCl(aq)  CaCl2(aq) + H2(g)
1.03
Number of moles of Ca = mol = 0.0257 mol
40.1
150
Number of moles of HCl = 2.0 × mol = 0.30 mol
1000
From the equation, mole ratio of Ca to HCl = 1:2. 0.30 mol of HCl
required 0.15 mol of Ca for complete reaction. However, there was
only 0.0257 mol of Ca available. Hence, Ca is the limiting
reactant.
Heat released
= 150 cm3 × 1.0 g cm3 × 4.2 J g1 K1 × [(42.1 + 273)  (25.5 + 273)] K
= 10 458 J
∴heat released when one mole of calcium reacted completely with
dilute hydrochloric acid
10 458
1000
= kJ 1
0.0257
= 406.9 kJ 1

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(ii) CaO(s) + 2HCl(aq)  CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l)

1.04
Number of moles of CaO = mol = 0.0185 mol
40.1 + 16.0
From the equation, mole ratio of CaO to HCl = 1:2. 0.30 mol of
HCl required 0.15 mol of CaO for complete reaction. However,
there was only 0.0185 mol of CaO available. Hence, CaO is the
limiting reactant.
Heat released
= 150 cm3 × 1.0 g cm3 × 4.2 J g1 K1 × [(30.0 + 273)  (25.6 + 273)] K
= 2772 J
∴ heat released when one mole of calcium oxide reacted
completely with dilute hydrochloric acid
2772
1000
= kJ 1
0.0185
= 149.8 kJ 1
(b) First approach:
1
Ca(s) + O2(g)  CaO(s) Hf = ?
2

1 Hf
Ca(s) + O2(g) CaO(s)
2

406.9 kJ mol1 + 2HCl(aq) + 2HCl(aq) 149.8 kJ mol1

1
CaCl2(aq) + H2(g) + O2(g) CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l)
2 285.8 kJ mol1

By applying Hess’s Law,

Hf = [(406.9) + (285.8)  (149.8)] kJ mol1 1
= 542.9 kJ mol1 1

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Second approach:
Ca(s) + 2HCl(aq)  CaCl2(aq) + H2(g) H = 406.9 kJ mol1
CaO(s) + 2HCl(aq)  CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) H = 149.8 kJ mol1
1
H2(g) + O2(g)  H2O(l) H = 285.8 kJ mol1
2
Reverse the second equation and we get:
CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l)  CaO(s) + 2HCl(aq) H = +149.8 kJ mol1
Add the above thermochemical equations together and cancel the same species
on the two sides of the equation.
Ca(s) + 2HCl(aq)  CaCl2(aq) + H2(g) H = 406.9 kJ mol1
CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l)  CaO(s) + 2HCl(aq) H = +149.8 kJ mol1
1
+) H2(g) + O2(g)  H2O(l) H = 285.8 kJ mol1
2
1
Ca(s) + O2(g)  CaO(s)
2
By applying Hess’s Law,
Hf [CaO(s)] = [(406.9) + (+149.8) + (285.8)] kJ mol1 1
= 542.9 kJ mol1 1

Chapter 35 Part exercise (p.261)

A. Multiple-choice questions (p.261)

1. D
2. D
3. D
By simple proportion, number of moles of butane needed
2 mol
= 1000 kJ × = 0.3475 mol
5755.2 kJ
Mass of butane needed = 0.3475 × (12.0 × 4 + 1.0 × 10) g = 20.16 g
4. C
3
2Al(s) + O2(g)  Al2O3(s) Hfꝋ = 1670 kJ mol1
2
By reversing this equation and then multiplying it by 2, we get the target equation.
2Al2O3(s)  4Al(s) + 3O2(g) Hꝋ = +1670 × 2 kJ mol1 = +3340 kJ mol1
5. C

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6. B
25.0 cm3 of 1.0 M hydrochloric acid is neutralized to give 0.025 mol of water. 50.0
cm3 of 0.5 M hydrochloric acid is neutralized to give 0.025 mol of water. However,
the volume of solution is doubled in the second reaction. As a result, the maximum
temperature rise is halved.
7. B
300.0
Number of moles of AgNO3 = 0.25 mol dm3 × dm3 = 0.075 mol
1000
50.0
Number of moles of CaCl2 = 0.50 mol dm3 × dm3 = 0.025 mol
1000
From the equation, mole ratio of AgNO3 to CaCl2 = 2:1. 0.075 mol of AgNO3
required 0.0375 mol of CaCl2 for complete reaction. However, there was only 0.025
mol of CaCl2 available. Hence, CaCl2 was the limiting reactant.
Number of moles of AgCl formed = 0.025 mol × 2 = 0.050 mol
Heat released
= 350.0 cm3 × 1.0 g cm3 × 4.2 J g1 K1 × [(23.5 + 273)  (21.2 + 273)] K
= 3381 J
∴ the enthalpy change for the precipitation of one mole of AgCl(s)
3381
= J mol1
0.050
=  67 620 J mol1
= 67.6 kJ mol1
8. A
It is impossible to determine the enthalpy change of formation of nitrogen monoxide.
This is because nitrogen reacts with oxygen to form both nitrogen monoxide and
nitrogen dioxide.
9. C (82%)
Enthalpy change for the conversion of W  Z
= [(150) + (+100) + (+60)] kJ mol1 = +10 kJ mol1
Enthalpy change for the conversion of Z  X
= [ (+60)  (+100)] kJ mol1 = 160 kJ mol1

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10. B
763.5
Hcꝋ [C2H5COOH(l)] =  kJ mol1 = 1527 kJ mol1
0.5
7
C2H5COOH(l) + O2(g)  3CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)
2
By applying Hess’s Law,
1527 = 3 × Hfꝋ [CO2(g)] + 3 × Hfꝋ [H2O(l)]  Hfꝋ [C2H5COOH(l)]
1527 = 3 × (393.5) + 3 × (285.8)  Hfꝋ [C2H5COOH(l)]
Hfꝋ [C2H5COOH(l)] = 510.9 kJ mol1
11. B
Divide the second thermochemical equation by 2, we get:
1 y
C(graphite) + O2(g)  CO(g) H = kJ mol1
2 2
Add the above thermochemical equation to the third one, we get:
1 y
C(graphite) + O2(g)  CO(g) H = kJ mol1
2 2
1
+) CO(g) + O2(g)  CO2(g) H = z kJ mol1
2
y
C(graphite) + O2(g)  CO2(g) H = + z kJ mol1
2

B. Structured questions (p.262)

12. (a)

thermometer
stirrer

expanded polystyrene cup lid

H2SO4(l) beaker

cotton wool
iron powder
2

(1 mark for correct drawing; 1 mark for correct labelling)

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(b) (i) The enthalpy change of the reaction determined in the experiment
would be more negative/closer to that found in data books. 1
As heat loss to the surroundings is reduced, a greater/more
accurate maximum temperature rise would be recorded. The heat
released from the reaction mixture calculated would be greater. 1
(ii) The enthalpy change of the reaction determined in the experiment
would be less negative. 1
As less iron reacted, less heat would be released from the reaction
mixture. 1
13. (a) The temperature of the reaction mixture rose because heat was given
out when sodium hydroxide solution was added to nitrate solution of
copper. 1
Then the temperature of the reaction mixture reached the maximum
because sodium hydroxide solution had just completely reacted with
nitrate solution of copper. 1
Finally, the temperature of the reaction mixture fell because addition of
excess sodium hydroxide solution cooled the reaction mixture. 1
(b)
Temperature / C

Volume of NaOH(aq) added / cm3

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From the graph, the volume of sodium hydroxide solution required for
complete reaction is 19.60 cm3. 1
(c) Number of moles of NaOH required
19.60
= 2.0 × mol = 0.0392 mol 1
1000
(d) Number of moles of Cu2+ originally present
20.0
= 1.0 × mol = 0.020 mol 1
1000
Number of moles of Cu2+ 0.020
(e)  = = 0.51  0.5 1
Number of moles of OH 0.0392
∴the empirical formula of the hydroxide of copper is Cu(OH)2. 1
(f) From the graph, the maximum temperature rise of the reaction mixture
is (28.4  21.2)C = 7.2C. 1
(g) Enthalpy change of the reaction
(20.0 + 19.6) cm3 × 1.0 g cm3 × 4.2 J g1 K1 × 7.2 K
= 1
0.020 mol
= 59 875.2 J mol1
= 59.9 kJ mol1 1
14. 4H3BO3(aq)  4HBO2(aq) + 4H2O(l) Hꝋ = 0.02 × 4 kJ mol1
= 0.08 kJ mol1
4HBO2(aq)  H2B4O7(aq) + H2O(l) Hꝋ = +11.3 kJ mol1
H2B4O7(aq)  2B2O3(s) + H2O(l) Hꝋ = +17.5 kJ mol1
Add the above thermochemical equations together and cancel the same species on the
two sides of the equation.
4H3BO3(aq)  4HBO2(aq) + 4H2O(l) Hꝋ = 0.08 kJ mol1
4HBO2(aq)  H2B4O7(aq) + H2O(l) Hꝋ = +11.3 kJ mol1
+) H2B4O7(aq)  2B2O3(s) + H2O(l) Hꝋ = +17.5 kJ mol1
4H3BO3(aq)  2B2O3(s) + 6H2O(l)
By applying Hess’s Law, the enthalpy change of the target reaction
0.08 + 11.3 + 17.5
Hꝋ = kJ mol1 1
2
= +14.4 kJ mol1 1

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15. (a) Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g)  2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g) 1

(b) 2FeO(s) + 2CO(g)  2Fe(s) + 2CO2(g)
Hꝋ = 11.0 × 2 kJ mol1 = 22.0 kJ mol1
1 2 1
Fe2O3(s) + CO(g)  Fe3O4(s) + CO2(g)
3 3 3
1
Hꝋ = 47.2 × kJ mol1 = 15.7 kJ mol1
3
2 2 2
Fe3O4(s) + CO(g)  2FeO(s) + CO2(g)
3 3 3
2
Hꝋ = +19.4 × kJ mol1 = +12.9 kJ mol1
3
Add the above thermochemical equations together and cancel the same species
on the two sides of the equation.
2FeO(s) + 2CO(g)  2Fe(s) + 2CO2(g) Hꝋ = 22.0 kJ mol1
1 2 1
Fe2O3(s) + CO(g)  Fe3O4(s) + CO2(g) Hꝋ = 15.7 kJ mol1
3 3 3
2 2 2
Fe3O4(s) + CO(g)  2FeO(s) + CO2(g) Hꝋ = +12.9 kJ mol1
3 3 3
+) Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g)  2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g)
By applying Hess’s Law,
Hꝋ = [(22.0) + (15.7) + (+12.9)] kJ mol1 1
= 24.8 kJ mol1 1
16. (a) Standard enthalpy change of methanol is the enthalpy change when one
mole of methanol burns completely in oxygen under standard
conditions. 1
(b) Enthalpy change of combustion of methanol

150 g × 4.2 J g1 K1 × (372  298)K

= 2.30 1
12.0 + 1.0 × 4 + 16.0
mol

= 648 626 J mol1

= 648.6 kJ mol1 1
(c) By applying Hess’s Law, the standard enthalpy change of Stage 2
= [(201.0)  (110.5)] kJ mol1 1
= 90.5 kJ mol1 1

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(d) CH4(g) + H2O(g) ⇌ H2(g) + CH3OH(g) 1

(e) By applying Hess’s Law, the standard enthalpy change for the overall
reaction in the two stages
= [(+205.9) + (90.5)] kJ mol1 1
= +115.4 kJ mol1 1
17. HKDSE 2021 Paper 1B Q5

Chapter 35 Revision test (p.266)

A. Multiple-choice questions (p.266)

1. A
2. C
3. D
4. B
5. B
6. D
2Na(s) + F2(g)  2NaF(s)
0.560
Number of moles of Na = mol = 0.0243 mol
23.0
3.000
Number of moles of F2 = mol = 0.0789 mol
19.0 × 2
From the equation, mole ratio of Na to F2 is 2:1. 0.0243 mol of Na requires 0.01215
mol of F2 for complete reaction. Hence, Na is the limiting reactant.
13.5
Hfꝋ [NaF(s)] =  kJ mol1 = 556 kJ mol1
0.0243
7. C
NaHCO3(s) and Na2CO3(s) are solids. It is difficult to measure the temperature of
solids experimentally.
8. B
Statement (3): the thermochemical equation that represents the complete combustion
of C(graphite) is: C(graphite) + O2(g)  CO2(g)
Hcꝋ [C(graphite)] = 393.5 kJ mol1

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9. B
By applying Hess’s Law,
10 940.2 = 16 × Hfꝋ [CO2(g)] + 18 × Hfꝋ [H2O(l)]  2 × Hfꝋ [C8H18(l)]
16 × (393.5) + 18 × (285.8) + 10 940.2
Hfꝋ [C8H18(l)] = kJ mol1= 250.1 kJ mol1
2
10. B
11. B

B. Structured questions (p.268)

12. (a) C6H12(l) + 9O2(g)  6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) 1

(b)

thermometer
stirrer

water
metal can

spirit burner
cyclohexane
2

(1 mark for correct drawing; 1 mark for correct labelling)

(c) Enthalpy change of combustion of cyclohexane

200 g × 4.2 J g1 K1 × 10.5 K

= 0.19 1
84.0
mol

= 3 899 368 J mol1

=  3899.4 kJ mol1 1
(d)

H
2C3H6(g) C6H12(l)

+9O2(g) +9O2(g)
2 × Hc [C3H6(g)] Hc [C6H12(l)]

6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l)

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(Two marks for any TWO the following:

Drawing arrows pointing in the correct direction
Writing correct enthalpy changes alongside the arrows
Giving correct formulae of the chemical species involved, the
stoichiometric coefficients and the state symbols)
By applying Hess’s Law, the enthalpy change of the conversion of
propene to cyclohexane
= [2 × (2058)  (3899.4)] kJ mol1 1
= 216.6 kJ mol1 1
13. (a) MgO is insoluble in water. It is not an alkali. 1
(b) The temperature of the reacting solution was not taken continuously
during the course of the reaction. 1
Hence, T2 may not necessarily be the maximum temperature of the
reacting solution. 1
0.806
(c) Number of moles of MgO = mol = 0.0200 mol
24.3 + 16.0
1
100.0
Number of moles of HCl = 1.0 × mol = 0.10 mol
1000
From the equation, mole ratio of MgO to HCl = 1:2. 0.10 mol of HCl
required 0.050 mol of MgO for complete reaction. However, there was
only 0.0200 mol of MgO available. Hence, MgO was the limiting
reactant.
∴enthalpy change of the reaction
100.0 cm3 × 1.0 g cm3 × 4.2 J g1 K1 × 7.0 K
= 1
0.0200 mol
= 147 000 J mol1
= 147 kJ mol1 1
(d) By applying Hess’s Law, the standard enthalpy change of the reaction
= [(801.2) + (285.8)  (601.6)  2 × (167.2)] kJ mol1 1
= 151.0 kJ mol1 1
(e) Any TWO of the following:
 There was heat loss to the surroundings by conduction and
convection. 1
 The simple calorimeter, stirrer and thermometer absorbed heat. 1
 The density and specific heat capacity of the reacting solution were
different from those of water. (1)

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1 1 182.6
14. NO(g)  N2(g) + O2(g) Hꝋ =  kJ mol1 = 91.3 kJ mol1
2 2 2
1 3 91.8
N2(g) + H2(g)  NH3(g) Hꝋ =  kJ mol1 = 45.9 kJ mol1
2 2 2
1
H2(g) + O2(g)  H2O(g) Hꝋ = 241.8 kJ mol1
2
Add the above thermochemical equations together and cancel the same species on the
two sides of the equation.
1 1
NO(g)  N2(g) + O2(g) Hꝋ = 91.3 kJ mol1
2 2
1 3
N2(g) + H2(g)  NH3(g) Hꝋ = 45.9 kJ mol1
2 2
1
+) H2(g) + O2(g)  H2O(g) Hꝋ = 241.8 kJ mol1
2
5
NO(g) + H2(g)  NH3(g) + H2O(g)
2
By applying Hess’s Law,
Hꝋ = [(91.3) + (45.9) + (241.8)] kJ mol1 1
= 379.0 kJ mol1 1

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