A Mini-Project Report on

AGRI-CONNECT

Submitted by
LOKESHGOWDA R R (U03NM21T029023)
VIDHATHRI (U03NM21T029068)
MITHUN G M (U03NM22T064004)
VI SEM, B. TECH (CSE)

Under the proctor guidance :

Dr. Dharmendra Chouhan

Associate Professor,
Department of Computer Science,
UVCE

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

UNIVERSITY VISVESVARAYA COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING
K.R. Circle, Bangalore – 560001

Dec-2024
BANGALORE UNIVERSITY
 BANGALORE UNIVERSITY

UNIVERSITY VISVESVARAYA COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING
K.R. Circle, Bangalore – 560001

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that LOKESHGOWDA R R of VI Semester, B.Tech, Computer Science

and Engineering, bearing the register number U03NM21T029023 has submitted the Mini-
Project Report on “AGRI-CONNECT”, in partial fulfilment for the Mini-Project, prescribed
by the Bangalore University for the academic year 2023-24.

Dr. Dharmendra Chouhan Dr. Thriveni J.

Associate Professor, Professor & Chairperson,
Dept. of CSE, Dept. of CSE,
UVCE UVCE

Examiners:

1. ………………………… 2. ...……………………….
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take this opportunity to thank our institution University of Visvesvaraya College of

Engineering for having given me an opportunity to carry out this project.

I would like to thank Dr. Subhasish Tripathy, Director, UVCE, for providing us all
the facilities to work on this project. I am indebted to him for being my pillar of
strength and inspiration.

I wish to place my grateful thanks to Dr. Thriveni J, Professor and Chairperson,

Department of Computer Science and Engineering, UVCE, who helped me to
make my project a great success.

I am grateful to Dr. Dharmendra Chouhan, Associate Professor, Department of

Computer Science and Engineering, UVCE, for her valuable suggestions and
support, which has sustained me throughout the course of the project.I express my
sincere thanks to all teaching and non-teaching staff, Department of Computer
Science and Engineering, UVCE for all the facilities that they have provided me for
successfully completing this project.

I'm incredibly grateful to my teammates Vidhathri, Mithun G M for their

exceptional support on our project.

I also thank my parents and friends for their continuous support and encouragement.

LOKESHGOWDA R R
(U03NM21T029023)
 ABSTRACT

Agri-Connect is a novel project designed to revolutionize the agricultural supply

chain by directly connecting farmers with large-scale industries for the efficient and
transparent sale of crops. This initiative addresses the longstanding challenges faced
by both parties in the current market. Farmers often struggle with price volatility,
limited access to bulk buyers, and information asymmetry regarding industry
demands. Conversely, large-scale industries can face inconsistent product quality,
logistical complexities in sourcing from dispersed farms, and a lack of real-time data
on crop availability. Agri-Connect proposes a comprehensive solution that fosters a
win-win situation for both farmers and industries. Through a dedicated platform
(either web-based or mobile application), Agri-Connect will:

Aggregate Farmers: Create a network of farmers, enabling them to register and

showcase their crops, production capacity, and quality certifications.

Industry Matching: Utilize an intelligent matching system to connect farmers with

industries based on crop type, desired volume, and quality specifications.

Transparent Pricing: Provide real-time market data and facilitate forward

contracting, ensuring fair and predictable pricing for farmers.

Logistics Management: Offer streamlined logistics solutions, including

transportation and storage options, to bridge the gap between farm and factory.

Quality Assurance: Implement a robust quality control framework that upholds

industry standards and builds trust between parties.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page No

1. Introduction 1
2. Literature Review 7
3. Proposed Work 12
4. Result 16
Conclusion 21
Bibliography 22
 Introduction

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
This chapter will discuss the various features and aim of this application.

1.1 Introduction to Agri-Connect

This chapter will introduce Agri-Connect and how efficiently and coherently the
agricultural data is saved. Agri-Connect is a web application designed to manage
agricultural operations effectively. The system aims to simplify the process of
tracking vendors, buyers, products, orders, payments, and logistics. Additionally, it
is designed to provide an easy-to-use interface for different user roles, making it
simple to input, manage, and retrieve data. The end goal is to create a powerful tool
that enhances operational efficiency and provides valuable insights for farmers,
buyers, and administrators.

1.2 Objective

The objective of this project is to develop Agri-Connect, a web application that can
effectively manage agricultural operations. The system aims to simplify the process
of tracking vendors, buyers, products, orders, payments, and logistics. Additionally,
the system is designed to provide an easy-to-use interface for different user roles,
making it simple to input, manage, and retrieve data. The end goal is to create a
powerful tool that enhances operational efficiency and provides valuable insights for
all stakeholders.

structure ensures strong access control over database queries by assigning specific
permissions to each type of user.
The user interface aims to provide the following views for users:

Admin Dashboard: Accessible only to ‘Admin’ users, this dashboard allows for
the efficient creation, reading, updating, and deletion of any data in the database.
Admins can manage users, oversee transactions, and handle product and order
records.

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 Introduction

Vendor Dashboard: Available to ‘Vendor users this dashboard enables vendors

to manage their products, view orders, handle logistics, and update product
information. It facilitates efficient order processing and product management.

Buyer Dashboard: Designed for ‘buyer’ this dashboard allows buyer to browse
products, place, reschedule, or cancel orders, view order status, and make payments.
This interface aims to improve the buyer experience by providing an easy and
efficient way to purchase products.

The system also includes views for:

Product Management : Displays all available products and allows for easy
management of these items.

Order Management: Shows detailed information about orders, including

product details, order status, and assigned vendor.

Payment Management: Tracks payment status, history, and generates invoices.

1.3 Functionality
Admin

Signup their account. Then Login (No approval Required).

Can register/view/approve/reject/delete vendor.
Can register/view/approve/reject/delete buyer .
Can generate/download invoices.
Can view/book/approve orders.
Can manage product listings (add/update/delete products).

Vendor

Create an account to buy products. Then Login.

Can view available products (name, description, price, vendor details).
Can place orders (add products to cart, checkout, make payment).
Can view order status (pending/confirmed by admin).
Can manage their account details (profile information, payment methods).

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 Introduction

Products

Add new products (admin and vendors).

Update product details (admin and vendors).
Delete products (admin).

Orders

Add new orders (buyers).

View order details (buyers, vendors, admin).
Update order status (admin, vendors).
Delete orders (admin).

Payments

Track payment status (buyers, vendors, admin).

1.4 Database Management System

DBMS is a collection of programs that enables users to create and maintain a database
The DBMS is a general-purpose software system that facilitates the processes of
defining, constructing, manipulating and sharing databases among various users and
applications. It also provides protection and the security to the database. In case of
multiple users, it also maintain the data consistency.

A Relational database is a database that has a collection of tables of data items, all of
which is formally described and organized according to the relational model. Data in a
single table represents a relation, from which the name of the database type comes.
Relation does not contain the duplicate tuples and the tuples of a relation have no
specific order. In typical solutions, tables may have additionally defined relationships
with each other. In the relational model, each table schema must identify a column or
group of columns, called the primary key, to uniquely identify each row. A
relationship can then be established between each row in the table and a row in
another table by creating a foreign key, a column or group of columns in one table
that points to the primary key of another table.

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 Introduction

1.4.1 Characteristics of Database Management Systems

 Self-describing nature.
 Keeps a tight control on data redundancy.
 Enforces user defined rules to ensure that integrity of table data.
 Provides insulation between Programs and data, Data abstraction.
 Supports multiple views of the data.
 Helps sharing of data and Multi-user transaction processing.

1.4.2 Advantages of DBMS

 Controlling the redundancy.
 Restricting unauthorized access.
 Providing persistent storage for program objects.
 Providing storage structures for efficient query processing.
 Providing multiple users interfaces
 Representing complex relationships among data.
 Enforcing integrity constraints.

1.5 PostgreSQL

PostgreSQL is a powerful, open source object-relational database system that uses and
extends the SQL language combined with many features that safely store and scale
the most complicated data workloads. The origins of PostgreSQL date back to 1986 as
part of the POSTGRES project at the University of California at Berkeley and has
more than 35 years of active development on the core platform.

PostgreSQL is known for its strict adherence to SQL standards and provides a rich set
of features, including advanced data types, window functions, common table
expressions (CTEs), and full support for ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation,
Durability) transactions.

PostgreSQL offers a wide range of built-in data types, including arrays, JSON,
JSONB (binary JSON), geometric types, and custom user-defined types. This makes

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 Introduction

PostgreSQL more suitable for handling complex data structures and diverse data
types.

Generally known for its reliability, data integrity, and advanced features rather than
raw performance. While PostgreSQL's performance has improved significantly over
the years, it may not always match the speed of MySQL in certain scenarios.

It is known for its strong and passionate community of developers and users, who
contribute to its continuous development and improvement. PostgreSQL also has a
thriving ecosystem of extensions, plugins, and tools, including PostGIS for
geographic information systems and TimescaleDB for time-series data.

1. CREATE

This command is used to create a table or view by giving it a name and specifying its
attributes and constraints. The attributes are specified first, and each attribute is given
a name, a data type to specify its domain values, and any attribute constraints such as
NOT NULL.
Syntax: CREATE TABLE <TNAME> (ATR1 TYP1 CONST1, ATR2 TYP2
CONST2,…)

2. ALTER
The definition of a base table can be altered by ALTER command which is a Schema
Evolution command. The possible ALTER TABLE includes adding or dropping a
column (attribute), changing a column definition, and adding or dropping table
constraints.
Example: ALTER TABLE STUDENT ADD NAME VARCHAR (12)

3. DROP

If a whole schema is not needed any more, the DROP SCHEMA command can be
used. There are two drop behaviour options: CASCADE and RESTRICT.

CASCADE option is used to remove the database schema and all its tables, domains
and other elements.
If the RESTRICT option is chosen in place of CASCADE, the schema is dropped
only it has no elements in it; otherwise, the DROP command will not be executed.
Syntax: DROP TABLE STUDENT CASCADE

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 Introduction

1.5.1 Statements in SQL:

Following are the important statements used in SQL.

1. SELECT - Used to retrieve the information from the relation.

2. INSERT - Used to insert the new values to the relation.
3. DELETE - Used to delete one or more existing tuples from the relation.
4. UPDATE - Used to update already existing values in the relation.

1.5.2 Aggregate Functions in SQL:

Following aggregate functions are provided by the SQL.

1) COUNT - Returns number of tuples.

2) SUM - Returns sum of entries in a column.
3) MAX - Returns Maximum value from an entire column.
4) MIN - Returns Minimum value from an entire column.
5) AVG - Returns Average of all the entries in a column.

1.5.3 Constraints in SQL:

Following constraints are provided by the SQL.

1) NOT NULL - Column should contain some value.

2) PRIMARY KEY - Should not allow duplicate and null values to a column.
3) UNIQUE - Each value of a column should be unique.

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 Literature Review

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter focuses on the already existing systems for the management of crops
and establish the software requirements for the project.

2.1 Survey of Existing System for Agri-Connect

Transitioning from traditional agricultural management systems to modern Agri-
Connect web applications marks a significant leap in efficiency, accessibility, and
data management within the agricultural industry. Traditional systems rely on
manual processes, such as paper-based records and Excel spreadsheets, leading to
inefficiencies, errors, and limited accessibility. In contrast, Agri-Connect utilizing
web applications automates various processes, including vendor registration and
order management, streamlining workflows and reducing errors. Remote
accessibility allows authorized users to securely access records from anywhere with
internet connectivity, enhancing collaboration and transaction efficiency. Robust
security measures ensure data protection and compliance with agricultural
regulations, addressing concerns about privacy and confidentiality. Scalability and
integration capabilities enable agricultural businesses to adapt to evolving needs and
seamlessly integrate with other systems, such as logistics and payment gateways.
Overall, the transition to Agri-Connect using web applications revolutionizes
agricultural management, improving operational efficiency, transaction handling,
and overall agricultural outcomes.

Disadvantages

More human power: Manual processes require more staff, leading to higher
operational costs.

Repetition of same procedure: Redundant tasks increase the chance of errors and
decrease productivity.

Data redundancy: Duplication of data entries leads to inconsistencies.

Low security: Paper-based records and basic digital files are vulnerable to
unauthorized access and data breaches.

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 Literature Review

Developed System

In this project, we utilize the Node.js framework to develop the back-end of the
Agri-Connect system, along with MySQL as the database management system.
Node.js is a powerful JavaScript runtime environment known for its event-driven
architecture and non-blocking I/O operations, which make it suitable for building
scalable network applications. MySQL is a widely-used relational database
management system known for its reliability, ease of use, and robust performance.

Together, Node.js and MySQL form a robust foundation for developing a

comprehensive agricultural management system. Node.js's asynchronous
capabilities and vast ecosystem of libraries and frameworks streamline the
development process and enhance the system's performance. Meanwhile, MySQL's
scalability, performance optimizations, and support for complex queries empower
the system to handle the complexities of agricultural operations effectively.

By leveraging Node.js and MySQL, Agri-Connect offers a user-friendly and

efficient solution for managing various aspects of agricultural operations, including
vendor management, buyer transactions, product listings, orders, payments, and
logistics.

2.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT

Operating System: Windows/Linux/MacOS

Frontend: HTML, CSS, Bootstrap

Backend: Node JS, Express JS, MySQL (database management system)

Web-Server: Node JS Server

2.2.1 Frontend:

The front end is an interface between the user and the back end. The front and back
ends may be distributed amongst one or more systems. In network computing, front
end can refer to any hardware that optimizes or protects network traffic. It is called
application front-end hardware because it is placed on the network's outward-facing

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 Literature Review

front end or boundary. Network traffic passes through the front-end hardware before
entering the network. In compilers, the front end translates a computer programming
source code into an intermediate representation, and the back end works with the
intermediate representation to produce code in a computer output language.

1. HTML

HTML or Hypertext Mark-up Language is the standard mark-up language used to

create web pages. HTML is written in the form of HTML elements consisting of tags
enclosed in angle brackets (like <html>). HTML tags most commonly come in pairs
like <h1> and </h1>, although some tags represent empty elements and so are
unpaired, for example <img>. The first tag in a pair is the start tag, and the second tag
is the end tag (they are also called opening tags and closing tags).

2. CSS

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style sheet language used for describing the look
and formatting of a document written in a mark-up language. While most often used
to style web pages and user interfaces written in HTML and XHTML, the language
can be applied to any kind of XML document, including plain XML, SVG and XUL.
CSS is a cornerstone specification of the web and almost all web pages’ use CSS style
sheets to describe their presentation.

3. Bootstrap

Bootstrap is a free and open-source CSS framework directed at responsive, mobile-

first front-end web development. It contains HTML, CSS and JavaScript-based design
templates for typography, forms, buttons, navigation, and other interface components.

2.2.2 Backend:

Node.js
Node.js is a powerful, open-source JavaScript runtime environment that allows
developers to execute JavaScript code server-side. Built on the V8 JavaScript
engine, Node.js is renowned for its high performance, event-driven architecture, and
nonblocking I/O operations, which make it particularly suitable for building scalable
network applications and real-time applications.

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 Literature Review

Key features of Node.js include its ability to handle a large number of simultaneous
connections with high throughput, making it ideal for data-intensive applications
that require real-time updates. Node.js uses an event loop to manage asynchronous
operations, which ensures efficient utilization of resources and enhances
performance. This makes Node.js particularly effective for applications such as chat
servers, online gaming, and collaborative tools.

Node.js also has a rich ecosystem of libraries and frameworks, accessible via the
Node Package Manager (NPM). NPM provides access to thousands of reusable
modules, significantly speeding up the development process. Additionally, Node.js
supports microservices architecture, allowing developers to build modular and
maintainable applications.

Express.js
Express.js is a minimal and flexible Node.js web application framework that
provides a robust set of features for web and mobile applications. Known for its
simplicity and lightweight nature, Express.js facilitates the development of server-
side applications by offering a variety of HTTP utility methods and middleware
functions.

Key features of Express.js include its middleware architecture, which allows

developers to add functionalities to the application by plugging in middleware at any
point in the request-response cycle. This modular approach makes it easy to handle
routing, sessions, authentication, and other common tasks.

Express.js supports a variety of template engines, enabling developers to

dynamically generate HTML content. Its routing capabilities are robust, allowing for
the definition of complex URL patterns and handling of different HTTP methods
(GET, POST, PUT, DELETE). This makes it easy to build RESTful APIs and web
applications.

Express.js is designed to be unopinionated, providing the freedom to structure

applications as needed. This flexibility, combined with its performance
optimizations, makes Express.js suitable for building single-page applications
(SPAs), RESTful APIs, and complex web applications.

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 Literature Review

The strong community, extensive documentation, and compatibility with other

Node.js modules make Express.js a popular choice among developers for creating
efficient and scalable server-side applications.

MySQL

MySQL is a widely-used open-source relational database management system

(RDBMS) known for its reliability, ease of use, and robust performance. Developed
by Oracle Corporation, MySQL is one of the most popular databases for web
applications and enterprise solutions.

Key features of MySQL include its adherence to the SQL standard and support for a
broad range of SQL queries, enabling developers to perform complex data
manipulations and retrievals. MySQL supports various storage engines, including
InnoDB and MyISAM, allowing developers to choose the best option based on their
specific requirements for transaction support and performance.

MySQL's ACID compliance ensures data integrity and reliability, even in high
concurrency environments. It supports features such as transactions, foreign keys,
and indexing, which contribute to efficient data management and retrieval. MySQL
also offers replication and clustering capabilities, enhancing scalability and high
availability for large-scale applications.

Security is a priority in MySQL, with features like user authentication, role-based

access control, and SSL encryption to protect sensitive data. MySQL's extensibility
allows developers to create custom functions and stored procedures, catering to
specific application needs.

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 Proposed Work

CHAPTER 3
PROPOSED WORK

This chapter will discuss the proposed work for the Agri-Connect.

3.1 Entity Relationship (ER) model:

An entity-relationship diagram (ERD) is a data modelling technique that graphically

illustrates an information system’s entities and the relationships between those
entities.

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 Proposed Work

Entities and their attributes:

In the Agri-Connect project, we will manage several entities including Farmers,

Crops, Vendors, Orders, and Transactions. Each of these entities plays a crucial role
in the agricultural management process.

Farmer: Represents individual farmers participating in the system. Each farmer

entry includes essential details such as the farm name, contact information, and farm
location.

Crop: Represents the crops grown by farmers. Each crop entry includes details
such as crop name, description, quantity available, price, and the address where the
crop is located. It is linked to the farmer entity to track which farmer grows which
crop.

Vendor: Represents businesses or individuals who purchase crops from farmers.

Vendor entries include business name, contact information, location, and vendor
name.

Order: Records the purchase of crops by vendors. Each order entry includes
details such as vendor ID, crop ID, order quantity, total price, and order date. It links
to both the vendor and crop entities to track which vendor purchased which crop.

Transaction: Records payment details for orders. Each transaction entry includes
the order ID, payment method, and transaction date. It links to the order entity to
track the payment details for each order.

Explanation of Relationships:

Farmers and Crops: Each crop is grown by a specific farmer. The Crops table
includes a foreign key (FID) referencing the Farmers table.

Vendors and Orders: Each order is placed by a specific vendor. The Orders table
includes a foreign key (VID) referencing the Vendors table.

Crops and Orders: Each order includes a specific crop. The Orders table includes a
foreign key (CID) referencing the Crops table.

Orders and Transactions: Each transaction is associated with a specific order. The
Transactions table includes a foreign key (OID) referencing the Orders table.

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 Proposed Work

3.2 Relational model:

The following is the relational model for the proposed management system:

3.3 Normalization
The following is a normalization report for the Agri-Connect project:

 1st Normal Form (1NF): All the entities in the system such as Farmer,
Vendor, Orders, Crops and Transactions are in 1NF, as each record has a
unique primary key and each field contains atomic (indivisible) values.
 2nd Normal Form (2NF): All the entities in the system are in 2NF, as all
non-primary key fields are functionally dependent on the primary key. This

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 Proposed Work

means that each field in the table is dependent on the primary key and not on
any other non-primary key field.
 3rd Normal Form (3NF): All the entities in the system are in 3NF, as there
are no transitive dependencies between non-primary key fields. This means
that all nonprimary key fields are directly dependent on the primary key, and
there are no dependencies between non-primary key fields. For example, The
Farmer entity is represented in 3NF as follows:

Farmer Table (Primary Key: FID):

Contains attributes directly related to the farmer entity, such as FID, FNAME,
CONTACTNO and FLOCATION.

The FID serves as the primary key, uniquely identifying each farmer record. Other
attributes, such as FNAME, FLOCATION, CONTACTNO, are functionally
dependent on the fid, ensuring data integrity and eliminating redundant information.

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 Result

CHAPTER 4

RESULT

Agri-Connect represents a revolutionary advancement in agricultural management,

designed to streamline and enhance farming operations through a unified digital
platform. This comprehensive solution serves as a centralized hub for farmers,
agricultural experts, and stakeholders, facilitating seamless coordination and
optimizing productivity across the agricultural ecosystem.

At the core of Agri-Connect lies its ability to centralize and streamline agricultural
activities. Farmers leverage the platform to register detailed profiles, manage
multiple

details

such as personal information, contact details, and farm-specific data, ensuring

personalized support and efficient management of farming operations.

Agri-Connect stands at the forefront of transforming agricultural management

practices, empowering farmers with the tools, insights, and collaborative networks
needed to thrive in a dynamic agricultural landscape. By fostering efficiency,
sustainability, and innovation, Agri-Connect not only improves farm productivity
but also contributes to sustainable food production and economic growth in
agricultural communities.

4.1 Screenshots

The following is a series of screenshots of the developed application.

 Figure 5.1: Admin/Farmer/Vendor Login Page

 Figure 5.2: Crops adding page

 Figure 5.3: Vendor Dashboard page

 Figure 5.4: My orders page

 Figure 5.5: Payment page

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 Result

 Figure 5.6 : My Crops page

 Figure 5.7: Admin Dashboard page

Figure 5.1: Admin/Farmer/Vendor Login Page

Figure 5.2: Crops adding page

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 Result

Figure 5.3: Vendor Dashboard page

page

Figure 5.4: My orders page

Report page

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 Result

Figure 5.5: Payment page

Figure 5.6: My Crops page

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 Result

Figure 5.6: Admin Database page

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 CONCLUSION

Agri-Connect stands as a transformative leap in agricultural technology, providing a

robust solution to streamline and enhance farming operations. This innovative
platform integrates advanced features, user-friendly interfaces, and cutting-edge
functionalities to revolutionize how agricultural activities are managed and
optimized.

Agri-Connect empowers farmers with actionable insights to make informed

decisions and maximize productivity. The platform facilitates seamless coordination
among farmers, agricultural experts, and stakeholders, fostering collaboration,
knowledge sharing, and collective problem-solving across the agricultural sector.

Built upon a foundation of robust technologies such as cloud infrastructure and

secure data management practices, Agri-Connect ensures data integrity,
confidentiality, and scalability. Technologies like NodeJS, Express JS and MySQL
provide a secure framework for managing agricultural data, safeguarding sensitive
information while facilitating efficient data access and management.

As agricultural landscapes evolve, Agri-Connect remains pivotal in modernizing

farming practices and enabling sustainable agricultural growth. By equipping
farmers with tools for precise farm management, market intelligence, and
continuous learning, the platform empowers them to thrive in a competitive market
environment while contributing to global food security and economic prosperity.

Agri-Connect is not just a technological solution but a catalyst for transforming

agricultural management worldwide. By enhancing efficiency, promoting
collaboration, and driving innovation, Agri-Connect sets a new standard in
agricultural technology, positioning farmers and stakeholders to achieve sustainable
growth and deliver exceptional agricultural outcomes in the 21st century.

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 Result

BIBLIOGRAPHY

[1] Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B Navathe, Fundamental of Database Systems, 6th
ed. Addison Wesley, 2009

[2] https://bootstrap.com

[3] https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/mysql-tutorial/

[4] https://www.postgresql.org/docs/

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