50 MPOs Most Probable Questions

Thissectionfeatures questions meticulouslycompiledby expert teachers withextensiveexperience based on examination

trends over the past five years. These questions are likely to appear in the 2025 examination. However, we strongly
recommend that you prepare the entire syllabus to ensure comprehensive readiness.

Chapter 1 Electric Charges and Fields

= —PECOS —PE
0.1 (i) Find the expressions for the force and
torque on an electric dipole kept in (b) Unstable equilibrium
uniform electric field. What happens, if
the fieldis non-uniform?
(ii) Depictthe orientation of the dipole in (a) —q

stable (b) unstable equilibrium in a

uniformelectricfield.
(iii) What would happen, if the external field (iii)(a) When Eis parallel to p. the dipole has net
forcein the directionOfincreasing field.
E is increasing (a) parallel to p and (b) (b) When E is anti-parallel to p. the dipole has
anti-parallel to p ? net force in the direction Ofdecreasing field.
Sol. (i) Consider a dipole placed in uniformelectricfield
E as shown in figure.Bothcharges of the dipole
0.2 Find the expression for the electric field
experience equal and opposite forcesand hence, strengthat a distant point situated (i) on the
net translatory forceon dipole is zero. axis and (ii) along the equatorial line of an
electric dipole. Draw graph for E versus
distance.
Sol. (i) E at axial point or an end on position

---------'M The electricfield at axial point P due to charges of

dipoleis givenby

AP
As the lines of actionof forcesF, and F2are
different, so dipole experiencesa torque given by 1 . alongPB
= Either force perpendicular distance 4x4) (r + a)
between lines OfactionOfforce
qE ( 2n sin O) 4x4) BP
t pEsinO 47tto (r
along PX ...(ii)
In vector notation. t = p E
In caseof non-uniformelectricfield,dipolewill Resultant electric field E z Es —EA PX
experience both forceas well as torque. 1
(ii) (a) Stableequilibrium 47t% (r —a)

—a)
 1
. .(iii) 0.3 Defineelectric flux. Mentionits two SI
If r a units.
1 2pr UseGauss'law to obtain the
4
47th) expressionfor the electricfielddue to
The direction of electric field at axial point is in uniformly charged infinite plane
direction of dipole moment. sheet.
(ii) E at equatorial line of electric dipole (iii) In the figure, there are +20 —266
, Bsin O
three infinite long thin
sheets having surface
EB COS O charge densities + 20,
EAcos O O —20 and respectively.
Give the magnitude and
directionof electricfield
at a point to the left of sheet of surface
E E Sin charge density +20 and to the right of
sheet of charge density + o.
Sol. (i) Electric flux It is defined as the number of
o electric lines of force passing normal to the
surface. It is a scalar quantity.
Ihe electric field at equatorial point P due to as = E,tScosO
charges of dipole is given by 2
The SI unit of electric flux is or
1 c
47th) (r + a ) volt-metre.
(ii) Let electric charge be uniformly distributed
Eff= • form B to P
47tco( + a) over thin, non-conducting infinite sheet, so
charge density is given by o =
On resolving EAand EBinto two rectangular
components their sine components being equal
and opposite. cancel out each other while
cosine components act in same direction. so net
electric field intensity is + + + 900
EAcosO+hcosO=2EAcoso
1
47th) (r + a ) dS2 0-00
0=00
dS3 0 = 900
COS0 =
In order to calculate E due to sheet, consider
1 p
...(vii) cylindricalGaussiansurfaceas shown in
47th) figure, then by Gauss' law
p = 2aql 2JEGS+ fE.dS =g
If r a E= .(viii) Circular Cylindrical
4xt-o• r; faces faces
The direction of E is opposite to direction of 2] EdScosOO+ J —
dipole moment and parallel to line joining the Circular Cylindrical
charges of dipole. faces faces
In both cases for short dipole, E I/r 3.
 X = 107 cm-
2EA = cos900=Ol

Hence, E is independent of distance for

uniformly charged infinite plane sheet.
(iii) As point A is on left hand side of all sheets, so
20 —26
- 2E.o
Negative sign means direction of electric field 0.5 Using Gauss' law, obtain the expression for
is towards left. As point Dis on right hand Side the electric field due to uniformly charged
of all sheets,so spherical shell at a point
20 -26 (i) outside the shell and
(ii) inside the shell. Plot the graph of
Ihe direction of electric field at point D is on electric field with distance r from the
right hand side. centre of shell.
Sol. (i) Electricfield outside the
0.4 (i) Using Gauss' law, obtain an expression shell Consider a
for electric field due to infinitely long uniformly charged thin
thin straight charged wire with spherical shell of radius R
uniform linear charge density k. o
carrying charge Q
(ii) An infinite line charge produces a In order to find electric
field of9x 104 NC I at a distance of field at distance' r'(r > R),
2 cm. Calculate the linear charge imagine a spherical
Gaussian surfaceconcentricwith shell, then
density. direction of E and dS are same, so by Gauss'
Sol. (i) Consider an infinitely long charged wire Of law
linear charge density = —q.In order to find

electric field at distance r' from wire, assuming

cylindrical Gaussian surface as shown in the
g
EdScosoo
figure and using Gauss' law, we have
E dSl
(ii) Electricfield inside the
shell
Consider spherical
Gaussian surface of
radius R)
E dS1 concentricwith shell. 'R
JE.dS+2fE.dS2=g Since,Gaussian surface
does not encloseany
J EdScosOO+ 2] Ed*cos90 0 = —
So,
E • 2TtrL= — cos900=01

2'tEor
(ii) Given, E=9x10 4 NC -I, r=2x 10 2 m
21
2Ttcor 41teor
2x9x109x
2 x 10
Chapter2 Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance
0.6 A charge Q is distributed over the surfaces
of the two concentric hollow spheres of
radii r and R (R r), such that their So, potential of bigger drop,
surface charge densities are equal. Derive
the expression for the potential at the R 4rtLo
NAr
common centre.
where, VIis potential of small drops.
(iii) Capacitance on bigger drop,

Cz 4ac.oR= 4rtrorNH (using Eq. (i))

cz-c, C I = 4:tcor}
o
0
0.8 Three concentric metallic shells A , B and C
of radii a, b and c (a < b < c) have surface
charge densities + 6, — and +
respectively as shown in the figure.
Sol. Let 'h and be the charges distributed on smaller If shells A and C are at the same potential,
and larger spheres, then according to question then obtain the relation between the radii
a, b and c.
c
'h = = 41tR2fi
Now, total charge Q = +
b
Q = 6147tr2 + 47tR21
or = .(ii) a

Now, potential at common centre,

Sol . Charge on shell A,qA

47th, r R
Charge on shell B, —4Ttb20
2
1 4ar 2 0 47tIR CT Charge of shell C, qc = 4Ttc20
4x4) r Potential of shell A : Any point on the shell A lies
inside the shells BandC
4XEo(r2 + RT )
(using Eq. (ii)} 47tco a
1 4ma26 41tb2G 47tc20
0.7 If N drops of same size having same charge
4:t€.o a
coalesce to form bigger drop. How will the
following vary with respect to single small
drop? Find
(i) total charge on bigger drop Any point on B lies outside the shell A and inside
the shell C. Potential of shell B,
(ii) potential on bigger drop and
(iii) capacitance on bigger drop.
Sol. Le r, q and % be the radius, charge and potential of
smaller drop. 1 4'ta 20 47tb20 4ttc26
41tEO b b c
(i) Total charge on bigger drop,
2
Q=Nq
(ii) Initial volume = Final volume
N x —"tr3 = —rtR3 Any point on shell C lies outside the shells A and
3 B.Therefore, potential of shell C,
 Now, when switch S is opened and dielectric is
47th, a 1, inserted, then for capacitor A, battery remains
connected, while for capacitor battery is
1 'ha 0 4xI' disconnected, so
1 cv 2
47th)
2 = — KCV 2 +
C
cv2 1
According to the question 2

cv2 e +1
2
Therefore, from Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get the
ratio,
2K .(iii)
0.9 (i) 'livo identical parallel plate capacitors up K2 +1
A and B are connected to a battery of
Vvolts with switch S closed. The (ii) New capacitance of CI is
switch is now opened and free space
between the plates of capacitors is
filled with dielectric constant K. Find 1
the ratio of total electrostatic energy For G, AK)
21<2
2K Ah)
in both capacitors before and after the
Kik'2
introduction of dielectric. ...(ii)
s d Kl+K2
Forq,
KIA%)
2d

.(iii)

From Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get

(ii) Three identical parallel plate (air)
261<2_ G + K,
capacitors C 1, C 2 and C 3 have
capacitance C each. The space between
their plates is now filled with dielectrics Ihis is the required relation between the dielectric
as shown. If all the three capacitors still constants KY,K2, K3and Q.
have same capacitances, obtain the
relation between dielectric constants K , 0.10 In a parallel plate capacitor with air
K2,K3 and K 4.
between the lates, each plate has an area
of 6 x 10 m and the separation between
the plates is 3 mm.
Calculate the capacitance of the
capacitor.
(ii) If this capacitor is connected to 100 V
4 supply, what would be the charge on
each plate?
d/2 d/2 (iii) How would charge on the plates be
affected, if a 3 mm thick mica sheet of
Sol. (i) Total initial energy when switch Sis closed and K = 6 is inserted between the plates
dielectrics are not inserted.
while the voltage supply remains
CV 2 + - CV 2 =CV 2 connected?
Sol. Given, area of each plate, A —6xlO m Q =l.77x10 *100
Distance between the plates, d = 3 xlO-• m 1.77x 10'"C
(i) Capacitance of parallel plate capacitor is given (iii) Given,
by Now, KC
C 8•85x10 x6xto- Q' KQ
3 xlo-
C -1.77 Q'=KQ =6xl.77x10 9
(ii) Charge on parallel plate capacitor is given by = 10.62xlo -9c

Chapter3 Current Electricity

0.1 (i) A metal rod of square cross-sectional Hence,
area A having length I has current I
flowing through it, when a potential (b) In parallel combination, potential across
difference of Vvolt is applied across wires remains same, so
its ends. Now, the rod is cut parallel to eVt ml
its length into two identical pieces ml C'Vt
and joined in series such that length
of rod is 21.What potential difference Q.12Define electromotive force and terminal
is maintained across length 21,so that potential difference of a cell. Derive a
current in new rod remains the same? relation between the internal resistance,
emf and terminal potential difference of a
(ii) TWOmetallic wires PI and P2 of the cell. Draw the graph for
same material and same length but
different cross-sectional areas Al and (i) E versus R
are joined together and connected (ii) V versus R and
to a source Ofemf. Find the ratio oi (iii) V versus I
the drift velocities of free electrons in Sol . Electromotive force (EMF)The potential drop
two wires when they are connected across the terminals of a cell when no current is
(a) in series and (b) in parallel. drawn from, it is known as emf of cell.
Sol. (i) Resistance of rod having cross-sectional area A Terminal potential difference (V) When current is
and length I is RI = drawn from cell, then potential drop across
terminals is known as terminal potential
Now, resistance of rod having cross-sectional difference.
area and length 21is R2
p(21) = 4p1
1

According to question, I = — =
Now, I =

4RJ where, r is internal resistance of cell.

4V The terminal potential difference is given by
or potential across new rod, V' =
(ii) (a) In series, current across wires remains the
same,so = 12
= V2A2ne
or VR+Vr=
As material is same, so number density of or
free electrons ( n) is same.
 Graphs the internal resistance and the emf of each
cell.
of
Sol. Let E and r be the emf and internal resistance
each cell.
Case I When the cells are in series.
Totalemf of cells= 14E
Total resistance of circuit = 826+ 14r
As emf of cell is independent of extemal
. Current in the circuit is given by
resistanceR 14E
(ii) = 025A
826+ 14r
E- Case Il When the cells are in parallel.
Total emf of cells = E
Total resistanceof circuit = 00534 —
14
Current in the circuit is given by
= 25A ...(ii)
0053
14
As, R increases,V also increases. Dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii), we get
(iii) As, E = V + Ir
0053+
So, at V = 0, r = — Slope — 14(
(826+ 14r)
and at I = O,E 14 x0053+ r
14 x *10 2 = 826+ 14r
14
0.13 When 14 cells in series are connected to
the ends of a resistance of 82.6 Q, then the 53*14+ IOOr=826+ 14r
current is found to be 0.25A. When same Solving, we get
cells after being connected in parallel are r = 009m u IQ
joined to the ends of a resistance of Substituting the value of r in Eq. (i), we get
0.0530, then the current is 25A. Calculate E = L5V

Chapter 4 Moving Charges and Magnetism

0.14 (i) A uniform magnetic field B is set-up Sol. (i) Letcharged particlesenter magnetic field B
along positive X-axis. A particle of with velocityv at an angle Owith the direction
charge q and mass m moving with of magnetic field.
velocity v enters the field at the origin in
XY-plane such that it has velocity
components both along and
perpendicular to magnetic field B Trace Y

giving reason, the trajectory followed

by the particle. Find out the expression
x
for the distance moved by the particle
along the magnetic field in one
rotation. z
(ii) A particle of mass m, charge q Then, because of velocity component vy = vsin O
accelerated by potential Venters charged particle experiences magnetic Lorentz
magnetic field perpendicularly. Derive forceand due to component th = vcos0, it
the expression for radius of trajectory moves along the direction of magnetic field
traced by charge particle. and resultant path will be helical in nature.
 Now, magnetic Lorentz force = Centripetal force
of the magnetic induction dB at point P due to
m (v sin this element is given by
Bqvsin O =

mvsin O

'a
Time taken for one revolution,
o.
27tr 2 ant
...(ii)
vsinO¯ Bq
A.dl' N' Q'
Distance moved along the magnetic field in
helical path,
2nmvcosO Idl sin O Idlsin900 goldl
.(iii) 4,'tr
2

(ii) As, charged particle experiences magnetic dB is perpendicular to plane containing dl

Lorentz force due to which it covers circular and r.)
By symmetry, components of magnetic field
path, so Bqvsin900 = — perpendicular to axis cancel out each other,
mv while components along parallel axis remain in
or .(iv) same direction, so total magnetic field is given
by
1
NOW, —mv2 = qV Idl R
2 B = dBsina =
2qv 1. 21t1R2
m 3 47t 3
47t
(R 2 + x 2 )2
Using Eq. (v) in Eq. (iv), we have
1 2mv (ii) For coil I, ,
B RI = 3cm,xl =4cm, = IA,
+ = 5 cm
0.15 (i) Using Biot-Savart's law, derive an
expression for magnetic field at any For coil L2,
point on axial line of a R: = 4cm, x2 —3cm, 12
current-carrying circular loop. Hence, R2 + = 5cm
find magnitude of magnetic field
For net magnetic field at point O, to be zero,
intensity at the centre of circular coil. current 12must be in opposite direction as that
(ii) TWOco-axial circular loops Ll andL2 of of loop Ll andB1 = B2
radii 3 cm and 4 cm are placed as 27111
2
2
2

shown. What should be the magnitude 47t 47t

and direction of the current in the loop
L 2, so that the net magnetic field at the 1612
point O be zero? 9
— = 12 or 12=0.56 A
16
4 cm
3 crn 16. TWOstraight infinitely long wires are fixed
o in space, so that the current in the left wire
4 cm is 2 A and directed out of the plane of the
page and the current in the right wire is 3 A
and directed into the plane of the page. In
Sol. (i) Magnetic field at the axis Of a circular loop
which region(s) is/are there a point on the
Consider a circular loop of radius R carrying a X-axis, at which the magnetic field is equal
current I with its plane perpendicular to the to zero due to these currents carrying
plane of paper. Consider a small element of wires?
length dl of the coil at point A. magnitude
 Justify your answer. Due t02A, = upward
2ax
Region t Region Il Region Ill Duet03A, B2- upward
21 (d —x)'
3
. Net magnetic field, = upward

Sol. Let d be the distance between two current-carrying The magnetic field in region Ill is
wires, then the magnetic field in the region I at a
point Pat a distance x can be calculated using
figure given below. 2A

Due to 2 A, upward
2A 3A

Due to 3 A, = , downward
, downward 2rtd
2XX 27tx
2
Duet03A. =
x 12
upward . Net magnetic field, 4, = —O

3
downward
• Net magnetic field, 2
2rt x x +d As, the current and hence the magnetic field, due
to 2 A is less than that due to 3 A.
downward
3
The magnetic field in region Il is So, for zero magnetic field, —g —
21 x x+d
2.r + 2d = 3r or x = 2d
2A 3A So, the point lies in region I.

Chapter 5 Magnetism and Matter

0.17 (i) Derive an expression for the force per
unit length between two long straight
parallel current-carrying conductors.
Hence, define SI unit of current.
(ii) The figure shows three infinitely long
straight parallel I current-carrying
conductors. Find the
(a) magnitude and direction of net (a)
magnetic field at point A lying on
conductor 1
(b) magnetic force on conductor 2.

31 2
2

41
3 (b)
Sol. (i) Consider two long thin conductors XIYIand
X2Y2parallel to each other in air or vacuum The magnetic field produced by
separated by distance r as shown in fig. (a). If Current-carrying conductor X2Y2at location Of
and 12are the currents in the wires otherwireXIY1is B2
respectively,then
 (in direction perpendicular to plane of paper
directing inwards) uniform radial magnetic field
Then, force experience per unit length by (ii) phosphore-bronze wire? Define the
conductor XIYIcarrying current Il is terms current sensitivity and voltage
sensitivity of a galvanometer. Why
47t r does increasing the current sensitivity
According to Fleming's left hand rule, magnetic not necessarily increase voltage
force is towards X2Y2and similarly force sensitivity?
experienced by conductor X2Y2carrying Sol. (i) Moving coil galvanometer is used to detect the
current 12,is towards XIYI. current in a circuit. It works on principle that
current-carrying coil placed in uniform
Ihus, magnetic field experiences a torque.
Hence, if currents in parallel conductors are in It consists of a light aluminium frame filled
same direction, force is attractive in nature and with soft iron. Copper coils are wounded on
if currents in parallel conductors are in frame which is suspended between two
concave pole pieces of strong magnet by means
opposite direction, force is repulsive in nature.
of phosphor-bronze wire and other end of
Definition of SI unit of current (Ampere) copper coil is connected to spring which
F _ HL 21112 provides restoring torque.
Concave pole pieces of magnet provides radial
magnetic field in which plane of coil always
remains parallel to magnetic field, so when
and — 2 x 10-7 N/m
current passes through coil, it experiences
maximum forceand makes scale linear.
2 x 10 7 12
Then, 2 x 10-7
1 1

Hence, if two infinitely long parallel C per coil

conductors carrying same current in air or
vacuum separated by distance of I m
experience force per unit length of
2 x 10-7 N/m, then current in each wire is I A. s
(ii) (a) Magnetic field at point A
due to conductor2,

47t r 1

and due to conductor 3, (a)

2(41) y
3r 3r
Net magnetic field,
g 101 s
3r
lies perpendicular to plane of paper
directing inwards. (b)
(b) Magnetic force per unit length on When current I passes through coil placed in
conductor 2 is magnetic field it experiences a torque, which
612
is balanced by restoring torque produced in
4Tt r 47t 2r spring, so Deflecting torque = Restoring
F= 612 torque
121=
411 r BINA = KO
in the direction of wire 1. NBAI

0•18Explain using a labelled diagram, the

principle and working of a moving coil
galvanometer. What is the function of
 where, G = NBA = Galvanometer constant 2V resistances RI , R2 and R 3 ohms
respectively, are required to be
(ii) Phosphor-bronzewire is used becauseit is a
connected in series with the
good conducting material having high tensile
strength and low forceconstant,thus it galvanometer. Obtain the relationship
increases the current sensitivity. between RI , R 2 and R 3
Cument sensitivity It is defined as deflectionof Sol. (i) A galvanometer can be converted into
coil per unit current flowing in coil. Its SI unit voltmeter by connecting high resistance in
is radian/ampere. series with it. The ideal resistance of voltmeter
is infinite.
O NBA
(ii)
Voltage sensitivity It is defined as deflection of
coil per unit potential difference applied across
it. Its SI unit is radian/volt.
vs = VO NBA CS 1

KR R
Let for current I , galvanometer gives full scale
On increasing the number of turns of coil, the deflection, so for measuring V volt
current sensitivity increases but it also
increases the resistance which may not
necessarily increase the voltage sensitivity. For — volt,
2
0.19 (i) Explain how a galvanometer is
...(ii)
converted into an ammeter. What is 2
the ideal resistance of ammeter? and .(iii)
(ii) A galvanometer coil has a resistance Dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii), we get
of 15 Q and it shows full scale ...(iv)
deflection for a current of 4 mA. Putting value of G in Eq. (i), we have
Convert it into an ammeter of range O
to 6 A. 1g ...(v)
= -2R2
sol. (i) By connecting low resistance known as shunt S
Putting values of G and Ig in Eq. (iii), we have
in parallel with coil of galvanometer, an
ammeter is obtained.
2Rl -2R2
-2R2

0.21 A bar magnet of magnetic moment 6 J/T is

alignedat 600with uniformexternal
magnetic field 0.44 T. Calculate
1-1 (i) work done in turning the magnet to
The ideal resistance of ammeter is zero. align its magnetic moment (a) normal
(ii) Given, G = 150, I = 4 x 10-3 A and I to the magnetic field (b) opposite to
IG 4 x 10-3 x 15 magnetic field and
-0.01
Q
1-1 6-4 x 10 3 (ii) the torque on the magnet in the final
orientation in case (b)
Thus, on connecting a shunt Of0.01Q in
parallel with galvanometer, required ammeter Sol. (i) Work done, u = MB Icos01 —cos021
is obtained. (a) u = MB[cos 600 -cos 9001
1
= — x x 0.44= I .32 J
0.20 (i) Explain how a galvanometer is 2
converted into a voltmeter.What is (b) u = MB[cos 600 -cos 18001
the ideal resistance of voltmeter?
= MB -+1 MB=3.96J
(ii) To convert a given galvanometer into
a voltmeter of ranges V, —and 2V (ii) Torque, t = MBsin 0
ForO= 1800, t -6 *0.44 sin 1800 -O
0.22Draw the magnetic field lines for a current (iii) When a ferromagnetic material (Iron) is placed
carrying solenoid when a rod of (i) copper in an internal magnetic field, the field lines are
(ii) aluminium and (iii) iron is inserted highly concentratedinside the material.
within solenoid as shown.

Sol. (i) When a bar of dimagnetic material (copper) is Q.23Write three points of differences between
placed in an external magnetic field, the field para-dia and ferromagnetic materials,
lines are repelled or expelled and the field giving one example for each.
inside the material is reduced.
Sol.
Diamagnetic Paramagnetic Ferromagnetic

001, < 1

(ii) When a bar of paramagnetic material

(Aluminium) is placed in an external field, the
where, cis any positive constant.
field lines gets concentrated inside the material
and the field inside is enhanced. Diamagnetic materials Bi, Cu, Pb, Si, water, NaCl,
nitrogen (at STP)
Paramagnetic materials Al, Na, Ca, Oxygen (at
STP), Copper chloride
s
Ferromagnetic materials Fe, Ni, Co, etc.

Chapter 6 Electromagnetic Induction

24. (i) Derive an expression for the Totalmagnetic flux linked with entire solenoid,
self-inductance Ofa long solenoid. = gonlAnl

(ii) The current flowing through an

inductor of self-inductance L is L Al
continuously increasing. Plot a graph goN2A
...(ii)
showing the variation of
Number of turns N
(a) magnetic flux versus current
length (I)
(b) induced emf versus
dt Self-inductance of a solenoid depends on the
number of turns, area of cross-section of
(c) magnetic potential energy stored solenoid and permeability of the core material.
versus the current.
(ii) (a)
Sol. (i) Consider a solenoid of length I, radius << I)
having n number of turns per unit length. The
magnetic field inside the solenoid when current
I passes through it is B = gonl
Magnetic flux linked with one turn of solenoid

= PonIA
 (b) dl/dt

dt dt
Here, — is increasing. 2
dt
dl/dt turns
turns
1 Magnetic field produced in S2when current 12
(time varying) is passing through it is

Magnetic flux links with one turn of S

= go'J212AI
Here, — is constant. Total magnetic flux links St,
dt
(c)
M1212
M12
M12= Mutual inductance of solenoid Sl with
respect to solenoid S.
Similarly, M21 = g ontn2A2/
u =- L12 If radius of both solenoids are same, then
2
M= = M21
25. (i) Define mutual inductance and write
(ii) For solenoid, B = g onl = g onlosin (Dt
its SI unit. Derive expression for the
mutual inductance of two long Magnetic flux linked with solenoid
co-axial solenoids of same length + = BA = gonIoAsin (Dt
wound one over the other. = on101tr2sin (Dt ...(iii)
(ii) A long solenoid of radius r consists of (a) Induced emf, e =
n turns per unit length. A current dt
(DCOS (Dt
I = 10 sin ot flows in solenoid. A coil of
= — COS(Dt
N turns is wound tightly around it
where, eo = g Nn07tr 2 10
near its centre. What is
(b) Mutual inductance between coil and
(a) the induced emf in the coil,
solenoid, M — = g oNnrtr2
(b) mutual inductancebetween the
solenoid and the coil? 0.26 State Faraday's law of electromagnetic
sol. (i) Whenever changing current is passing through
induction.
a coil, magnetic flux linked with neighbouring
coil changes and induced emf is produced in (ii) A conducting rod of length I with one
neighbouringcoil.Thisphenomenonis known end pivoted is rotated with uniform
as mutual induction. angular speed (Dina vertical plane
Mutual inductance is numerically equal to flux normal to a uniform magnetic field B.
links with secondary coil, when unit current Deduce an expression for the emf
passes through primary coil. The SI unit of induced in the rod. If R is the
mutual inductance is henry. resistance of rod, what is the current
Consider two long co-axialsolenoids each of induced in it ?
length I, radii h, and let n,, n.2be the number Sol. (i) According to Faraday's law of electromagnetic
of turns per unit length respectively.
induction
 (a) As long as magnetic flux linked with coil or "Iheemf induced across the ends of
circuit changes, an emf is induced in the coil or element,
circuit. dil = Bvdx
—
(b) induced emf produced in ex»ilor circuit is
ditvctly proportional to rate of change of But v =
magnetic flux.
dc = dx
dt' The emf inducedacross the rod,
Negative sign indicates that induced ernf acts in
such a manner that it opposes the change in flux.
(ii) Expression for Induced emf in a Rotating Rod
— BCD] xdx
Let a metallic rod OA of length I rotate with angular
velocity in a uniform magnetic field B,the plane of
2
rotation being perpendicular to the magnetic field. X
Consider a small element of length dx at a distance x 2
from centre. If vis the linear velocity of this element, 12
B012
then area swept by the element per second = v dx.
2
-o 2
xxxxx Currentinducedin rod,
2
1 BCD1
x x x xo
If circuit is closed, power dissipated

Chapter 7 Alternating Current

0.27 An AC voltage V = Vo sin cot is applied Applying Kirchhoff's loop rule, V + e
across pure inductor of inductance L . Find or
dt
sin (Dt
the expression for the current flowing in
circuit and show mathematically that J —Qsin (Dtdt
current lags behind voltage by a phase
cos cot
angle of
Explain term inductive reactance. Draw the
graph showing variation of inductive
reactance with frequency of applied AC or I = losin Ot —— ...(iii)
source.
Thus, comparing Eqs. (i) and (iii), it is clear that
Sol. Consider a coil of self-inductance Land negligible
ohmic resistance connected across the source of current lags voltage by phase angle of
alternating ernf, V = Vosinot
Phasor diagram
Induced emf produced in coil is given by
.(ii)
dt

Tt/2

V sinot
 (i) If phase angle = 900i.e., in case of pure
inductor pure capacitor,no power is
consumed by AC circuit as
= vrm, =O
(ii) If phase angle = 00 i.e, in case of pure
900
capacitor, maximum power is consumed in AC
circuit as Pav = Vrms 4mSCOS0 0 = Vrms

Inductive reactance It is defined as opposition to 0.29 (i) An AC source of voltage V = Vo sin (Dtis
the current offeredby pure inductor. connected to a series combination of
L, C and R. Use the phasor diagram to
obtain expressions for impedance of
the circuit and phase angle between
x, voltage and current. Find the
condition when current will be in
phase with the voltage. What is the
for co circuit in this condition called?
In a series LR circuit XL = R and
Thus, L
power factor of the circuit is PI. When
capacitor with capacitance C such that
Q.28A voltage V = Vosin ot is applied to a series XL = Xc is put in series, the power
L-C-Rcircuit. Derive the expression for the factor becomes P.z.Calculate
average power dissipated over a cycle.
Under what condition is (i) no power Sol Impedance The opposition offered by the
dissipated even though the current flows combinationOfa resistor and reactive
through the circuit, (ii) maximum power component to the flow of AC is called
dissipated in the circuit? impedance. Mathematically,it is the ratio of
Sol. We have, V = Vosinot and i iosin (0t + 4) rms voltage applied and rms current produced
in circuit i.e., Z =
and instantaneous power, P = Vi
= Vosinot • iosin (ot + 4) Its unit is ohm (Q).
= Voiosinmt sin (cot + $) Expression for Impedance in L-C-R series
= —Voi02sinot •sin (ot + 4) circuit Suppose resistance R. inductance Land
capacitanceC,are connectedin series and an
From trigonometric formula, alternating source of voltage V = Vosinmt is
applied across it (fig. a). In series, circuit
2sin Asin B —B) —cos(A+ B) current is same but potentialacross them is
Instantaneous power, different.
P = —Voio(cos(Ot —ojt —4) c
—cos(ot + ++ ojt))
1
— Voio[cos + —cos (20t +
2
Average power for complete cycle, V—VOsin cot
= —Voio[cos$ —cos (20t + 4)) (a)

where, cos (0t + 4)is the mean value of

cos (20t + 4) over complete cycle. But for a
complete cycle, cos (20t + 4) = O.
900
Average power, pav= —Q—Q-
cos

= COS+ = Vrms inns COS

(b)
 VRand (Vc —VI) are mutually perpendicular 0.30 AC voltage E = Eo sin (Dtis applied across
and the phase diffetvnce between them is 900.
As applied voltage across the circuit is V, the capacitor of capacitance C. Find the
resultant of VRand (Vc —VI) will also be V. expression for the current flowing in circuit
From fig. (b). and show mathematically that current
leads voltage by a phase angle of
Explain the term capacitive reactance.
= Ri, = XO Draw the graph showing variation of
capacitive reactance with frequency of
where, Xc = — = capacitancereactanceand
1
applied AC source.
= inductive reactance.
XL = COL Sol. Consider a source of alternating emf
E = Eosincot
h, = (Ri)2 + (Xci-XLi) 2
is applied across a capacitor of capacitanceC
Impedancx•
of circuit,
c

i.e., Z- R2 + (Xc-XL) 2
2 E = Eosin
1

Then, q = CE = CFOinot
Instantaneouscurrent,
= CFO (Dt)
Foin(ot + 4) dt
2
1 (DCEO COS (Dt

The phase difference(+)between current and

voltage is given by
1 sin ot + —
tan =
-s tan 1=10 sin (Dt + —
. At resonance, XL = Xc
1
Thus, comparing Eqs. (i) and (ii), it is clear that
current leads the voltage by phase angle of —
1
Resonant angular frequency, = Phasor diagram
LC

Resonantfrequency,f =

(ii) In L-R circuit if XL = R, then

= RVi
Power factor,

Now, XL = X c, then
4 = R2 + (XL XL)2

So, new power factor,

 Capacitive reactance It is defined as opposition to are fixed to the shaft which rotates the
the current offered by pure capacitor. armature coil, so that the rings also rotate along
with the armature.
(iv) BrushesThese are two flexiblecarbon rods
(Bl and [32)which are fixed and constantly
touch the revolving rings. The output current
in external load RI.is taken through these
brushes.
Working When the armature coil is rotated in
the strong magnetic field, the magnetic flux
or linked with the coil changes and the current is
1 1
induced in the coil, its direction being given by
Fleming'sright hand rule.
oc - Lyc
1
Thus,
c Armature coil

0.31 State the working of ACgenerator with the

help of a labelled diagram.
The coil of an AC generator having N turns, s
Field
each of area A, is rotated with a constant ma t
angular velocity Deduce the expression
for the alternating emf generated in the
coil. What is the source of energy
generation in this device?
Slip rings Brushes Load
Sol. AC generator A dynamo or generator is a device
which converts mechanicalenergy into electrical
energy.
Principle It works on the principle of
electromagnetic induction. When a coil rotates in a Expressionfor Induced emf When the coil is
magnetic field, the effective area of the coil linked rotated with a constant angular speed the
normally with the magnetic field lines, changes angle Obetween the magnetic field vector Band
with time. This result in the productionof an the area vector A of the coil at any instant t is
alternatingemf in the coil. 0 = (Dt(assuming 0 = 00 att = O).As a result, the
effective area of the coil exposed to the
Construction It consists of the four main parts. magnetic field lines changes with time, the flux
(i) Field Magnet In the case of a low power dynamo, at any timet is = BAcosO= BAcosot
the magnetic field is generated by a permanent Induced emf produced,
magnet, while in the case of large power dynamo,
the magnetic field is produced by an NBAosin
ot
dt
electromagnet.
e = eosinot
(ii) Armature It consistsof a large number of turns
of insulated wire wounded on the soft iron where,eo= NBA(Dismaximum value of
drum. It can revolve round an axle betweenthe induced emf. If R is resistance of coil, then
two poles of the field magnet. The drum serves induce current is i —0 sin ot = %sin (Dt
the two purposes: (a) It serves as a support to
coils and (b) It increases the magnetic field as Moving coil galvanometer cannot measure
air core gets replaced by an iron core. current in AC generator because average value
(iii) Slip Rings The slip rings RIand R2are the two of AC over complete cycle is zero.
metal rings connected to armature. These rings
Chapter8 ElectromagneticWaves
0.32 (i) Derive the lens formula for a thin Dividing throughout by uvf, we get
concave lens, using the necessary ray 1
diagram.
(ii) Define power of lens. Write its units. This is the required lens formula.
1 1 1 (ii) Power of lens It is the reciprocal of focal length
Deduce the relation — for of a lens.
two thin lenses kept in contact P = —(f is in metre)
co-axially.
Unit of power of a lens is Diopter.
Sol. (i) The formation of image by a concave lens Lis
shown in figure. AB is object and A' B' is the An object is placed at point O. The lens
image. Triangles ABOand A' B'Oare similar, produces an image at Il which serves as a
virtual object for lens 12which produces final
AB 0B image at I.
A'B' 0B' As, the lenses are thin. The optical centres( P)
Also triangles NOF and A B' F are similar, of the lenses and are co-incident.
NO OF

But AB
AB OF
...(ii) o
Comparing Eq. (i) and Eq. (ii), we get
0B OF 0B OF
0B' - FB' Off OF- 0B
For lens L,, we have
1 1 1

For lens 12,we have

1 1
... (ii)

Adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

1 1 1 1 1

Using sign conventions of coordinate geometry,

where, f is effectivefocal length of lens
—u combination.
Thus, —= — + — 1

fflf2
Chapter9 Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
0.33Draw the labelled ray diagram for the magnification produced by eyepiece is 5.
formation of image by compound The microscope is focussed on certain
microscope. Write its magnifying power object. The distance between the objective
when image is formed at near point. and eye piece is 14 cm. If least distance of
The total magnification produced by distinct vision is 20 cm, calculate the focal
compound microscope is 20. The length of the objective and the eye-piece.
 sol. (i) Diagram of astronomical
telescope when image
Sol. Diagram of compound microscope. distinct vision.
is formed at the least distance of
Eye-piece
Objective Eyepiece
Objective
Eye
A"

B'

R"
1 1
Magnifying power, M = —fo — +
Magnifying power, m
In normal adjustment when final image is
Here, M = —20,me = 5, Ve= —20cm fo
formed at infinity, M
For eye piece, me = -g
1.4. = —30cm,
(ii) For first lens,
-20 -20 = —4cm
5
From lens formula,
Using lens formula, 1 1 1
1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 3-1
1 1 1 10 30 30
20 +4 = fe
th = 15cm
-1+5 1
20
5 cm The image formed by the first lens serves as the
Objectfor the second. This is at a distance of
Now, total magnification, (15—5)cm = I()cm to the right of the second
lens. Though the image is real, it serves as a
virtual object for the second lens.
For second lens, h = —10 cm,
Also, vo I I 14
= IOcm
14
1 1 1 1 1

t'2 h 10 10

10 10 The virtual image is formed at an infinite

distance to the left of the second lens. This acts
as an object for the third lens.
0.34 (i) Draw a neat labelled diagram of a For third lens, f3 = + 30 cm, = cc
1 1 1 1 1
astronomical telescope for the formation From lens formula, —
of image at near point. Write its t'2f3t% 30
magnifying power. v3 = 30 cm
(ii) Find the position of the image formed The final image is formed at a distance 30 cm to
of an object ' O' by the lens the right of third lens.
combination given in the figure. 0.35 State two main considerations taken
10cm —10
cm +30 cm into account while choosing the
objective of astronomical telescope.
Draw a ray diagram of reflecting type
telescope. State its magnifying power.
30 cm
(iii) State the advantages of reflecting type
telescope over the refracting type.
Sol. (i) Ille main ex»nsiderations
for choosingthe sol. Let EFbe the incident ray which deviates while
objectiveof astmnotnical telescope ate passing through prism followingpath EFGHas
(a) the aperture of objective lens is kept large, shown in figure. If 6 is the angle of deviation, then
so that it may collect sufficient light to form
a bright image of a distant object.
(b) the focal length of objective is kept large, so
that the magnifying power is high. 6
(ii) 6
Obpective
Secondary m 1rror
mirror
Eyepiece
InAOFG,
If fo and f, are the focal lengths of objective = ZOFG + ZOGF
and eye piece respectively, then magnifying
power When the image is formed at the least
distanceof distinct vision,
In AOFN,
h + h + N=180 0
In quadrilateral PFNG,
If final image is formed at infinity, m = —g.
A + ZPFN + N + ZPGN = 3600
or A + 9001...(iii)
(iii) The advantages of reflecting type telescope
over refracting type telescope are From, Eq. (ii) and Eq. (iii)
(a) large light gathering power, high resolving ..(iv)
power and large magnifying power. Hence, Eq. (i) becomes
(b) as mirrors are used, so it is free from
chromatic aberration.
(c) spherical aberration can be removed by
using proper concave parabolic mirror.
6 Willbe minimum at = i2 i
0.36Drawa graph to show the angle of SO, ...(v)
deviationöwith the variation of angle of 2
incidencei for a monochromatic ray of and at = i2,h =r
light passing through prism of refracting
So,
angle A. Deduce the relation,
A + öm
sin
2 sin i 2
Hence, n =
sin r
sin 2
2

Chapter10 Wave Optics

fringe, the intensity of bright fringes goes on
0.37 (i) Draw the intensity pattern for a single decreasing.
slitdiffractionand doubleslit
interference for the fringes produced Intensity
in interference.
(ii) Statethe differencebetween
interference and diffraction.
SOI•(i) Intensity pattern for single slit diffraction. -21 .31.
a a a a a
The central bright fringe has maximum
intensityand as we move away from central
 Intensity pattern for double slit Interference Now, in right-angled triangles ABB' and AA' B'
Ihe intensity of all bright fringes are same. ZABB' = ZAN = 900 (each)
Intensity
AB' AB' (common)
Hence, triangles are congruent.
so, ZBAB' = ZAB'A'
a a a 2 2
which is the law of reflection.
(ii) Interference Diffraction
0.39 Use Huygens' principle to show how a
Fringe width of Fringe width of central
all fringes are bright fringe is double as
plane wavefront propagates from a denser
same. compared to other fringes. to rarer medium. Hence, verify Snell's law
of refraction.
Intensity of all Intensity of bright fringes
bright fringes are goes on decreasingas we Sol. We assume a plane wavefront ABpropagating in
move away from central densermedium incidenton the interface PP' at
fringe. angle i as shown in figure. Let t be the time taken
by the wavefront to travel a distance BC If th is the
Good contrast Poor contrast between bright
speed of the light in medium I
between bright and dark fringes,
and dark fringes. Incident
Maxima occurs at Minima occurs at On= d wavefron
Medium
O = nil d (Denser)

0.38 Define the term wavefront. Using Huygens' MediumIl

(Rarer)
wave theory, verify the laws of reflection. Refracted
Sol. Wavefront It is defined as locus of all particles of a E avefront
medium vibrating in same phase
Laws of reflection by Huygens' principle so, BC =
Considera plane wavefrontABincidenton mirror In order to find the shape of the refracted
XY at point A at an angle of incidence i. According wavefront, we draw a sphere of radius AE = V2t,
to Huygens' principle, all particles on ABlie in where is the speed of light in medium Il (rarer
same phase acting as secondary wavelengths, so if medium). The tangent plane CErepresents the
in time t light reaches from B to B, then in same refracted wavefront.
time light reaches from A to A' such that BC
AA' In AABCsin i = — =
AC AC
With A as centre draw an arc of radius AA', then AE =
tangent A' B' represents reflected wavefront. In AACEsin r =
AC AC
c sini BC th
(refractive index)
sin r AE
which is Snell's law Ofrefraction.
x. B'

Chapter 11 Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter

0.40 Find the ratio of the de-Broglie (iii) are accelerated through the same
wavelengths associated with an alpha potential difference.
particle and a proton, if both Sol. (i) As fromde-Brogliewavelength,
(i) have the same speeds, [v = Same)
p
(ii) have the same kinetic energy,
1
h 4
 (ii) We know, p — IKE Satncl From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
2"HKEj; hc-+0+2
'-+0
2hc
- 2+0
2hc he
2qv
(iii) And (V = Same)
For threshold wavelength Xo,kinetic energy,
hc
K O,and work function+0= —
2qpv hc 2hc hc
mp 2qaV
1 2 1
1

0.41Write Einstein's photoelectric equation.

212-
Stateclearly the three salient features hc(2X2 - RI)
Work function, +0 =
observed in photoelectric effect which can
be explained on the basis of this equation.
The maximum kinetic energy of the 0.42 Determine the value of the de-Broglie
photoelectrons gets doubled when the wavelength associated with the electron
wavelength of light incident on the surface orbiting in the ground state of hydrogen
13.6 ev and Bohr
changes from to X2. atom (Given, En —
n2
Derivethe expression for the threshold radius ro = 0.53 Å). How will the de-Broglie
wavelength and work function for the wavelength change when it is in the first
metal surface. excited state?
Sol. Einstein's photoelectric equation, hv = hvo + evo Sol. In ground state, the kinetic energy of the electron
where,v = incident frequency, vo = threshold is
frequencyand % = stopping potential +13.6ev
1
(i) Incident energy of photon is used in two ways
(a) to liberate electron from the metal surface = 13.6 x 1.6 x 10 J
(b) rest of the energy appears as maximum -2.18 x 10 J
energy of electron.
de-Broglie wavelength,
(ii) Only one electron can absorb energy of one h
photon. Hence, increasing intensity increases p 2mK1
the number of electrons, hence current.
(iii) If incident energy is less than work function, 6.63 x 10 34
then no emission of electrons will take place. 2 x9.1 x 10 x 2.18x 10
(iv) Increasing v (incident frequency) will increase -0.33 x 10-9 m -0.33 nm
maximum kinetic energy of electrons but
number of electrons emitted will remain same. Kinetic energy in the first excited state (n = 2)
For wavelength m,
4
hc
de-Broglie wavelength,
h 2h
where, K = evo
For wavelength X2,
hc = 0.66 nm
...(ii)
Chapter 12 Atoms
0.43 (i) Using Bohr's atomic model, derive an ...(iii)
4x kZe m
expression for the radius and velocity
of nth orbit of the revolving electron Using Eq. (iii) in Eq. (ii), we have
in a hydrogenatom. nh 4r 2kZe2m
v x
= 2ntn
(ii) Also derive the expession for total
2,tkZe2 ...(iv)
energy of electron in the stationary
state of the hydrogen atom.
(iii) Using Bohr's model, obtain the (ii) Kinetic energy of electron
kZe2
expression for the frequency of KE = —mv2 = [From Eq. (i))
radiation emitted when atommakes _ -kZe2
transition from the higher energy k (Ze)
state with quantum number ni to the
lower energy state with quantum So, total energy of electron,
number nf. (nf < 'ti) kze2
Sol. (i) According to Bohr's model of hydrogen atom, Ir
electrostaticforceof attractionbetweennucleus kZe2 .
2R2kZ.e2m
and electron provides required centripetal
force by electron to revolve around nucleus.
from Eq. (iii) (For hydrogen atom Z = I)
SO,
2%2mk2e4 13.6
kZe2 mv2

kZe2 (iii)
...O)
27t mk 24
e 1 1
According to Bohr's second postulate
rtvr = — 1 1
27t ...(vi)
nh
2nmr
where, R = Rydberg constant
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have 2n2mk2e4
kZe2 ntn2h2
h3c

13 Nuclei
0.44 Draw a diagram to show the variation of 2. The nuclei having mass number 56 and about
binding energy per nucleon with mass 56 have maximum binding energy —8.8MeV
and so they are most stable.
numberfor differentnucleiand mention
its two features. Why do lighter nuclei 3. Some nuclei have peaks, e.g., {He, 162C, 160;
usually undergo nuclear fusion? this indicates that these nuclei are relatively
more stable than their neighbours.
Sol. The variation of binding energy per nucleon
versusmass number is shown in graph. (i) Explanation of constancy of binding
energy Nuclear force is short ranged, so
Inferences from graph are as follows every nucleon interacts with its
l. The nuclei having mass number below 20 and neighbours only,therefore binding energy
above 180have relatively small binding energy per nucleonremainsconstant.
and hence they are unstable.
 Explanation of nuclear fission When a sol. (i) The radius Rof nucleus relatedto its mass
heavy nucleus (A > 235say) breaks into number is given by
two lighter nuclei (nuclear fission),the
binding energy per nucleon increasesi.e, R = R) AS Where,
nucleonsget more tightly bound.'Illis
implies that energy would be released in 1%-1.1 m
nuclear fission. NOW,density of nucleus is given by
9.0 Mass of nucleus
Volume of nucleus
mA 3 3m
,tR3 41tRå,4
6.0
3
5.0 where, m is mass of one nucleon.
4.0 Hence, nuclear density is independent of mass
number.
3.0
(ii) The graph between potential energy versus
2.0 distance between pair of nucleons is as shown
10
in figure.
Conclusions
0.0
0 20 40 60 so 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 (a) The potential energy is minimum at a
MassNumber—y distance roof about 0.8 fm.
(b) Nuclear force is attractive for distance
Explanation of nuclear fusion When two very larger than ro.
light nuclei (A 10)join to form a heavy nucleus,
the binding energy per nucleon of fused heavier
nucleus is more than the binding energy per
nucleon of lighter nuclei, so again energy would
be released in nuclear fusion.

0.45 (i) Show that the density of nucleus over +100

sive :
a wide range of nuclei is constant and
independent of mass number. MeV

(ii) Draw a graph showing the variation of

potential energy between a pair of Attractive
nucleons as a function of their -100 rol 2 3 4
separation. Indicate the regions in which
nuclear force is (a) attractive
(b) repulsive. Write two important (c) Nuclear force is repulsive, if two are
separated by distance less than ro.
conclusions which you can draw
regarding the nature of nuclear force. (d) Nuclear force decreases very rapidly at
ro/equilibrium position.

Chapter 14 Semiconductor Electronics

Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits
0•46 (i) Distinguish between intrinsic and Sol. (i)
extrinsic semiconductors. Intrinsic
semiconductor semiconductor
(ii) Explain how the heavy doping of both
I. It is a It is a semiconductor
p and n sides of a p-n junction diode doped with trivalentor
semiconductorin
results in the electric field of the pure form pentavalent impurity
junction being extremely high even atoms.
with a reverse bias voltage of few
volts.
 of electrons on rside of the
field causes motion motion of holes on
Intrinsic Extrinsic junction to "-side and
a drift currentstarts.
semiconductor semiconductor
Ofjunctionto rside. Thus,
to the direction of
2. Intrinsiccharge In "-type This current is opposite
camers, i.e„ semiconductor, diffusion current.
electrons and holes electrons concentration V Potentialbarrier
have equal is more, while in p-type
concentration. semiconductor,holes
concentrationis more. o 0 oo
3. Current caused by Current due to charge o o o o 0
charge carriersis of carriersis of the order
order of BA. Of mA. o o oo0

(ii) As pand n sections of p-n junction diode are Depletion

heavily doped, more diffusion of electrons layer
from to p-region and holes from
p-region to n -region takes place forming
Potential barrier During the formation Ofa p-n
depletion layer very thin of order of 1 gm. So,
junction, the electrons diffuse from pyregion to
electric field directing from pyregionto pregion
is very large. For reverse bias voltage of 5 volt
pregion and holesdiffuse from pregion to
n-region. This forms recombination of charge
carriers.In this processimmobile positive ions
Ax 1pm are collectedat a junctiontoward pyregionand
= 5 106 V/m negative ions at a junction towards pregion.
This causes a potential difference across the
'.47 Describe briefly, with the help Ofa diagram, unbiased junction. This is called potential
the role of the two important processes barrier.
involved in the formation of a p-n junction.
0.48 Draw the circuit diagram for studying V-I
Sol. Twoimportant processesoccurringduring the characteristics of p-n junction diode (i) in
formationof a p-njunctionare (i) diffusionand (ii)
drift. forward bias and (ii) in reverse bias. Draw
typical V-Icharacteristics of a silicon diode.
(i) Diffusion In n-type semiconductor, the
concentrationof electronsis much greateras Explain the term "breakdown voltage in
compared to concentration of holes; while reverse bias"
in p-type semiconductor, the Sol. (i) Forward bias The circuit diagram of p-n
concentrationof holes is much greater junction diode in forward bias is as shown in
than the concentration of electrons. When figure.Ihe externalelectric field acts opposite
a p-n junction is formed, then due to to internal field, so width of depletion layer
concentrationgradient, the holes diffuse decreases.The current set up in diode is due to
from rside to (p—+n) and electrons both type of majority charge carriers but in
diffuse from "-side to rside extemal circuit it is due to electrons only.
ThismotionOfchargecarriersgivesrise to Since,current is due to diffusion of majority
diffusioncurrentacrossthe junction. charge carriers, so it is of order offew
Electrondiffusion milliamperes.
Electrondrift

Forwardbiasing
Reversecurrent
Hole HolediffusiorElectron
Holedrift (ii) Reverse bias The circuit diagram of p-n
junction diode in reverse bias is as shown in
(ii) Drift The drift of chargecarriersoccursdue to figure. Here, external electric field favours the
electricfield.Dueto built in potentialbarrier, internal electric field, so width of potential
an electricfielddirectedfromn-regionto barrier increases. As reverse bias opposes the
p-region is developed across the junction. This motionof majority charge carriers but aids the
 minority charge carriers to move across band in which electrons are not found is
junction. Hence, current is very small of order called energy gap (E s
of PA. In reverse bias, current within junction
is due to both types of minority charge carriers i(Conduction Band)
but in external circuit it is due to electrons.

R p

Reverse biasing
Reversecurrent Band)

Characteristicsof a p-n junction diode Ihe

graph of voltage V versuscurrent I in forward What is the order of energy band gap
bias and reverse bias Ofa p-'t junction is shown of an insulator?
in the figure.
Avalanchebreakdown or breakdown A radiation of wavelength 300 nm is
voltage If the reverse bias is made sufficientlv used to shift the electron from valence
high, the covalent bonds near the junction band to conduction band. What is the
breakdown releasing free electrons and holes. energy band gap of the material?
These electrons and holes gain sufficient (iii) The separation between valence band
energy to break other covalent bonds. Illus, a and conductionband is 10ev Find the
large number of electrons and holes get free.
wavelength of the radiation used to
The reverse current increases abruptly to high
value. ms is called Avalanche break down and transfer electron from valence band
may damage the junction. conductionband.
(iv) Which band is responsible for current
flow in a semiconductor in presence
Forward
I (mA)
of external field?
bias
Avalanche
Sol. (i) order of energy band gap ( Es) of an
breakdown insulator is greater than 3 eV.Thus, more
energy is required to move the electrons from
valance bond to conduction band.
Reverse (ii) Given. = 300 nm
bias -300x10- m
hc
Energy band gap, E.s=

0.49According to Bohr's atomic model and the €63 x3x10S

concept of electronic configuration of an 300x10- x 16x10-
isolated atom, the electrons have well (iii) Given, E.s= IOeV, ?
defined energy levels in isolated atom. But,
due to interatomic interaction in a crystal,
the electrons of the outer shells are forced x3x10S
to have energies different from those in -s 10 x
isolated atoms. Each energy level splits into
a number of energy level splits into a = 1243nm
number of energy levels forming a (iv) In the energy band diagram. conduction band
continuous band. The gap between top of is responsible for current flow in a
semiconductor in presence of applied electric
valence band and bottom of conduction
field.
Q.50If each diode in figure has a forward bias ABis parallel to EF.
resistance of 25 0 and infinite resistance in So, resultant resistance,
reverse bias, what will be the values of the 1

currents Il , 12, I g and 14?

2
125Q 150
150 150
125Q R' - 750
c Total resistance, R = R' + 75+ 1000
12 125Q
Current, Il = — = 0.05A
R 100
25
= + 13 [here, 13—01
So, Il = 14+12
Here, the resistances RIand R2are same.
Sol. Given, forward biased resistance = 25Q
i.e. 14 = 12
Reverse biased resistance = h = 212
As the diode in branch CD is in reverse biased | 005
12 = -L = = 0.025 A
which having resistance infinite, 2 2
So, 13-o and 14 = 0.025 A
Resistance in branch AB = 25+ 125= 1500 =O.05A, 12-0.025 A 13
Thus,
(say )
14= 0.025 A
Resistance in branch EF = 25 + 125 = 150Q
(say R:)