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INTRODUCTION
TO
BIOCHEMISTRY
NCM 100
Prepared by:
Mr. Mohammad Asar H. Obin
Instructor
BIG
Biology
Biochemistry
Chemistry
Physics
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Biochemistry Origin
Formation
Describe Function
Deficiency
Symptoms
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Louis Pasteur
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Biochemistry
• Known as Biological Chemistry
• The study of the chemical processes within, and
relating to living organisms.
• Expanded definition: The science concerned
with the chemical constituents of living cells and
with the reactions and processes they undergo.
• Principle classes of biomolecules are:
Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acid
ExpectationBIG
vs. Reality
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BIG
Biochemistry is the chemistry of living organisms. In biochemistry,
chemical reactions are studied at the molecular level of organisms.
Living organism have certain extraordinary properties and all of
these can be interpreted in chemical terms
Biochemistry
Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acid
Diabetes Mellitus Atherosclerosis Sickle cell anemia Diagnosis of genetic
(Blood sugar testing) (Lipid profile test) (Hematology) diseases
(PCR testing)
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BIOCHEMISTRY IN OUR DAILY
LIVES
Physicians are faced
with biochemistry
everyday; all diseases Impact of the human
are associated with Genome project on
abnormalities in Biochemistry,
biochemistry. Biology, & Medicine
Nutritionists evaluate The pharmaceutical
dietary needs based industry designs
on biochemistry. molecules that mimic
or alter the action of
biomolecules.
BIOCHEMISTRY
IS IMPORTANT
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What are the 4 biomolecules?
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acid
WE TYPICALLY GET BIOMOLECULES FROM FOOD…
THIS IS WHY WE MUST EAT IN THE FIRST PLACE!
THE BIOMOLECULES SERVE TO KEEP ORGANISMS ALIVE.
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#1: CARBOHYDRATES
ARE SUGARS!
We get 4 kilocalories per gram
of carb that we eat!
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What are Carbohydrates?
Most common organic molecule
Function: Primary energy source our body
needs
Elements present: C, H, O (1:2:1 ratio)
IMPORTANT!
Monomer (building block):
Monosaccharides (Glucose is most common)
Polymer: Polysaccharides (starch, Glycogen,
Cellulose, Chitin)
Examples: Chocolate, Bread, Pasta, Fruits,
Vegetables (ALL FROM PLANTS!!!)
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Sugars that make up Carbs
Single sugar: monosaccharide
Ex: glucose , fructose (in fruits)
2 monosaccharides: disaccharide
Ex: maltose, sucrose
3+ monosaccharides: polysaccharide
Ex: Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, and Chitin
I am a
polysaccharide!
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Types of polysaccharides
Starch:
Used for energy storage in plants
Potatoes, pasta and rice are starches
They provide a quick form of energy for the
body
I am
formed in
the Liver!
Glycogen:
• Used for energy storage in animals
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More Polysaccharides
Cellulose:
• Provides structural
support in plants (found
in the cell wall)
GIVES US FIBER!!!
Chitin:
• Found in exoskeletens of
arthropods (insects,
spiders)
• Found in cell wall of
some fungi
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Structure of Carbohydrates
• Remember: Elements are C, H, and O
• Primarily in a Ring shape (but not always)
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Take a minute to find the word that
does NOT belong. Raise your hand,
do not shout out!
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#2: LIPIDS
ARE FATS
We get 9 kcals per gram
Of fat that we consume.
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Lipids
Function: Store energy, Insulates
your body, and make up the cell
membrane!
Elements: C-H-O
Monomer (Building blocks):
glycerol & 3 fatty acids
Polymer: Phospholipids,
triglycerides
Example: Steroids, cholesterol, fats,
Oils, Nuts, Waxes, and make up part
of the cell membrane!
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Lipids
Lipids are Hydrophobic (water fearing) and do
not dissolve in water!
Important!
• Lipids can be:
• Saturated: The bonds between all the carbons
are single bonds.
•Solid at room temperature
•Mainly animal fats (bacon grease, lard)
• Unsaturated: There is at least one double or
triple bond between carbons present.
•Liquid at room temperature
•Mainly plant based fats (olive oil, peanut oil) as well as
oily fish (Tuna, Sardines)
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Lipid Structure
Ø Remember:
Elements
present are
C, H, O
Ø Long strands Saturated Fats
of Carbon
and
Hydrogen
Unsaturated Fats
CALLED
HYDROCARBONS!
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does NOT belong. Raise your hand,
do not shout out!
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BIOMOLECULES PART 2
PROTEINS AND NUCLEIC ACIDS!
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#3: PROTEINS
BUILD US
We get 4 kcals per gram
Of protein that we consume.
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Proteins
• Function of proteins
• Transport molecules in and out of the cell
• Control the speed of chemical reactions
• Used for growth and repair
Proteins make up the structure of living things…
Hair, nails, skin, bones, muscle, etc are all built by protein!
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Proteins NITROGEN IS PRESENT, NOW!
Elements: C-H-O-N
Monomer (Building Block):
amino acids (20 different
ones!)
Polymer: proteins (tons)
Examples of proteins:
hemoglobin in red blood
cells, albumin in eggs,
enzymes that control
reactions in the body, and
antibodies
Found in: fish, eggs, meat
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Protein Structure
Ø Remember: Elements are C, H, O, and N
Ø “R” groups represent one of the 20 Amino
Acids! (so, each amino acid has something
different in that spot)
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Why are amino acids important?
• When groups of amino acids are joined
together a protein is formed
• There are 20 kinds of amino acids
• They consist of a carboxyl group (COOH)
and an amino group NH2
• Peptide bonds form between amino acids
(polypeptide = many peptide bonds = protein!)
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Take a minute to find the word that
does NOT belong. Raise your hand,
do not shout out!
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#4: NUCLEIC ACIDS
These biomolecules are not
necessarily from food
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Nucleic acids
Function:
• Provide our genetic information
• Holds the instructions to make proteins.
Elements: C-H-O-N-P
Monomer : nucleotides
• A nucleotide is made up of:
• Sugar
• Phosphate
• Nitrogen Base: A, T, G, C, or U
Polymer: DNA, RNA and ATP
Energy
Genetic
carrier
code! Recipe for
proteins
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Structure of Nucleic Acid
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that does NOT belong. Raise your
hand, do not shout out!
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