1.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
INDEX
2.CERTIFICATE
3.TOPIC
4.POINT MASS
5.REFRENCE SYSTEMS
6.DISTANCE
7.TYPES OF MOTION
8.DISPLACEMENT
9.DISPLACEMENT AND DISTANCE
10.UNIFORM SPEED AND UNIFORM VELOCITY
11.VARIABLE SPEED AND VARIABLE VELOCITY
12.AVERAGE SPEED AND AVERAGE VELOCITY
13.INSTANTANEOUS SPEED AND VELOCITY
14.UNIFORM AND INSTANTANEOUS ACCELARATION
15.KINEMATICAL GRAPHS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I AM GRATEFULL TO MY PHYSICS
TEACHER_____________
FOR THE INVALUABLE GUIDANCE AND FEEDBACK
PROVIDED THROUGHOUT THIS PROJECT.

TEACHERS SIGNATURE
 CERTIFICATE

THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT __________________ STUDENT OF CLASS XI

HAS SUCCESFULLY COMPLETED THE PROJECT
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF ________________________.

TEACHERS SIGNATURE STUDENTS NAME

Motion in a Straight Line
 Motion is one of the significant topics in physics. Everything in the
universe moves. It might only be a small amount of movement and
very-very slow, but movement does happen. Even if you appear to be
standing still, the Earth is moving around the sun, and the sun is moving
around our galaxy.
“An object is said to be in motion if its position changes with time”.
The concept of motion is a re’ live one and a body that may be in
motion relative to one reference system, may be at rest relative to
another.
There are two branches in physics that examine the motion of an
object.
(i) Kinematics: It describes the motion of objects, without looking at the
cause of the motion.
(ii) Dynamics: It relates the motion of objects to the forces which cause
them
 POINT MASS

If the length covered by the objects are very large in

comparison to the size of the objects, the objects are
considered point objects.
 REFRENCE SYSTEMS

The motion of a particle is always described with respect to a

reference system. A reference system is made by taking an
arbitrary point as origin and imagining a co-ordinate system to
be attached to it. This co-ordinate system chosen for a given
problem constitutes the reference system for it. We generally
choose a co-ordinate system attached to the earth as the
reference system for most of the problems.
 Total Path Length (Distance)

For a particle in motion the total length of the actual path

traversed between initial and final positions of the particle
is known as the ‘total path length’ or distance covered by
it.
For a particle in motion the total length of the actual path
traversed between initial and final positions of the particle
is known as the ‘total path length’ or distance covered by
it.
 TYPES OF MOTION
In order to completely describe the motion of an object, we need to specify
its position. For this, we need to know the position co-ordinates. In some
cases, three position co-ordinates are required, while in some cases two or
one position co-ordinate is required.
Based on these, motion can be classified as:
(i) One dimensional motion. A particle moving along a straight-line or a path
is said to undergo one dimensional motion. For example, motion of a train
along a straight line, freely falling body under gravity etc.
(ii) Two dimensional motion. A particle moving in a plane is said to undergo
two dimensional motion. For example, motion of a shell fired by a gun,
carrom board coins etc.
(iii) Three dimensional motion. A particle moving in space is said to undergo
three dimensional motion. For example, motion of a kite in sky, motion of
aeroplane etc.
 Displacement

displacement of a particle in a given time is defined as the

change in the position of particle in a particular direction
during that time. It is given by a vector drawn from its initial
position to its final position.
 Factors Distinguishing Displacement from Distance

—> Displacement has direction. Distance does not have

direction.
—> The magnitude of displacement can be both positive and
negative.
—> Distance is always positive. It never decreases with time.
—> Distance ≥ | Displacement |
 Uniform Speed and Uniform Velocity

Uniform Speed. An object is said to move with uniform speed if

it covers equal distances in equal intervals of time, howsoever
small these intervals of time may be.
Uniform Velocity. An object is said to move with uniform
velocity if it covers equal displacements in equal intervals of
time, howsoever small these intervals of time may be.
 Variable Speed and Variable Velocity

Variable Speed. An object is said to move with variable speed if

it covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time, howsoever
small these intervals of time may be.
Variable Velocity. An object is said to move with variable velocity
if it covers unequal displacements in equal intervals of time,
howsoever small these intervals of time may be.
 Average Speed and Average Velocity

Average Speed. It is the ratio of total path length traversed and

the corresponding time interval.
Or
 Instantaneous Speed and Instantaneous Velocity
Instantaneous Speed. The speed of an object at an instant of
time is called instantaneous speed.
Or
Instantaneous speed is the limit of the average speed as the time
interval becomes infinitesimally small”.
Instantaneous velocity.
The instantaneous velocity of a particle is the velocity at any
instant of time or at any point of its path.
or
“Instantaneous velocity or simply velocity is defined as the limit
of the average velocity as the time interval Δt becomes
infinitesimally small.”
 Acceleration
The rate at which velocity changes is called acceleration
.
 Uniform Acceleration
If an object undergoes equal changes in velocity in equal time intervals it is
called uniform acceleration.
• Average and Instantaneous Acceleration
Average Accelerating. It is the change in the velocity divided by the time-
interval during which the change occurs.
 Instantaneous Acceleration.

It is defined as the limit of the average acceleration as the time-

interval Δt goes to zero.
 KINEMATICAL GRAPHS

The ‘displacement-time’ and the ‘velocity-time’ graphs of a particle are often used
to provide us with a visual representation of the motion of a particle. The ‘shape’
of the graphs depends on the initial ‘co-ordinates’ and the ‘nature’ of the
acceleration of the particle
The following general results are always valid
(i) The slope of the displacement-time graph at any instant gives the speed of
the particle at that instant.
(ii) The slope of the velocity-time graph at any instant gives the magnitude of
the acceleration of the particle at that instant.
(iii) The area enclosed by the velocity-time graph, the time-axis and the two
co-ordinates at ,time instants t1 to t2 gives the distance moved by the particle
in the time-interval from t1 to t2.
• Equations of Motion for Uniformly Accelerated Motion
For uniformly accelerated motion, some simple equations can be derived that
relate displacement (x), time taken (f), initial velocity (u), final velocity (v) and
acceleration (a). Following equation gives a relation between final and initial
velocities v and u of an object moving with uniform acceleration a: v = u + at
THANK
YOU