POUNDED MARIGOLD EXTRACT AND CITRONELLA GRASS EXTRACT AS A

MOSQUITO REPELLANT

Submitted by:

GARCESA, MAYLYN
CACCAM, JESSA MAE
BAUTISTA, TISSHA JAIGNE
GOZON, IRISH
BAGAIPO, FIONAH DIANNE

Submitted to:
Anbern Asharel B. Nudalo
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study

In global setting, particularly in Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka's Health Ministry

reported that 16,042 people have contracted the mosquito-borne viral disease this
year, but ongoing monsoon rains and flooding which provide perfect breeding sites
for mosquitoes have led to a surge in cases since the beginning of November
(Perera, 2017). Statistics show that in recent years dengue cases have surged
with more than 40,000 cases most years in the last decade, and 186,000 cases in
2017. The disease has certainly emerged as a serious public health concern
throughout the country. In recent months, there has been an upsurge in the
number of dengue cases recorded in Sri Lanka. From January to June 2019, the
Ministry of Health, Nutrition, and Indigenous Medicine's Epidemiology Unit
reported 25,216 dengue cases. A surge in instances has been observed in the
Colombo and Gampaha districts. After its initial symptoms arise, Aedes mosquitos
disseminate the virus for 4–5 days maximum 12 days (WHO, 2019)

The dengue mosquito, Aedes mosquito, bites throughout the day. The most
intense biting occurs approximately two hours after sunrise and before nightfall.
Because the infected Aedes mosquito bites 4-5 persons simultaneously, there are
numerous dengue cases in the same region. An infected human may or may not
have dengue symptoms, but they are a reservoir of dengue virus for uninfected
mosquitos. Patients who have been infected with the dengue virus can

Dengue fever is a major public health problem in the Philippines, and it is

prevalent in all of the country's regions. The majority of outbreaks in the country take
place during the wet season, which runs from June to February. In the Philippines,
not just Dengue fever but also other mosquito-borne illnesses have been
documented. To avoid a Dengue outbreak, the population must be well educated on
how to avoid the disease. As a researcher, we offer an alternative and natural
method of mosquito repellant production.

In region XI, particularly at Tagum City, Davao Del Norte, The Department of
Health XI is scaling up efforts to inform the public on the gravity of the dengue
epidemic that has so far caused 4,345 cases and 21 deaths in Davao Region from
January to Aug. 5 this year. Macapagat (2009). We, the researchers, are working
on developing an efficient natural mosquito repellent that will reduce the number of
cases of mosquito-borne illness. Mosquito-borne illnesses are becoming more
prevalent in Region XI as a result of some people's inability to buy chemical
repellents. As a result, we did research on a natural mosquito repellent that can be
found in our environment.

This study is conducted to prevent the case in mosquito illness caused by the
mosquito. We, the researcher wants to produce a natural mosquito repellant by the
use of marigold and citronella grass extract. It has a great affect in the society
because it will help reduce the number of cases of illness caused by the mosquitoes.
According to the World Health Organization (2022). Dengue is a viral infection
transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes. Since, we can’t
restraint the mosquito we create a natural mosquito repellant for as to help our
society

Review Of the Related Literature

Plant-based repellents have been applied as a personal protection measure

against host-seeking mosquitoes for generations in traditional practice.
Ethnobotanical studies offer good data about traditional repellent plants that can be
used to generate new natural products. Consumers have recently become more
interested in commercial repellents containing plant-based components, which are
often seen as "safe" in comparison to long-established synthetic repellents. This is
not always the case.

a. Citronella grass

Mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, and several types of

encephalitis have been an important public health concern as they are responsible
for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide (Tolle 2009). The use of plant-
derived agents such as citronella as a repellent, which has been registered as an
insect repellent by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (Environmental Protection Agency 2008).

Aside from the development of analytical methods for quality assessment, the
systematic study of its chemical composition has resulted in a number of other
advantages. (Akanksha Wany, et al., 2013). Citronella grass can repel mosquitoes.
However, it must be understood that citronella grass is the one that has the repelling
ability.

b. Marigold

In fact, a recent study from the Iranian Society of Medical Entomology and
Tehran University of Medical Sciences found that the essential oil from Calendula
officinalis (a kind of marigold) works a lot like DEET when it comes to deterring
mosquitoes. However, when compared to other natural mosquito prevention
methods, marigolds stand out for their beautiful radiance. This radiance can even
adapt to fit the needs of your living space, with potted marigolds serving just as
efficiently as their ground-planted brethren.

Marigolds can be planted amid vegetables to keep nematodes and predatory

insects at bay. Rows of vegetables, such as tomatoes, are interplanted with rows of
marigolds in one way. According to the Arizona Cooperative Extension and Cornell
University, replanting an area heavily with marigolds is a potent approach for
nematode control. To avoid an overabundance of volunteer plants the next year, a
cover crop of marigolds is planted, and the majority of the seed heads are harvested
at season's end. The plants are plowed into the soil, and in the following season,
vegetables are planted there.

c. Mosquito Repellent

Personal mosquito repellents may be an effective way to reduce and/or

prevent mosquito-borne disease transmission. According to the World Health
Organization (WHO) [1], in 2018, around According to the World Health Organization
(2018), around 228 million malaria cases were reported, with an estimated number
of 405,000 fatalities. Mosquitoes are considered to be one of the deadliest insects in
the world due to their ability to spread diseases and cause millions of deaths per
year. Furthermore, the World Health Organization (2017) reported that vector-borne
infections accounted for more than 17% of all infectious illnesses. Globally, these
diseases cause more than 700,000 deaths every year, with malaria alone causing
400,000 deaths. Moreover, the worldwide incidence of dengue has risen 30-fold
within the past 30 years, with a current estimate of 96 M cases per year and more
than 3.9 B individuals in over 128 countries being at high risk of contracting dengue.

d. Correlation between measure

Outside of the scientific community, the marigold's claim to fame as a
mosquito repellent has long been known, making it a reliable alternative for
individuals who are already used to putting border plants in their vegetable gardens.
Marigolds, on the other hand, stand out when compared to other natural mosquito
repellents because of their lovely brilliance. This brilliance can be tailored to your
own needs, with potted marigolds performing just as well as their ground-planted
brethren. While marigolds aren't a sure thing when it comes to containing a mosquito
infestation around your home, they are a tried-and-true alternative to chemical
insecticides and DEET-based sprays. Marigolds are one of the best holistic solutions
for tackling a localized mosquito problem while also attempting to attract bees and
butterflies. Citronella is a mosquito-repellent that is both natural and effective. It's a
mixture of herbs that's used in several mosquito repellents. Mosquito control and
personal mosquito protection Bite counts are now widely acknowledged as important
control measures. A mosquito stings One of the most successful methods is to use
repellents. strategies for preventing infections spread by mosquitoes. The insect
repellent DEET (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2008; Environmental
Protection Agency 2007) is widely used. The use of plant-derived agents such as
citronella is an alternative repellent that has been registered as an insect repellant.
Objective of the study and Statement of the problem

This study is conducted to determine the effectiveness of Pounded Marigold

flower and Citronella grass extract as Mosquito repellent. This aim to answer the
following question:

1. How to prevent the spread of mosquito in our environment?

2. How to prevent the different illness cause by the Mosquito?
3. What is the most effective concentration of Pounded Marigold flower and
Citronella grass extract as Mosquito repellent?

Hypotheses

H1: Pounded Marigold extract and Citronella grass extract show the effectiveness of
the three concentrations as mosquito repellants.

H2: Pounded Marigold extract and Citronella grass extract show none of the
effectiveness of the three concentrations as mosquito repellants.

Theoretical Framework

The theoretical underpinning of this study is supported by Malar J (2019)

Plant-based repellents have been applied for generations in traditional practice as a
personal protection approach against Mosquitos. Traditional repellent plant
knowledge is a valuable resource for the development of new natural repellent
products as an alternative to chemical repellents. Many studies have found
indications of repellent activity of plant extracts against anopheles’ mosquitoes all
around the world (Asadollahi, 2019). Mosquito repellent help prevent and control the
outbreak of insect borne diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever and
other diseases. As the direct application of natural insect repellents to textiles has
been proven inefficient in prolonging repellency and durability, the use of
microcapsules, therefore, considered to provide a durable and long-lasting repellent
finish that could be applied to numerous types of fibers with increased longevity
despite multiple Washing (Li et al. 2008).
According to Scutti (2013), a common sight on backyard decks everywhere,
citronella grass with their clean, fresh fragrance, are said to repel mosquitoes. The
extract found in this plant is derived from Citronella Grass (Cymbopogon Nardus), a
plant native to southeast Asia and grown commercially in Sri Lanka, India, Burma,
Indonesia and Java. When the leaves are crushed, though, citronella grass will
release significant amounts of their repellent extract which can be make into
Citronella spray repellent and this will work very well at repelling mosquitos Scutti
(2013). Researchers in Thailand investigated the repellency of volatile extract
derived from four plant species against mosquitoes using human bait methods and
compared these results against the use of DEET.
According to the study of Citronella Mosquito Repellent Plants in Tubman
University, Harper, Maryland County, Liberia (2019). The present study revealed the
significant and important activity of Citronella Plants at Chinese Building and the
Tubman Hall of WVS Tubman University. This study aims to encourage the use of
Mosquito repellent “Citronella” which is based on natural resources. According to
(Connor, 2019). Citronella plants help reducing human mosquito contact in the
residents housing. Citronella plants serve as a retardant of mosquito growth in the
residents housing. Citronella plants are a cost – effective intervention to potentially
reduce incidence of new Malaria cases in the residence housing. According to Matt
(Suwak, 2019). The marigolds’ claim to fame with regards to abating mosquitoes has
long been known outside the scientific community, making it a reliable option for
those already adjusted to planting border plants in their vegetable gardens.
However, when compared to other natural mosquito prevention methods, marigolds
stand out for their beautiful radiance. This radiance can even be adapted to fit the
needs of your living space, with potted marigolds serving just as efficiently as their
ground-planted brethren.

Conceptual Framework

Figure no. 1, shows the relationship between independent and dependent

variables.

Independent Variables Dependent Variable

Pounded Marigold and
Citronella extract
Mosquito repellant
T1- 100% concentrated
T2- 75% concentrated
T3- 50% concentrated

Figure 1- Independent- Dependent Variable

Significance of the study
This research will be the support to keep away the Mosquito from human
being. This study has a great impact for the people and for the environment to
prevent the spread of different sicknesses cause by the Mosquito.

Environment
Community - This study will also aid in the prevention of mosquito transmission, and
it will have no negative impact on the environment because it is a natural and
environmentally friendly repellent.

School - This study will aid in the prevention of dengue fever in schools and other
mosquito-borne illnesses.

People
Family - It can help the family members to prevent the dengue fever caused by the
mosquito

Definition of terms
Marigold Flower (Tagetes) - The researcher pounded the marigold flower using the
mortar and pestle until the extract will come out.
Citronella Grass (Cymbopogon) - The researcher cut the citronella grass into small
pieces and placed it in the mortar with a little distilled water, then placed it on the
burner and waited for it to boil for a few minutes.
 CHAPTER II
METHODOLOGY

Research Design
In this study, a quantitative true experimental method was applied to
determine the cause and effect of the pounded marigold flower and Citronella grass
extract as a repellent. The method that will be utilized is observations and laboratory
experiments to determine the effectiveness of independent variables and also the
percentage of a concentration to determine the concentration of the solution by
percentage.

Research Locale

This research will take place at the Max Mirafuentes Academy Science
Laboratory in Tagum City, Davao del Norte. The items that would be used were
gathered in various locations. Marigold and Citronella were obtained in Prk,
Greenland, Mankilam, Tagum City. While distilled water was brought from
the Mercury Drug store in Tagum City.
Research Instrument
a. Instrument

25ml Beaker Funnel Mortar and Pestle

Large Beaker Evaporating Dish Stirring Rod

Burner Cloth
 b. Materials

Marigold Flower Citronella Plant Empty Bottle Spray

Data Analysis
In this study, researchers utilized observation and laboratory experiments
because the study involves an independent variable and the percentage of
concentration.

Data Gathering Procedure

a. Preparation of pounded marigold extract

A mortar and pestle were used to make the marigold extract. We pounded it
gently until it was completely crushed. To extract and filter the pounded marigold, get
a piece of cloth.

b. Preparation of citronella grass extract

To extract the citronella, you'll need a mortar and pestle. To begin, pound at
least a few grams of citronella leaves and sprinkle them with water. Boil the extracts
once they've been pounded well.
c. Combination of Marigold and Citronella Extracts
To get the exact concentration of both plants, the researchers must combine
the pounded marigold and citronella extracts, place them in a beaker and separate
them into three parts.
d.
Table 1
Table 1 shows the volume use with the corresponding concentration of the three
treatments.
Treatments Volume of Extracts Volume of Water Level in
(Marigold to Concentration
Citronella)
T1 25mL 0mL 100%

T2 18.75mL 6.25mL 75%

T3 12.5mL 12.5mL 50%

 CHAPTER III
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A. Results
Organic extract from Marigold Flower (Tagetes) and Citronella Grass
(Cymbopogon) were examined the effectiveness of a mosquito repellent. Table 2.1
shows the result of the repellent that was constrained by the three concentrations of
the Pounded Marigold Flower and Citronella Grass extracts. Where, T 1 (100%
concentration of Pounded Marigold Flower and Citronella Grass extracts) T 2 (75% of
concentration of Pounded Marigold Flower and Citronella Grass extracts) T 3 (50%
concentration of Pounded Marigold Flower and Citronella Grass extracts).
Table 2
The result of the repelled mosquito
No. of Trials Amount of Number of Total of
Pounded Marigold Mosquitos Mosquitos
and Citronella observed before repelled
grass extract in N the experiment
mL
Trial 1 (100 % 25 mL 15 mosquitos 12 mosquitos
concentration)

Trial 2 (70% 18.75 mL 15 mosquitos 8 mosquitos

concentration)

Trial 3 (50% 12.5 mL 15 mosquitos 4 mosquitos

concentration)

Inhibitory effect
After 5 minutes of the application of the different concentrations of citronella
grass and pounded marigold extract as mosquito repellant, it was observed that the
mosquitoes were repelled and that those areas that have many mosquitoes in their
surroundings will be prevented.

The inhibitory effect of citronella grass and pounded marigold extract is shown
in figure 3. Graphical analysis was used to represent Ta (100% concentration), Ta
(75% concentration) and Ta (50% concentration) in three replications.
 25mL 18.75mL 12.5mL
14 120%

12 100%

10
mosquito repelled

80%

concentration
8
60%
6
40%
4

2 20%

0 0%
25mL 18.75mL 12.5mL

Discussion
Researchers conduct a study to test the efficacy of Pounded Marigold flower
and Citronella grass extract as Mosquito repellent. This kind of study, serve as
additional sources for other researcher who continually seek an effective natural
Mosquito repellent by the use of plant extracts. Plants have been explored as a
mosquito repellant by researchers all around the world. Previous research indicated
that various plant components were used in the repellant and that they were both
effective and environmentally friendly. Many researchers looked at plant chemicals
with a variety of qualities. Insecticidal action, pest repellency, and antibacterial
capabilities against pathogens are only a few of the benefits (Kun Harismah et.al
2017).
In graphical analysis represent the effect of the different concentration of
Pounded Marigold flower and Citronella grass extract where shows no significant
difference between the three treatment and all of them are effective in repelling
mosquitos. But the fully concentrated was the highest inhibitory effect against
repelling mosquitos. Base on the experiment the citronella has a citrus-like aroma
that can keep the Mosquito away (Schulman,2019). The Marigold flower has an
unpleasant smell helps deter those tiny skin-nibblers and is an easy and inexpensive
alternative to poisonous chemicals. Many insect repellents use a compound called
Pyrethrum, which is found in marigold (Magwiwili,2019).
The highest repelled Mosquito was the full 100% concentration because of its
natural extract. Out of 15 Mosquitos there is 12 mosquitos repelled.
 The second leading concentration was the 75 percent which can repelled 8
Mosquitos out of 15. This concentration has been added a distilled water which is
particularly corrosive. With no minerals to give the water pH balance, distilled water
acts like a magnet, absorbing chemicals (Corrosionpedia,2017). As well as the last
and the least concentration that we have which is the 50 percent that can only
repelled 4 Mosquitos out of 15.
Lastly as cited by the different authors above and the results of the
experiment Pounded Marigold flower and Citronella grass extract is effective for
repelling mosquitos, and the solvent that has been used is distilled water that makes
the 75 percent concentration and 50 percent concentration is least effective rather
than the pure 100 percent concentration.
 CHAPTER IV
SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION

Summary

1. In relevance of the experiment made, the fully (100%) concentrated

pounded Marigold flower and Citronella grass extract has obtained the highest
effectivity, having the more repelled Mosquito. And the lowest effectivity was the fifty
(50%) concentration, obtaining the less repelled Mosquito.
2. In contrast, citronella grass extract repels mosquitos rather than killing
them. Instead, it conceals the carbon dioxide and lactic acid odors that mosquitoes
seek. In general, when you spray the citronella extract, insects will have a lot more
difficult time finding you. Marigold flowers are brightly colored complements to
landscaping, but they have a distinct odor that repels mosquitoes and other plant
pests such as squash bugs and tomato worms. Marigolds have a natural chemical
that is utilized in a variety of insect repellents.
3. Among the three concentrations fully (100%) concentrated extract was the
most effective in repelling Mosquitos.

Conclusion
There is a substantial effect between the three concentrations of Pounded
Marigold flower and Citronella grass extract, and the highly concentrated pounded
marigold extract and citronella grass extract was the most successful of the three
concentrations.

Recommendation
After the analyzation of data, the researchers recommended to:
 Further confirmation of the natural composition of citronella grass and
pounded marigold extract.
 Conduct more study about the three concentration of citronella grass and
pounded marigold extract to make them effective in society.
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