1.

2006 Q 3a,b P2
(a) Distinguish between isotopes and allotropes.
(b) The chart below is part of the periodic table. Study it and answer the questions that
follow. (The letters are not the actual symbols of the elements).

(i) Select the element in period three which has the shortest atomic radius. Give a
reason for you answer. (2
marks)
(ii) Element F has the electronic structure, 2.8.18.4. On the chart above; indicate the
position of element F. (1 mark)
(iii) State one use of the elements of which E is a member. (1 mark)

2.
Both chlorine and iodine are halogens. What are halogens? (1 mark)

3.
Explain why there is general increase in the first ionization energies of the elements in period
3 of the periodic table from left to right. (2
marks)

4.
Give a reason why helium is increasingly being preferred to hydrogen in weather balloons.
(1 mark)
5.
The grid below is part of the periodic table. Use it to answer the questions that follow, (the
letters are not the actual symbols of the elements).

(a) Indicate on the grid the position of an element represented by letter V whose atomic
number is 14. (1
mark)
(b) Select a letter which represents a monoatomic gas. (1 mark)

6.
The diagram below represents part of the periodic table. Use it to answer the questions that
follow.

M Q
T V W

(a) Write the electron arrangement for the stable ion formed by W (1 mark)
(b) Write an equation for the reaction between V and Q (1 mark)
(c) How do the ionization energies of the elements M and T compare? (1 mark)
 -2- P HY S I C A L C H E M I S T R Y

7.
The table below gives some properties of three elements in group (VII) of the periodic table.
Study it and answer the questions that follow.
E lem e nt A t o m i c No . M elt ing P oint (° C ) Boiling P oint (°C)
Chlorine 17 -101 -34.7
Bromine 35 -7 58.8
Iodine 53 114 184
(a) Which element is in liquid form at room temperature? Give a reason. (1 mark)
(b) Explain why the boiling point of iodine is much higher than that of chlorine. (2 marks)

8.
What name is given to elements which appear in group (II) of the periodic table? (1 mark)

9.
Distinguish between ionisation energy and electron affinity of an element. (2 marks)

10 .
The grid below is part of the periodic table. Use it to answer the questions that follow. (the
letters are not the actual symbols of the elements).

(a) Which is the most reactive non-metallic element shown in the table? Explain. (2 marks)

(b) (i) Write the formula of the compound formed when element A reacts with element B
(1
mark)
(ii) Name the bond type in the compound formed in b (i) above (1 mark)

(c) (i) What is the name given to the group of elements where, C, G and H belong?
(ii) Write an equation for the reaction that occurs when C in gaseous form is passed
through a solution containing ions of element H (1
mark)

(d) The melting points of elements F and G are 14100C and -101 respectively. In terms of
structure and bonding, explain why there is a large difference in the melting points of F and
G.
(2 marks)
(e) D forms two oxides. Write the formula of each of the two oxides. (1 mark)

(f) J is an element that belongs to the 3rd period of the periodic table and a member of the
alkaline earth elements. Show the position of j in the grid (1
mark)

11 .
The table below shows properties of some elements A, B, C and D which belong to the same
period of the periodic table. The letters are not the actual symbols of the elements.
E lem e nt A B C D
 C H E M IC A L FAM IL IE S -3-

MP (°C) 1410 98 -101 660

Atomic radii (nm) 0.117 0.186 0.099 0.143
Electrical conductivity Poor Good Non-conductor Good
(a) Arrange the elements in the order they would appear in the period. Give a reason
(2
marks)
(b) Select the metallic element which is the better conductor of electricity. Give a Reason.
(1
mark)

12 . 2012 Q27 P1
(a) The electronic arrangement of the ion of element Q is 2.8.8. If the Formula of the ion is Q3-,
state the group and period to which Q belongs,
Group: (½ mark)
Period: (½mark)
(b) Helium, neon and argon belong to group 8 of the periodic table. Give:
(i) The general name of these elements; (1 mark)
(ii) One use of these elements (1 mark)

13 . 2013 Q20 P1
The plots below were obtained when the atomic radii of some elements in groups I and II
were plotted against atomic numbers.

Explain:
(a) The trend shown by Li, Na and K. (1 mark)
(b) Why the atomic radii of elements Be, Mg, and Ca are lower than those of Li, Na and K.
(2
marks)

14 . 2013 Q1 P2
(a) The grid below represents part of the periodic table. Study it and answer the
questions that follow. The letters do not represent the actual symbols of the
elements.

(i) Select a letter which represents an element that losses electrons most readily.
Give a reason for your answer. (2
marks)
(ii) Explain why the atomic radius of P is found to be smaller than that of N.
(2
marks)
(iii) Element M reacts with water at room temperature to produce 0.2 dm3 of gas.
 -4- P HY S I C A L C H E M I S T R Y
Determine the mass of M which was reacted with water. (molar gas volume at
r.t.p is 24 dm3, relative atomic mass of M = 7). (3
marks)

(b) Use the information in the table below to answer the questions that follow. (The
letters are not the actual symbols of the elements).

Identify a letter which represents an element in the table that could be calcium,
carbon or sulphur. Give a reason in each case.
(i) Calcium____________ (½ mark)
Reason____________ (½ mark)
(ii) Carbon ____________ (½ mark)
Reason_____________ (½ mark)
(iii) Sulphur ____________ (½ mark)
Reason_____________ (½ mark)

15 . 2014 Q2 P1
(a) The grid below represents part of the periodic table. Study it and answer the
questions that follow. The letters are not the actual symbols of the elements

(i) Select the most reactive metal. Explain (2 marks)

(ii) Select an element that can form an ion with a charge of 3- (1 mark)
(iii) Select an alkaline earth metal (1 mark)
(iv) Which group 1 element has the highest first ionization energy? Explain (2 marks)
(v) Element A combines with chlorine to form a chloride of A. State the most likely pH
value of a solution of a chloride of A. Explain (2
marks)

(b) (i) Explain why molten calcium chloride and magnesium chloride conduct electricity
while carbon tetrachloride and silicon tetrachloride do not. (2
marks)
(ii)Under the same conditions, gaseous neon was found to diffuse faster than
gaseous fluorine. Explain this observation. (F=19.0; Ne=20.0)
(2 marks)
16 . 2015 Q23 P1
The table below is part of the periodic table. The letters are not the actual symbols of the
elements. Study it and answer the questions that follows.
 C H E M IC A L FAM IL IE S -5-

(a) Select an element which is stored in paraffin in the laboratory. (1 mark)

(b) How do the ionic radii of E and I compare? Explain (2 marks)

17 . 2015 Q3c-d P2
(a) The diagram below shows part of a periodic table. The letters do not represent the
actual symbols of elements. Use the diagram to answer the questions that follow.

(i) Explain why the oxidizing power of W is more than that of X. (1 mark)
(ii) How do the melting points of R and T compare? Explain. (2 marks)

(iii) Sketch an element that could be used

II. In weather balloons (1 mark)
III. For making a cooking pot (1 mark)

(b) (i) Classify the substances water, iodine, diamond and candle wax into elements and
compounds (2 marks)
Elements Compounds

(i) Give one use of diamond. (1 mark)

18 . 2015 Q20 P1
A crystal of iodine, heated gently in a test tube gave off a purple vapour.
(a) Write the formula of the substance responsible for the purple vapour. (1 mark)

(b) What type of bond is broken when the iodine crystal is heated gently? (1 mark)

(c) State one use of iodine. (1 mark)

19 . 2016 Q1 P2
Use the information in the table below to answer the questions that follow. The letters do
not represent the actual symbols of the elements.
Element Atomic Number Melting Point (°C)
R 11 97.8
S 12 650.0
T 15 44.0
U 17 -102
V 18 -189
w 19 64.0
(a) Give reasons why the melting point of:
(i) S is higher than that of R; (1 mark)
(ii) V is lower than that of U. (2 marks)

(b) How does the reactivity of W with Chlorine compare with that of R with chlorine?
Explain.
(2 marks)
(c) Write an equation for the reaction between T and excess oxygen.
(1 mark)
 -6- P HY S I C A L C H E M I S T R Y
(d) When 1.15g of R were reacted with water, 600cm3 of gas was produced. Determine the
relative atomic mass of R. (Molar gas volume = 24 000 cm3). (3 marks)

(e) Give one use of element V. (1 mark)

20 . 2018 Q2 P2
Figure 2 is a section of the periodic table. Study it and answer the questions that follow. The
letters do not represent the actual symbols of elements

(a) (i) Select elements which belong to the same chemical family. (1 mark)
(ii) Write the formulae of ions for elements in the same period. (1 mark)

(b) The first ionisation energies of two elements K and M at random are 577 kJ/mol and
494 kJ/mol. (1
mark)
(i) Write equations for the 1ˢᵗ ionisation energies for elements K and M and
indicate their energies.
(1 mark)
(ii) Explain the answer in b(i). (1 mark)
(iii) Write the formula of the compound formed when L and I react.
(1 mark)
(iv) Give one use of element V. (1 mark)
(c) (i) State another group that G can be placed in Figure 1. Explain. (2 marks)
(ii) How do the reactivity of elements J and K compare? Explain. (2 marks)

(d) (i) Elements L and M form chlorides. Complete the following table by writing the
formulae of each chloride and state the nature of the solutions.
(2 marks)
E l e m e n t F o r m u l a o f ch l o r i de Na t u r e o f c h l o r i d e s o l u t i o n
L
M

(ii) The chloride of element M vaporises easily while its oxide has a high melting point.
Explain (2
marks)