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Production of Acrylonitrile

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Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research

College of Chemical Engineering

Fourth stage, Project: Part 1

Production of Acrylonitrile
By
Abdullah Mahmood
Maysaloun Harith

Supervisor
Marwa N. Muhammad
List of Contents
Chapter 1 / INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 2
1.1 History of Acrylonitrile............................................................................................................................... 2
1.2 Physical Properties ...................................................................................................................................... 3
1.3 Chemical Properties .................................................................................................................................... 3
1.4 Uses of Acrylonitrile ................................................................................................................................... 4
1.5 Production of Acrylonitrile ......................................................................................................................... 5
1.5.1 Sohio Process ....................................................................................................................................... 5

1.5.2 Production from ethylene cyanohydrin ............................................................................................... 6

1.5.3 Production from Acetylene & Hydrocyanic acid .................................................................................. 6

1.5.4 Production from Hydrogen Cyanide Process ....................................................................................... 7

1.6 Process Description..................................................................................................................................... 9

1.6.1 Used Equipment................................................................................................................................. 10

1.6.2 Raw Martials ...................................................................................................................................... 13

Chapter 2 / MATERAIL BALANCE .............................................................................................................. 14
2.1 Material Balance on Reactor ..................................................................................................................... 15
2.2 Material Balance on Absorber .................................................................................................................. 19
2.3 Material Balance on Distillation 1 ............................................................................................................ 20
2.4 Material Balance on Distillation 2 ............................................................................................................ 21
Streams Material Balance : ............................................................................................................................. 22

List of Figures
Figure 1-1 Stricture of Acrylonitrile ..................................................................................................................... 2
Figure 1-2 Block Flow Diagram Sohio Process.................................................................................................. 10
Figure 1-3 Physical Properties of propylene ....................................................................................................... 13
Figure 1-4 Physical Properties of ........................................................................................................................ 13

List of Tables
Table 1-1 Physical Properties of Acrylonitrile ..................................................................................................... 4

Page | 1
Chapter 1 / INTRODUCTION
1.1 History of Acrylonitrile
Acrylonitrile (also called acrylic acid nitrile, propylene nitrile, vinylamine,
propanoic acid nitrile) is a multidirectional and reactive monomer which can be
polymerized under a wide variety of conditions and copolymerized with wide range
of other vinyl monomers. It was first prepared in 1893 by the French chemist
Charles. These processes were based on the catalytic dehydration of ethylene
cyanohydrin [1]. It is one of the most widely used monomers in the chemical
industry, with more than 14 billion pounds produced annually for use in plastics,
rubbers, resins, acrylic fibers, and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) – based carbon fibers .
Acrylonitrile of 99.5–99.7% purity is available commercially with the Structural
formulae as shown in (Figure 1-1)

Figure 1-1 Stricture of Acrylonitrile

Acrylonitrile did not become important until the 1930s, when industry began using
it in new applications such as acrylic fibers for textiles and synthetic rubber [2].
Although by the late 1940s the utility of Acrylonitrile was unquestioned, existing
manufacturing methods were expensive, multistep processes. They seemed reserved
for the world’s largest and wealthiest principal manufacturers. At such high

Page | 2
production cost Acrylonitrile could well have remained little more than an
interesting, low-volume specialty chemical with limited applications. However, in
the late 1950 s, SoHo’s research into selective catalytic oxidation led to a
breakthrough in Acrylonitrile manufacture. The people who invented, developed,
and commercialized the process showed as much skill in marketing as in chemistry.
The result was a dramatic lowering of process costs. Acrylonitrile is a clear, colorless
liquid with a slightly sharp odor. Considering that acrylonitrile is produced in such
huge amounts due to its varied uses and that it is a toxic chemical with stringent
regulations on its environmental impact.

1.2 Physical Properties

Physical Properties Acrylonitrile ( C3HN.mol - 53.064 ) is an unsaturated molecule
having a carbon - carbon double bond combinate with a nitrile group [3] . It is an
uncolored liquid. With the faintly pungent odor of peach pits. Its properties are
summarized in Table 1. Acrylonitrile is miscible with most organic solvents ,
including acetone , benzene , carbon tetrachloride , ether , ethanol , ethyl acetate ,
ethylene , cyanohydrin , liquid carbon dioxide , methanol , petroleum ether , toluene
xylene , and some kerosene . The water solubility of acrylonitrile at a number of
temperatures is shown in Table [1-1]

1.3 Chemical Properties

Properties The presence of both the olefinic (carbon - carbon double bond) group
and the nitrile group int acrylonitrile gives the molecule its matchless and varied
reactivity [4]. This reactivity leads to the great versatility of acrylonitrile as a raw
material. The olefinic group can undergo polymerization and co -polymerization,
hydrogenation, oxidation, addition and cyclization. The nitrile group can undergo
hydrogenation, hydrolysis, hydration, esterification, cyclization and reduction [3]

Page | 3
 Table 1-1 Physical Properties of Acrylonitrile

1.4 Uses of Acrylonitrile

1) A pure material used in the manufacture of synthetic fibers, plastics, and rubber.
One of the reasons for acrylonitrile's versatility is that it may create copolymers
with other unsaturated compounds such as styrene and butadiene [5].
2) Acrylonitrile is commercially produced by propylene ammoxidation, in which
propylene, ammonia and air react with the catalyst in the fluidized bed.
Acrylonitrile is primarily used as a co-monomer in the production of acrylic and
modacrylic fibers. It includes plastic, surface coatings, nitrile elastomers, barrier
resins and adhesives. In addition, various antioxidants are used as a chemical
intermediate in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, dyes and surfactants.
3) In the synthesis of compounds used for the production of adhesives, anti-
oxidants, binders for dyestuffs and emulsifiers [6]

Page | 4
1.5 Production of Acrylonitrile
Production of Acrylonitrile Today almost all acrylonitrile is produced by
ammoxidation of propene , Although the first report of the preparation of
acrylonitrile from propene occurred in a patent by the Allied Chemical and Dye
Corporation in 1947, it was a decade later when Standard Oil of Ohio ( Sohio )
developed the first commercially feasible catalyst for this process Nowadays , all of
the United States capacity and approximately 90 % of the world capacity for
acrylonitrile is based on the Sohi process , There are various methods for the
production of acrylonitrile . The main ones [2] :

 Sohio process

 Production from thylene cyanohydrin

 Production from Acetylene & hydrocyanic

 Production from Hydrogen Cyanide Process

1.5.1 Sohio Process

Approximately 90% of total acrylonitrile production follows the Standard Oil of
Ohio (SOHIO) process, which is based on propylene ammoxidation. Reaction is too
high selective, fast, acrylonitrile production without the need for excessive recycling
efforts [3] The cost of acrylonitrile production, where more than 70% of propylene
is produced, has increased in recent times. For this reason, is produced acrylonitrile
as a result of the work because it is necessary to find alternative, more economical
solutions. In particular, propane ammoxidation is seen as the brightest alternative
process in this process propene, oxygen (as air), and ammonia are catalytically
converted directly to acrylonitrile using a fluidized bed reactor operated at

Page | 5
temperatures of 400–500°C and gauge pressures of 30–200kPa(0,3–2bar) :
2CH2=CH-CH3+2NH3+3O2→2CH2=CH-C≡N+6H2O

1.5.2 Production from ethylene cyanohydrin

Germany (I.G. Farber, Leverkusen) and the United States (American Cyanamid)
earliest produced acrylonitrile on an industrial scale in the early 1940s.These
operations were based on the catalytic dehydration of ethylene cyanohydrin.
Ethylene cyanohydrin was produced from ethylene oxide and aqueous hydrocyanic
acid at 60°C in the presence of a basic catalyst. The intermediate was so dehydrated
in the liquid phase at 200°C in the presence of magnesium carbonate and alkaline or
alkaline earth salts of formic acid [1].

HO-CH2-CH2-C≡N→CH2=CH-C≡N+H2O
An advantage of this process was that it generated few impurities; but, it was not
economically competitive. American Cyanamid and Union Carbide closed plants
based on this technology in the mid-1960s.

1.5.3 Production from Acetylene & Hydrocyanic acid

Before the improving of the propene ammoxidation process, a major industrial route
to acrylonitrile involved the catalytic addition of hydrocyanic acid to acetylene [1].

H-C≡C-H+HCN→CH2=CH-CN 7

Though vapor phase reaction has been reported, the commercial reaction usually was
carried out at 80°C in dilute hydrochloric acid containing cuprous chloride.
Unreacted acetylene was recycled. The yield from this reaction was good; however,
the raw materials were relatively costly, some undesirable impurities,

Page | 6
divinylacetylene and methyl vinyl ketone, were difficult to remove, and the catalyst
required frequent regeneration.

1.5.4 Production from Hydrogen Cyanide Process

Many thousand patents have been issued on the production of acrylonitrile by the
dehydration of ethylene cyanohydrin (from HCN and ethylene oxide) and the
reaction of acetylene with HCN. Acetonitrile (isomeric with ethylene cyanohydrin)
produced by the reaction of acetaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide cannot be easily
dehydrated to yield acrylonitrile and Water because it decomposes into the original
reagents at high temperatures.

To avoid the decomposition of acetonitrile into acetaldehyde and HCN, it has been
proposed to acylate the acetonitrile and then pyrolyze the resulting dominant male
acid to generate acrylonitrile and the organic acid. Acetonitrile is therefore
combined with acetic anhydride to produce dominant male acid, which is
subsequently pyrolyzed to produce acrylonitrile and acetic acid. This method
necessitates the use of an extra reagent-acetic anhydride-as well as the recovery
and recycling of the acetic acid produced.
Recently, a process for producing acrylonitrile from acetaldehyde and hydrogen
cyanide has been developed, which involves reacting these compounds to form
acetonitrile, mixing the acetonitrile with phosphoric acid (nitrile-acid ratio about
2:1), and spraying this reaction mixture under pressure into a reaction chamber,
where it encounters pro-heated oxygen-free combustion gases at a temperature of
about 600 C. Dehydration takes between 0.1 and 0.6 seconds. The products of the
reaction are cooled, condensed, and separated.
In this process, phosphoric acid is recovered as a solution of approximately 30% acid
strength, which must then be concentrated to 80%85% acid strength before it can be

Page | 7
returned to the process. Around two-thirds of the acetonitrile is thus dehydrated to
acrylonitrile, with the remainder dissociating into acetaldehyde and HCN and being
recycled. Lactic acid and primary ammonium phosphate are formed when some of
the acetonitrile combines with the phosphoric acid and water present. For every 100
kg of acrylonitrile produced, approximately 7.5 kilogram of ammonium phosphate
is obtained. This salt accumulates in the recycling phosphoric acid and must be
removed from the system on a regular basis. This results in a somewhat lower
acrylonitrile yield, complicates phosphoric acid recovery, and necessitates a
concentration increase. and recycle system and involves the consumption of
additional phosphoric acid reagent. The overall yield of acrylonitrile by this process
is about 90% of theory. My invention seeks to provide a process for producing
acrylonitrile from acetaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide that does not require reagents
other than acetaldehyde and HCN, does not involve lay-product recovery, does not
require intermediate concentration and reconstitution, and produces yields in excess
of theory.

Page | 8
1.6 Process Description
SOHIO process is selected for the production of acrylonitrile. Today, approximately
90% of total acrylonitrile production follows the Standard Oil of Ohio (SOHIO)
process, which is based on propylene ammoxidation. Reaction is too high selective,
fast, acrylonitrile production without the need for excessive recycling effort.

The cost of acrylonitrile production, where more than 70% of propylene is produced,
has increased in recent times. For this reason, acrylonitrile is produced as a result of
the work because it is necessary to find alternative, more economical solutions. In
particular, propane am oxidation is seen as the brightest alternative process, The am
oxidation reaction is formed by catalytic oxidation of hydrocarbons in the presence
of mixed metal oxides, or organic nitriles used as catalysts and ammonia in order to
produce water. Typical reagents are alkenes.

The reaction consists of three main processes: the oxidation of hydrocarbons to the
introduction of intermediates in active sites, the introduction of nitrogen and the
oxidative dehydrogenation of N-linked species. One of the most innovative ways of
producing acrylonitrile is the traditional SOHIO process , All the reaction takes place
in the vapor.

phase in the presence of a catalyst. The primary by-products of the process are
hydrogen cyanide, acetonitrile, and carbon oxide. The recuperation of these
byproducts depends on influences such as market conditions, plant location, and
energy costs. Hydrogen cyanide and acetonitrile, although they carry a market value,
are usually specified, specifying that the production of these by-products has little
effect on the economics of producing acrylonitrile [1].

Page | 9
In Figure (1-2) the standard SOHIO process, as given air, ammonia, and propylene
are introduced in to a fluid bed catalytic reactor operating at 0.3-2 bar pressure and
400-510°C. Ammonia and air are fed to the reactor in slight extra of stoichiometric
proportions because extra ammonia drives the reaction closer to integration and air
continually regenerates the catalyst. An important feature of the process is the high
conversion of reactants on a once-through basis with only just a few second
habitation times. The heat generated from the exothermic reaction is recovered via
a waste-heat-recovery boiler.

Figure 1-2 Block Flow Diagram Sohio Process

1.6.1 Used Equipment

 Fluidized Bed Reactor
 Quencher
 Recovery
 Ammonium sulphate unit
 Purification

Page | 10
Flowing of small solid particles, usually in a cylindrical bed, into the process of
moving these solid particles in a suspended manner by sending them through the
plate at a rate as low as the fluid by means of a field distributor plate on the lower
side of the bed. Here the velocity of the particles equals the velocity of the fluid.
Such fluidized workout makes the solid particles move quickly in the bed, creating
a perfect mixing between them.

The reactor off-gas must be quenched to the condensation temperature and the
excess ammonia removed. Due to the presence of impurities, it is impossible to
recycle the ammonia and it needs be removed with sulfuric acid. The two others for
the quench system are: quench and acid treatment in one step (‘acidic quench’);
quench and acid treatment in two separate steps (‘basic quench’). In the ‘acidic
quench’, reactor off-gas is touched with a circulating solution of sulfuric acid and
ammonium sulfate in water. Fresh sulfuric acid is added to keep the system acidic
and to avoid ammonia breakthrough. Water or, preferably, recycle streams from the
plant are added to balance the evaporative losses come by quenching hot reactor off-
gas. A purge is taken to avoid over-saturation of ammonium sulfate. The quench also
removes the catalyst which then is removed from the purge by settling or filtration.

Having change to the quench section, organics are typically recovered from the
reactor off gases by absorption (scrubbing with chilled water). The remaining waste
gas is sent to treatment. The scrubber liquor is passed to an extractive distillation
column (recovery column) where the acrylonitrile and hydrogen cyanide products
are separated in the overheads from the acetonitrile. The acetonitrile is rather refined

Page | 11
for sale as a product, but it may be stripped and incinerated (with energy recovery).
The recovery column bottoms contain high-boiling organic compounds (for
incineration) and some ammonium and/or sodium salts of organic acids which are
sent as an aqueous stream to waste water treatment.

The overheads from the recovery column, containing acrylonitrile, hydrogen

cyanide and a small amount of water, are distilled to produce acrylonitrile and
hydrogen cyanide products. In some plant designs, the‘ heads column’ (to refine the
hydrogen cyanide) and the ‘drying column ’(to remove the water) are sectional to
reduce energy consumption. The hydrogen cyanide may be incinerated, or
transformed in to other products on site, or sold (if a market is available ) If stored,
it has to be maintained at a low temperature and kept acidic, by the addition of acetic
acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and Sulphur dioxide, to prevent polymerization.
Due to the reactive and toxic nature of hydrogen cyanide, it is not stored for longer
than a few days. If the material cannot be sold or used, then it is incinerated. All sites
must therefore have the capability to overthrowal of the hydrogen cyanide produced.
The final step is the purification of the acrylonitrile by rectification in the
acrylonitrile column. The drying column and the acrylonitrile column may be
operated at low pressure to reduce the distillation temperature and to reduce
acrylonitrile polymer creation [3].

Page | 12
1.6.2 Raw Martials

Propylene (C3H6) is a colorless gas. It is occurred by thermal cracking of ethylene

at low concentration it forms an explosive and flammable mixture with air, while at
high concentrations it can reason asphyxiation and skin burns. It is used in the
petrochemical industry for the production of polypropylene, isopropyl alcohol
propylene oxide and other chemical .

Figure 1-3 Physical Properties of propylene

Air is a consist of gases, 79% nitrogen and 21% oxygen with traces of water vapor,
carbon dioxide, argon, and various other components .

Ammonia is also commercially and commonly available as an aqueous solution;

the most common commercial formulation is 28-30% NH3 .

Figure 1-4 Physical Properties of

Ammonia

Page | 13
Chapter 2 / MATERAIL BALANCE
The Block Flow Diagram :

Page | 14
2.1 Material Balance on Reactor
Basis = 1 hour

Working day = 310 day

𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
Production rate of Acrylonitrile = 140,000
𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦

𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 1000 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 1 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

Production = 140,000 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 ∗ 1 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
∗
310 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
∗
24 ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
= 18817.20
ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜

𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 1 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾

No.Mole = → Production = 18817.20 ∗ = 354.64
𝑀𝑀.𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 53.06 ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜

Main Reaction :

2C3 H6 + 2NH3 + 3O2 → 2C3 H3 N + 6H2 O …..….. (1)

Side Reactions :

4C3 H6 + 6NH3 + 3O2 → 6C2 H3 N + 6H2 O …….… (2)

C3 H6 + 3NH3 + 3O2 → 3HCN + 6H2 O ……..……. (3)

2C3 H6 + 3O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2 O ………………........ (4)

By Stichometry :
Input + Generation = Output - Consume

Conversion of C3 H6 into C3 H3 N is 80% [1]

354.64∗2 1
So, mole of C3 H6 in feed gas = ∗ ∗ = 886.6 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
0.80 1

No. of Mole C3 H6 converted to ACR is = 354.64 kmole

Page | 15
Reaction (1)
No. of Mole of NH3
𝐶𝐶3𝐻𝐻6 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁3
2 2 X = 886.6 kmole
886.6 𝑋𝑋

No. of Mole of O2
𝐶𝐶3𝐻𝐻6 𝑂𝑂2
2 3 X = 1329.9 kmole
886.6 𝑋𝑋

No. of Mole of H2O

𝐶𝐶3𝐻𝐻6 𝐻𝐻2𝑂𝑂
2 6 X = 2040.1 kmole
886.6 𝑋𝑋

Reaction (2)
No. of Mole of C2H3N
𝐶𝐶3𝐻𝐻6 𝐶𝐶2𝐻𝐻3𝑁𝑁
4 6 X = 1329.9 kmole
886.6 𝑋𝑋

Reaction (3)
No. of Mole of HCN
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁3 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻
3 3 X = 886.6 kmole
886.6 𝑋𝑋

Page | 16
Reaction (4)
No. of Mole of CO2
𝐶𝐶3𝐻𝐻6 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶2
3 6 X = 2659.8 kmole
886.6 𝑋𝑋

No. of Mole of N2 inter the reactor

𝑂𝑂2 𝑁𝑁2
21 79 X = 5002.95 kmole
1329.9 𝑋𝑋

C Reactor D

Over all Material Balance :

Input = Output
B + C =D

Stream B ( Input ) = ( Ammonia % Propylene ) 50% * 50%

Total Mole of NH3 + C3H6 → 1,773.2 Kmole → 52336 Kg

Stream C ( Input ) = Air

Total Mole of Air ( O2 + N2 ) → 6332.857 Kmole → 182639.6 Kg

Page | 17
Stream D ( Output ) = ( C3H3N ) + ( H2O + CO2 + C2H3N +HCN)

Comp K Mole M.wt Kg

C3H3N 354.64 53.06 18817.2
H2O 2040.1 18.01528 47876.4
CO2 2659.8 28.0134 89784.8
C2H3N 1329.9 41.02 54552.5
HCN 886.6 27.01 23947.07
Total 15668.72 ------- 234978

Stream ( Input ) B + C = 234975.59 Kg

Stream ( Output ) D = 234978 Kg

Checking → Input = Output

Comp Stream B (kg) Stream C (kg) Stream D (kg)

NH3 15072.2 ------- -------
C3H6 37263.798 ------- -------
O2 ------- 42556.8 -------
N2 ------- 140082.8 -------
C3H3N ------- ------- 18817.2
C2H3N ------- ------- 54552.5
H2O ------- ------- 47876.4
HCN ------- ------- 23947.07
CO2 ------- ------- 89784.8
Total 52336 182639.6 234978

Page | 18
2.2 Material Balance on Absorber

E H
Absorber
F G

An absorber column is used in the SOHIO process to recover unreacted propylene,

which can be recycled back into the process, reduce waste, and improve efficiency
It also ensures a higher-purity product stream by removing unreacted propylene
Over all Material Balance :
Input = Output
E+F=H+G Stream H
Comp No.Mole Percent
Stream E
C3H3N 354.64 7%
Comp No.Mole Percent
C2H3N 1329.9 25%
C3H3N 354.64 5%
HCN 886.6 17%
C2H3N 1329.9 18%
CO2 2659.8 51%
H2O 2040.1 28%
Total 5230.94 100%
HCN 886.6 12%
CO2 2659.8 37%
Total 7271.04 100% Stream G
Comp No.Mole Percent
Stream F [1]
(NH4)2SO4 2040 53%
Comp No.Mole Percent
H2O 1800 47%
H2O 1260 70%
Total 3840 100%
H2SO4 540 30%
Total 1800 100%

Streams Input ( kmole ) Output ( kmole )

E 7271.04 ------
F 1800 ------
H ------ 5230.94
G ------ 3840
Total 9071.04 9070.94
Page | 19
2.3 Material Balance on Distillation 1

I
H Distillation 1
J

First distillation , the advantage of this column is that it allows for efficient
separation of the various components, resulting in a crude acrylonitrile stream
that can be further purified in subsequent steps.

Over all Material Balance :

Input = Output
H=I+J
Stream I
Stream H Comp No.Mole Percent
Comp No.Mole Percent HCN 886.6 100%
C3H3N 354.64 7% Total 886.6 100%
C2H3N 1329.9 25%
HCN 886.6 17%
CO2 2659.8 51% Stream J
Total 5230.94 100% Comp No.Mole Percent
C3H3N 354.64 8%
C2H3N 1329.9 31%
CO2 2659.8 61%
Total 4344.34 100%

Streams Input ( kmole ) Output ( kmole )

H 5230.94 ------
I ------ 886.6
J ------ 4344.34
Total 5230.94 5231.5

Page | 20
2.4 Material Balance on Distillation 2

L
J Distillation 2
K

This column has the advantage of removing any remaining impurities and
byproducts from the crude acrylonitrile stream, resulting in a higher quality
acrylonitrile product.

Over all Material Balance :

Input = Output
J=L+K
Stream L
Stream J Comp No.Mole Percent
Comp No.Mole Percent ACR (pure) 350 100%
C3H3N 354.64 8% Total 350 100%
C2H3N 1329.9 31%
CO2 2659.8 61%
Total 4344.34 100% Stream K
Comp No.Mole Percent
ACR 5 0.1%
(Not pure)
C2H3N 1325 33%
CO2 2660 66%
Total 3992.8 100%

Streams Input ( kmole ) Output ( kmole )

J 4344.34 ------
L ------ 350
K ------ 3992.8
Total 4344.34 4342.8

Page | 21
Streams Material Balance :

Streams K Mole

B 1773.2

C 6332.857

D 234978
E 7271.04
F 1800
G 3840
H 5230.94
I 886.6
J 4344.34

K 350

L 3992.8
Total 15668.72

Page | 22
 [1] Akshay Grover, Mohit Sharma, Divyanshu Patel, Shashwat Mitra, Manufacture
of Acrylonitrile, April 2012.
[2] GülinGüvendik,İ.İpekBoşgelmez, ‘Akrilonitril,(2000).

[3] Daniele Cespi, FabrizioPassarini*, Esmeralda Neri, IvanoVassura, Luca Ciacci,

FabrizioCavani, ‘Life Cycle Assessment comparison of two ways for acrylonitrile
production: the SOHIO process and an alternative route using propane’,(2014).
[4] https://www.lenntech.com/hazardous-substances/acrylonitrile.htm.
[5] Kauppinen, T., Toikkanen, J., Pedersen, D., Young, R., Kogevinas, M., Ahrens,
W., Boffetta, P., Hansen, J., Kromhout, H., Blasco, J.M., Mirabelli, D., de la
Orden- Rivera, V., Plato, N., Pannett, B., Savela, A., Veulemans, H. & Vincent, R.
(1998) Occupational Exposure to
Carcinogens in the European Union in 1990–93, Carex (International Information
System on Occupational Exposure to Carcinogens), Helsinki, Finnish Institute of
OccupationalHealth.
[6] Guidelines for the distribution of Acrylonitrile,(2009).
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