明愛陳震夏郊野學園 Caritas Chan Chun Ha Field Studies Centre

探究方法 (Research method)

探究方法 詳情 例子

1. 觀察 針對研究對象（人物、事物或環境等），有目的、有計劃地了解目標事物的詳情。 拍照、繪畫草圖，如學校附近的環
Observation 境
2. 測量  快船與慢船的船程（時間）
針對研究對象，估計或測定其目標單一物理量，通常結果以一標準或度量衡。  量度街道闊度（長度）
Measurement

3. 數數（統計）
針對單一項目，紀錄出現次數。 碼頭的人流
Counting
按照不同事物的性質、特點、用途等等特徵，作為區分的標準：  超級市場貨物種類
4. 分類  相同或相似的事物歸類；  長洲不同服務對象（居民及遊
Categories  不同的事物則分開。 客）的店舖
 與分類相似，根據研究題目要求，將相關的東西歸納；
5. 分布  只合適用於空間上的表達； 長洲售賣大魚旦店舖分布
Distribution  於複雜的環境之中，以便呈現目標事物出現的模式。

 將抽象/主觀的概念量化； 或
6. 評分（指數）  綜合不同的數據，方便比較； 米芝蓮的餐廳推薦指數（三星推
Index  評分對象需涉及不同範疇。 薦）

 形式可面對面、電話或書面等；
7. 問卷調查  以設計統一的問卷了解調查對象背後想法； 了解遊客到訪長洲的原因
Questionnaires  以提問方式搜集資料；  取樣量較多；
 獲取難以憑觀察獲得的資料；  封閉式問題為主（可供答案選擇）。
 了解受訪者背後原因及見解。  與受訪者面對面／電話傾談以獲得研究資料；
8. 深入訪談 長洲區議員對長洲未來發展的
 取樣量較少；
In-depth Interview 意見
 開放式問題為主及問題會根據受訪者答案而改變。
 明愛陳震夏郊野學園 Caritas Chan Chun Ha Field Studies Centre

抽樣方法 (Sampling Method)

概率抽樣法 (probabilistic sampling methods) 非概率抽樣法 (non-probabilistic sampling methods)
 需掌握整個母群的數量；  母群的整體數量相對研習目的而言關係不大；

 每個個體的差異不大；  樣本中的個體被抽中的機率無從得知；

 每個個體被抽中的機會均等；  數據結果的代表性有賴探究者選取樣本的判斷（如樣本與探究對象的關聯性等）。
 數據結果的代表性視乎抽樣的百分比評估。
抽樣 簡單隨機抽樣 系統抽樣 分層抽樣 配額抽樣 便利抽樣 立意抽樣
方法 (simple random sampling) (systematic sampling) (stratified sampling) (quota sampling) (convenience sampling) (purposive sampling)

解釋 在完整的母群個體名 將 母 群 個體按 順 序 按探究的相關變項 按探究的相關變項 抽選最容易接觸或聯絡 探 究 者 為 符 合 調 查

單內，完全隨機地抽取 編號後，隔同等的抽 (variable) 將 母 群 分 (variable)將母群分 的單位作樣本。 目的及特殊需要，刻
樣本。 樣距離，順序地抽取 類，每類稱為一層 類，再在每個類別中 意去抽選的樣本。
(例如以電腦程式、籤筒或 一個樣本之方法。 (strata)，每層中按特 根據自定名額隨意
亂數表來抽選樣本) 定模式隨機抽樣。 選取樣本。

例子 在某中學以抽學號形式 在某街道上，每隔 x 在某地區內，將建築 記錄某店舖顧客的  訪問 x 個在內地工 邀 請 某 區 議 員 作 深

抽取 x 個學生進行問卷 米量度噪音指數 物以樓齡分組，(如 50 消費額，隨意選取男 作的親友； 入訪談以了解該區
調查。 年或以上，50 年以下)， 女各 x 個。  訪問 x 個街上的路 的社區問題。
再在各組中隨機抽樣 人。
各 x 棟。
明愛陳震夏郊野學園 Caritas Chan Chun Ha Field Studies Centre
Primary data collection methods
Data
collectio
Explanations Examples
n
methods
 Using sensory observation to explore the details of research subject (people, things or
 Identification of the surrounding
A) Observation environment) in a purposive and planned way. Data are recorded using text, photos, sketch,
environment of a field site
map, etc. (Refer to other data collection methods listed below)
 To estimate or measure the physical quantity of the research subject. It usually requires the use  Measurement of the width of street and
B) Measurement of equipment or tools. Data are usually shown in certain standard, weights or measures. the building height

C) Counting  To record the number of occurrence of a single item.  Statistics of pedestrian flow at the pier
 To classify based on the nature, characteristics and uses:  Types of goods sold in supermarket
D) Category  to group the same or similar things;  Customers (serving local residents and
 to separate different things. tourists) of different shops

E) Distribution  To group similar things according to the research topic (similar to “D. Category”);
 Distribution of shops selling big fish
 Only suitable for spatial representation (different from category);
(mapping) balls in Cheung Chau
 Useful in showing the mode of occurrence of research subject in a complex environment.
 To quantify abstract or subjective concepts;  Risk index of natural hazards of Cheung
F) Scoring  To merge various data for easy comparison; Chau
 Scoring items should include different aspects.  Air Quality Health Index (AQHI)
 To make simplified drawing of the field site to show what the data collectors observed.
 Draw the characteristics and formation
G) Field sketching Annotations related to the research subject are added to provide key feature or additional
of weathering landforms
information.
 Forms: face-to-face, telephone, written, etc.;  The main reasons for tourists to visit
 Using questionnaire to understand the opinion of Cheung Chau
H) Questionnaire research subject;  To collect information by  The level of satisfaction among
 Larger sample size than “I. in-depth interview”; questioning; residents regarding a revitalization
 Mainly closed questions (with options available).  To obtain information which project
is difficult to be obtained
 To obtain information through face-to-face/ telephone
through observations;
I) In-depth interview;  Opinions of District Council members
 To understand the rationales
Interview  Smaller sample size than “H. Questionnaire”; on the future development of that
and opinions of interviewees.
 Mainly open questions and forthcoming questions will district
change upon the answer of respondents.
 明愛陳震夏郊野學園 Caritas Chan Chun Ha Field Studies Centre
Sampling Methods
Probabilistic sampling methods Non-probabilistic sampling methods
 Need to know the size of population;  Size of population might not be relevant to the research
 Few differences among individuals; objective;
 Individual has equal chance of being selected;  Chance of individual being selected is unknown;
 Representativeness of data depends on sampling  Representativeness of the results depends on the judgment of
percentage. researcher in sample selection (Such as the correlation between
samples and research targets).
Simple random Systematic Stratified Quota Convenience Purposive
Sampling sampling sampling sampling sampling sampling sampling
methods
(簡單隨機抽樣) (系統抽樣) (分層抽樣) (配額抽樣/ 定額抽樣) (便利抽樣/ 方便抽樣) (立意抽樣)
Explanations To select sample Each member of The whole population The whole population are Research subjects are Samples are selected
from the whole the whole are classified according classified according to the selected due to according to research
population population is to the variable and variable and divided into convenience of objectives and
randomly. (using sequentially divided into separate separate stratum. recruitment. special requirements.
computer program, numbered, then stratum. Then samples Then desired number
bamboo slip or selected according are selected randomly by (quota) of samples are
random number to a fixed, periodic proportion from each selected from each
table) interval. stratum. stratum.

Examples To choose a certain To measure the To group buildings To select a certain number To interview a certain To conduct an
number of students noise level of a according to their ages of male and female number of relatives who in-depth interview
to conduct street in a regular (e.g. above or below 50), customers, then record work in mainland China with a district
questionnaires/ interval. and select a certain the amount spent in a To interview a certain councillor about the
surveys according to number of buildings in shop. number of passersby on social problems of
the class number. each group randomly. the street that district.
Remarks Suitable for small Suitable for large Effectively show the Effectively show the Should not generalize the Suitable for
population and few population (hidden relationship / effect relationship / effect of data to larger population qualitative research
variations among cyclic ordering between variables. variables, but the (data is easily
samples (for which may affect characteristics and size of influenced by the
relevant research the samples are judged subjective judgment
objectives). representativeness subjectively. of researcher)
of data).