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PHILOSOPHY REVIEWER

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Karl Bernardo
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27 views3 pages

PHILOSOPHY REVIEWER

Uploaded by

Karl Bernardo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PHILOSOPHY REVIEWER

Philosophy - traces its roots in Ancient Greece in the 6th Century BCE.

- used this term to classify three classes of people who attended the ancient Olympic
Games as lovers of gain, lovers of honor; and lovers of knowledge or wisdom.

Pythagoras - a Greek mathematician who first coined the word Philosophy.

Philosophers - sought ways to arrive at the truth.

- became pioneers in history, biology, medicine, mathematics, astronomy, and even


physics.

2 Popular Definitions of Philosophy:

a. Etymological definition:

• The word philosophy is derived from Philosophia which is a combination of the Greek terms Philos
(love) and Sophia (wisdom).

Philosophy - “love of wisdom.”

Philosophers - are people who are “lovers of wisdom.”

b. Technical definition:

• Philosophy - is the science of the first causes.

-It seeks to know and clarify the very source of which all the chain of causes
ultimately all go back to it.
- a science since it utilizes reason and logic in an attempt to understand reality and
answer fundamental questions concerning knowledge, life, morality, and human
nature.
4 Branches of Philosophy:
a. Metaphysics - It deals with the examination of existence.

Answers Questions like:

•“What is the meaning of •“What is the purpose of life?” •“Does God exist?”
life?”

b. Epistemology - It studies the process of attaining knowledge.


- The biggest concerns are the origin, the verification of knowledge, and “how the
human person’s mind is associated with reality; and whether these relationships are
valid or invalid.

Answers Questions like • “How do we know?”

c. Ethics - Deals with correct judgment.


- It is the study of right or wrong in human actions.
- It is concerned about human conduct.
- It deals with norms or standards of right and wrong applicable to human behavior.

Answers Questions like “What I ought to do?”

d. Aesthetics - It explores into art.


- It includes what art is and the purpose behind it.
- It is concerned with the analysis of aesthetic experience and the idea of what is
beautiful.

Answers Questions like “is art subjective?”

 every part of a system has a mutual relationship.


 “The whole is more than the sum of its parts.”
Aristotle - first conceived the interrelationship among things.

•This view of taking all things as part of a system is espoused in the philosophical doctrine of Holism.

Holistic thinking – advocates looking at the “big picture” when analyzing a situation or problem.

Partial Thinking - adheres to focusing on one factor in analyzing a situation or a problem to understand
it.

•For Plato, “Philosophy begins in wonder.”

• one begins to embark on his philosophical journey through a life of questioning and searching the
truth.

•Thus, philosophy starts with a feeling of curiosity and puzzlement.


Questions - can help improve the body of knowledge since they can either challenge existing
information or refine it.
•The Act of questioning is eternal.

Why we Need Philosophy?


1. Philosophy enables a person to engage in critical analysis and interpretation of concepts definitions,
arguments, and problems.

2. Philosophy also improves problem-solving and decision-making.

3. A philosopher is a wise communicator who can clearly and adequately present his or her ideas.

4. Wisdom is one intended product of philosophizing, and this refers to a person’s ability to

apply knowledge to daily life, particularly in making sound choices and judgments.

5. Finally, knowledge of philosophy can contribute to self-development.

Philosophizing – It is man’s default to inquire beyond what can’t grasp.

Reflective practice – refers to a man’s personal study to his rich human experiences in his quest of
personal development.

- started with Buddhist teachings and the meditations of Emperor Marcus Aurelius
- is very useful in various professions.
- enhances better communication and helps in coming up with informed anbalanced
decisions.
- helpful in the fields of education, management, health care, and leadership.

Terry Pratchett - “We live and learn, or, perhaps more importantly we learn and live.”

John Dewey - also made notable contributions in reflective practice in his studies on experience,
interaction, and reflection.

Socrates - “The unexamined life is not worth living.”

Reflection – produces great thoughts, ideas, and actions.

- Willingness to process our own thoughts, feelings, and actions in order to learn
more about our life and experiences.

act of buying - reflect before making a purchase.

Edmund Husserl and Martin Heidegger – who pioneered studying the lived experience of humans

Phenomenology - studies the conscious experience of the individual from a subjective (first-person)
point of view.

•People studying philosophy studied the ideas of their predecessors.

Truth – does not have any simple answer.

- has no generally accepted definition.


- the quality or state of being in conformity with fact and reality.

Theories of Truth
1. Correspondence Theory of Truth - proposition is true when it conforms to some fact or state of
affairs.
- concepts are true when they correspond to reality or the world.
2. Coherence Theory of Truth - proposition is true to the extent that it agrees with other true
concepts.
3. Pragmatic Theory of Truth - proposition is true when acting upon it yields satisfactory practical
results.

Opinion - is a judgment, viewpoint, or statement that is considered to be subjective.

- thoughts, beliefs, feelings, and estimates with no evidence or reasoned judgment to


support it.
- what a person believes or hinks about something or any subject.
- represents the outlook of an individual, which may or may not be based on the fact.
- defined as the personal view or judgment about a subject that is not substantiated
by the facts.
- cannot be tested by concrete evidence.
5 Tips to Guide us to Evaluate an Opinion
1. Source - origin of the material.
- will determine the accuracy, correctness, and soundness of information.
2. Reliability - Consider the reputation and the expertise of the person about the topic.
- Credibility is also required when checking the accuracy of the person giving the
opinion.
3. Purpose - the main reason why the opinion is given.
- Evaluate if it is intended to inform or persuade.
- Consider reason and evidence in doing this step.
4. Bias - important not to take the person’s sense of partiality and prejudices about the topic or
subject matter.
5. Assumption - Take notice of all the beliefs presented.
- are ideas that one accepts as facts but makes no effort to prove or substantiate it.

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