Unique and Important multiple-choice

questions on Literary Theory

1. Who is considered the founder of structuralism?

a) Jacques Lacan
b) Roland Barthes
c) Ferdinand de Saussure
d) Jacques Derrida
Answer: c) Ferdinand de Saussure

2. Which literary theorist is known for his concept of the "death of the author"?
a) Michel Foucault
b) Roland Barthes
c) Jacques Derrida
d) Julia Kristeva
Answer: b) Roland Barthes
3. Which literary theory focuses on the role of power dynamics in literature and society?
a) Feminist theory
b) Marxist theory
c) Postcolonial theory
d) Queer theory
Answer: b) Marxist theory

4. Who coined the term "intertextuality" to describe the relationship between texts?
a) Julia Kristeva
b) Jacques Derrida
c) Roland Barthes
d) Mikhail Bakhtin
Answer: a) Julia Kristeva

5. Which literary theory emphasizes the importance of the reader's interpretation in

understanding a text?
a) Reader-response theory
b) Psychoanalytic theory
c) New Criticism
d) Structuralism
Answer: a) Reader-response theory

6. Who is known for introducing the concept of the "Other" in literary theory?

a) Edward Said

b) Homi Bhabha
 c) Gayatri Spivak

d) Frantz Fanon

Answer: d) Frantz Fanon

7. Which literary theorist is associated with the idea of the "gaze"?

a) Jacques Lacan

b) Roland Barthes

c) Michel Foucault

d) Julia Kristeva

Answer: a) Jacques Lacan

8. Which theory focuses on the ways in which language shapes our understanding of reality?

a) Deconstruction
b) Psychoanalytic theory
c) Structuralism
d) Poststructuralism
Answer: c) Structuralism

9. Who wrote "Simulacra and Simulation," which influenced postmodern thought?

a) Michel Foucault
b) Jean Baudrillard
c) Jacques Derrida
d) Slavoj Žižek
Answer: b) Jean Baudrillard

10. Which literary theory emphasizes the importance of gender and sexuality in literary
analysis?
a) Feminist theory
b) Queer theory
c) Psychoanalytic theory
d) Postcolonial theory
Answer: a) Feminist theory

11. Who introduced the concept of "double consciousness" in literary theory?

a) W.E.B. Du Bois
b) Frantz Fanon
c) Edward Said
d) Homi Bhabha
Answer: a) W.E.B. Du Bois

12. Which theory focuses on the unconscious desires and conflicts of characters in
literature?
a) Psychoanalytic theory
b) Deconstruction
 c) Formalism
d) Reader-response theory
Answer: a) Psychoanalytic theory

13. Who is known for the idea of "différance," which challenges traditional notions of
language and meaning?
a) Jacques Derrida
b) Michel Foucault
c) Roland Barthes
d) Gilles Deleuze
Answer: a) Jacques Derrida

14. Which literary theory emphasizes the ways in which language constructs identity and
reality?
a) Poststructuralism
b) Formalism
c) Marxism
d) Structuralism
Answer: a) Poststructuralism

15. Who wrote "The Anxiety of Influence," which explores the relationship between poets
and their predecessors?
a) Jacques Derrida
b) Harold Bloom
c) Jacques Lacan
d) Northrop Frye
Answer: b) Harold Bloom

16. Which literary theory focuses on the representation of race and ethnicity in literature?
a) Feminist theory
b) Queer theory
c) Postcolonial theory
d) Psychoanalytic theory
Answer: c) Postcolonial theory

17. Who introduced the concept of the "Spectacle" in relation to modern society?
a) Guy Debord
b) Michel Foucault
c) Jean Baudrillard
d) Walter Benjamin
Answer: a) Guy Debord

18. Which theory emphasizes the importance of historical context in understanding

literature?
a) Formalism
b) New Criticism
c) Historical materialism
d) Deconstruction
Answer: c) Historical materialism

19. Who is known for the concept of "heteroglossia," which describes the coexistence of
diverse voices in literature?
 a) Julia Kristeva
b) Roland Barthes
c) Mikhail Bakhtin
d) Jacques Derrida
Answer: c) Mikhail Bakhtin

20. Which literary theory focuses on the ways in which literature reinforces or challenges
social norms?
a) Marxism
b) Feminist theory
c) Queer theory
d) New Criticism
Answer: b) Feminist theory

21. Who introduced the concept of "discourse" as a way of understanding power

relations in society?
a) Jacques Derrida
b) Michel Foucault
c) Roland Barthes
d) Julia Kristeva
Answer: b) Michel Foucault

22. Which theory emphasizes the importance of language and symbolism in literature?
a) Symbolism
b) Formalism
c) Structuralism
d) Deconstruction
Answer: b) Formalism

23. Who is known for the concept of "the uncanny," which explores feelings of discomfort
and familiarity in literature?
a) Sigmund Freud
b) Carl Jung
c) Jacques Lacan
d) Julia Kristeva
Answer: a) Sigmund Freud

24. Which literary theory focuses on the ways in which literature reflects and influences
society's economic structures?
a) Marxism
b) Structuralism
c) Psychoanalytic theory
d) Deconstruction
Answer: a) Marxism

25. Who wrote "Of Grammatology," which critiques the Western philosophical tradition of
logocentrism?
a) Jacques Derrida
b) Michel Foucault
c) Roland Barthes
d) Julia Kristeva
Answer: a) Jacques Derrida
26. Which theory emphasizes the importance of individual perception and experience in
literary analysis?
a) Reader-response theory
b) Marxism
c) Formalism
d) Postcolonial theory
Answer: a) Reader-response theory

27. Who introduced the concept of "the gaze" in relation to power dynamics and
surveillance?
a) Michel Foucault
b) Jacques Lacan
c) Roland Barthes
d) Jean Baudrillard
Answer:

a) Michel Foucault

28. Which literary theory focuses on the ways in which literature reflects and perpetuates
patriarchal power structures?
a) Feminist theory
b) Queer theory
c) Psychoanalytic theory
d) Postcolonial theory
Answer: a) Feminist theory

29. Who is known for the idea of "cultural hegemony," which describes the dominance of
ruling-class ideology in society?
a) Raymond Williams
b) Karl Marx
c) Antonio Gramsci
d) Louis Althusser
Answer: c) Antonio Gramsci

30. Which theory emphasizes the importance of examining the unconscious desires and
conflicts in literary texts?
a) Psychoanalytic theory
b) Deconstruction
c) Marxism
d) Structuralism
Answer: a) Psychoanalytic theory

31. Who introduced the concept of "the Other" as a way of understanding marginalized
identities?
a) Edward Said
b) Frantz Fanon
c) Homi Bhabha
d) Gayatri Spivak
Answer: a) Edward Said
32. Which literary theory focuses on the ways in which literature reflects and challenges
colonial power structures?
a) Postcolonial theory
b) Structuralism
c) Queer theory
d) Formalism
Answer: a) Postcolonial theory

33. Who wrote "The Second Sex," which is considered a foundational text in feminist
theory?
a) Simone de Beauvoir
b) Judith Butler
c) Luce Irigaray
d) Gayatri Spivak
Answer: a) Simone de Beauvoir

34. Which theory emphasizes the importance of examining the historical and cultural
context of literary texts?
a) New Historicism
b) Structuralism
c) Psychoanalytic theory
d) Formalism
Answer: a) New Historicism

35. Who is known for the idea of "the sublime," which explores feelings of awe and terror
in literature?
a) Immanuel Kant
b) Friedrich Nietzsche
c) Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
d) Martin Heidegger
Answer: a) Immanuel Kant

36. Which literary theory focuses on the ways in which literature reflects and challenges
power imbalances based on race and ethnicity?
a) Postcolonial theory
b) Psychoanalytic theory
c) Formalism
d) Queer theory
Answer: a) Postcolonial theory

37. Who introduced the concept of "the white gaze" in relation to representations of race
in literature and film?
a) Toni Morrison
b) W.E.B. Du Bois
c) bell hooks
d) Frantz Fanon
Answer: a) Toni Morrison

38. Which theory emphasizes the importance of examining the role of language in
shaping our understanding of reality?
a) Structuralism
b) Deconstruction
 c) New Criticism
d) Formalism
Answer: b) Deconstruction

39. Who is known for the idea of "the colonial gaze," which explores the ways in which
colonial powers constructed and represented their subjects?
a) Edward Said
b) Homi Bhabha
c) Gayatri Spivak
d) Frantz Fanon
Answer: b) Homi Bhabha

40. Which literary theory focuses on the ways in which literature reflects and challenges
the power dynamics between genders?
a) Feminist theory
b) Queer theory
c) Marxism
d) Structuralism
Answer: a) Feminist theory

41. Who introduced the concept of "the carnivalesque," which describes moments of
inversion and subversion in literature and culture?
a) Mikhail Bakhtin
b) Jacques Derrida
c) Julia Kristeva
d) Roland Barthes
Answer: a) Mikhail Bakhtin

42. Which theory emphasizes the importance of examining the ways in which literature
reflects and perpetuates economic inequality?
a) Marxism
b) Psychoanalytic theory
c) Queer theory
d) Postcolonial theory
Answer: a) Marxism

43. Who is known for the idea of "the rhizome," which challenges traditional notions of
hierarchical structure?
a) Jacques Derrida
b) Michel Foucault
c) Gilles Deleuze
d) Julia Kristeva
Answer: c) Gilles Deleuze

44. Which literary theory focuses on the ways in which literature reflects and challenges
the dominant ideology of a society?
a) Marxism
b) Queer theory
c) New Criticism
d) Psychoanalytic theory
Answer: a) Marxism
45. Who introduced the concept of "archetypes" as universal symbols in literature and
mythology?
a) Carl Jung
b) Sigmund Freud
c) Jacques Lacan
d) Julia Kristeva
Answer: a) Carl Jung

46. Which theory emphasizes the importance of examining the ways in which literature
reflects and challenges systems of oppression based on sexuality?
a) Queer theory
b) Feminist theory
c) Marxism
d) Postcolonial theory
Answer: a) Queer theory

47. Who is known for the idea of "the gaze" as a way of understanding power dynamics
and surveillance in society?
a) Michel Foucault
b) Jacques Lacan
c) Roland Barthes
d) Jean Baudrillard
Answer: a) Michel Foucault

48. Which literary theory focuses on the ways in which literature reflects and challenges
the dominant cultural narratives of a society?
a) Postcolonial theory
b) Formalism
c) Psychoanalytic theory
d) Structuralism
Answer: a) Postcolonial theory

49. Who introduced the concept of "the abject," which describes experiences of horror
and disgust in literature and culture?
a) Julia Kristeva
b) Jacques Derrida
c) Michel Foucault
d) Roland Barthes
Answer: a) Julia Kristeva

50. Which theory emphasizes the importance of examining the ways in which literature
reflects and challenges hierarchical power structures?
a) Marxism
b) Queer theory
c) Formalism
d) Postcolonial theory
Answer: a) Marxism

51. Who is known for the idea of "the Other" as a way of understanding marginalized
identities and experiences?
a) Frantz Fanon
b) Edward Said
 c) Homi Bhabha
d) Gayatri Spivak
Answer: a) Frantz Fanon

52. Which literary theory focuses on the ways in which literature reflects and challenges
social constructions of gender?
a) Feminist theory
b) Queer theory
c) Marxism
d) Structuralism
Answer: a) Feminist theory

53. Who introduced the concept of "the gaze" in relation to power dynamics and
surveillance?
a) Michel Foucault
b) Jacques Lacan
c) Roland

Barthes
d) Jean Baudrillard
Answer: a) Michel Foucault

54. Which theory emphasizes the importance of examining the unconscious desires and
conflicts in literary texts?
a) Psychoanalytic theory
b) Deconstruction
c) Marxism
d) Structuralism
Answer: a) Psychoanalytic theory

55. Who introduced the concept of "the Other" as a way of understanding marginalized
identities?
a) Edward Said
b) Frantz Fanon
c) Homi Bhabha
d) Gayatri Spivak
Answer: a) Edward Said

56. Which literary theory focuses on the ways in which literature reflects and challenges
colonial power structures?
a) Postcolonial theory
b) Structuralism
c) Queer theory
d) Formalism
Answer: a) Postcolonial theory

57. Who wrote "The Second Sex," which is considered a foundational text in feminist
theory?
a) Simone de Beauvoir
b) Judith Butler
c) Luce Irigaray
d) Gayatri Spivak
 Answer: a) Simone de Beauvoir

58. Which theory emphasizes the importance of examining the historical and cultural
context of literary texts?
a) New Historicism
b) Structuralism
c) Psychoanalytic theory
d) Formalism
Answer: a) New Historicism

59. Who is known for the idea of "the sublime," which explores feelings of awe and terror
in literature?
a) Immanuel Kant
b) Friedrich Nietzsche
c) Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
d) Martin Heidegger
Answer: a) Immanuel Kant

60. Which literary theory focuses on the ways in which literature reflects and challenges
power imbalances based on race and ethnicity?
a) Postcolonial theory
b) Psychoanalytic theory
c) Formalism
d) Queer theory
Answer: a) Postcolonial theory

61. Who introduced the concept of "the white gaze" in relation to representations of race
in literature and film?
a) Toni Morrison
b) W.E.B. Du Bois
c) bell hooks
d) Frantz Fanon
Answer: a) Toni Morrison

62. Which theory emphasizes the importance of examining the role of language in
shaping our understanding of reality?
a) Structuralism
b) Deconstruction
c) New Criticism
d) Formalism
Answer: b) Deconstruction

63. Who is known for the idea of "the colonial gaze," which explores the ways in which
colonial powers constructed and represented their subjects?
a) Edward Said
b) Homi Bhabha
c) Gayatri Spivak
d) Frantz Fanon
Answer: b) Homi Bhabha

64. Which literary theory focuses on the ways in which literature reflects and challenges
the power dynamics between genders?
 a) Feminist theory
b) Queer theory
c) Marxism
d) Structuralism
Answer: a) Feminist theory

65. Who introduced the concept of "the carnivalesque," which describes moments of
inversion and subversion in literature and culture?
a) Mikhail Bakhtin
b) Jacques Derrida
c) Julia Kristeva
d) Roland Barthes
Answer: a) Mikhail Bakhtin

66. Which theory emphasizes the importance of examining the ways in which literature
reflects and perpetuates economic inequality?
a) Marxism
b) Psychoanalytic theory
c) Queer theory
d) Postcolonial theory
Answer: a) Marxism
24

WHAT IS CRITICISM?
The practice of literary theory became a profession in the 20th century, but it
has historical roots as far back as ancient Greece (Aristotle’s Poetics is an often
cited early example), ancient India (Bharata Muni’s Natya Shastra), ancient
Rome (Longinus’s On the Sublime) and medieval Iraq (Al-Jahiz’s al-Bayan
wa-‘l-tabyinand al-Hayawan, and ibn al-Mu’tazz’s Kitab al-Badi). The
aesthetic theories of philosophers from ancient philosophy through the 18th and
19th centuries are important influences on current literary study. The theory and
criticism of literature are, of course, also closely tied to the history of literature.
 CAPTION: “Literary criticism” is really
about questions from a different point of view.

The modern sense of “literary theory,” however, dates only to approximately

the 1950s, when the structuralist linguistics of Ferdinand de Saussure began
strongly to influence English language literary criticism. The New Critics and
various European-influenced formalists (particularly the Russian Formalists)
had described some of their more abstract efforts as “theoretical” as well. But it
was not until the broad impact of structuralism began to be felt in the English-
speaking academic world that “literary theory” was thought of as a unified
domain.

In the academic world of the United Kingdom and the United States, literary
theory was at its most popular from the late 1960s (when its influence was
beginning to spread outward from elite universities like Johns Hopkins, Yale,
and Cornell) through the 1980s (by which time it was taught nearly everywhere
in some form).

By the early 1990s, the popularity of “theory” as a subject of interest by itself

was declining slightly even as the texts of literary theory were incorporated into
the study of almost all literature.

ABOUT

One of the fundamental questions of literary theory is “what is literature?” –

although many contemporary theorists and literary scholars believe either that
“literature” cannot be defined or that it can refer to any use of language.
Specific theories are distinguished not only by their methods and conclusions,
but even by how they define a “text.”
 There are many types of literary theory, which take different approaches to
texts. Even among those listed below, combine methods from more than one of
these approaches (for instance, the deconstructive approach of Paul de Man
drew on a long tradition of close reading pioneered by the New Critics, and de
Man was trained in the European hermeneutic tradition).

Broad schools of theory that have historically been important include historical
and biographical criticism, New Criticism, formalism, Russian formalism,
and structuralism, post-structuralism, Marxism, feminism and French
feminism, post-colonialism, new historicism, deconstruction, reader-response
criticism, and psychoanalytic criticism.

SCHOOLS OF LITERARY THEORY

Listed below are some of the most commonly identified schools of literary
theory, along with their major authors. In many cases, such as those of the
historian and philosopher Michel Foucault and the anthropologist Claude Lévi-
Strauss, the authors were not primarily literary critics, but their work has been
broadly influential in literary theory.

 Aestheticism – often associated with Romanticism, a philosophy defining

aesthetic value as the primary goal in understanding literature. This includes
both literary critics who have tried to understand and/or identify aesthetic values
and those like Oscar Wilde who have stressed art for art’s sake. Major authors:
Oscar Wilde, Walter Pater, Harold Bloom. Video
link: https://youtu.be/X9tTGO__PnQ
 Cognitive Cultural Studies – applies research in cognitive neuroscience,
cognitive evolutionary psychology and anthropology, and philosophy of mind to
the study of literature and culture. Major authors: Frederick Luis Aldama, Mary
Thomas Crane, Nancy Easterlin, William Flesch, David Herman, Suzanne
Keen, Patrick Colm Hogan, Alan Richardson, Ellen Spolsky, Blakey Vermeule,
Lisa Zunshine. Video link: https://youtu.be/EPEgqlRv2Uo?t=273
 Cultural studies – emphasizes the role of literature in everyday life. Major
authors: Raymond Williams, Dick Hebdige, and Stuart Hall (British Cultural
Studies); Max Horkheimer andTheodor Adorno; Michel de Certeau; also Paul
Gilroy, John Guillory. Video link: https://youtu.be/CtdivVeym44
 Darwinian literary studies – situates literature in the context of evolution and
natural selection. Video link: https://youtu.be/3B137T4k7Xc
 Deconstruction – a strategy of “close” reading that elicits the ways that key
terms and concepts may be paradoxical or self-undermining, rendering their
meaning undecidable. Major authors: Jacques Derrida, Paul de Man, J. Hillis
Miller, Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe, Gayatri Spivak, Avital Ronell. Video
link: https://youtu.be/Cku46UJRlNo
 Feminist Literary Criticism – informed by feminist theory, or more broadly,
by the politics of feminism. It uses the principles and ideology of feminism to
critique the language of literature. This school of thought seeks to analyze and
describe the ways in which literature portrays the narrative of male domination
by exploring the economic, social, political, and psychological forces embedded
within literature. Major authors: Luce Irigaray, Judith Butler, Hélène Cixous,
Elaine Showalter. Video link: https://youtu.be/7JHS9cYuJZA
 Marxism – emphasizes themes of class conflict. Major authors: Georg Lukács,
Valentin Voloshinov, Raymond Williams, Terry Eagleton, Fredric Jameson,
Theodor Adorno, Walter Benjamin. Video link: https://youtu.be/nmIhEWiYE3o
 Modernism – both a philosophical movement and an art movement that arose
from broad transformations in Western society during the late 19th and early
20th centuries. The movement reflected a desire for the creation of new forms
of art, philosophy, and social organization which reflected the newly emerging
industrial world, including features such as urbanization, new technologies, and
war. Artists attempted to depart from traditional forms of art, which they
considered outdated or obsolete. The poet Ezra Pound’s 1934 injunction to
“Make it New” was the touchstone of the movement’s approach. Video
link: https://youtu.be/c_pywMFS8G0
 Multicultural Perspectives in Literature: “By carefully examining the work
of [multicultural] writers…[readers can see that] that literature, when read
closely, can help us better understand the multiracial world we live in and the
interactions of race and ethnicity” (Wakefield). Click here to view the
presentation “Multicultural Societies Explained” by Amendor As and Åse Elin
Langeland, from NDLA.
 New Criticism – looks at literary works on the basis of what is written, and not
at the goals of the author or biographical issues. Major authors: W. K. Wimsatt,
F. R. Leavis, John Crowe Ransom, Cleanth Brooks, Robert Penn Warren. Video
link: https://youtu.be/aa0gxWjCOxQ
 New Historicism – examines the work through its historical context and seeks
to understand cultural and intellectual history through literature. Major authors:
Stephen Greenblatt, Louis Montrose, Jonathan Goldberg, H. Aram Veeser.
Video link: https://youtu.be/SMxkN81QhKw
 Post-Colonialism – focuses on the influences of colonialism in literature,
especially regarding the historical conflict resulting from the exploitation of less
developed countries and indigenous peoples by Western nations. Major authors:
Edward Said, Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Homi Bhabha and Declan Kiberd.
Video link: https://youtu.be/jbLyd0mQwIk
 Post-modernism – criticism of the conditions present in the twentieth century,
often with concern for those viewed as social deviants or the Other. Major
authors: Michel Foucault, Roland Barthes, Gilles Deleuze, Félix Guattari and
Maurice Blanchot. Video link: https://youtu.be/tICiNbukog0
 Post-structuralism – a catch-all term for various theoretical approaches (such
as deconstruction) that criticize or go beyond Structuralism’s aspirations to
create a rational science of culture by extrapolating the model of linguistics to
other discursive and aesthetic formations. Major authors: Roland Barthes,
Michel Foucault, Julia Kristeva. Video link: https://youtu.be/P2eb52fUgTk
 Psychoanalysis – explores the role of consciousnesses and the unconscious in
literature including that of the author, reader, and characters in the text. Major
authors: Sigmund Freud, Jacques Lacan, Harold Bloom, Slavoj Žižek, Viktor
Tausk. Video link: https://youtu.be/c4NXNfBEwZg
 Gender Studies and Queer theory – “explore[s] issues of sexuality, power,
and marginalized populations (woman as other) in literature and culture. Much
of the work in gender studies and queer theory, while influenced by feminist
criticism, emerges from post-structural interest in fragmented, de-centered
knowledge building (Nietzsche, Derrida, Foucault), language (the breakdown of
sign-signifier), and psychoanalysis (Lacan)” (“Gender Studies and Queer
theory”). Major authors: Judith Butler, Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, Michel
Foucault.
 Reader-response criticism – focuses upon the active response of the reader to
a text. Major authors: Louise Rosenblatt, Wolfgang Iser, Norman Holland,
Hans-Robert Jauss, Stuart Hall. Video link: https://youtu.be/fnq1nD_bmlc
 Structuralism and semiotics – examines the universal underlying structures in
a text, the linguistic units in a text and how the author conveys meaning through
any structures. Major authors: Ferdinand de Saussure, Roman Jakobson, Claude
Lévi-Strauss, Roland Barthes, Mikhail Bakhtin, Yurii Lotman, Umberto Eco,
Jacques Ehrmann, Northrop Frye and morphology of folklore. Video
link: https://youtu.be/rkDb9Nt1EBQ
 Eco-criticism – explores cultural connections and human relationships to the
natural world. Video link: https://youtu.be/M4ufeMLo-os

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