Periodic Classification

Learning Outcomes
By the end of this chapter, you will understand

Chapter - 2
 Major contribution in classification of elements  Ionisation of energy (Ionisation potential)
 Moseley’s modification and the Modern periodic table  Electron affinity
 Main features of modern periodic table  Electron negativity
 IUPAC Nomenclature of elements with  Electro positivity, metallic character,
atomic numbers > 100 non-metallic character
 Classification of elements into blocks  Reducing, oxidising characters
 Classification based on chemical properties  Basic and acidic nature of oxides
 Merits and Demerits of the long form of periodic table  Valency & oxidation state
 Periodicity and Periodic properties  Diagonal relationship
 Atomic radius  Some interesting points to remember
1 Introduction 3 Moseley’s modification and the
Elements are pure substances made up of one kind Modern periodic table
of atoms and cannot be broken down into simpler
substances. There are today about 118 elements
discovered so far, both naturally occurring and
artificially prepared. Experimental data regarding
elements and their compounds can only be
systematised if all known elements were property
classified. The best classification is the one which
puts together those elements which show maximum
resemblance and separates the other.
Basis for Moseley’s classification : Discovery
2 Major contribution in classification of radioactivity, isotopes, isobars and atomic nuclei
led Moseley (in 1913) to change the periodic law
of elements as given by Mendeleev. He observed regularities in
The process of grouping of elements based on their the characteristic X-ray spectra of the elements and
properties is called Classification of elements.
Following are some of the major contributions in found that plot ν vs. Z (atomic number) is straight
the development of periodic table. line while ν vs. A (atomic weight) is not, and
i) Dobereiner triad: Elements with similar properties
can be arranged in small groups of three each. In   a  Z  b  , where a and b are constants that
such a case, the atomic weight of the middle element arc same for all elements. Thus he concluded that
is approximately equal to the arithmetic mean atomic number is more fundamental property than
(average) of the first and the last element. atomic weight.
ii) Newland’s concept: Elements when arranged in
increasing order of their atomic weights, show
resemblance in physical and chemical properties
between eighth element and the first element. This
is similar to the eighth and first notes on a musical
scale.
iii) Mendeleev’s Periodic law: The physical and
chemical properties of the elements are the periodic
functions of their atomic weights. That is, if the
elements are arranged in the increasing order of
their atomic weights, then the elements with similar
properties appear at regular intervals.
Periodic Classification 22
Modern periodic law: The physical and shell’s p-subshell is complete. The period number
chemical properties of the elements are periodic denotes the outermost orbit’s number of that
functions of their atomic numbers. element. The first element of each period (except
Modern justification for Moseley’s 1st period) is an alkali metal and the last element is
modification : Henry Moseley showed that the an inert gas.
atomic number of an element is numerically equal The periods are described below :
to the number of electrons round the nucleus. The
number of electrons in turn is equal to the number Period Length No. of
of protons in the nucleus. He suggested that atomic elements
number 1st period Very short period 2
2nd and 3rd periods Short periods 8
is a more fundamental property of an element than
4th and 5th periods Long periods 18
its atomic mass. When the elements are arranged
6th period Very long period 32
in the increasing order of their atomic number, most 7th period Incomplete period --
of the defects of Mendeleev’s classification get
rectified.
To avoid the inconvenience, 14 elements, which do
4 Main features of modern periodic not include lanthanum and actinium belonging to
table 6th and 7th period are placed in two separate rows
at the bottom of periodic table (now called as
The general features of Long form of periodic table lanthanides and actinides respectively).
are :
Criterion for placement of an element in a
1. Basis for classification: The elements are arranged period: The number of elements in each period of
in the increasing order of their atomic numbers. the periodic table is equal to the number of electrons
2. Periods : The seven horizontal rows of the periodic filled in the corresponding electronic shell and a
table are known as periods. Each period begins with new period begins with an element that has one
the outermost electron entering into a new principal electron in a new main energy level (i.e., new shell)
quantum number and completes after the outer-most

Starting element of the period Last element of the period No. of

elements
Period =No of
Electronic Electronic
Name Z Z Name electrons
configuration configuration
filled

First Hydrogen 1 1 2 Helium 2 2

Secon d Lithium 2, 1 3 10 Neon 2, 8 8

Third Sodium 2, 8, 1 11 18 Argon 2, 8, 8 8

Fourth Potassium 2, 8, 8, 1 19 36 Krypton 2, 8, 18, 8 18

Fifth Rubidium 2, 8, 18, 8, 1 37 54 Xenon 2, 8, 18, 18, 8 18

Sixth Cesium 2, 8, 18, 18, 8, 1 55 86 Radon 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8, 1 32

Seven th Francium 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8, 1 87 - - Incomplete

Periodic Classification 23

3. Groups : The elements present in vertical columns called groups. The groups are again classified into two sub
groups - A and B. There are sixteen groups under the headings: IA to VII A, 0 and IB – VII B and VIII.
4. Normal or Typical elements: The elements placed in ‘A’ subgroups, IA and IIA on the left and IIIA to
VIIIA (0) on the right are called typical elements. They are also called representative, normal or main group
elements.
5. Transitional elements: The ‘B’ sub group elements present between IA and IIIA are called transition elements
as they show transition properties from metals to non-metals.
6. Active metals: The strong metallic elements are placed in IA and IIA groups on the left hand side of the
periodic table.
7. Active nonmetals: The strong nonmetallic elements are placed in VII A and VIA groups on the right hand
side of the periodic table.
Periodic Classification 24
8. Non-reactive elements: The rare gases (noble gas) that are inert, are placed in zero group at the end,
extreme right hand side of the periodic table (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and Rn).
9. Lanthanides and Actinides: Lanthanides and Actinides are placed separately at the bottom of the periodic
table due to their unique properties. Their details shall be learnt in pages ahead.
Some Common Names of Different Groups
Group General / Special Name Reason
IA Alkali metals Due to the formation of strong oxides and hydroxides with a
strong alkaline character (Basic in nature), these are called
alkali metals.
IIA Alkaline earth metals These oxides are alkaline in nature and exist in the earth.
Hence, these elements are called Alkaline Earth metals.
IIIA Boron family As all the elements in this group represent similar properties
and boron being the first of these elements, this group is called
the Boron group.
IVA Carbon family All the elements in this group have similar properties. Carbon
being the first element of this group, this group is called the
Carbon group.
VA Pnicogens Pnicogen is a Greek word meaning ‘suffocation’. As the
Hydrides of this group NH 3, PH 3, ASH3 have a pungent odour,
and when inhaled causes suffocation, this group is called
Pnicogen.
VIA Chalcogens Chalcogens in Greek means ore-forming. Oxygen and sulphur
are two important elements of this group, and these elements
are associated with ores of many metals in the form of their
oxides and sulphides.
VII Halogens In Greek ‘halogen’ mean salt producer.
A salt consists of anion and cation. For example common salt
(NaCl) consists Na+ (cation) and Cl (anion). The elements of
this group form the anion of salt easily, hence they are called
Halogens.
Zero Rare gases Because of their presence in small quantities they are called rare
group Inert gases gases. Due to their stable electronic configuration they are
Noble gases called Noble gases. As they have little tendency to react, they
are also called Inert gases.
VIII Iron triad/ ferrous VIII group consists of 3 triad series. The first triad series Fe,
or metals/Platinum Co, Ni are called ferrous metals and second and third triad
VIIIB triads/Platinum metals series Ru, Rh, Pd and Os, Ir, Pt are called Platinum metals.
IB Coinage metals As these elements (copper group metals) were used for the
manufacture of currencies in the olden days, they are called
Coinage metals.

Formative Worksheet
1. Number of elements in each period = x × number of orbitals available in the energy level that is being filled.
‘x’ is equal to:
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4
2. An element ‘E’ has atomic number 14. To which period this element belongs? How many number of elements
are present in the period to which element ‘E’ belongs?
1) 1st period and 2 elements. 2) 3rd period and 8 elements.
3) 4 period and 18 elements.
th
4) 5th period and 18 elements.
Periodic Classification 25
3. Find the period number and the group number in 7. The period number of a long form of periodic table
which the element with atomic number 24 is represents :
present. 1) Outermost orbit number
1) 2, VB 2) 4, VIB 3) 5, VIIB 4) 3, VB 2) Penultimate shell number
4. Which of the following is true for the elements given 3) Atomic number 4) Mass number
below: 8. The elements present in the left portion of the
(i) Lithium (ii) Fluorine (iii) Calcium periodic table are :
(i) (ii) (iii) 1) Noble gases 2) Non-metals
1) Alkaline Alkali Halogen 3) Metalloids 4) Metals
earth metal metal 9. The noble gases in the periodic table are present on
1) Left portion 2) Right portion
2) Halogen Alkaline Alkali metal
3) Middle 4) Bottom
earth metal
10. Hydrogen loses one electron to form H+. In this
3) Alkali metal Halogen Alkaline earth property, it resembles with:
meta l 1) Transitional metals 2) Alkaline earth metals
4) Alkali metal Alkaline Halogen 3) Alkali metals 4) Halogens
earth metal 11. The elements present in the middle part of the
5. An element has three electrons in the 4th shell, the periodic table are called:
atomic number of the element is : 1) Transition metals 2) Transuranic elements
1) 13 2) 21 3)27 4) 31 3) Metals 4) Metalloids
6. The atom having the valence shell electronic 12. Astatine is:
configuration 4s24p2 would be in 1) a halogen 2) a rare earth element
1) IIA group and period 3 3) an alkaline earth metal 4) None of these
2) IIB group and period 4 13. Alkali metals belongs to________group.
3) IVA group and period 4 1) IA group 2) II A group
4) IVA group and period 3 3) VIIA group 4) VIII A group
7. Without consulting the periodic table, select from 14. Alkaline earth metals belongs to________group
each of the following sets, the elements belonging 1) IA group 2) II A group
to same group of the periodic table. 3) VIIA group 4) VIII A group
1) Z = 11,3, 20, 37 2) Z = 12, 38, 4, 88 15. The inner transition elements constitutes :
3) Z = 31, 13, 81, 50 4) Z = 21, 39, 90, 57 1) 58Ce to 71Lu 2) 90Th to 103Lr
3) Both 4) None
Conceptive Worksheet 16. The very short period of the periodic table includes:
1) 1 element 2) 2 elements
1. What led Moseley to change the periodic law given 3) 8 elements 4) 18 elements
by Mendeleev? 17. The chalcogens belong to :
1) Discovery of radioactivity 1) IA 2) IIA 3) IIIA 4) VIA
2) Discovery of isotopes, isobars 18. How many elements are present in,
3) Discovery of atomic nuclei 4) All the above (i) Fifth period (ii) Sixth period ?
2. Which one of the following is the fundamental 1) (i) 16 (ii) 32 2) (i) 18 (ii) 32
property of elements according to Moseley?
3) (i) 14 (ii) 28 4) (i) 14 (ii) 32
1) Atomic weight 2) Atomic number
3) Atomic volume 4) Atomic density _______________________________________
3. Which of the following discrepancies of 5 IUPAC Nomenclature of
Mendeleev’s classification are removed
automatically by modern periodic law :
elements with atomic numbers
1) Position of isotopes > 100
2) Anomalous pair of elements The naming of the new elements had been
3) Position of hydrogen 4) All of these traditionally the privilege of the discoverer (or
4. According to Moseley ν = a  z - b  , then ν is: discoverers) and the suggested name was ratified
1) Velocity 2) Voltage by the IUPAC. In recent years this has led to some
3) Frequency 4) Wavelength controversy. The new elements with very high
5. The number of periods in long form of periodic table : atomic numbers are so unstable that only minute
1) 7 2) 8 3) 18 4) 15 quantities, sometimes only a few atoms of them are
6. The number of vertical columns in long form of obtained.
periodic table is :
1) 14 2) 16 3) 18 4) 20
Periodic Classification 26
Their synthesis and characterisation, therefore, Thus, the new element first gets a temporary name,
require highly sophisticated costly equipment and with symbol consisting of three letters. Later
laboratory. Such work is carried out with permanent name and symbol are given by a vote of
competitive spirit only in some laboratories in the IUPAC representatives from each country. The
world. permanent name might reflect the country (or state
Scientists, before collecting the reliable data on the of the country) in which the element was discovered,
new element, at times get tempted to claim for its or pay tribute to a notable scientist. As of now,
discovery. For example, both American and Soviet elements with atomic numbers up to 112, 114 and
scientists claimed credit for discovering 104th 116 have been discovered. Elements with atomic
element. numbers 113, 115, 117 and 118 are not yet known.
The Americans named it Rutherfordium whereas
Soviets named it Kurchatovium. To avoid such Formative Worksheet
problems, the IUPAC has made recommendation 8. Match the following:
that until a new element’s discovery is proved and Column - I Column - II
its name is officially recognized, a systematic (Element) (Atomic number)
nomenclature be derived directly from the atomic i) Fermium p) 100
number of the element using the numerical roots ii) Lawrencium q) 101
for 0 and numbers 1-9. These are shown in the iii) Mendelevium r) 102
table below. iv) Nobelium s) 103
The roots are put together in order of digits which 1) i  p; ii  q; iii  r; iv  s
make up the atomic number and “ium” is added at 2) i  p; ii  s; iii  q; iv  r
the end. The IUPAC names for elements with 3) i  p; ii  r; iii  s; iv  r
atomic number (Z) above 100 are shown in table. 4) i  s; ii  r; iii  q; iv  p
Digit Name Abbreviation 9. Match the following :
0 nil n Column - I Column - II
1 un u A) Unnilunium p) Nobelium
2 bi b B) Unnilbium q) Mendelevium
3 tri t C) Unniltrium r) Lawrencium
4 quad q A B C
5 pent p 1) p q r
6 hex h 2) q p r
7 sept s 3) p r q
8 oct o 4) r q p
9 enn e
Atomic
Name Symbol
IUPAC IUPAC Conceptive Worksheet
number Official Name Symbol 19. The elements beyond uranium (Z = 92) are called
101 Unnilunium Unu Mendelevium Md
102 Unnilbium Unb Nobelium No 1) Synthetic elements
103 Unniltrium Unt Lawrencium Lr 2) Transuranic elements
104 Unnilquadium Unq Rutherfordium Rf
105 Unnilpentium Unp Dubnium Db 3) Both
106 Unnilhexium Unh Seaborgium Sg 4) None
107 Unnilseptium Uns Bohrium Bh
108 Unniloctium Uno Hassnium Hs 20. The atomic numbers of few elements are given
109 Unnilennium Une Meitnerium Mt below: Which of them can be considered as trans
110 Ununnillium Uun Darmstadtium Ds fermium elements?
111 Unununium Uuu Rontgenium Rg
112 Ununbium Uub   1) 101 2) 105 3) 93 4) 96
113 Ununtrium Uut 
21. What would be the IUPAC name and symbol for
114 Ununquadium Uuq  
115 Ununpentium Uup  the element with atomic number 120?
116 Ununhexium Uuh   1) Unnilbium 2) Unbinilium
117 Ununseptium Uus 
118 Ununoctium Uuo  3) Unnilunium 4) Unniltrium
  Official IUPAC name yet to be announced.
  Elements yet to be discovered.
Periodic Classification 27
22. Write the respective names given by IUPAC to General characteristics of s-block
the elements named Unununnium, Ununnillium, elements are:
Unnilennium. i) They are soft metals and have low melting
1) Meitnerium, Hassnium, Bhorium points.
2) Darmstadtium, Meitnerium, Hassnium ii) They are highly electropositive and have low
3) Rontgenium, Darmastadtium, Meitnerium ionisation energies .
4) None iii) They are highly reactive and form ionic
23. The atomic number of the element named after compounds.
the scientist who introduced the concepts of orbits iv) They are good reducing agents.
or main energy levels II. p - block elements:
1) 107 2) 108 c) 109 4) 110 a) The elements in which the last electron enters
the p-subshell of their outermost energy level
6 Classification of elements into are called p- block elements.
b) This block is situated at the extreme right hand
blocks side of the periodic table.
This classification is based on the type of atomic c) It contains elements of groups IIIA, IVA, VA,
orbital to which a differentiating (last) electron VIA, VIIA and VIIIA (exception- helium).
enters. On the bases of electronic configuration, d) The general electronic configuration of these
the elements are grouped into four blocks. They elements is ns2 np1-6, where ‘n’ represents the
are : outermost shell.
i) s-block elements ii) p-block elements e) It includes metals, non metals , metalloids and
iii) d-block elements iv) f-block elements inert gases.
s Points to Remember:
IA block
a) Helium should be placed in s-block, but due to
IIA IIIA to VIIIA
its chemical inertness, it is placed along with
III B to II B
other inert gases in 0-group. Thus, He is a p-
block elements with out p-electrons.
s- block

d-block p-block b) The first p-block elements is Boron ([He] 2s2

2p1)
d) The only group with all gaseous elements is
“zero-group”.
f-block General characteristics of p-block elements
I. s - block elements: a) The elements in which are:
the last electron enters the s-subshell of their i) They form ionic as well as covalent compounds.
outermost energy level are called s- block elements. ii) They have relatively high values of ionisation
b) This block is situated at the extreme left side of the energies.
periodic table. iii) Most of them are non metals and are highly
c) It contains elements of groups IA and IIA. electronegative.
d) The general electronic configuration of these iv They show variable oxidation states and form
elements is ns 1-2 , where ‘n’ represents the acidic oxides.
outermost shell. III. d - block elements:
e) The elements IA group elements are called Alkali a) The elements in which the last electron enters the
metals and that of IIA group elements are known d-subshell of the penultimate energy level are called
as Alkaline earth metals. d- block elements.
f) H, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr elements have 1 electron b) This block is situated in between ‘s’ and ‘p’ blocks
in their outer shell with ‘ns1’ general outer shell of the periodic table.
configuration, they belongs to IA. c) It contains elements of groups IB, IIB, IIIB, IVB,
g) Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba and Ra (Alkaline Earth VB, VIB, VIIB and VIII groups.
elements) have 2-electrons in their outer shell, with d) The general electronic configuration of these
“ns2” general outer shell configuration, they belongs elements is (n-1) d1-10ns1-2, where (n-1) represents
to IIA. the penultimate shell and ‘n’ represents the
outermost shell.
Periodic Classification 28
e) It includes weak metals. c) It consists of two series of elements. The elements
General characteristics of d-block elements of first series follow lanthanum and are called
are: Lanthanides and the elements of second series
i) They are hard, high melting metals showing follow actinium and are called actinides.
variable oxidation states. d) The general electronic configuration of these
ii) They form coloured complexes and form ionic elements is (n-2)f1-14 (n-1) d 0-1 ns2, where ‘n’
as well as covalent compounds. represents the outermost shell, (n-1) represents the
iii) Most of them exhibit paramagnetism and penultimate shell and (n - 2) represents the anti
possess catalytic properties. penultimate shell.
iv) They form alloys and are good conductors of General characteristics of f-block elements
heat and electricity. are:
IV. f - block elements: i) They are hard, high melting metals showing
a) The elements in which the last electron enters the variable oxidation states.
f-subshell of the anti-penultimate (third to the outer ii) They form coloured complexes and have high
most shell ) shell are called f- block elements. densities.
b) This block is placed separately at the bottom of the iii) Most of the elements of actinide series are
main periodic table. radioactive.
Prediction of period, group and block of a given element
Prediction of period, group and block of a given element
To predict the group, period and block of a given element, following steps have to be followed.
1. Write the electronic configuration of the given element following various rules.
2. The principal quantum number of the valence shell refers to period of the element.
3. The subshell which receives the last electron refers to block to which the element belong.
4. Group is predicted from the number of electrons present in the outermost or penultimate shell i.e., last
but one or (n-1) shell as follows.
a. If the element belongs to s-block, then the group number = number of valence electrons
b. If the element belongs to p-block, then the group number 10 + total number of valence
electrons
c. If the element belongs then the group number = 2 + number of (n-1) electrons
= number of electrons in valence shell + d electron of penultimate shell

15. The differentiating electron of an atom of element

Formative Worksheet has the quantum numbers n = 3, l = 2, m = 0 and
10. Choose the option that bear atomic numbers of the
1
elements that belong to p-block. s = + . Then that element belongs to :
1) 15 and 35 2) 3 and 5 2
3) 24 and 29 4) 15 and 55 1) s – block 2) p – block
11. Identify the element in which the differentiating 3) d – block 4) f – block
electron enters s-orbital but is placed in p-block
1) He 2) Li 3) Be 4) B Conceptive Worksheet
12. Identify the starting elements from which s and p- 24. On the basis of electronic configuration, all the
orbitals start filling, respectively are: elements in the long form of the periodic table have
1) H, He 2) H, B 3) Be, B 4) H, N been grouped in:
13. The liquid non metal is present in: 1) 3 blocks
1) s - block 2) p- block 2) 4 blocks
3) d- block 4) f- block 3) 4 blocks + lanthanides
14. The quantum numbers of the last electron which 4) 2 blocks + lanthanides + actinides.
enters an element are : l = 3, m =–2 and s=+ ½. In 25. Elements whose outer electronic configuration vary
which block of the periodic table is this element from ns2np1 to ns2np6 constitute :
present ? 1) s-block of elements 2) p-block of elements
1) s-block 2) p-block 3) d-block 4) f-block 3) d-block of elements 4) f-block ol elements
Periodic Classification 29
26. The elements whose atoms have two outermost Type - I - Inert gas elements:
shells incomplete belong to: 1. The elements in which the outermost shell is
1) s-block 2) p-block complete and are inactive are inert gases.
3) d-block 4) f-block 2. He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and Rn belongs to “0” group in
27. The element with the electronic configuration the periodic table are called Inert Gas Elements.
[Xe]4f7 5d1 6s2 lies in the: 3. Except He (1s2), all the other elements have ns2np6
1) s-block 2) d-block outer electronic configuration.
3) f-block 4) Actinide series 4. It is known that heavier elements (Kr, Xe) forms
28. The number of groups present in s and p -blocks in compounds under special controlled conditions with
periodic table respectively are: Oxygen, Fluorine, XeOF4 and XeOF5. So they are
1) 2, 4 2) 1, 3 3) 2, 6 4) 2, 8 now called Noble gases.
29. The atomic number of the following represents the 5. All are monoatomic gases.
element in the d - block: 6. They are also known as Rare gases (or) Aerogens.
1) Z = 46 2) Z = 36 Type - II- Representative elements or normal
3) Z = 16 4) Z = 56 elements:
30. 1. These are the elements whose outer shells are not
Electronic completely filled. Hence, they are reactive.
Z Block
Configuration 2. Excluding “zero” group, remaining s and p block
1 46 |Kr| 5s2 5p8 d elements (IA, IIA, IIIA, IVA, VA, VIA, VIIA) are
2 36 |Ar| 4s2 3d10 4p6 p called representative elements.
3 16 |Ne| 3s2 3p4 p 3. Most of these elements are abundant and active.
4 56 |Ne| 3s2 3p5 s 4. Their general outer electronic configurations are ns1-
2
np1-5.
31. The differentiating electron of lanthanides enters 5. Metals, nonmetals and metalloids are present in
in the: representative elements.
1) 4f subshell 2) 5f subshell 6. Atoms of these elements enter chemical combination
3) 5d subshell 4) 6d subshell by losing, gaining or sharing of electrons to attain
32. Rare earth elements are : stable nearest inert gas configuration.
1) d - block elements 2) lanthanides 7. In case of representative elements electrons of
3) p - block elements 4) representative elements outer ns and np will take part in bonding.
33. The 6th period of the periodic table contains: Type - III - Transition elements :
1) Two s-block and six p-block elements 1. These are the elements whose outer most and
2) Fourteen f-block elements penultimate shells are incompletely filled.
3) Ten d-block elements 2. Elements that have incompletely filled or partly filled
4) All the above d-orbitals either in elementary state or in any
________________________________________ possible oxidation state are called as transition
7 Classification based on chemical elements.
properties 3. Their properties are intermediate to s and p block
elements.
All the elements of the periodic table are divided 4. The general electronic configuration is (n-1)d1-9 ns1-
into four types on the basis of their chemical 2
.
properties and electronic configuration. 5. II B group elements Zn (3d10 4s2), Cd (4d10 5s2) Hg
Representative Elements
(5d10 6s2) are not transition elements (due to the
VIIIA absence of partly filled d-orbitals both in atomic and
IA
IIIA to VIIA in ionic states) (Zn, Cd, Hg - are referred as
IIA Nontypical Transition Elements) or volatile metals.
Inert gases

IIIB to IB IIB
Representative

6. In the case of Transition elements both (n-1)d and

Elements

Representative ns electrons participate in bonding.

Transitional Elements Type - IV - Inner transition of elements:
Elements 1. These elements have three outermost shells
incomplete i.e., n, (n-1) and (n-2)
Inner Transitional elements 2. The f-block elements are called inner transition
elements.
Periodic Classification 30

3. General configuration is (n – 2)f1–14 (n – 1)d0 or 1 i.e., periodicity of properties can be easily

ns2. visualised. The same properties occur after the
4. Since the last two shells have similar configuration intervals of 2, 8, 8, 18, 18 and 32 elements which
these elements have similar physical and chemical indicates the capacity of various periods of the
properties (eg - these elements shows common table.
oxidation state of +3). ix) The greatest advantage of this periodic table is
5. There are two series of inner transition elements. that this can be divided into four blocks namely
4f-series - Lanthanide series - 4f1-14 5d 0 or 1 6s2. s-, p-, d- and f-block elements.
5f - series - Actinide series - 5f1-14 6d0 or 1 7s2. x) Since this classification is based on the atomic
In periodic table, lanthanides are present between number and not on the atomic mass, the position
La & 72Hf and of placing isotopes at one place is fully justified.
57
Actinides are present between 89Ac & 104Rf. xi) It is easy to remember and reproduce.
6. Lanthanides are rare earths, and almost all Actinides xii) The position of some elements which were
are radioactive. misfit on the basis of atomic mass is now
justified on the basis of atomic number. For
example, argon proceeds potassium because
8 Merits and Demerits of the long argon has atomic number 18 and potassium has
form of periodic table 19.
We have seen that the periodic table has xiii) The lathanides and actinides which have
developed in various stages. The classification properties different from other groups are
evolving at every stage proved to be more useful placed separately at the bottom of the periodic
than the previous one. We will now discuss the table.
uses of the periodic table. xiv)This arrangement of elements is easy to
Advantages of the Long Form of Periodic remember and reproduce.
Table Anomalies of the Long Form of Periodic Table
i) This classification is based on the atomic number The long form of periodic table has removed all
which is a more fundamental property of the anomalies of the Mendeleevf’s periodic table
elements. except:
ii) The position of elements in the periodic table is i) Position of H is not fixed till now.
governed by the elctronic configurations, which ii) Lanthanides and Actinides still find place
determine their properties. in the bottom of the table.
iii) The completion of each period is more logical. iii) It does not reflect the exact distribution of
In a period as the atomic number increases, the electrons among all the orbitals of the atoms of
energy shells are gradually filled up until an inert all the elements.
gas configuration is reached.
iv) It eliminates the even and odd series of IV, V F ormative W orksheet
and VI periods of Mendeleev’s periodic table. 16. Which among the following are monoatomic
v) The position of VIII group is also justified in this gaseous elements ?
table. All the transition elements have been 1) Halogens 2) Chalcogens
brought in the middle as the properties of 3) Rare gases 4) Representative elements
transition elements are intermediate between s- 17. The elements that are characterised by the outer
and p-block elements. shell electronic configuration from ns1 to ns2 np5
vi) Due to separation of two sub-groups, dissimilar are collectively called as:
elements do not fall together. One vertical column 1) Transition elements
accommodates elements with same electronic 2) Inner transition elements
configuration thereby showing same properties. 3) Representative elements
vii) The table completely separates metals and non- 4) Actinides
metals. Non-metals are present in upper right 18. The elements of I B and II B are called:
corner of the periodic table. 1) Normal elements
viii) There is a gradual change in properties of the 2) Nontypical transition elements
elements with ‘ increase in their atomic numbers 3) Alkaline earth metals
4) Alkali metals
Periodic Classification 31
19. In transition elements, the incoming electron Types of atomic radii
occupies (n–1) d-subshell in preference to: Three types of atomic radii are considered based
1) np-subshell 2) ns-subshell on the nature of bonding they are :
3) (n – 1)p-subshell 4) (n + 1) s-subshell i) Crystal Radius (Atomic Radius) Half of the
20. The 3d-transition series contains elements having internuclear distance between the adjacent atoms
atomic numbers ranging from of a solid metallic crystal is called crystal radius or
1) 21 to 30 2) 21 to 29 metallic radius.
3) 21 to 31 4) 21 to 28 2 × Crystal radius

Conceptive Worksheet
34. The representative elements tend to attain the
configuration of :
1) ns2 np2 2) ns2 np6 Ex : Distance between two sodium atoms is 3.72Å,
3) ns2 (n – 1) d10 4) ns2 (n – 2) f14 crystal radius of Na = 3.72/2 = 1.86 Å.
35. The first inner transition series is present in ii) Van der Waals radius: It is defined as the half
1) 4th period 2) 5th period of the internuclear distance between two non
3) 6 period
th
4) 7th period bonded atoms of different molecules which are
_______________________________________ very close to each other .
This term is used for non-metals (covalent
9 Periodicity and Periodic properties compound) and noble gases.
1. When elements are arranged in increasing order of 2 × van der Waal’s radius
atomic numbers, elements with similar properties
reoccur (due to similar outer electronic d
configuration) at regular intervals in the periodic
table. This is known as periodicity.
2. Elements coming at intervals of 2, 8, 8, 18, 18, 32 van der Waals radius = 1/ 2 Internuclear
will have similar properties and thus grouped in one distance between two successive nuclei of
particular group. two covalent molecules (d)
For example, elements with atomic number 1, 3, 11,
The distance between two adjacent chlorine atoms
19, 37, 55 and 87. Elements with atomic number 4,
of different Cl2 molecules is 3.6A0, van der Waals
12, 20, 38, 56 and 88 will have similar properties.
radius of Cl is 1.8A0.
Note : Two adjacent elements in a group generally
van der Waals radius is 40% greater than covalent
differ by atomic number 2, 8, 8, 18, 18, 32.
radii.
It is used for molecular substances in the solid state
10 Atomic radius only.
iii) Covalent radius: Covalent Radius term is generally
di i c

used in reference to nonmetals. Covalent radius

Ra om
us
t

is the half the inter nuclear distance of the two

A

atoms held together by a covalent bond.

2 × Covalent radius
d

In atoms, the electron cloud around the nucleus

extends to infinity. The distance between the centre
of the nucleus and the electron cloud of outer most
energy level is called atomic radius. A B
Atomic radius cannot be determined directly, but Note : Single bond covalent radii are additive in
measured from the inter nuclear distance of nature.
combined atoms, using X-ray diffraction techniques. Example :
Units: Atomic radii expressed in angstrom, a) In Cl2, Cl - Cl bond distance (Internuclear
nanometers, picometre units. distance) is 1.98A0.
Covalent Radius of Cl = 0.99Å.
1Å = 10-1 nm ; 1Å = 102 pico.metres b) In diamond C-C bond distance is 1.54Å.
Periodic Classification 32
Covalent radius of C = 0.77A0. In a given period, alkali metal is the largest and
In metals, the crystal radius (atomic radius) is halogen is the smallest in size.
slightly more than the covalent radius. For atoms of Inert gases, only van der waal radius
Note: As the number of covalent bonds between is applicable.
two atoms increases the covalent radius decreases. In a groups, from top to bottom, the atomic radius
Example: increases gradually due to the increase in the number
The covalent radius of carbon decreases with of orbits and it over weighs the effect of increased
increase in the number of bonds between carbon nuclear charge.
Decreasing atomic
CC CC CC radius

  
atoms. 1.54 A 0 1.34 A 0 1.20 A 0
 1A 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 8A
Van der Waal radius > crystal radius > covalent H He
radius. 32 50
Factors affecting atomic radius: B C N O F Ne
a) Effective Nuclear Charge : The effect of Li Be
increase in the number of protons increases the 152 112 98 91 92 73 72 70
effective nuclear charge. This results in decrease
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
in the value of atomic radius because protons attract
the electronic orbits with greater force. 186 160 143 132 128 127 99 98

Increasing atom
b) Number of orbits : The effect of increase in the K Ca Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
number of orbit in an atom increases the atomic 227 197 135 137 139 140 114 112
size.
Rb Sr In Sn Sb Te I Xe
c) Shielding effect/screening effect :The electrons
ic radius

of inner shell repel the electrons of valence shell 248 215 166 162 159 160 133 131
from coming closer to the nucleus. Due to this, the Cs Ba Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
atomic radius increases. This is called as shielding.
265 222 171 175 170 164 142 140
When an atom has more number of shells, the
shielding provided will also be greater. Note:
With in a shell the shielding provided by different 1. In case of transition elements - the decrease
types of orbitals follows the order in size in a period across a particular transition
s > p > d > f. (As ‘s’ orbitals experience greater series is less than in case of representative
penetration towards the nucleus, they provide elements, this is due to screening effect of (n-
greater shielding to the electrons of p, d and f 1) d-electrons.
orbitals). Hence, the atomic radius decreases slightly as
In the elements of ‘d’ and ‘f’ blocks where number we move from left to right in a transition series.
of shells remain the same in a particular series along 2. In Lanthanides (Ce-Lu), the atomic and ionic
with shielding provided, the nuclear charge is also radii decreases steadily. This steady decrease
compared. in atomic and ionic radii is known as
Variation of atomic radius in a period and “Lanthanide Contraction”
group: The contraction is due to the fact that f-orbitals are
In a period , the number of orbits remains same, not capable of providing effective shielding for the
on going from left to right in a period while there is valence electrons from nuclear attraction.
a unit increase in the atomic number. Thus the Consequences of Lanthanide contraction
electron experiences more force of attraction a) Atomic sizes of 4d and 5d transition elements
towards nucleus. Hence atomic radius become almost equal, due to which their properties
decreases from left to right in a period. are very close.
In a period from left to right, atomic radius decreases b) Zr and Hf resemble very closely.
as the nuclear charge increases. c) The crystal structure and other properties of
On moving from left to right across a particular lanthanides are very similar.
period, the atomic radius decreases upto Halogens d) Separation of lanthanides is not easy from their
and increases to Inert gases. mixture.
Periodic Classification 33
Ionic radius : 23. In which of the following species, the size of the
When a neutral atom loses one (or) more electrons first species is not more than the second?
a positive ion called cation is formed. 1) Li, F 2) Fe2+, Fe3+ 3)Na+, F– 4)S, O
24. In the isoelectronic series:
Na  Na + + e 
K+, Cl–, S2–, Ca2+, the largest size is of :
The ionic radius of cation is less than that of neutral
1) K+ 2) Cl– 3) Ca2+ 4) S2–
atom. It is because the cation has higher effective
25. In which of the following compounds does the ratio
nuclear charge. For example, the size of Na > Na + of anion size to cation size has the maximum value?
Among the cation as the positive charge increases, 1) CsI 2) LiF 3) LiI 4) CsF
the ionic radius decreases. For example, the size of 26. Which of the following sets of elements is arranged
Fe 2+ > Fe3+ in the order of increasing atomic radii?
Radius of Radius of 1) Na, Mg, Al, Si 2) C, N, O, F
cation anion 3) O, S, Se, Te 4) I, Br, Cl, F
27. The correct order of atomic size of C, N, P, S
follows the order:
1) N < C < S < P 2) N < C < P < S
Cation

Anion

3) C < N < S < P 4) C < N < P < S

28. The size of the following species increases in the
order:
Internuclear distance
1) Mg2+ < Na+ <F–< A1 2) F– < Al < Na+ < Mg2+
3) Al < Mg2+ < F– < Na+ 4) Na+ < Al < F–< Mg2+
When a neutral atom gains one (or) more electrons
a negative ion called anion is formed.
Conceptive Worksheet
Cl + e   Cl  36. Atomic radii of fluorine and neon in Angstrom units
The radius of anion is more than that of its atom, are respectively given by
due to decrease in effective nuclear charge. 1) 0.72, 1.60 2) 1.60, 1.60
For example, the size of Cl– > Cl 3) 0.72, 0.72 4) None of these
Among the anions as the negative charge increases 37. Which of the following atoms has largest radius?
the ionic radius increases. 1) 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2 2) 1s2, 2s2 2p6, 3s2, 3p1
For example, the size of O2– > O– 3) 1s , 2s , 2p , 3s , 3p 4) ls2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p5
2 2 6 2 3
The decreasing order of the radii is : 38. Which of the following represents the correct order
Anion > Atom > Cation ; of ionic radii?
I – > I > I+ ; H – > H > H + 1) Li+ < Na+ < K+ < Rb+ 2) Li+ > Na+ > K+ > Rb+
The species (atoms or ions) having the same number 3) Li+ = Na+ = K+ = Rb+ 4) Rb+ > Na+ > K+ > Li+
of electrons are known as iso - electronic species.
39. O2– and Si4+ are isoelectronic ions. If the ionic
In iso electronic species, the size decreases with radius of O2– is 1.4 A0, the ionic radius of Si4+ will
increase of negative charge and decrease of positive be
charge. 1) 1.4 A0 2) 0.41 A0
Decreasing order of size. 3) 2.8 A 0
4) 1.5 A0
C4– > N3–> O2– > F– > Ne > Na+ > Mg2+ > Al3+ > 40. The atomic radii of two elements X and Y are 0.72
Si4+ A0 and 1.6A0. Then the elements X and Y are :
1) F & Ne 2) Ne & F
F ormative W orksheet 3) Li & Be 4) Fe & Fe2+ ion
21. The covalent and van der Waals’ radii of hydrogen 41. Among O, C, F, Cl and Br, the increasing order of
respectively are: atomic radii is
1) 0.37 A , 1.2 A 2) 0.37 A , 0.37 A
0 0 0 0 1) F < O < C < Cl < Br 2) F < C < O < Cl < Br
3) 1.2 A , 1.2 A
0 0
4) 1.2 A , 0.37 A
0 0 3) F < Cl < Br < O < C 4) C < O < F < Cl < Br
22. Which of the following sets of elements would have 42. The radii of F , F, O and O are in the order
– –2

nearly same atomic radii? 1) O >F >O>F

2– –
2) O2 –>F–>F>O
1) Na, K, Rb, Cs 2) Na, Mg, Al, Si 3) F >O >O >F
2 – –
4) O2 –>O–>F>F–
3) Fe, Co, Ni, Cu 4) F, Cl, Br, I
Periodic Classification 34
11 Ionisation of energy (Ionisation IE1 of P > IE1 of S IE1 of Mg >IE1 of ‘Al’
potential) Variation in IE:
a) Along period: Generally ionisation energy
The minimum amount of energy required to remove
increases as we move form left to right along a
the most loosely bound electron (i.e, outer - most
period, because with increase in atomic number in
shell electron) from an isolated neutral gaseous atom
a period effective nuclear charge increases and so
is called ionization potential.
electrons are more tightly held.
Units: IE is measured in eV/atom or KJ/mole or
II period Li Be B C N O F Ne
K.cal/mole.
1 eV / atom = 23.06 K.Cal/mole = 96.45 KJ/mole IE1 (in ev) 5.4 9.3 8.2 11.2 14.54 13.64 17.42 21.56
Note: Ionization energy are determined by spectral 2500 Ne
studies or discharge tube experiments. (2000)
Types of Ionisation energies: F
i) First ionisation energy: The energy required to 2000 N (1681)
remove an electron from a neutral gaseous atom to (1402)
O
convert it into a unipositive ion is known as First 1500
Be C (1314)
ionisation energy (IE1). (899) (1096)
M  g  + IE1  M +  g   e  1000
Li B
ii) Second ionisation energy: The energy required to (520) (801)
500
remove an electron from a unipostive ion to convert
0 2 4 6 8 10
it into a dipositive ion is known as Second ionisation However a number of exception are known which
energy (IE2) are discussed below and can be explained on the
M   g  + IE 2  M 2+  g   e  basis of electronic configuration.
iii) Third ionisation energy: The energy required to 1. On moving from IIA  IIIA and VA  VIA in
remove an electron from a dipositive ion to convert 2nd, 3rd and 4th period:
it into a tripositive ion is known as third ionisation Exceptions in Periodicity of IE (in eV)
energy (IE3). Period IIA to IIIA VA to VIA
M 2+  g  + IE 3  M 3+  g   e  2 nd  
4 Be 9.3  5 B  8.3 N 14.6   O 13.6 
2s 2 2s2 , 2p1 2s 2 , 2p3 2s2 2p 4
Factors affecting I.E
3rd 
12 Mg 7.6   
13 Al 6.0  P 10.5  S 10.3
Ionization potential depends on : 3s2 3s 2 , 3p1 3s 2 , 3p3 3s2 , 3p 4
a) Atomic radius: With increase in the atomic size      As  9.8  Se  9.7 
4th 20 Ca 6.1 31 Ga 6.0
“IP” decreases due to decrease in attractive 4s 2 3d10 , 4s 2 4p1 3d10 , 4s 2 4p3 3d10 , 4s 2 4p 4

force of nucleus on outer most orbit electrons. Explanation:

b) Nuclear charge: With increase in the effective i) In elements of IIA group, valence electron is
nuclear charge, IP increases. present in ns-subshell, which is more tightly held
c) Shielding effect: If the number of electrons in than valence electron in atom of IIIA group which
the inner shells are more, shielding capacity of is present in np-subshell. As the size of np shell is
the inner electrons on the nuclear charge will more than ns shell, greater energy required to
be more. Hence IP decreases. The order of remove an electron from ns shell.
screening power of orbitals s > p > d > f ii) In elements of VA group, the p-subshell is half
d) Charge on a cation and anion: As the positive filled (np3) while in VIA, it is incompletely filled
charge on cation increases, IP increases. As the (np4). Half filled subshell is more stable and so
-ve charge on anion increases, IP decreases. more energy is required to remove electron from
e) Penetration power: If the valency electrons are it.
more penetrated into inner shells, IP increases. Note:
Penetration power of different orbitals is in the It is observed that the difference in IE values in
order of s > p > d > f above cases decreases from 2nd to 4th period. Most
f) Electronic configuration: IP is more for atoms probably it is due to shielding effect,
with exactly half filled and completely filled d-electrons which are absent in 2nd and 3rd period
orbitals. elements, play some role.
Ex : IE1 of N > IE1 of O IE1 of Be >IE1 of ‘B’
Periodic Classification 35

2. On moving from Pd 10   Ag 11 : This vi) IE order among 3rd period elements
exception can be explained on the basis of electronic IE1 - Na < Mg > Al < Si < P > S < Cl < Ar
configuration.
IE2 - Na > Mg < Al > Si < P < S > Cl < Ar
VIII
46 Pd 8.3  IB
47 Ag  7.6  vii) Element with Lowest IP - Cs
10 0 10 1
4d , 5s 4d , 5s vii) IE1 of Be greater than B due to
In Pd valence electron is present is 4d-subshell a) Completely filled s-orbital in Be.
(closer to nuclei, less energy) while in Ag it is in b) More Penetration of s-orbitals.
5s - subshell (more energy). So 5s-electron is
removed easily. viii) Knowledge of successive IE can be used to
find the number of valence electrons
b) In a group: On moving down in a group, valence
shell become far away from the nucleus and thus ix) For alkali metals the IE2 shows sudden jump.
nuclear attraction towards test electron decreases x) For alkaline earth metals, the IE3 shows sudden
which results in decrease in ionisation energy. jump.

I gp. Li Na K Rb Cs xi) The number of IE possible for an atom of an

element is equal to its atomic number.
IE1 (eV) 5.4 5.1 4.3 4.2 3.9

550 Li
(520)
500 Na
(496)
IE/kJ mol–1

450 K
(419) Rb
(403) Ca
400 (374)

350
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Atomic number
Some more important points related to IP.
i) Atoms of inert gases have highest IP values
due to the presence of completely filled orbitals.
ii) In any period an Alkali metal atom has lowest
IP and Inert gas element has highest IP.
iii) In periods from left to right side IP increases,
due to decrease in atomic size and increase in
effective nuclear charge.
iv) In groups from top to bottom, IP decreases due
to the increase in the atomic size and increase
in the screening effect of inner electrons.
v) IE order among 2nd period elements.
IE1 - Li < Be > B < C < N > O < F < Ne
IE2 - Li > Be < B > C < N < O > F < Ne
Periodic Classification 36

Formative Worksheet 31. IE1 and IE2 of Mg are 178 kcal mol–1 and 348
kcal mol respectively. The energy required for the
–1
29. The first ionization energy in electron volts of nitrogen
and oxygen atoms are respectively given by: reaction Mg  g  
 Mg 2+  g  + 2e - is:
1) + 170 kcal 2) + 526 kcal
1) 14.6, 13.6 2) 13.6, 14.6 3) – 170 kcal 4) –525 kcal
3) 13.6, 13.6 4) 14.6, 14.6. 32. One mole of magnesium in the vapour state absorbed
30. The atomic numbers of the elements A, B, C and D 1200 kJ of energy. If the first and second ionization
is 9, 10, 11 and 12 respectively. The correct order enthalpies of magnesium are 750 and 1450 kJ mol–
of ionization energies is: 1
respectively, the final composition of the mixture
1) A > B > C > D is:
2) B > A > D > C 1) 69% Mg+, 31% Mg2+ 2) 59% Mg+, 41% Mg2+
3) B > A > C > D 3) 49% Mg+, 51% Mg2+ 4) 29% Mg+, 71% Mg2+
4) D > C > B > A
Periodic Classification 37
33. The ionization enthalpies of lithium and sodium are
X  g  + e _  X _  g   EA1 + e-
+
520 kJ mol–1 and 495 kJ mol–1 respectively. The
energy required to convert all the atoms present in ii) Second electron affinity: The amount of energy
7 mg of Li vapours and 23 mg of sodium vapours to released when an electron added to a uni-negative
their respective gaseous cations respectively are: ion, is known as second electron affinity (EA2)
1) 52 J, 49.5 J 2) 520 J, 495 J
X  g  + e _  X2  g  + EA2 + e-
+

3) 49.5 J, 52 J 4) 495 J, 520 J

Note:
Conceptive Worksheet EA1 is generally positive (energy is released)
43. In each period, the element with least ionization whereas EA 2 is always negative (energy is
energy belongs to: absorbed). In other words, energy is generally
1) IA group 2) IIA group released when the electron is added to atom of the
3) VII A group 4) VIII A group element in gaseous state whereas energy is always
44. In group 17, the element with highest first ionization required when an electron is added to monovalent
energy belongs to: negative ion of the element in gaseous state.
1) 1st period 2) 2nd period Factors affecting electron affinity
3) 7 period
th
4) 6th period  Electron affinity depends on the following factors:
45. The ionization energy of N is more than that of i) Atomic size. Smaller the size of the atom, greater
oxygen because: is the EA.
1) Nitrogen has half-filled p-orbitals. ii) Nuclear charge. Greater the nuclear charge,
2) Nitrogen atom is smaller in size than oxygen atom. greater is the EA.
3) Nitrogen contains less number of electrons. iii) Electronic configuration. If electronic
4) Nitrogen is less electronegative. configuration of the element is stable, its EA
46. Which of the following configurations is associated would be exceptionally low.
with biggest jump between second and third IE ? Periodicity in EA values:
1) 1s2 2s2 2p2 2) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 In a period : Generally EA values increases on
3) 1s 2s 2p 3s
2 2 6 2
4) 1s2 2s2 2p1 moving left to right along a period. It is because
47. With which one of the following configurations, the effective nuclear charge increases on moving left
lowest value of first IE is associated? to right e.g.,
1) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 2) 1s2 2s2 2p5 In 2 nd period: –EA 1 (eV/atom)
3) 1s2 2s2 2p6 4) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2 Li Be B C N O F Ne
0.54 0 0.33 1.13 0.20 1.48 3.62 0
48. The correct values of ionization enthalpies (in kJ
mol–1) of Si, P, Cl and S respectively are: But the increase is not regular and exception are
1) 786, 1012, 999, 1256 2) 1012, 786, 999, 1256 expressed in blocks. These disorders are observed
3) 786, 1012, 1256, 999 4) 786, 999, 1012, 1256 when we move.
49. An element has successive ionization enthalpies as i) From IA group to IIIA group in all the periods:
940 (first), 2080, 3090, 4140, 7030, 7870, 16000 and It is because in IA group elements the differentiating
19500 kJ mol–1. To which group of the periodic table electron enters ns-subshell while in IIIA group
does this element belong ? elements, it enters in np-subshell, n-s subshell being
1) 14 2) 15 3) 16 4) 17. closer to nuclei, can accept differentiating electron
more easily and i.e., when EA values for I A
elements are higher than III A group elements. II A
12 Electron afinity group elements (alkaline earth metals) have
The energy released when an isolated atom of the complete ns-subshell, so their EA values are
element in gaseous state accepts an electron to form abnormal and highly positive.
univalent negative ion is called electron affinity. ii) From IVA group to VA group:
Units: It is measured in eV/atom or kJ/mole. EA1 for C, Si etc > EA1 for N, P etc respectively.
X  g   e 
 X   g  + EA Elements of V A group have half filled np3 subshell,
so addition of extra electron in this subshell is not
Types of electron affinities
energetically favourable. On the other hand IV A
i) First electron affinity: The amount of energy
group elements have incomplete np2 subshell so can
released when an electron added to a neutral gaseous
accept electron easily to obtain more stable
atom, is known as first electron affinity (EA1)
configuration (np3).
Periodic Classification 38
(b) In a group: In general, on moving down the 35. The correct order of electron affinities of Si, P and
group, EA values decreases due to increase in size Cl is
. 1) P > Si > Cl 2) Cl > P > Si
IA H Li Na K Rb Cs 3) Cl > Si > P 4) Si > P > Cl.
EA1 36. The correct order of electron affinities is
72.8 59.8 52.7 48.36 46.89 45.50
(kJ/mol) 1) Cl > Si > Na > Ar 2) Si > Cl > Na > Ar
But in groups of p-block elements, EA1 value 3) Cl > Na > Si > Ar 4) Cl > Si > Ar > Na
increases on moving from II period to III period. 37. The correct order for electron affinity is:
e.g., 1) S < Se < O 2) Se < S < O
EA1 for B, C, N, O & F < EA1 for Al, Si, P, S and 3) Se < O < S 4) O < Se < S
Cl respectively. 38. Which of the following elements is expected to have
The above irregularity can be explained on the basis highest electron affinity?
of small size of elements of II period. Due to small 1) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 2) 1s2 2s2 2p3
3) 1s2 2s2 2p4 4) 1s2 2s2 2p5
 charge 
size they have high electron density   and
 volume  Conceptive Worksheet
so repel the test electron . 50. In a period, the element with highest electron affinity
Some important points belongs to:
1. EA in general, increases on moving across the 1) IA group 2) II A group
period and decreases on going down the group. 3) VII A group 4) VIII A group
2. Be, Mg, N and P have exceptionally low values 51. The element with highest electron affinity belongs to:
of EA due to their stable electronic configurations. 1) Period 2, group 17 2) Period 3, group 17
3. Noble Gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn) have 3) Period 2, group 18 4) Period 2, group 1
negative values of EA due to their stable electronic 52. The second electron affinity:
configurations. 1) is always negative (energy is released)
4. Halogens have the highest EA in their respective 2) is always positive (energy is absorbed)
periods. 3) can be positive or negative 4) is always zero
5. Among halogens, fluorine has lower EA than 53. Which one of the following statements is incorrect?
chlorine due to greater interelectronic repulsions in 1) Greater is the nuclear charge, greater is the
small sized 2p subshell. electron affinity.
6. Chlorine has the highest EA among all the elements. 2) Nitrogen has zero electron affinity.
7. Some trends in the values of electron affinities : 3) Electron affinity decreases from fluorine to iodine
EA1 : Cl > F > Br > I in the group.
EA1: S > O > Se > Te 4) Chlorine has highest electron affinity.
EA1: C > B > Li > Be
EA1 : Si > Al > Na > Mg
13 Electron negativity
EA1 : F > O > N > Ne.
8. Generally the elements having high ionisation Consider the formation of a bond between two
potential have high electron affinity .However, in similar atoms of a Hydrogen (H2) molecule, the
case of elements having stable electronic electron pair participating in the bond formation is
configuration the ionisation potential is high, but shared equally between the two Hydrogen atoms.
electron affinity is exceptionally low. On the contrary, consider the covalent bond between
Example: Nitrogen has high ionisation potential, but two dissimilar atoms in a molecule like HCl. In this
its electron affinity is nearly zero molecule, the electron pair participating in the bond
formation is not shared equally. The reason for this
Formative Worksheet uneven sharing is that ‘Cl’ atom has a greater
34. Ionisation energy of F– is 320 kJ mol–1. The electron tendency to attract the shared pair of electrons
affinity of fluorine would be: towards itself than Hydrogen atom. This tendency
1) –320 kJ mo1–1 2) –160 kJ mol–1 of an atom to attract the shared pair of electrons
3) 320 kJ mol–1 4) 160 kJ mol–1 towards itself if is called Electronegativity.
Electronegativity can be defined as the tendency
of an atom in a molecule to attract the shared
pair of electrons towards itself.
Periodic Classification 39
Units: Electronegativity, being a relative property, does not have units.
Variation in a group and in a period
In a group, as we move from top to bottom in a periodic table, the atomic size increases and the nuclear
attraction decrease. This decreases the electronegativity.
VIIA Electronegativity
F 4.0
Cl 3.0
Br 2.8
I 2.5
At 2.2
As we move from left to right in a period the atomic size decreases and the nuclear attraction increases. This
increases the electronegativity.
Li Be B C N O F
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Note: Fluorine is the most electronegative element.
In a period, the highest electronegativity is of halogens and the lowest is of alkali metals.
Periodic Classification 40
Scales of electronegativity 41. The increasing order of electronegativities of the
Pauling’s Scale following elements : H, O, F, S and Cl.
Pauling’s scale of electronegativity is based on 1) H < O < F < S < Cl 2) Cl < H < O < F < S
excess bond energies. It is observed that the energy 3) H < S < O < Cl < F 4) H < S < Cl < O < F
of a heteropolar bond A — B is generally greater 42. Electronegativity of ‘F’ on Pauling’s scale is 4.0.
than the average geometric mean or average What is the value on Mulliken’s scale?
arithmetic mean value of the homopolar bond
energies for A — A and B — B bonds. Conceptive Worksheet
Δ A  B = E A  B  E A  A × E B B 54. Which one of the following is incorrect ?
1) An element which has high electronegativity
The excess bond energy  AB is related to the always has high electron affinities.
electronegativities of elements A and B as 2) Electron affinity is the property of an isolated
atom.
χ A  χ B = 0.208 Δ A  B
3) Electronegativity is the property of a bonded
Here  A B is the excess bond energy in kcal mol– atom.
1
. Converting the equation to SI units, we get 4) Both electronegativity and electron affinity are
usually directly related to nuclear charge and
χ A  χ B = 0.1017 Δ A  B inversely related to atomic size.
By assigning arbitrary value of electronegativity to 55. Which of the following statements is incorrect?
one of the elements, the electronegativity of the 1) Cesium is the most electropositive element while
other can be calculated. Electronegativity of F is the most electronegative element .
hydrogen was taken as 2.1, Fluorine as 4.0. 2) Cl has the highest electron affinity bout of all the
Mulliken’s Scale elements.
In this scale, electronegativity is taken as the 3) Electron affinity of N as well as that of noble
average of ionisation potential and electron affinity gases is zero.
of the element in eV. 4) In any period, the atomic radius of the noble gas
IE A + EA A is lowest.
Electronegativity, χ A = 56. Choose the correct statement.
2
1) Ionisation energy and electron affinity increase
Pauling and Mulliken values of electronegativity are
along a period.
related as
2) Ionisation energy increases but electron affinity
χ pau lin g = 0.336  χ M u llik en - 0.61 5  decreases along a period.
Note: Mullikan’s values are approximately 2.8 3) Ionisation energy decreases but electron affinity
times greater than Pauling values. increases across the period.
Allred and Rochow Scale 4) Both decrease along a period.
This scale considers electronegativity as the force 57. Which of the following sets of elements has the
acting on electrons at a distance of the covalent strongest tendency to form anions?
1) P, S, Cl 2) N, O, F
0.359 Zeff 3) V, Cr, Mn 4) Ga, In, Tl
radius.   0.744  2
.
rcov. _______________________________________
Zeff = Effective nuclear charge,rcov. = Covalent 14. Electro positivity, metallic
radius of the atom in Angstrom. character, non-metallic
Formative Worksheet character
39. The electronegativities of C, N, O and F are in the Metals have the tendency to form cations by loss
order: of electrons and this property makes the elements
1) F > O > N > C 2) F > O > C > N as electropositive elements or metals.
3) C > N > O > F 4) C > O > N > F
M  g  
 M   g   e
40. The electronegativity of the following elements
increases in the order: The tendency of an element to lose electrons is
1) F > Cl > O > S 2) S > Cl > O > F closely connected to the (IE) of the element. The
3) F > O > Cl > S 4) Cl > F > O > S smaller the Ionisation energy (IE) of an element,
Periodic Classification 41
Non-metals
the greater will be its tendency to lose electrons
and thus greater will be its metallic character.
3rd
The tendency to oxidise itself provides reducing Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
period
property to the elements thus, smaller the (IE),
greater the metallic character hence, greater the
reducing nature : (IE) increases on moving along Metals
a period left to right and decreases down the
group, hence metallic and reducing nature decreases Formative Worksheet
along the period and increases down the group.
43. Which of the following has least tendency to form
The most reactive metals are on the left of the unipositive ions in gaseous state?
periodic table, whereas the least reactive metals 1) I 2) Cl 3) Br 4) F
are in the transition metal groups closer to the right
side of the table. 44. The electronic configurations of the elements
A, B, C and D are given below. Which element has
Variation of metallic character and nonmetallic the highest metallic character ?
character
1) A = 2, 8, 4 2) B = 2, 8, 8
In a group, as we move from top to bottom, the size
3) C = 2, 8, 8, 1 4) D = 2, 8, 8,7
of atoms increases, resulting in an increase in
electropositive character. Thus, the metallic 45. Which of the following is arranged in the order of
character increases down the group. decreasing electropositive character ?
As we move from top to bottom, the size of atoms 1) Fe, Mg, Cu 2) Mg, Cu, Fe
increases resulting in the decrease in ionisation 3) Mg, Fe, Cu 4) Cu, Fe, Mg.
energy. Thus, the nonmetallic character decreases
46. Which of the following sets of elements has the
down the group. So, as we move down the group,
strongest tendency to form positive ions in gaseous
the metallic character increases and the nonmetallic
state?
character decreases.
1) Li, Na, K 2) Be, Mg, Ca
This is understood from the following example.
Ex: 3) F, Cl, Br 4) O, S, Se
VA
N
Conceptive Worksheet
Non-Metals
P 58. Which of the following represents most
electropositive element ?
As
Metalloids 1) [He] 2s1 2) [He] 2s2
Sb
3) [Xe] 6s1 4) [Xe] 6s2
Metal Bi
59. Which of the following elements is most
 In a period as we move from left to right, the size
electropositive?
of atom decreases, resulting in a decrease in
electropositivity. 1) C 2) N 3) Be 4) O
 Thus, metallic character decreases as we move 60. Which of the following has greatest metallic
from left to right in a period. character?
 As we move from left to right, the size of atoms 1) Na 2) Mg 3) Al 4) Si
increases, resulting in an increase in ionisation energy 61. Out of C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb metallic nature is in
or electronegativity.
1) Ge, Sn, Pb 2) Sn, Pb
 Thus nonmetallic character increases, as we move
3) Ge, Pb 4) Ge, Sn
from left to right in a period.
Thus metallic character decreases and nonmetallic 62. Which of the following elements is most metallic?

character increases from left to right in a period. 1) Al 2) Mg 3) P 4) S
Periodic Classification 42
15. Reducing, oxidising characters 3rd
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
Redox reactions are common for almost every period
element in the periodic table except for the noble
gas. Reducing agents reduces other substances or Basic Amphoteric Acidic
undergoes oxidation, that is they lose electrons. In Oxides oxide Oxides
general, metals act as reducing agents. Oxidsing
agents oxidises other substances or undergoes Formative Worksheet
reduction, that is they gain electrons. In general, 47. Which of the following acts as a strongest reducing
reactive nonmetals, such as oxygen and the halogens agent.?
act as oxidising agents. 1) Na 2) Mg 3) P 4) Cl
The elements of IA and IIA groups are 48. The oxide of an element with electronic configuration
electropositive and are good reducing agents. The 1s22s22p63s23p3 is:
elements of VI A and VII A groups gain electrons 1) Acidic 2) Basic
easily and are good oxidising agents. 3) Amphoteric 4) Neutral
Variation in a group and period: 49. Among NaOH, KOH, LiOH and CsOH, the
As we move down the group atomic size and ability strongest base and weakest bases are respectively:
to lose electrons increases. Thus reducing nature 1) LiOH, CsOH 2) CsOH, LiOH
increases from top to bottom. Which is then the 3) NaOH, KOH 4) KOH, LiOH
strongest reducing agent? If we follow the above 50. Amongst the following oxides which is least acidic?
trend, cesium would be the best reducing agent. 1) Al2O3 2) B2O3 3) CO2 4) NO2
But, Li is the strongest reducing agent. Do you know 52. The order in which the following oxides are arranged
why. This is due to high hydration energy of Li+ according to decreasing order of basic nature is:
ion. 1) Na2O, MgO, Al2O3, CuO
From left to right in a period, the electron affinity 2) CuO, Al2O3, MgO, Na2O
and electronegativity increases, and also the 3) Al2O3, CuO, MgO, Na2O
tendency to gain electrons. So the oxidising 4) CuO, MgO, Na2O, Al2O3
character increases from left to right in a table.
Fluorine is the strongest oxidising agent due to its Conceptive Worksheet
highest electronegativity. 63. The set of elements, which can readily lose electrons
is:
1) Cl, Br, I 2) S, Se, Te
16 Basic and acidic nature of 3) Na, K, Rb 4) B, Al, Ga
oxides 64. The element that forms most basic oxide is:
Metals forms basic oxides and nonmetals form 1) Chlorine 2) Sodium
acidic oxides. 3) Magnesium 4) Aluminium
Variation of acidic and basic character 65. The strongest reducing agent is:
Down the group, the metallic character increases 1) K 2) Al 3) Mg 4) Br
and the nonmetallic character decreases. Thus, the 66. Among NaOH, Ca(OH)2, KOH and Zn(OH)2, the
basic character increases and acidic character weakest base is:
decreases down the group as shown below: 1) NaOH 2) Ca(OH)2
3) KOH 4) Zn(OH)2
VA Oxide Nature
N N2O3 Acidic
P P2O3 Acidic
17. Valency & oxidation state
As As2O3 Amphoteric Valency of an element is the number of H-atoms
Sb Sb2O 3 Basic (or) double the number of oxygen atoms that can
Bi Bi2O3 Basic combine with one atom of that element.
From left to right in a period, the metallic character The valency of an element is not always constant.
decreases and the nonmetallic character increases. Exhibition of more than one valency by one element
Thus, the basic character decreases from left to is known as variable valency.
right, whereas, the acidic character increases as The maximum valency of an representative element
shown below: is equal to the number of electrons present in the
outermost orbit of an atom.
Periodic Classification 43
The possible charge with which an atom appears in 19. Some interesting points to
a compound is called its oxidation state.
remember
s-block elements, oxidation state is equal to group
number. Thus, the oxidation state for alkali metals 1. The lightest and the heaviest naturally occurring
is +1 and that of alkaline earth metals is +2. elements are hydrogen and uranium respectively.
The oxidation state may be positive or negative or 2. The smallest and the biggest stable atoms are
zero or fraction. hydrogen and cesium.
p-block elements show multi valency, their oxidation 3. The lightest and the heaviest gases are hydrogen
state change by two numbers. and xenon.
The stable oxidation state of Thallium is +1. It is 4. The most abundant element in terms of number of
due to inert pair effect. atoms in the universe is hydrogen ( 88.6 % of all
In IVA group +2 is more stable than +4 for Lead atoms).
due to inert pair effect. 5. The most abundant element in terms of the number
In VA group, +3 is more stable than +5 for Bismuth of atoms in a human body is hydrogen.
due to inert pair effect. 6. The most abundant element existing in earth’s crust
The IV A group elements show + 4 and +2 oxidation is oxygen (23 % by weight)
states. 7. The most abundant element considering the entire
The VA group elements show +5 and +3 oxidation sphere of earth is iron ( the central core of earth
states. with a radius of 3475 km is mostly made up of iron).
The general oxidation state of group VI is -2. 8. The most abundant element in earth’s atmosphere
The most electronegative element Fluorine shows is nitrogen.
–1 oxidation state only (in its compounds) 9. The most abundant element on the moon is oxygen
The common oxidation state of d-block elements is (44.6% by weight).
+2. All transition elements show variable valencies. 10. The most abundant element in the Sun is hydrogen.
Ruthenium and Osmium exhibit maximum oxidation 11. The least abundant element in the earth’s crust is
state +8. Astatine (outermost of earth’s crust contains 44 mg).
The common oxidation state of f-block elements is 12. The lightest radioactive isotope is protium (1H1).
+3 due to their outer electron configuration 13. The elements with the maximum number of isotopes
ns2(n-1)d1. are xenon and cesium (32 isotopes each)
The maximum oxidation state of an element never 14. The element with the lowest freezing point is
exceeds its group number. hydrogen (freezing point 14K)
15. The element with the lowest condensation point is
Helium (condensation point is 4K).
18 Diagonal relationship 16. The element with the highest melting point is carbon
(Diamond [carbon] melts at 3900°C).
It is observed that the first few elements of period 17. The element with the highest boiling point is rhenium
2 resemble those placed diagonally across them, in (boiling point is 5650°C)
period 3. More generally, the first element of a group 18. The metal with the highest melting point is Tungsten
is different from the rest in that group and resembles (melting point = 3380°C)
an element of the next group, in the next period. 19. The metal with the lowest melting point is mercury
Group IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA (melting point is – 38.9°C).
Period-2 Li Be B C N O F 20. The gas with the highest rate of diffusion is
Period-3 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl hydrogen.
(i) Lithium (group IA) resembles magnesium (group 21. The lightest metal is lithium (lighter than even water).
IIA). 22. The metal element with the highest density is
(ii) Beryllium (group IIA) resembles aluminium (group Osmium (highest density is 22.57 g/cc).
IIIA). 23. The liquid nonmetal at room temperature is bromine.
(iii) Boron (group IIIA) resembles silicon (group IVA). 24. The liquid metal at room temperature is mercury.
This relationship is called a diagonal relationship. 25. The most powerful reducing agent is Lithium (due
The pairs of elements, Li/Mg, Be/Al and B/Si are to large size and very hydration energy of Li+).
called diagonal pairs. This relationship, however, 26. The most powerful oxidising agent is Fluorine.
does not exist in the latter half of the period. 27. The element with the highest electronegativity is
Fluorine (EN = 4.0).
Periodic Classification 44
28. The element which has the highest ionisation iv) s-block elements show variable oxidation
potential is helium (IP = 2372 kJ/mol). states
29. The element which has the highest electron affinity The answer is :
is chlorine (EA = 348.5 kJ/mol). 1) II and IV 2) II and III
30. The most abundantly available noble gas in the 3) I, II and III 4) II, III and IV
Earth’s atmosphere is argon (about 1 % in dry air).
31. The element that is most prominently associated Conceptive Worksheet
with life forms is carbon (All life supporting 67. Which has most stable +2 oxidation state?
molecules like carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids 1) Cs 2) Cl 3) Pb 4) Tl
etc. are all made up of carbon).. 68. Diagonal relationship is quite pronounced in the
32. The element which forms the maximum number of elements of
compounds carbon. 1) 2nd & 3rd periods 2) 1st & 2nd periods
33. The element with the maximum valency is Osmium 3) II & III groups 4) 3rd & 4th periods
and Ruthenium (8 each). 69. Metal exhibiting higher oxidation state is in which
34. The only liquid which cannot be frozen by lowering block?
the temperature is liquid helium. 1) p 2) s 3) d 4) f
35. The radioactive noble gas is Radon. 70. Lithium shows diagonal relationship with:
36. The radioactive halogen is Astatine. 1) Al 2) Si 3) Mg 4) P
37. The radioactive alkali is Francium.
38. The radioactive alkaline earth is Radium. Summative Worksheet
39. The radioactive chalcogen is Polonium.. 1. In the modern periodic table, the elements are
40. The radioactive pnicogen is Bismuth. arranged in the order of:
Formative Worksheet 1) Increasing mass
2) Increasing volume
53. An element has nine positive charges in its nucleus
3) Increasing atomic number
its common oxidation state is
4) Alphabetically
1) +7 2) +5 3) –1 4) +1
2. Group 18 (or zero group) elements are also called
54. Beryllium resembles Aluminium in properties. This
as:
is mainly due to:
1) Inert gases 2) Rare gases
1) Equal electronegativity values of elements.
3) Noble gases 4) Inactive gases
2) Equal atomic volumes of the elements.
3. The name ‘rare earths’ is used for
3) Equal electron affinity.
1) Lanthanides only 2) Actinides only
4) Equal nuclear charges in their atoms.
3) Both lanthanides and actinides
55. The chemical similarity between boron and silicon
4) Alkaline earth metals
is mainly due to equal value of their
5. The atomic number of the elements Hassnium,
1) Electronegativity
Meitnerium and Darmstadtium respectively is :
2) Nuclear charge
1) 106, 107, 108 2) 109, 110, 111
3) Charge to (ionic radius)2 ratio
3) 102, 103, 104 4) 108, 109, 110
4) Atomic volume
6. The elements with atomic numbers greater than 100
56. An element with electronic arrangement as 2, 8,
are :
18, 1 will exhibit the following stable oxidation states
1) Naturally occurring elements
1) +2 and +4 2) +1 and +2
2) Naturally occurring metals
3) +2 to +7 4) +1 only
3) Naturally occurring transition metals
57. The outer most shell of a representative element
4) Man made elements
contains ‘a’ electrons and penultimate shell contains
7. The element with atomic number 104 was claimed
‘b’ electrons. The valency of the element will be
to be discovered by:
1) a + b 2) b – a 3) b 4) a or 8 – a
1) Americans 2) Soviet
58. Which of the following statements are wrong?
3) Both 1 and 2 4) None
i) Bi3+ is more stable than Bi5+
8. The element with atomic number 104 was given
ii) Mn shows + 8 oxidation state.
two names. They are,
iii) The oxidation state of an element is always
1) Rutherfordium 2) Kurchatovium
less than or equal to its group number
3) Both 1 and 2 4) None
Periodic Classification 45

9. All metalloids are present in: 21. Which ion possesses the smallest radius?
1) s - block 2) p - block 1) I – 2) Ba2+ 3)Cs+ 4) Te2–
3) d-block 3) f-block
22. Which of the following ion is smallest in size?
10. The elements of p-block are:
1) Only metals and nonmetals 1) Cl– 2) Na+ 3) Mg2+ 4) S2–
2) Only metals and metalloids 23. Which of the following ions is smallest in size?
3) Only nonmetals and metalloids 1) F – 2) Cl– 3) Br– 4) I–
4) Metals, nonmetals and metalloids 24. Which of the following statements is not correct ?
11. Which of the following elements belong to s - block
1) The element with highest IE belongs to group
of periodic table?
18.
1) Chalcogens 2) Alkaline earth metals
3) Pnicogens 4) Halogens 2) In each period, the element with lowest IE
12. The differentiating electron of a d-block element belongs to group 1.
enters into the shell: 3) In each period, the element with highest IE is a
1) Ultimate shell noble gas.
2) Penultimate shell 4) In the second period, as we move from left to
3) Antipenultimate shell right, ionization energy increases regularly.
4) Shell nearest the nucleus 25. The decreasing order of the second ionization
13. Lanthanum belongs to: energies of K, Ca and Ba is
1) s - block 2) p - block
1) K > Ca > Ba 2) Ca > Ba > K
3) d-block 4) f-block
14. Which series of d - block is incomplete? 3) Ba > K > Ca 4) K > Ba > Ca.
1) 3d - series 2) 4d - series 26. Which one of the following elements has the highest
3) 5d - series 4) 6d - series ionization energy?
15. Which of the following statements is wrong about 1) [Ne]3s23p1 2) [Ne]3s23p2
d-block elements? 3) [Ne]3s23p3 4) [Ar]3s104s24p3
1) The electronic configuration of these elements
have two incomplete shells. 27. The first, second, third, fourth, fifth ionization
2) The last electron enters into the d-orbital of the potential values of an element are 6.11, 11.87, 51.21,
anti-penultimate shell. 67.0, 84.39 eV respectively. The element is :
3) The last electron enters into the d-orbital of the 1) Calcium 2) Potassium
penultimate shell. 3) Aluminium 4) Carbon
4) They are all metals. 28. The correct order of second I.P. values of carbon,
16. The fourteen elements collectively placed in group nitrogen, oxygen and fluorine is:
3 (or IIIB) and 7th period are called:
1) C > N > O > F 2) O > N > F > C
1) d-Block elements 2) p-Block elements
3) s-Block elements 4) Actinides 3) O > F > N > C 4) F > O > N > C
17. Ce – 58 is a member of : 29. The I1 values of Li, Be and C are 5.4 eV/atom,
1) s - block 2) p - block 9.32 eV/atom and 11.26 eV/atom. The I1 value of
3) d - block 4) f - block Boron is :
18. In comparison to the parent atom, the size of the 1) 13.6 eV/atom 2) 8.29 eV/atom
1) Cation is smaller but anion is larger. 3) 14.5 eV/atom 4) 21.5 eV/atom
2) Cation is larger but anion is smaller.
30. The ionization potential (Ia) of nitrogen (Z = 7) is
3) Cation and anion are equal in size.
more than oxygen (Z = 8). This is explained with
4) All the three are correct depending upon the atom.
19. Which out of the following has largest size? 1) Hund’s rule 2) Excitation rule
1) Mg2+ 2) Rb+ 3) Li+ 4) Na+ 3) Pauli principle 4) Aufbau principle
20. Which of the following statements is correct? 31. The chemical elements are arranged in the order
1) Atomic size decreases down a group. of increasing electronegativities in the sequence :
2) Radius of cation is more than that of the atom. 1) Si, P, Se, Br, Cl, O 2) Si, P, Br, Se, Cl, O
3) Atomic size decreases along a period.
3) P, Si, Br, Se, Cl, O 4) Sc, Si, P, Br, Cl, O
4) Radius of anion is less than that of the atom.
Periodic Classification 46

32. When the polarity of bond A-B is “  ” expressed 44. Boron and Silicon resemble chemically. This is due
in SI units, the relationship between their to the equal value of their
Electronegativity difference is 1) Electron Affinity 2) Atomic Volume
3) ions polarizing power 4) Nuclear charge
1) X A  X B  0.1017 
45. In which group all the elements do not have same
2) X A  X B  0.208  number of valence electrons?
1) Zero 2) First 3) Second 4) Seventh
3) X A  X B  0.1017 
4) X A  X B  0.1017  HOTS Worksheet
1. If each orbital can take maximum of three electrons
33. The lower electron affinity of fluorine than that of
(elements), what is the number of elements in 2nd
chlorine is due to
and 4th periods respectively?
1) Smaller size
Total available orbitals in 4thperiod: one is 4s, five in
2) Smaller nuclear charge
3d and three in 4p i.e., 9. The total number of
3) Difference in their electronic configurations
elements that can be accommodated in 4th period =
4) Its highest reactivity
total number of electrons that can be
34. The element that has highest electron affinity:
accommodated in these 9 orbitals = 9  3 = 27.
1) Fluorine 2) Chlorine
2. a) If Aufbau rule is not taken into account,
3) Oxygen 4) Nitrogen
determine the number of elements in each period.
35. Electron affinities of halogens are in the order
b) Assume total number of 112 elements, then
1) F > Cl > Br > I 2) Cl > F > Br > I
how many periods would be required in the periodic
3) Cl > Br > I > F 4) Cl > Br > F > I
table without separate position of lanthanides and
36. Which of the following is true about metallic
actinides?
character, when we move from left to right in a
3. Without writing electronic configuration, can you
period and top to bottom in a group ?
decide whether the element is alkali or alkaline earth
a) Increases both in the period and group.
metal of the given two type elements.
b) Decreases both in the period and group.
4. If it happens that each orbital can accommodate 3
c) Decreases in the period and increases in a group.
electrons (for example electronic configuration of
37. Select correct statements :
aluminium is 1s3 2s3 2p7), what is the block of the
1) More active metals are on left side of periodic
elements with z = 12, 19, 37 when Aufbau rule
table.
(i) is also valid (ii) is not valid?
2) Less active metals are on left side of periodic
5. What would be atomic number of the as -yet-
table.
undiscovered alkaline earth metal of 8th period?
3) Reducing power decreases on moving down the
6. Following rule, in general, classifies p- block
group.
elements into metals, non metals and metalloids,
4) All are correct statements.
where P is the period number and N, the valence
38. A metal has an atomic number of :
electrons.
1) 9 2) 18 3) 35 4) 37
(P+1) >N, the element would be a metal.
39. About two thirds of elements in the periodic table
(P+1) <N, the element would be a non-metal.
are:
(P+1) =N, the element would be a metalloid
1) Metals 2) Nonmetals
Classify the following into metals, nonmetals and
3) Metalloids 4) Radioactive
metalloids:
40. Which of the following has strongest acidic nature?
Z = 14, 31, 35, 54
1) CO2 2) N2O5 3) P2O5 4) SiO2
7. I.P. ( in KJ/mole) of Li and Be are given below:
41. Among third period elements, the element that forms
strongest acidic oxide belongs to group: Z I.P1 I.P2 I.P3
1) VI A 2) IV A 3) V A 4) VII A Li 3 520.1 7297 11810
42. Among the second period elements, the most acidic
Be 4 899.3 1758 14810
oxide is formed by the element of group:
1) V A 2) VI A 3) VII A 4) III A I.P2 of Li is much higher than that of its I.P2 but in
43. Diagonal relationship is shown by cases of Be I.P3 is much higher than that of the
1) B - S 2) Li - Mg I.P1. Explain.
3) Mg - Ca 4) S - Se
Periodic Classification 47
8. Can you identify the element of third period whose and u are mass and velocity of the electron
successive I.P’s are given below: respectively. In one experiment the kinetic energy
Element I.P1 I.P2 I.P3 of the ejected electron from potassium is found to
be 5.34  10–19 J using U.V. source of wavelength
X 513 4562 6920
162 nm. Calculate I.E. of potassium
Y 738 1451 7733 ( h = 6.62  10–34 J-s, c= 3  108 m/s).
Z 1521 2666 3931 15. Consider the ground state electronic configurations
9. I.P. of sodium is 513 kJ mol–1. What is value in eV given below: X – (1s2 2s2 2p6); Y : (1s2 2s2 2p4) ; Z
molecule–1. : ( 1s2 2s2 ), Q (1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1). Pick up the correct
10. Two atoms have the electronic configurations (EC) answers.
1s2 2s2 2p6 and 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1. I.P1 of one is 2080 i) Which of the above configuration is associated
kJmole–1 and that of the other is 496 kJmole–1. with highest and which is associated with lowest
Match each I.P1, with one of the given E.C. ionization energy?
11. The I.P1 and the I.P2 in kJ mol–1 of a few elements ii) Arrange these configurations in order of
designated by A, B, C and D as shown below: increasing ionization energies.
Element I.P1 I.P2 16. A, B, C are three elements with atomic numbers, Z
-1, Z and Z +1 respectively. B is an inert gas. Answer
A 2372 5271 the following questions.
B 520 7300 i) Predict the group of A and C.
C 900 1760 ii) Which out of the three has zero electron
D 1680 3380 affinity and why?
Which of the above elements is likely to be a iii) Which of the three has least value of ionization
a) reactive metal energy?
b) reactive nonmetal 17. Electron affinity of SF5 is among the highest known
c) noble gas but that of SF6 is quite modest. Explain.
d) metal that forms a stable binary halide of the 18. (i) Sodium has higher density than Lithium, but
formula AX2. potassium has lower density than sodium. Why?
12. First and second ionization energies of Mg (g) are 19. Select the paramagnetic and diamagnetic species
740 and 1450 KJ / mole. Calculate the percentage among the following:
of Mg+ (g) and Mg+2 (g), if 1 g of Mg (g) absorbs Na+, Cl–, Co+3, Zn+2, Cr+3
50 KJ of energy. 20. i) Zinc salts do not have any colour but copper
13. How many chlorine atoms can ionize in the process: salts are blue in colour.
Cl  Cl   e , by the energy liberated from the ii) Which is the powerful hydra acid among the
following process. following and why? HF, HCl, HF & HI

Cl  e  Cl  for 6  10 23 atoms IIT JEE Worksheet

Given electron affinity of and 1. Identify the correct order in which the ionic radius
Cl  3.61ev
of the following ions increases
Ionization potential of Cl  17.422ev .
(I) F-(II) Na+ (III) N3-
1) 1.24  10 23 atoms 2) 9.82  1020 atoms 1. III, I, II2. I, II, III
3) 2.02  1015 atoms 4) None 3. II, III, I4. II, I, III
2. The first ionization potential of four consecutive
14. A technique called photoelectron spectroscopy is
elements, present in the second period of the periodic
used to measure the I.P of atoms. A same is
table are 8.3, 11.3, 14.5 and 13.6 eV respectively.
irradiated with U.V. light, an electrons are ejected
Which one of the following is the first ionization
from the valence shell. The kinetic energy of the
potential (in eV) of nitrogen? (EAMCET- 2004)
ejected electrons are measured. Since, the energy
1. 13.6 2. 11.3 3. 8.3 4. 14.5
of the U.V. photon and the kinetic energy of the
3. The electron affinity values (KJmol-1) of three
ejected electrons are known, we can write
halogens X,Y and Z are respectively -349, -333 and
1 -325. Then X,Y and Z respectively are
h  I.P.  mu 2
2 1. F2, Cl2 and Br2 2. Cl2, F2 and Br2
where  is the frequency of the U.V. light, and m 3. Cl2, Br2 and F2 4. Br2, Cl2 and F2
Periodic Classification 48

4. Which of the following pairs of ions have the same 16. Of the following, the one with largest size is
electronic configuration (EAMCET- 2002) 1) Cl– 2) Ar 3) K+ 4) Ca2+
1. Cr+3, Fe+3 2. Fe+3, Mn+2 17. The pair of elements that have similar chemical
3. Fe+3, Co+3 4. Sc+3, Cr+3 properties are (1996E)
5. The electron configuration of elements A, B and C 1) Lithium and Magnesium
are [He] 2s1, [Ne]3s1 and [Ar] 4s1 respectively. 2) Beryllium and Boron
Which one of the following order is correct for the
3) Aluminium and Magnesium
first ionization potentials (in KJ.mol–1) of A, B and
4) Carbon and Nitrogen
C? (2001E)
1) A>B>C 2) C>B>A 18. The general electronic configuration (n-1) d3ns2
3) B>C>A 4) C>A>C indicates that particular element belongs to(1996M)
6. Let electronegativity, ionisation energy and electron 1) VB 2) IVB 3) VIB 4) IIIB
affinity be represented as EN, IP and EA 19. The order of decrease in atomic radii for Be, Na &
respectively. Which one of the following equation Mg is (1995E)
is correct according to Mulliken? (2001E) 1) Na>Mg>Be 2) Mg>Na>Be
1) EN=IP x EA 2) EN=IP/EA 3) Be>Na>Mg 4) Be>Mg>Na
3) EN=(IP+EA) / 2 4) EN=IP–EA 20. The name of the element with atomic number 100
7. The element with atomic number 12 belongs to …. was adopted in honour of (1995E)
Group and …. Period (2001E) 1) Alfred Nobel 2) Enric Fermi
1) IA, third 2) IIIA, third 3) Dimitri Mendeleev 4) Albert Einstein
3) IIA, third 4) IIA, second 21. Which of the following would you except to have
8. Which of the following is correct order of ionic radii highest electronegativity? (1995E)
1) Na+<Mg2+<Al3+<Si4+ 1) Mg(Z=12) 2) S(Z=16)
2) Al3+< Si4+< Na+> Mg2+
3) B(Z=5) 4) Te(Z=52)
3) Si4+< Al3+> Mg2+> Na+
22. Beryllium shows diagonal relationship with
4) Na+> Mg2+ > Al3+ > Si4+
aluminium. Which of the following similarity is
9. Which of the following has the highest
incorrect? (1995E)
electronegativity? (2000M)
1) Na 2) Cl 3) K 4) B 1) Be2C like Al4C3 yields methane on hydrolysis
10. O and Si are isoelectronic ions. If the ionic radius
2– 4+ 2) Be, like Al is rendered passive by HNO3
of O2– is 1A0 , the ionic radius of Si4+ will be 3) Be (OH)2 like Al(OH)3 is basic
1) 1.4A0 2) 0.41A0 3) 2.8A0 4) 1.5A0 4) Be forms beryllates and Al forms aluminate
11. The number of periods in the long form of periodic 23. Which one of the following pairs of atomic numbers,
table is (1999M) represents elements belonging to the same group?
1) 6 2) 7 3) 8 4) 18 1) 11, 20 2) 13, 30
12. Which of the following species has the highest in 3) 13, 31 4) 14, 33
ionization potential (1998E) 24. Which one of the following relations is correct with
1) Li+ 2) Mg+ 3) Al+ 4) Ne respect to first (I) and second (II) ionization
13. As per the modern periodic law the physical and potentials of sodium and Magnesium?(1995M)
chemical function of their (1998E) 1) INa>IMg 2) IMg>IINa
1) atomic number 3) IIMg>IINa 4) IINa>IIMg
2) electronic configuration 25. Among the following elements that has lowest
3) aromic weight ionization potential value is (1994E)
4) atomic size
1) Nitrogen 2) Oxygen
14. The radii of F, F-, O and O2- are in the order
3) Fluorine 4) Neon
(1998M)
1) O >F >O>F
2- –
2) O >F–F>O
2– 26. Which of the following is the largest ion
3) F > O > F>O
– 2–
4) O2–>O>F–>F 1. Na+ 2) Mg+2 3) O–2 4) F–
15. Which of the following elements has the highest 27. Lanthanides are group of elements in which the
first ionization potential? (1998M) differentiating electron enters into (1994M)
1) Boron 2) Carbon 1) s-sub level 2) d-sub level
3) Nitrogen 4) Oxygen 3) p-sub level 4) f-sub level
Periodic Classification 49
28. Which of the following electronic configuration 42. The first ionisation potential is maximum for
corresponds to an inert gas? (1993E) 1. Lithium 2. Uranium
1) 1s12s22p5 2) 1s22s22p6 3. Iron 4. Hydrogen
3) 1s22s1 4) 1s22s22p63s1 43. A member of Lanthanide (AFMC)
29. The 4f level is successively filled up in 1. Cesium 2. Lanthanum
1) Alkali metals 2) Rare gases 3. Neoybium 4. Lutetium
3) Lanthanides 4) Actinides 44. What is wrong about transition metals?
30. Inner transition elements exhibit different coloured 1. They are diamagnetic
compound on account of unfilled………. Orbitals 2. They are paramagnetic
1) s 2) f 3) d 4) p 3. They form complexes
31. Which of the following elements has the lowest 4. They show variable oxidation state
ionization potential? (1993M) 45. The Lanthanide contraction relates to (AFMC)
1) N 2) O 3) F 4) Ne 1. Oxidaion states 2. Magnetic state
32. Which of the following has largest radius 3. Atomic radii 4. Valence electrons
1) Mg+2 2) Na+ 3) O–2 4) F– 46. In the following four elements, the ionisation
33. Al has a lower ionic radius that Mg2+ ion because
3+
potential of which one is the highest? (BHU)
1) Mg atom has less number of neutrons that Al 1. Oxygen 2. Argon
2) Al3+ has a higher nuclear charge that Mg2+ 3. Barium 4. Cesium
3) their electronegativities are different 47. The atomic number of an element is always equal
4) Al has a lower ionization potential than Mg atom to (AIMS)
34. Which one indicate correct variation of 1. Number of neutrons in nucleus
electronegativities? (1990) 2. Half of the atomic weight
1) F>N<O>C 2) F>N>O>C 3. Electrical charge of the nucleus
3) F<N<O<C 4) F>N>O<C 3. Weight of the nucleus
35. The first ionization potential of Li will be (1990) 48. The Lanthanide contraction is responsible for the
1) greater than Be 2) less than Be fact that (AFMC)
3) equal to Na 4) equal of F 1. Zr and Hf have same radius
36. Which pair of atomic numbers represent element 2. Zr and Zn have the same oxidation state
which are both s-block elements (1990) 3. Zr and Y have same radius
1) 7, 15 2) 6, 12 3) 9, 17 4) 3, 12 4. Zr and Nb have similar oxidation state
37. The correct order of Atomic size is (1989) 49. The atomicity of a noble gas is (BHU)
1) Be>C>F>Ne 2) Be<C<F<Ne 1. 2 2. 1 3. 4 4. 6
3) Be>C>F<Ne 4) F<Ne<Be<C 50. Among the following outermost configuration of
38. The I.P. of sodium is 5.14 eV. The I.P. of potassium metals, which shows the highest oxidation state
could be (1988) 1. 3d3 4s2 2. 3d5 4s1
1) same as that of sodium2) 5.68eV 3. 3d5 4s2 4. 3d6 4s2
3) 4.34eV 4) 10.28eV 51. Variable valency is exhibited by (MLNR)
39. In the long form of the periodic table all non metals 1. Normal elements
are placed in (1988) 2. Metallic elements
1) s-block 2) p-block 3. Transitional elements
3) d-block 4) f-block 4.Non-metallic elements
40. Which pair of elements of atomic numbers given 52. When an atom of an electronegative element
below will have similar chemical properties?(1987) becomes anion, which of the following occurs?
1) 13, 22 2) 3, 11 3) 4, 24 4) 2, 4 1. It acts as a reducing agent
41. The atomic radius decreases in a period due to 2. It loses electrons
(AFMC) 3. It ionic radius becomes larger
1. Increase in nuclear attraction 4. None
2. Decrease in nuclear attraction 53. Ionic radii of
3. Increase in number of electrons 1. Ti4+ < Mn7+ 2. 35Cl < 37Cl
4. Decrease in number of electrons 3. K+ > Cl- 4. P3+ > P5+
Periodic Classification 50

54. The incorrect statement among the following is

1. The first ionisation potential of Al is less than the first ionisation potential of Mg
2. The second ionisation potential of Mg is greater than the second ionisation potential of Na
3. The first ionisation potential of Na is less than the first ionisation potential of Mg
4. The third ionisation of potential of Mg is greater than the third ionisation potential of Al
55. Which of the following grouping represents a collection of iso-electronic species? (AIEEE)
(at.Nos: Cs=55, Br=35)
1. Ca2+, Cs2+, Br 2. Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ 3. N3-, F-, Na+ 4. Be, Al3+, Cl+