M 170 SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS

Standard Specification for

Reinforced Concrete Culvert, Storm Drain, and Sewer Pipe

AASHTO DESIGNATION: M 170-941

(ASTM DESIGNATION: C 76-90)

1. SCOPE1 M 221 Welded Deformed Steel Wire the load to produce a 0.01-in. crack and
Fabric for Concrete the ultimate strength of the pipe; by such
Reinforcement material tests as are required in Sections
1.1 This specification covers reinforced 6.1, 6.2, and 6.4; by absorption tests on
concrete pipe intended to be used for the M 225 Deformed Steel Wire for
Concrete Reinforcement selected samples of concrete from the
conveyance of sewage, industrial wastes, wall of the pipe; and by visual inspection
and storm water, and for –the M 240 Blended Hydraulic Cements of the finished pipe to determine its
construction of culverts. M 242 Reinforced Concrete D-Load conformance with the accepted design
1.2 A complete metric companion to Culvert, Storm Drain, and and its freedom from defects.
Specification M 170 has been developed- Sewer Pipe 5.1.2 Acceptance on the Basis of
M 170 M; therefore, no metric equiva- M 262 Terms Relating to Concrete Material Tests and Inspection of
lents are presented in this specification. Pipe and Related Products Manufactured Pipe for Defects and
NOTE 1-This specification is a manufacturing M 295 Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Imperfections-Acceptability of the pipe
and purchase specification only, and does not Natural Pozzolan for Use as a in all diameters and classes produced in
include requirements for bedding, backfill, or Mineral Admixture in accordance with Section 7.1 or 7.2 shall
the relationship between field load condition be determined by the results of such
Portland Cement Concrete
and the strength classification of pipe. material tests as are required in Sections
However, experience has shown that the T 22 Compressive Strength of
6.1, 6.2, and 6.4; by crushing tests on
successful performance of this product Cylindrical Concrete
depends upon the proper selection of the class concrete cores or cured concrete
Specimens
of pipe, type of bedding and backfill, and care cylinders; by absorption tests on selected
that installation conforms to the construction T 280 Testing Concrete Pipe, samples from the wall of the pipe; and by
specifications. The purchaser of the reinforced Sections, or Tile inspection of the finished pipe including
concrete pipe specified herein is cautioned that amount and placement of reinforcement
the field requirements must be correlated with to determine its conformance with the
the class of pipe specified and provide 3. TERMINOLOGY
accepted design and its freedom from
inspection at the construction site.
defects.
NOTE 2-Attention is called to the 3.1 Definitions-For definitions of terms 5.1.3 When agreed upon by the
specification for reinforced concrete D-load relating to concrete pipe, see AASHTO purchaser and manufacturer, any portion
culvert, storm drain, and sewer pipe M 262.
(AASHTO M 242). or any combination of the tests itemized
in Section 5.1.1 or 5.1.2 may form the
4. CLASSIFICATION basis of acceptance.
2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 5.2 Age for Acceptance-Pipe shall be
considered ready for acceptance when it
4.1 Pipe manufactured in accordance
conforms to the requirements as indicated
2.1 AASHTO Standards: with this specification shall be of five
by the specified tests.
M6 Fine Aggregate for Portland classes identified as Class I, Class II,
Cement Concrete Class III, Class IV, and Class V. The
corresponding strength requirements are 6. MATERIALS
M 31 Deformed and Plain Billet- prescribed in Tables 1 to 5.
Steel Bars for Concrete
Reinforcement 6.1 Reinforced Concrete-The reinforced
M 32 Cold Drawn Steel Wire for 5. BASIS OF ACCEPTANCE concrete shall consist of cementitious
Concrete Reinforcement materials, mineral aggregates, and water,
in which steel has been embedded
M 55 Welded Steel Wire Fabric for 5.1 Unless otherwise designated by the
Concrete Reinforcement purchaser at the time of, or before placing in such a manner that the steel and
an order, two separate and alternative concrete act together.
M 80 Coarse Aggregate for
Portland Cement Concrete bases of acceptance are permitted as 6.2 Cementitious Materials:
follows: 6.2.1 Cement-Cement shall conform to
M 85 Portland Cement
5.1.1 Acceptance on the Basis of Plant the requirements for Portland cement of
M 86 Concrete Sewer, Storm Load-Bearing Tests, Material Tests, and AASHTO M 85, or shall be portland
Drain, and Culvert Pipe Inspection of Manufactured Pipe for blast-furnace slag cement or portland-
M 148 Liquid Membrane Forming Visual Defects and Imperfections- pozzolan cement conforming to the
Compounds for Curing Acceptability of the pipe in all diameters requirements of AASHTO M 240, except
Concrete and classes produced in accordance with that the pozzolan constituent in the Type
Section 7.1 or 7.2 shall be determined by IP portland pozzolan cement shall be fly
1
the results of the threeedge bearing tests ash and shall not exceed 25 percent by
Agrees with ASTM C 76-90, except for limiting for either the load to produce a 0.01-in.
absorption testing to the 5-hour boil method and the
weight.
retest of absorption specimens in case of failure. crack, or at the option of the purchaser,
148
M 170 SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS

TABLE 1 Design Requirements for Class I Reinforced Concrete PipeA

NOTE-See Section 5 for basis of acceptance specified by the purchaser.
The strength test requirements in pounds-force per linear foot of pipe under the three-edge-bearing method shall be either the D-load (test load expressed in pounds-force
per linear foot per foot of diameter) to produce a 0.01-in. crack, or the D-loads to produce the 0.01-in. crack and the ultimate load as specified below, multiplied by the
internal diameter of the pipe in feet. D-load to produce a 0.01-in. crack 800
D-load to produce the ultimate load' 1200
Reinforcement, in.2/linear ft of Pipe Wall
Internal
Wall A Wall B
Designated
Concrete Strength, 4000 psi Concrete Strength, 4000 psi
Diameter,
in. Wall Circular ReinforcementC Elliptical Wall Circular ReinforcementC Elliptical
Thickness, in. Inner Cage Outer Cage ReinforcementD Thickness, in. Inner Cage Outer Cage ReinforcementD
60 5 0.25 0.15 0.28 6 0.21 0.13 0.23
66 5½ 0.30 0.18 0.33 6½ 0.25 0.15 0.28
72 6 0.35 0.21 0.39 7 0.29 0.17 0.32
78 6½ 0.40 0.24 0.44 7½ 0.32 0.19 0.36
84 7 0.45 0.27 0.50 8 0.37 0.22 0.41
90 7½ 0.49 0.29 0.54 8½ 0.41 0.25 0.46
96 8 0.54 0.32 0.60 9 0.46 0.28 0.51
Concrete Strength, 5000 psi
102 8½ 0.63 0.38 Inner Circular 0.25 9½ 0.54 0.32 Inner Circular 0.22
Plus Elliptical 0.38 Plus Elliptical 0.32
108 9 0.68 0.41 Inner Circular 0.27 10 0.61 0.37 Inner Circular 0.24
Plus Elliptical 0.41 Plus Elliptical 0.37
A A
114 - - - - - - - -
A A
120 - - - - - - - -
A A
1-6 - - - - - - - -
A A
132 - - - - - - - -
A A
138 - - - - - - - -
A A
144 - - - - - - - -
A
For modified or special designs, see Section 7.2 or with the permission of the purchaser utilize the provisions of AASHTO M 242. Steel areas may be interpolated
between those shown for variations in diameter, loading, or wall thickness. Pipe over 96 in. in diameter shall have two circular cages or an inner circular plus one elliptical
cage.
B
Three-edge-bearing test to ultimate load is not required for any class of pipe 60-in. or less in diameter provided all other requirements of this specification are met.
C
As an alternative to designs requiring both inner and outer circular cages the reinforcement may be positioned and proportioned in either of the following manners:
An inner circular cage plus an elliptical cage such that the area of the elliptical cage shall not be less than that specified for the outer cage in the table and the total area of
the inner circular cage plus the elliptical cage shall not be less than that specified for the inner cage in the table. An inner and outer cage plus quadrant mats in accordance
with Figure 1, or
An inner and outer cage plus an elliptical cage in accordance with Figure 2.
D
Elliptical and quadrant steel must be held in place by means of holding rods, chairs, or other positive means throughout the entire casting operation.

6.2.2 Fly Ash-Fly ash shall conform to

the requirements of Class F or Class C of
AASHTO M 295.
6.2.3 Allowable Combinations of
Cementitious Materials-The combination
of cementitious materials used in the
concrete shall be one of the following:
6.2.3.1 Portland cement only,
6.2.3.2 Portland blast furnace slag
cement only,
6.2.3.3 Portland pozzolan cement only,
or
6.2.3.4 A combination of portland
cement and fly ash wherein the
proportion of fly ash is between 5 and 25
percent by weight of total cementitious
material (portland cement plus fly ash).
6.3 Aggregates-Aggregates shall
conform to AASHTO M 6 and M 80,
except that the requirement for gradation
shall not apply.
6.4 Admixtures and Blends-Admixtures
and blends may be used with the
approval of the purchaser.
6.5 Steel Reinforcement-Reinforcement
shall consist of wire conforming to
AASHTO M 32 or M 225, or of wire
fabric conforming to AASHTO M 55 or
M 221, or of bars of minimum Grade 40
steel conforming to AASHTO M 31.

149
M 170 SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS

so placed that the protective covering of

concrete over the circumferential
reinforcement in the wall of the pipe shall
be 1 in.
8.1.3 In pipe having elliptical
reinforcement with wall thicknesses 2 ½
in. or greater, the reinforcement in the
wall of the pipe shall be so placed that
the protective covering of concrete over
the circumferential reinforcement shall be
1 in. from the inner surface of the pipe at
the vertical diameter and 1 in. from the
outer surface of the pipe at the horizontal
diameter. In pipe having elliptical
reinforcement with wall thicknesses less
than 2 ½ in., the protective covering of
the concrete shall be ¾ in. at the vertical
and horizontal diameters.
8.1.4 The location of the reinforcement
shall be subject to the permissible varia-
tions in dimensions given in Section 12.5.
8.1.5 The spacing center to center of
7. DESIGN manufacturer may be required to perform circumferential reinforcement in a cage
proof tests on sizes and classes selected shall not exceed 4 in. for pipe up to and
by the purchaser to demonstrate to the including pipe having a 4-in. wall
7.1 Design Tables-The diameter, wall adequacy of the proposed design.
thickness, compressive strength of the thickness nor exceed the wall thickness
concrete, and the area of the 7.2.4 Such pipe must meet all of the for larger pipe, and shall in no case
circumferential reinforcement shall be as test and performance requirements exceed 6 in.
prescribed for Class I to V in Tables 1 to specified by the purchaser in accordance 8.1.6 Where the wall reinforcement
5, except as provided in Section 7.2. with Section 5. does not extend into the joint, the
7.1.1 Footnotes to the tables herein are 7.3 Area-In this specification, when the maximum longitudinal distance to the
intended to be amplifications of tabulated word area is not described by adjectives, last circumferential from the inside
requirements and are to be considered such as cross-section or single wire, it shoulder of the bell or the shoulder of the
applicable and binding as if they were shall be understood to be the cross- spigot shall be 3 in., except that if this
contained in the body of the sectional area of reinforcement per unit distance exceeds one-half the wall
specification. lengths of pipe. thickness, the pipe wall shall contain at
least a total reinforcement area of the
7.2 Modified and Special Designs: minimum specified area per linear foot
7.2.1 If permitted by the purchaser the 8. REINFORCEMENT times the laying length of the pipe
manufacturer may request approval by section. The minimum cover on the last
the purchaser of modified designs that 8.1 Circumferential Reinforcement-A circumferential near the spigot shoulder
differ from the designs in Section 7.1; or line of circumferential reinforcement for shall be ½ in.
special designs for sizes and loads any given total area may be composed of 8.1.6.1 Where reinforcement is in the
beyond those shown in Tables 1 to 5, two layers for pipe with wall thicknesses bell or spigot the minimum end cover on
Section 7.1, or special designs for pipe of less than 7 in. or three layers for pipe the last circumferential shall be ½ in. in
sizes that do not have steel reinforcement with wall thicknesses of 7 in. or greater. the bell or ¼ in. in the spigot.
areas shown in Tables 1 to 5 of Section The layers shall not be separated by more
7.1. 8.1.7 The continuity of the
than the thickness of one longitudinal circumferential reinforcing steel shall not
7.2.2 Such modified or special designs plus ¼ in. The multiple layers shall be be destroyed during the manufacture of
shall be based on rational or empirical fastened together to form a single rigid the pipe, except that when agreed upon
evaluations of the ultimate strength and cage. All other specification requirements by the purchaser, lift eyes or holes may
cracking behavior of the pipe and shall such as laps, welds, and tolerances of be provided in each pipe for the purpose
fully describe to the purchaser any placement in the wall of the pipe, etc. of handling.
deviations from the requirements of shall apply to this method of fabricating a
Section 7.1. The descriptions of modified line of reinforcement. 8.1.8 If splices are not welded, the
or special designs shall include the wall reinforcement shall be lapped not less
8.1.1 Where one line of circular than 20 diameters for deformed bars and
thickness, the concrete strength, and the reinforcement is used, it shall be placed
area, type, placement, number of layers, deformed cold-worked wire, and 40
from 35 to 50 percent of the wall diameters for plain bars and cold-drawn
and strength of the steel reinforcement. thickness from the inner surface of the wire. In addition, where lapped cages of
7.2.3 The manufacturer shall submit to pipe, except that for wall thicknesses less welded-wire fabric are used without
the purchaser proof of the adequacy of than 2 ½ in., the protective cover of the welding, the lap shall contain a
the proposed modified or special design. concrete over the circumferential longitudinal wire.
Such proof may comprise the submission reinforcement in the wall of the pipe shall
of certified three-edge-bearing tests be ¾ in. 8.1.8.1 When splices are welded and are
already made, which are acceptable to the not lapped to the minimum requirements
8.1.2 In pipe having two lines of above, pull tests of representative
purchaser or, if such three-edge-bearing circular reinforcement, each line shall be
tests are not available or acceptable, the specimens shall develop at least 50

150
M 170 SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS

percent of the minimum specified during the placement of the concrete shall 8.3.1 Joint Reinforcement for Non-
strength of the steel, and there shall be a not be a cause for rejection. Rubber Gasket Joints:
minimum lap of 2 in. For butt-welded 8.3 Joint Reinforcement-The length of 8.3.1.1 For pipe 36 in. and larger in
splices in bars or wire, permitted only the joint as used herein means the inside diameter, either the bell or spigot shall
with helically wound cages, pull tests of length of the bell or the outside length of contain circumferential reinforcement.
representative specimens shall develop at the spigot from the shoulder to the end of This reinforcement shall be an extension
least 75 percent of the minimum the pipe section. The end distances or of a wall cage, or may be a separate cage
specified strength of the steel. cover on the end circumferential shall of at least the area per foot of that
8.2 Longitudinal Reinforcement-Each apply to any point on the circumference specified for the outer cage or one-half of
line of circumferential reinforcement of the pipe or joint. When convoluted that specified for single cage wall
shall be assembled into a cage that shall reinforcement is used, these distances and reinforcement, whichever is less.
contain sufficient longitudinal bars or reinforcement areas shall be taken from 8.3.1.2 Where bells or spigots require
members, to maintain the reinforcement the points on the convolutions closest to reinforcement, the maximum end cover
in shape and in position within the form the end of the pipe section. Unless on the last circumferential shall be one-
to comply with permissible variations in otherwise permitted by the purchaser, the half the length of the joint or 3 in.,
Section 8.1. The exposure of the ends of following requirements for joint whichever is less.
longitudinals, stirrups, or spacers that reinforcement shall apply.
have been used to position the cages

TABLE 2 Design Requirements for Class H Reinforced Concrete Pipe'

NOTE-See Section 5 for basis of acceptance specified by the purchaser.
The strength test requirements in pounds-force per linear foot of pipe under the three-edge-bearing method shall be either the D-load (test load expressed in pounds-force
per linear foot per foot of diameter) to produce a 0.01-in. crack, or the D-loads to produce the 0.01-in. crack and the ultimate load as specified below, multiplied by the
internal diameter of the pipe in feet.
D-load to produce a 0.01-in. crack 1000
D-load to produce the ultimate load' 1500
Reinforcement, in2/linear ft of Pipe Wall
Internal Wall A Wall B Wall C
Designated Concrete Strength, 4000 psi Concrete Strength, 4000 psi Concrete Strength, 4000 psi
Diameter, Wall Circular Wall Circular Wall Circular
in. ReinforcementC Elliptical ReinforcementC Elliptical ReinforcementC Elliptical
Thickness, D Thickness, D Thickness,
Reinforcement Reinforcement ReinforcementD
in. Inner Cage Outer Cage in. Inner Cage Outer Cage in. Inner Cage Outer Cage
12 1¾ 0.07E - - 2 0.07E - - 2¾ 0.07E - -
15 1⅞ 0.07E - - 2¼ 0.07E - - 3 0.07E - -
18 2 0.07E - 0.07E 2½ 0.07E - 0.07E 3¼ 0.07E - 0.07E
21 2¼ 0.12 - 0.10 2¾ 0.07E - 0.07E 3½ 0.07E - 0.07E
24 2½ 0.13 - 0.11 3 0.07E - 0.07E 3¾ 0.07E - 0.07E
27 2⅝ 0.15 - 0.13 3¼ 0.13 - 0.11 4 0.07E - 0.07E
30 2¾ 0.15 - 0.14 3½ 0.14 - 0.12 4¼ 0.07E - 0.07E
33 2⅞ 0.16 - 0.15 3¾ 0.15 - 0.13 4½ 0.07E - 0.07E
36 3 0.14 0.08 0.15 4 0.12 0.07 0.13 4¾ 0.07 0.07 0.08
42 3½ 0.16 0.10 0.18 4½ 0.15 0.09 0.17 5¼ 0.10 0.07 0.11
48 4 0.21 0.13 0.23 5 0.18 0.11 0.20 5¾ 0.14 0.08 0.15
54 4½ 0.25 0.15 0.28 5½ 0.22 0.13 0.24 6¼ 0.17 0.10 0.19
60 5 0.30 0.18 0.33 6 0.25 0.15 0.28 6¾ 0.22 0.13 0.24
66 5½ 0.35 0.21 0.39 6 1/2 0.31 0.19 0.34 7¼ 0.25 0.15 0.28
72 6 0.41 0.25 0.45 7 0.35 0.21 0.39 7¾ 0.30 0.18 0.33
78 6½ 0.46 0.28 0.51 7½ 0.40 0.24 0.44 8¼ 0.35 0.21 0.39
84 7 0.51 0.31 0.57 8 0.46 0.28 0.51 8¾ 0.41 0.25 0.46
90 7½ 0.57 0.34 0.63 8½ 0.51 0.31 0.57 9¼ 0.48 0.29 0.53
96 8 0.62 0.37 0.69 9 0.57 0.34 0.63 9¾ 0.55 0.33 0.61
Concrete Strength, 5000 psi
102 8½ 0.76 0.46 Inner 0.30 9½ 0.68 0.41 Inner 0.27 10 ¼ 0.62 0.37 Inner 0.25
Circular Circular Circular
Plus 0.46 Plus 0.41 Plus 0.37
Elliptical Elliptical Elliptical
108 9 0.85 0.51 Inner 0.34 10 0.76 0.46 Inner 0.30 10 ¾ 0.70 0.42 Inner 0.28
Circular Circular Circular
Plus 051 Plus 0.46 Plus 0.42
Elliptical Elliptical Elliptical
A A A
114 - - - - - - - - - - - -
A A A
120 - - - - - - - - - - - -
A A A
126 - - - - - - - - - - - -
A A A
132 - - - - - - - - - - - -
A A A
138 - - - - - - - - - - - -
A A A
144 - - - - - - - - - - - -
A
For modified or special designs, see Section 7.2 or with the permission of the purchaser utilize the provisions of AASHTO M 242. Steel areas may be interpolated
between those shown for variations in diameter, loading, or wall thickness. Pipe over 96 in. in diameter shall have two circular cages or an inner circular plus one elliptical
cage.
B
Three-edge-bearing test to ultimate load is not required for any class of pipe 60 in. or less in diameter provided all other requirements of this specification are met.
C
As an alternative to designs requiring both inner and outer circular cages the reinforcement may be positioned and proportioned in either of the following manners:
An inner circular cage plus an elliptical cage such that the area of the elliptical cage shall not be less than that specified for the outer cage in the table and the total area of
the inner circular cage plus the elliptical cage shall not be less than that specified for the inner cage in the table.
An inner and outer cage plus quadrant mats in accordance with Figure I, or
An inner and outer cage plus an elliptical cage in accordance with Figure 2.
D
Elliptical and quadrant steel must be held in place by means of holding rods, chairs, or other positive means throughout the entire casting operation.
E
For these classes and sizes, the minimum practical steel reinforcement is specified. The actual ultimate strength is greater than the minimum strength specified for
nonreinforced pipe of equivalent diameters in AASHTO M 86.
F
As an alternative, single cage reinforcement may be used. The reinforcement area in square in. per linear foot shall be 0.20 for wall B and 0.16 for wall C.

151
M 170 SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS

TABLE 3 Design Requirements for Class III Reinforced Concrete PipA

NOTE-See Section 5 for the basis of acceptance specified by the purchaser.
The strength test requirements in pounds-force per linear foot of pipe under the three-edge-bearing method shall be either the D-load (test load expressed in pounds-force
per linear foot per foot of diameter) to produce a 0.01-in. crack, or the D-loads to produce the 0.01-in. crack and the ultimate load as specified below, multiplied by the
internal diameter of the pipe in feet.
D-load to produce a 0.01-in. crack 1350
D-load to produce the ultimate load" 2000
Reinforcement, in2/linear ft of Pipe Wall
Internal Wall A Wall B Wall C
Designated Concrete Strength, 4000 psi Concrete Strength, 4000 psi Concrete Strength, 4000 psi
Diameter, Wall Circular Wall Circular Wall Circular
in. Elliptical Elliptical Elliptical
Thickness, ReinforcementC Thickness, ReinforcementC Thickness, ReinforcementC
ReinforcementD ReinforcementD ReinforcementD
in. Inner Cage Outer Cage in. Inner Cage Outer Cage in. Inner Cage Outer Cage
12 1¾ 0.07E - - 2 0.07E - - 2¾ 0.07E - -
15 1⅞ 0.07E - - 2¼ 0.07E - - 3 0.07E - -
18 2 0.07E - 0.07E 2½ 0.07E - 0.07E 3¼ 0.07E - 0.07E
21 2¼ 0.14 - 0.11 2¾ 0.07E - 0.07E 3½ 0.07E - 0.07E
24 2½ 0.17 - 0.14 3 0.07E - 0.07E 3¾ 0.07 - 0.07E
27 2⅝ 0.18 - 0.16 3¼ 0.16 - 0.14 4 0.08 - 0.07E
30 2¾ 0.19 - 0.18 3½ 0.18 - 0.15 4¼ 0.10 - 0.08
33 2⅞ 0.21 - 0.20 3¾ 0.20 - 0.17 4½ 0.12 - 0.10
36 3 0.21 0.13 0.23 4F 0.17 0.10 0.19 4¾F 0.08 0.07 0.09
42 3½ 0.25 0.15 0.28 4½ 0.21 0.13 0.23 5¼ 0.12 0.07 0.13
48 4 0.32 0.19 0.35 5 0.24 0.14 0.27 5¾ 0.16 0.10 0.18
54 4½ 0.38 0.23 0.42 5½ 0.29 0.17 0.32 6¼ 0.21 0.13 0.23
60 5 0.44 0.26 0.49 6 0.34 0.20 0.38 6¾ 0.25 0.15 0.28
66 5½ 0.50 0.30 0.55 6½ 0.41 0.25 0.46 7¼ 0.31 0.19 0.34
72 6 0.57 0.34 0.63 7 0.49 0.29 0.54 7¾ 0.36 0.22 0.40
Concrete Stregth, 5000 psi
78 6½ 0.64 0.38 0.71 7½ 0.57 0.34 0.63 8¼ 0.42 0.25 0.47
84 7 0.72 0.43 0.80 8 0.64 0.38 0.71 8¾ 0.50 0.30 0.56
Concrete Stregth, 5000 psi Concrete Stregth, 5000 psi
90 7½ 0.81 0.49 0.90 8½ 0.69 0.41 0.77 9¼ 0.59 0.35 0.66
Inner
96 8 0.93 0.56 1.03 9 0.76 0.46 0.84 9¾ 0.70 0.42 Circular 0.28
Plus
Elliptical 0.42
Inner Inner Inner
102 8½ 1.03 0.62 Circular 0.41 9½ 0.90 0.54 Circular 0.36 10 ¼ 0.83 0.50 Circular 0.33
Plus Plus Plus
Elliptical 0.62 Elliptical 0.54 Elliptical 0.50
Inner Inner Inner
108 9 1.22 0.73 Circular 0.49 10 1.08 0.65 Circular 0.43 10 ¾ 0.99 0.59 Circular 0.40
Plus Plus Plus
Elliptical 0.62 Elliptical 0.54 Elliptical 0.59
A A A
114 - - - - - - - - - - - -
A A A
120 - - - - - - - - - - - -
A A A
126 - - - - - - - - - - - -
A A A
132 - - - - - - - - - - - -
A A A
138 - - - - - - - - - - - -
A A A
144 - - - - - - - - - - - -
A
For modified or special designs, see Section 7.2 or with the permission of the purchaser utilize the provisions of AASHTO M 242. Steel areas may be interpolated between those shown for variations
in diameter, loading, or wall thickness. Pipe over 96 in. in diameter shall have two circular cages or an inner circular plus one elliptical cage.
B
Three-edge-bearing test to ultimate load is not required for any class of pipe 60-in. or less in diameter provided all other requirements of this specification are met.
C
As an alternative to designs requiring both inner and outer circular cages the reinforcement may be positioned and proportioned in either of the following manners:
An inner circular cage plus an elliptical cage such that the area of the elliptical cage shall not be less than that specified for the outer cage in the table and the total area of the inner circular cage
plus the elliptical cage shall not be Less than that specified for the inner cage in the table.
An inner and outer cage plus quadrant mats in accordance with Figure 1. or
An inner and outer cage plus an elliptical cage in accordance with Figure 2.
D
Elliptical and quadrant steel must be held in place by means of holding rods, chairs, or other positive means throughout the entire casting operation.
E
For these classes and sizes, the minimum practical steel reinforcement is specified. The actual ultimate strength is greater than the minimum strength specified for non reinforced pipe of equivalent
diameters in Specification C 14.
E
For these classes and sizes, the minimum practical steel reinforcement is specified. The actual ultimate strength is greater than the minimum strength specified for non reinforced pipe of equivalent
diameters in M 86.
F
As an alternative, single cage reinforcement nary be used. The reinforcement area in square in. per linear foot shall be 0.30 for wall B and 0.20 for wall C.

8.3.2 Joint Reinforcement for Rubber 9. JOINTS water-cementitious materials ratio not
Gasket Joints: exceeding 0.53 by weight. Cementitious
materials shall be as specified in Section
8.3.2.1 For pipe 12 in. and larger in 9.1 The joints shall be of such design and 6.2 and shall be added to the mix in a
diameter, the bell ends shall contain the ends of the concrete pipe sections so proportion, not less than 470 lb of
circumferential reinforcement. This formed that the pipe can be laid together cement/yd' of concrete unless mix
reinforcement shall be an extension of the to make a continuous line of pipe designs with a lower cementitious
outer cage or a single wall cage, compatible with the permissible materials content demonstrate that the
whichever is less, or may be a separate variations given in Section 12. quality and performance of the pipe meet
cage of at least the same area per foot the requirements of this specification.
with longitudinals as required in Section
8.2. If a separate cage is used, the cage 10. MANUFACTURE 10.2 Curing-Pipe shall be subjected to
shall extend into the pipe with the last any one of the methods of curing
circumferential wire at least one in. past described in Sections 10.2.1 to 10.2.4 or
10.1 Mixture-The aggregates shall be
the inside shoulder where the pipe barrel to any other method or combination of
sized, graded, proportioned, and mixed
meets the bell of the joint. methods approved by the purchaser, that
with such proportions of cementitious
will give satisfactory results. The pipe
8.3.2.2 Where bells require reinfor- materials and water as will produce a
shall be cured for a sufficient length of
cement, the maximum end cover on the homogeneous concrete mixture of such
time so that the specified D-load is
last circumferential shall be 1 ½ in. quality that, the pipe will conform to the
obtained when acceptance is based on
test and design requirements of this
Section 5.1.1 or so that the concrete will
specification. All concrete shall have a
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M 170 SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS

TABLE 4 Design Requirements for Class IV Reinforced Concrete Pipe4

NOTE-See Section 5 for the basis of acceptance specified by the purchaser.
The strength test requirements in pounds-force per linear foot of pipe under the three-edge-bearing method shall be either the D-load (test load expressed in pounds-force
per linear foot per foot of diameter) to produce a 0.01-in. crack, or the D-loads to produce the 0.01-in. crack and the ultimate load as specified below, multiplied by the
internal diameter of the pipe in feet.
D-load to produce a 0.01-in. crack 2000
D-load to produce the ultimate load' 3000
Reinforcement, in2/linear ft of Pipe Wall
Internal Wall A Wall B Wall C
Designated Concrete Strength, 4000 psi Concrete Strength, 4000 psi Concrete Strength, 4000 psi
Diameter, Wall Circular Wall Circular Wall Circular
in. Elliptical Elliptical Elliptical
Thickness, ReinforcementC Thickness, ReinforcementC Thickness, ReinforcementC
ReinforcementD ReinforcementD ReinforcementD
in. Inner Cage Outer Cage in. Inner Cage Outer Cage in. Inner Cage Outer Cage
12 1¾ 0.15 - - 2 0.07 - - 2¾ 0.07E - -
15 1⅞ 0.16 - - 2¼ 0.10 - - 3 0.07E - -
E
18 2 0.17 - 0.15 2½ 0.14 - 0.11 3¼ 0.07 - 0.07E
E
21 2¼ 0.23 - 0.21 2¾ 0.20 - 0.17 3½ 0.07 0.07 0.07E
24 2½ 0.29 - 0.27 3 0.27 - 0.23 3¾ 0.07 0.07 0.08
27 2⅝ 0.33 - 0.31 3¼ 0.31 - 0.25 4 0.08 0.07 0.10
30 2¾ 0.38 - 0.35 3½ 0.35 - 0.28 4¼ 0.09 0.07 0.12
A
33 - - - 3¾ 0.27 0.16 0.30 4½ 0.11 0.08 0.15
A
36 - - - 4 0.30 0.18 0.33 4¾ 0.14 0.12 0.22
A
42 - - - 4½ 0.35 0.21 0.39 5¼ 0.20 0.16 0.29
A
48 - - - 5 0.42 0.25 0.47 5¾ 0.26 0.20 0.38
A
54 - - - 5½ 0.50 0.30 0.55 6¼ 0.34
Concrete Strength, 5000 psi
A
60 - - - 6 0.59 0.35 0.66 6¾ 0.41 0.25 0.46
A
66 - - - 6½ 0.69 0.41 0.77 7¼ 0.51 0.31 0.57
Concrete Strength, 5000 psi
A
72 - - - 7 0.79 0.47 0.88 7¾ 0.61 0.37 0.68
A A
78 - - - - - - 8¼ 0.71 0.43 0.79
A A
84 - - - - - - 8¾ 0.85 0.51 0.94
A A A
90 - - - - - - - - -
A A A
96 - - - - - - - - -
A A A
102 - - - - - - - - -
A A A
108 - - - - - - - - -
A A A
114 - - - - - - - - -
A A A
120 - - - - - - - - -
A A A
126 - - - - - - - - -
A A A
132 - - - - - - - - -
A A A
138 - - - - - - - - -
A A A
144 - - - - - - - - -
A
For modified or special designs, see Section 7.2 or with the permission of the purchaser utilize the provisions of AASHTO M 242. Steel areas may be interpolated
between those shown for variations in diameter, loading, or wall thickness. Pipe over 96 in. in diameter shall have two circular cages or an inner circular plus one
elliptical cage.
B
Three-edge-bearing test to ultimate load is not required for any class of pipe 60-in. or less in diameter provided all other requirements of this specification are met.
C
As an alternative to designs requiring both inner and outer circular cages the reinforcement may be positioned and proportioned in either of the following manners:
An inner circular cage plus an elliptical cage such that the area of the elliptical cage shall not be less than that specified for the outer cage in the table and the total area
of the inner circular cage plus the elliptical cage shall not be less than that specified for the inner cage in the table,
An inner and outer cage plus quadrant mats in accordance with Figure 1, or
An inner and outer cage plus an elliptical cage in accordance with Figure 2.
For Wall C, in sizes 24 to 33 in., a single circular cage with an area not less than the sum of the specified inner and outer circular reinforcement areas.
D
Elliptical and quadrant steel must be held in place by means of holding rods, chairs, or other positive means throughout the entire casting operation.
E
For these classes and sizes, the minimum practical steel reinforcement is specified.

develop the specified compressive required concrete compressive strength is 11.2 Number and Type of Test
strength at 28 days or less when attained. Required for Various Delivery
acceptance is based on Section 5.1.2 10.2.4 A sealing membrane conforming Schedules:
10.2.1 Steam Curing – Pipe may be to the requirements of AASHTO M 148 11.2.1 Preliminary Tests for Extended
placed in a curing chamber, free of may be applied and should be left intact Delivery Schedules-A purchaser of pipe,
outside drafts, and cured in a moist until the required strength requirements whose needs require shipments at
atmosphere maintained by the injection are met. The concrete at the time of intervals over extended periods of time,
of steam for such time and such application shall be within 10°F of the shall be entitled to such tests, preliminary
temperature as may be needed to enable atmospheric temperature. All surfaces to delivery of pipe, as are required by the
the pipe to meet the strength shall be kept moist prior to the type of basis of acceptance specified by
requirements. The curing chamber shall application of the compounds and shall the purchaser in Section 5, of not more
be so constructed as to allow full circula- be damp when the compound is applied. than three sections of pipe covering each
tion of steam around the entire pipe. size in which he is interested.
10.2.2 Water Curing-Concrete pipe may 11. PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS 11.2.2 Additional Tests for Extended
be water-cured by covering with water Delivery Schedules-After the preliminary
saturated material or by a system of tests described in Section 11.2.1, a
perforated pipes, mechanical sprinklers, 11.1 Test Specimens-The specified purchaser shall be entitled to additional
porous hose, or by any other approved number of pipe required for the tests shall tests in such numbers and at such times
method that will keep the pipe moist be furnished without charge by the manu- as he may deem necessary, provided that
during the specified curing period. facturer and shall be selected at random the total number of pipe tested (including
10.2.3 The manufacturer may, at his by the purchaser, and shall be pipe that preliminary tests) shall not exceed 1
option, combine the methods described in would not otherwise be rejected under percent of the pipe delivered.
Sections 10.2.1 to 10.2.4 provided the this specification. The selection shall be
made at the point or points designated by
the purchaser when placing the order.
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M 170 SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS

TABLE 5 Design Requirements for Class V Reinforced Concrete Pipe4

NOTE-See Section 5 for the basis of acceptance specified by the purchaser.
The strength test requirements in pounds-force per linear foot of pipe under the three-edge-bearing method shall be either the D-load (test load expressed in pounds-force
per linear foot per foot of diameter) to produce a 0.01-in. crack, or the D-loads to produce the 0.01-in. crack and the ultimate load as specified below, multiplied by the
internal diameter of the pipe in feet.
D-load to produce a 0.01-in. crack 3000
D-load to produce the ultimate load' 3750
Reinforcement, in2/linear ft of Pipe Wall
Internal Wall A Wall B Wall C
Designated Concrete Strength, 4000 psi Concrete Strength, 4000 psi Concrete Strength, 4000 psi
Diameter, Wall Circular Wall Circular Wall Circular
in. Elliptical Elliptical Elliptical
Thickness, ReinforcementC Thickness, ReinforcementC Thickness, ReinforcementC
ReinforcementD ReinforcementD ReinforcementD
in. Inner Cage Outer Cage in. Inner Cage Outer Cage in. Inner Cage Outer Cage
A
12 - - - 2 0.10 - - 2¾ 0.07E - -
A
15 - - - 2¼ 0.14 - - 3 0.07E - -
A
18 - - - 2½ 0.19 - 0.16 3¼ 0.10 - -
A
21 - - - 2¾ 0.24 - 0.21 3½ 0.10 - -
A
24 - - - 3 0.30 - 0.24 3¾ 0.12 0.07 0.13
A
27 - - - 3¼ 0.38 0.23 0.42 4 0.14 0.08 0.16
A
30 - - - 3½ 0.41 0.25 0.46 4¼ 0.18 0.11 0.20
A
33 - - - 3¾ 0.46 0.28 0.51 4½ 0.23 0.14 0.25
A
36 - - - 4 0.50 0.30 0.56 4¾ 0.27 0.16 0.30
A
42 - - - 4½ 0.60 0.36 0.67 5¼ 0.36 0.22 0.40
A
48 - - - 5 0.73 0.44 0.81 5¾ 0.47 0.28 0.52
A A
54 - - - - - - 6¼ 0.58 0.35 0.64
A A
60 - - - - - - 6¾ 0.70 0.42 0.78
A A
66 - - - - - - 7¼ 0.84 0.50 0.93
A A
72 - - - - - - 7¾ 0.99 0.59 1.10
A A A
78 - - - - - - - - -
A A A
84 - - - - - - - - -
A A A
90 - - - - - - - - -
A A A
96 - - - - - - - - -
A A A
102 - - - - - - - - -
A A A
108 - - - - - - - - -
A A A
114 - - - - - - - - -
A A A
120 - - - - - - - - -
A A A
126 - - - - - - - - -
A A A
132 - - - - - - - - -
A A A
138 - - - - - - - - -
A A A
144 - - - - - - - - -
A
For modified or special designs, see Section 7.2 or with the permission of the purchaser utilize the provisions of AASHTO M 242. Steel areas may be interpolated
between those shown for variations in diameter, loading, or wall thickness. Pipe over 96 in. in diameter shall have two circular cages or an inner circular plus one
elliptical cage.
B
Three-edge-bearing test to ultimate load is not required for any class of pipe 60-in. or less in diameter provided all other requirements of this specification are met.
C
As an alternative to designs requiring both inner and outer circular cages the reinforcement may be positioned and proportioned in either of the following manners:
An inner circular cage plus an elliptical cage such that the area of the elliptical cage shall not be less than that specified for the outer cage in the table and the total area
of the inner circular cage plus the elliptical cage shall not be less than that specified for the inner cage in the table. An inner and outer cage plus quadrant mats in
accordance with Figure I, or An inner and outer cage plus an elliptical cage in accordance with Figure 2.
D
Elliptical and quadrant steel must be held in place by means of holding rods, chairs, or other positive means throughout the entire casting operation.
E
For these classes and sizes, the minimum practical steel reinforcement is specified.

11.2.3 Tests for Occasional Orders-A meeting the strength requirements when are cut from the wall of the pipe and
purchaser who places occasional orders all test specimens conform to the strength tested they shall be cut and tested in
shall be entitled to test a number of pipe requirements. Should any of the test accordance with the requirements of
not to exceed 2 percent of an order, and specimens fail to meet the strength AASHTO T 280. The compressive
not to exceed five pieces of any one size; requirements, the manufacturer shall be strength of each core tested shall be equal
otherwise the number of pipe desired for allowed a retest on two additional to or greater than the design strength of
testing shall be included in the order. specimens for each specimen that failed, the concrete. If a core does not meet the
11.3 External Load Crushing Strength: and the pipe shall be acceptable only required strength, another core from the
when all of the retest specimens meet the same pipe may be tested. If this core does
11.3.1 The load to produce a 0.01in. strength requirements. not meet the required strength, that pipe
crack or the ultimate load, as determined shall be rejected. Additional tests shall be
by the three-edge-bearing method as 11.4 Concrete Test Requirements:
made on other pipe to determine the
described in AASHTO T 280 shall be not 11.4.1 Compressive Strength-Compre- acceptability of the lot. When the cores
less than that prescribed in Tables 1 to 5 ssion tests for satisfying the design cut from a section of pipe successfully
for each respective class of pipe. Pipe concrete strength may be made on either meet the strength requirement, the core
that have been tested only to the standard rodded concrete cylinders or holes shall be plugged and sealed by the
formation of a 0.01-in. crack and that cylinders compacted and cured in like manufacturer in a manner such that the
meet the 0.01-in. crack load requirements manner as the pipe, or on cores drilled pipe section will meet all of the
shall be accepted for use. from the wall of the pipe. If cylinders are requirements of this specification. Pipe
tested, they shall be tested in accordance sections so sealed shall be considered as
NOTE 3-As used in this specification, the
0.01-in. crack is a test criterion for pipe tested with AASHTO T 22. The average satisfactory for use.
in the three-edge-bearing test and is not compressive strength of all cylinders
tested shall be equal to or greater than the 11.4.2 Absorption Test Requirements of
intended as an indication of overstressed or
failed pipe under installed conditions. design strength. Not more than 10 Concrete-The absorption of a sample
percent of the cylinders tested shall fail from the wall of the pipe, as determined
11.3.2 Retests of Pipe Not Meeting the below the design strength. In no case in accordance with AASHTO T 280,
External Load Crushing Strength shall any cylinder tested fall below 80 shall not exceed 9 percent of the dry
Requirements-Pipe shall be considered as percent of the design strength. If cores mass. Each sample shall be a piece

154
M 170 SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS

broken from the wall or a core drilled 12.4 Length of Pipe-The underrun in 14. INSPECTION
from the wall, shall have a minimum area length of a section of pipe shall not be
of 9 in.2 as measured on one surface of more than ⅛ in./ft with a maximum of/,
the pipe wall and a thickness equal to the in. in any length of pipe. Regardless of 14.1 The quality of materials, the
pipe wall, and shall be free of visible the underrun or overrun in any section of process of manufacture, and the finished
cracks. When the initial absorption the pipe, the end cover requirements of pipe shall be subject to inspection and
sample from a pipe fails to conform to Sections 8 and 12 shall apply. approval by an inspector employed by the
this specification the manufacturer shall purchaser.
12.5 Position or Area of
be allowed a retest on two additional Reinforcement:
samples from the same pipe for each 15. REJECTION
sample that failed. The pipe shall be 12.5.1 Position-The maximum variation
acceptable only when all of the retest in the position of the reinforcement shall
samples meet the absorption be ± 10 percent of the wall thickness or ± 15.1 Pipe shall be subject to rejection
requirements. ½ in., whichever is greater. Pipe having on account of failure to conform to any of
variations in the position of the the specification requirements. Individual
11.4.3 Retests of Pipe-When not more reinforcement exceeding those specified sections of pipe may be rejected because
than 20 percent of the concrete test above shall be accepted if the three-edge- of any of the following:
specimens fail to pass the requirements of bearing strength requirements obtained
the specification, the manufacturer may 15.1.1 Fractures or cracks passing
on a representative specimen are met. In
cull his stock and may eliminate through the wall, except for a single end
no case, however, shall the cover over the
whatever quantity of pipe he desires and crack that does not exceed the depth of
circumferential reinforcement be less
must so mark those pipe that they will not the joint.
than ¼ in. as measured to the end of the
be shipped. The required tests shall be spigot or ½ in. as measured to any other 15.1.2 Defects that indicate
made on the balance of the order and the surface. The preceding minimum cover proportioning, mixing, and molding not
pipe shall be accepted if they conform to limitations do not apply to mating in compliance with Section 10.1 or
the requirements of this specification. surfaces of nonrubber gasket joints or surface defects indicating honey-combed
11.5 Test Equipment-Every gasket grooves in rubber gasket joints. If or open texture that would adversely
manufacturer furnishing pipe under this convoluted reinforcement is used, the affect the function of the pipe.
specification shall furnish all facilities convoluted circumferential end wire may 15.1.3 The ends of the pipe are not
and personnel necessary to carry out the be at the end surface of the joint normal to the walls and center line of the
tests described in AASHTO T 280. providing the alternate convolutions have pipe, within the limits of variations given
at least 1-in. cover from the end surface in Sections 12.3 and 12.4.
of the joint. 15.1.4 Damaged or cracked ends where
12. PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS
12.5.2 Area of Reinforcement- such damage would prevent making a
Reinforcement will be considered as satisfactory joint.
12.1 Internal Diameter-The internal meeting the design requirements if the 15.1.5 Any continuous crack having a
diameter of 12 to 24-in. pipe shall vary area, computed on the basis of nominal surface width of 0.01 in. or more and
not more than ± 1.5 percent from the area of the wire or bars used, equals or extending for a length of 12 in. or more,
design diameter. The internal diameter of exceeds the requirements of Sections 7.1 regardless of position in the wall of the
27-in. and larger pipe shall not vary from or 7.2. Actual area of the reinforcing used pipe.
the design diameter by more than ± 1 may vary from the nominal area
percent of the design diameter or ± '/8 in., according to permissible variations of the
whichever is greater. standard specifications for the 16. PRODUCT MARKING
12.2 Wall Thickness-The wall reinforcing. When inner cage and outer
thickness shall not vary more than shown cage reinforcing is used, the inner cage
16.1 The following information shall
in the design or specified wall by more design area may vary to the lower limit of
be clearly marked on each section of
than ± 5 percent or 3/16 in., whichever is 85 percent of the elliptical design area
pipe:
greater. A specified wall thickness more and the outer cage design area may vary
than required in the design is not cause to the lower limit of 51 percent of the 16.1.1 The pipe class and specification
for rejection. Pipe having localized elliptical design area provided that the designation,
variations in wall thickness exceeding total design area of the inner cage plus 16.1.2 The date of manufacture,
those specified above shall be accepted if the outer cage shall not vary beyond the 16.1.3 The name or trademark of the
the three-edge-bearing strength and mini- lower limit of 140 percent of the elliptical manufacturer, and
mum steel cover requirements are met. design area.
16.1.4 Identification of plant.
12.3 Length of Two Opposite Sides-
16.2 One end of each section of pipe
Variations in the laying length of two 13. REPAIRS with elliptical or quadrant reinforcement
opposite sides of the pipe shall not be
shall be clearly marked during the
more than ¼ in. for all sizes through 24-
13.1 Pipe may be repaired, if process of manufacturing or immediately
in. internal diameter, and not more than
necessary, because of imperfections in thereafter, on the inside and the outside
⅛ in./ft for all sizes larger with a
manufacture or damage during handling of opposite walls along the minor axis of
maximum of ⅝ in. in any length of pipe
and will be acceptable if, in the opinion the elliptical reinforcing or along the
through 84-in. internal diameter, and a
of the purchaser, the repaired pipe vertical axis for quadrant reinforcing.
maximum of ¾ in. for 90-in. internal
diameter or larger, except where beveled conforms to the requirements of this 16.3 Markings shall be indented on the
end pipe for laying on curves is specified specification. pipe section or painted thereon with
by the purchaser. waterproof paint.

155