Arrays vs String &

Programming with Loops and Arrays

Cosmin E. Oancea
[email protected]

Department of Computer Science (DIKU)

University of Copenhagen

October 2023
Focus of the next four weeks
Learn how to program:
modeling the solution to a problem in the simplest way that
results in an implementation that has reasonable performance.

Requires reasoning about:

datastructures: what is the simplest or most natural way to

represent and manipulate data, for solving a given problem?

complexity: on any input (dataset), the number of operations

of our implementation is a constant factor away from the
optimal one.
Data Structure

A data structure is:

I a structured way to store data;
I methods to operate on this data (e.g., insert/delete/modify).

So far you have only stored data in variables, which is

limiting (e.g., because you need to know in advance how
many variables you need);

Solution: Arrays;

Arrays are similar to Strings (to some extent).

Today’s Lecture

Strings

Arrays vs Strings

Array Cheat Sheet

Three Ways to Add One to Each Element of an Array

Multi-Dimensional Arrays

Online Programming
Strings and Text

strings is a data structure that consists of a sequence of

characters;

one can use a for-loop to go through a string one character

at a time;

the length of the string is the number of characters it has.

"ducklings".length;
← 9
Index and Sub-Strings

we start counting (characters) from 0;

the operator [i] returns the ith character;
” ducklings ” [ 0 ] ;
← ”d ”

The method substring(n, m) returns the part of the

string from the n’th character to the m’th character, including
the first but excluding the last.
” ducklings ” . s u b s t r i n g ( 1 ,5 ) ;
← ” uckl ”

We can leave out m or both arguments.

” ducklings ” . s u b s t r i n g ( 1 ) ;
← ” ucklings ”
” ducklings ” . s u b s t r i n g ( ) ;
← ” ducklings ”
Methods

Certain values, like strings, have functions attached to them.

These function are called methods.

You can think of them as ordinary functions, where you just

give the first argument in a peculiar way.

"Shannon".toLowerCase();
results in "shannon"

"Eating apples".substring(3,8);
results in "ing a"
Today’s Lecture

Strings

Arrays vs Strings

Array Cheat Sheet

Three Ways to Add One to Each Element of an Array

Multi-Dimensional Arrays

Online Programming
Arrays

An array is a collection of values—think organized

consecutively in memory—where each value is identified by
an index (again we count from zero).

Think of a sequence of boxes, and we can teleport in front of

each box, i.e., it takes the same amount of time to peek
inside the ith box, regardless of the i or the number of boxes.

The values that make up an array are called its elements or

items.
In JavaScript, the elements of an array
I need not have the same type,
I but it’s a really good idea that they do.

let words = ["We", "like", "green", "apples"];

let weirdo = ["hello", 2.0, 5*10, [10, 20]];

Working With Arrays
function mult(numbers) {
let res = 1;
for(i=0; i < numbers.length; i++) { // loop
res = res * numbers[i];
}
return res;
}

let arr_nums = [2, 5, 8, 10]; //array literal

let p = mult(arr_nums);
Working With Arrays
function mult(numbers) {
let res = 1;
for(i=0; i < numbers.length; i++) { // loop
res = res * numbers[i];
}
return res;
}

let arr_nums = [2, 5, 8, 10]; //array literal

let p = mult(arr_nums);

arr nums = [2, 5, 8, 10] declares an array literal,

i.e., creates an array whose elements are 2, 5, 8, 10:
I arr nums[0] is 2;
I arr nums[2] is 8.

function mult computes the product of an array of numbers

Working With Arrays
function mult(numbers) {
let res = 1;
for(i=0; i < numbers.length; i++) { // loop
res = res * numbers[i];
}
return res;
}

let arr_nums = [2, 5, 8, 10]; //array literal

let p = mult(arr_nums);

arr nums = [2, 5, 8, 10] declares an array literal,

i.e., creates an array whose elements are 2, 5, 8, 10:
I arr nums[0] is 2;
I arr nums[2] is 8.

function mult computes the product of an array of numbers

The result is: p = 2 ∗ 5 ∗ 8 ∗ 10 = 800 (on whiteboard)
Working With Arrays
function make_ducklings() {
let prefixes = "JKLMN";
let suffix = "ack";
let ducklings = []; // empty array
let i; // "let" declares a variable
for (i=0; i < prefixes.length; i++) {
let letter = prefixes[i];
ducklings.push(letter + suffix);
}
return ducklings;
}
Working With Arrays
function make_ducklings() {
let prefixes = "JKLMN";
let suffix = "ack";
let ducklings = []; // empty array
let i; // "let" declares a variable
for (i=0; i < prefixes.length; i++) {
let letter = prefixes[i];
ducklings.push(letter + suffix);
}
return ducklings;
}
for (i=0; i < prefixes.length; i++)
loops over each character in the string prefixes;
letter = prefixes[i]: gets the ith letter of prefixes;
letter + suffix: does what?
Working With Arrays
function make_ducklings() {
let prefixes = "JKLMN";
let suffix = "ack";
let ducklings = []; // empty array
let i; // "let" declares a variable
for (i=0; i < prefixes.length; i++) {
let letter = prefixes[i];
ducklings.push(letter + suffix);
}
return ducklings;
}
for (i=0; i < prefixes.length; i++)
loops over each character in the string prefixes;
letter = prefixes[i]: gets the ith letter of prefixes;
letter + suffix: does what? string-like concatenation;
ducklings.push(el):
Working With Arrays
function make_ducklings() {
let prefixes = "JKLMN";
let suffix = "ack";
let ducklings = []; // empty array
let i; // "let" declares a variable
for (i=0; i < prefixes.length; i++) {
let letter = prefixes[i];
ducklings.push(letter + suffix);
}
return ducklings;
}
for (i=0; i < prefixes.length; i++)
loops over each character in the string prefixes;
letter = prefixes[i]: gets the ith letter of prefixes;
letter + suffix: does what? string-like concatenation;
ducklings.push(el): inserts el at the end of array ducklings;
Working With Arrays
function make_ducklings() {
let prefixes = "JKLMN";
let suffix = "ack";
let ducklings = []; // empty array
let i; // "let" declares a variable
for (i=0; i < prefixes.length; i++) {
let letter = prefixes[i];
ducklings.push(letter + suffix);
}
return ducklings;
}
for (i=0; i < prefixes.length; i++)
loops over each character in the string prefixes;
letter = prefixes[i]: gets the ith letter of prefixes;
letter + suffix: does what? string-like concatenation;
ducklings.push(el): inserts el at the end of array ducklings;
The result is array: ["Jack","Kack","Lack","Mack","Nack"].
Can I Have a Slice of That String Array?

the operator [i] returns the ith character element;

we start counting characters elements from 0;

The method substring(n, m) slice(n, m) returns

the part of the string array from the n’th character element
to the m’th character element, including the first but
excluding the last. We can leave out m or both arguments.
Can I Have a Slice of That String Array?

the operator [i] returns the ith character element;

we start counting characters elements from 0;

The method substring(n, m) slice(n, m) returns

the part of the string array from the n’th character element
to the m’th character element, including the first but
excluding the last. We can leave out m or both arguments.

An array literal is a new kind of expression that has syntax:

[ Exp0 , Exp2 , . . . , Expn−1 ]
The empty array is produced by expression: []
l e t arr nums = [ 2 , 2+3 , 8 , 2 * 5 ] ;
co n s o l e . l o g ( a r r n u m s ) ; / / p r i n t s : [ 2 , 5 , 8 , 1 0 ]
Can I Have a Slice of That String Array?

the operator [i] returns the ith character element;

we start counting characters elements from 0;

The method substring(n, m) slice(n, m) returns

the part of the string array from the n’th character element
to the m’th character element, including the first but
excluding the last. We can leave out m or both arguments.

An array literal is a new kind of expression that has syntax:

[ Exp0 , Exp2 , . . . , Expn−1 ]
The empty array is produced by expression: []
l e t arr nums = [ 2 , 2+3 , 8 , 2 * 5 ] ;
co n s o l e . l o g ( a r r n u m s ) ; / / p r i n t s : [ 2 , 5 , 8 , 1 0 ]

push appends a new element at the end of an array. Syntax:

Expproducing producing
an array .push( Expan element )
Some Useful Array Methods

Method Params Description

push x Inserts item x at the end of the array.
pop Removes the last element and returns it.
concat other Creates a new array consisting of the elements
in the array on which it is called, followed in
order by the elements of the other array.
join sep Creates & returns a new string by concatenating
all array elements, each two separated by sep.
indexOf x Returns the index in the array of the first index
whose value is x, or -1 if it is not there.
sort Sorts the items of the array, in place.
reverse Reverses the elements of an array, in place.
slice m, n Returns a new array containing the elements at
indices m, m + 1, . . . , n − 1, of the original array.
splice many Changes an array by removing or replacing
existing elements and/or adding new elements.
Strings are Immutable — Arrays are Mutable
Setting/Updating the element at position ind exp of an array
arr with a new value val exp is achieved with the statement:
arr[ ind_exp ] = val_exp;
ind exp is an expression that produces and integer,
val exp is an expression that produces a value of the same
type as the array element type (for sanity’s sake).
Strings are Immutable — Arrays are Mutable
Setting/Updating the element at position ind exp of an array
arr with a new value val exp is achieved with the statement:
arr[ ind_exp ] = val_exp;
ind exp is an expression that produces and integer,
val exp is an expression that produces a value of the same
type as the array element type (for sanity’s sake).

function mutateString ( ) {
l e t s = ” TEST ” ;
s [ 2 ] = ”X ” ;
return s ;
}
m u t a t e S t r i n g ( ) ; / / r e s u l t s i n ” TEST ”

f u n c t i o n m u t a t e Ar r a y ( ) {
let arr = [ ’T ’ , ’E ’ , ’S ’ , ’T ’ ] ;
a r r [ 2 ] = ’X ’ ;
return arr ;
}
m u t a t e Ar r a y ( ) ; / / r e s u l t s i n [ ” T ” , ” E ” , ” X ” , ” T ” ]
Mutation is Good — Mutation is Bad

let a = [4 , 2 , 44];
let b = a ;

let r = [4 , 2 , 44];
let s = r . slice ( ) ;

b [ 1 ] = 24;
s [ 1 ] = 24;

co n s o l e . l o g ( ” a i s : ” , a ) ;
/ / a i s : [ 4 , 24 , 44]
co n s o l e . l o g ( ” b i s : ” , b ) ;
/ / b i s : [ 4 , 24 , 44]

co n s o l e . l o g ( ” r i s : ” , r ) ;
/ / r i s : [ 4 , 2 , 44]
co n s o l e . l o g ( ” s i s : ” , s ) ;
/ / s i s : [ 4 , 24 , 44]
Mutation is Good — Mutation is Bad

let a = [4 , 2 , 44];
let b = a ; a
0 1 2
let r = [4 , 2 , 44];
let s = r . slice ( ) ;
4 24 44
b [ 1 ] = 24; b
s [ 1 ] = 24;

co n s o l e . l o g ( ” a i s : ” , a ) ; 0 1 2
/ / a i s : [ 4 , 24 , 44]
co n s o l e . l o g ( ” b i s : ” , b ) ;
r 4 2 44
/ / b i s : [ 4 , 24 , 44]

co n s o l e . l o g ( ” r i s : ” , r ) ; 0 1 2
/ / r i s : [ 4 , 2 , 44] s 4 24 44
co n s o l e . l o g ( ” s i s : ” , s ) ;
/ / s i s : [ 4 , 24 , 44]
Today’s Lecture

Strings

Arrays vs Strings

Array Cheat Sheet

Three Ways to Add One to Each Element of an Array

Multi-Dimensional Arrays

Online Programming
Let’s Recap: How Do We Create An Array?
[]: empty-array literal (expression):
l e t a r r n u m s = [ ] ; / / a r r n u m s i s an a r r a y w i t h z e r o e l e m e n t s .
co n s o l e . l o g ( a r r n u m s . l e n g t h ) ; / / p r i n t s 0

[ e1 ,. . .,en ]: creates an array with elements e1 ,. . .,en

l e t a r r s t r s = [ ” I ” , ” l o ve ” , ” prog ” + ” ramming ” , ” ! ” ] ;
co n s o l e . l o g ( a r r s t r s ) ;
/ / p r i n t s : [ ” I ” , ” l o v e ” , ” programming ” , ” ! ” ]
Let’s Recap: How Do We Create An Array?
[]: empty-array literal (expression):
l e t a r r n u m s = [ ] ; / / a r r n u m s i s an a r r a y w i t h z e r o e l e m e n t s .
co n s o l e . l o g ( a r r n u m s . l e n g t h ) ; / / p r i n t s 0

[ e1 ,. . .,en ]: creates an array with elements e1 ,. . .,en

l e t a r r s t r s = [ ” I ” , ” l o ve ” , ” prog ” + ” ramming ” , ” ! ” ] ;
co n s o l e . l o g ( a r r s t r s ) ;
/ / p r i n t s : [ ” I ” , ” l o v e ” , ” programming ” , ” ! ” ]

new Array(nexp ): an expression that creates a new array of length (determined by the
evaluation of expression) nexp ; all its elements are uninitialized:
l e t a r r = new A r r a y ( 1 + 2 * 2 ) ;
co n s o l e . l o g ( a r r . l e n g t h ) ; / / p r i n t s : 5
co n s o l e . l o g ( a r r [ 0 ] ) ; / / p r i n t s : undefined
Let’s Recap: How Do We Create An Array?
[]: empty-array literal (expression):
l e t a r r n u m s = [ ] ; / / a r r n u m s i s an a r r a y w i t h z e r o e l e m e n t s .
co n s o l e . l o g ( a r r n u m s . l e n g t h ) ; / / p r i n t s 0

[ e1 ,. . .,en ]: creates an array with elements e1 ,. . .,en

l e t a r r s t r s = [ ” I ” , ” l o ve ” , ” prog ” + ” ramming ” , ” ! ” ] ;
co n s o l e . l o g ( a r r s t r s ) ;
/ / p r i n t s : [ ” I ” , ” l o v e ” , ” programming ” , ” ! ” ]

new Array(nexp ): an expression that creates a new array of length (determined by the
evaluation of expression) nexp ; all its elements are uninitialized:
l e t a r r = new A r r a y ( 1 + 2 * 2 ) ;
co n s o l e . l o g ( a r r . l e n g t h ) ; / / p r i n t s : 5
co n s o l e . l o g ( a r r [ 0 ] ) ; / / p r i n t s : undefined

new Array(nexp ).fill(vexp ): an expression that creates a new array of length nexp with
all elements initialized to the value resulted from the evaluation of expression vexp :
l e t a r r = new A r r a y ( 2 + 3 ) . f i l l ( 3 * 1 1 ) ;
co n s o l e . l o g ( a r r , l e n g t h ) ; / / p r i n t s : 5
co n s o l e . l o g ( a r r ) ; / / p r i n t s : [ 3 3 ,3 3 ,3 3 ,3 3 ,3 3 ]
Let’s Recap: How Do We Read and/or Modify an Array?
exp arr[exp ind]: returns the element at position exp ind from the array exp arr
exp arr is an expression whose evaluation produces an array;
exp ind is an expression whose evaluation produces an integer.
l e t a r r s t r s = [ ” I ” , ” l o ve ” , ” prog ” + ” ramming ” , ” ! ” ] ;
co n s o l e . l o g ( a r r s t r s [ a r r s t r s . l e n g t h −2] ) ;
l e t p e n u l t i m a t e e l e m e n t = a r r s t r s [ a r r s t r s . l e n g t h −2];
co n s o l e . l o g ( p e n u l t i m a t e e l e m e n t ) ;
What does it print?
Let’s Recap: How Do We Read and/or Modify an Array?
exp arr[exp ind]: returns the element at position exp ind from the array exp arr
exp arr is an expression whose evaluation produces an array;
exp ind is an expression whose evaluation produces an integer.
l e t a r r s t r s = [ ” I ” , ” l o ve ” , ” prog ” + ” ramming ” , ” ! ” ] ;
co n s o l e . l o g ( a r r s t r s [ a r r s t r s . l e n g t h −2] ) ;
l e t p e n u l t i m a t e e l e m e n t = a r r s t r s [ a r r s t r s . l e n g t h −2];
co n s o l e . l o g ( p e n u l t i m a t e e l e m e n t ) ;
What does it print? Prints: ”programming” twice

exp arr.push(exp elm): adds a new element (resulted from evaluating expression
exp elm) to the end of array exp arr:
a r r s t r s . push ( ” F a l s e ! ” ) ;
co n s o l e . l o g ( a r r s t r s . l e n g t h ) ; / / p r i n t s : 5
co n s o l e . l o g ( a r r s t r s ) ;
What does it print?
Let’s Recap: How Do We Read and/or Modify an Array?
exp arr[exp ind]: returns the element at position exp ind from the array exp arr
exp arr is an expression whose evaluation produces an array;
exp ind is an expression whose evaluation produces an integer.
l e t a r r s t r s = [ ” I ” , ” l o ve ” , ” prog ” + ” ramming ” , ” ! ” ] ;
co n s o l e . l o g ( a r r s t r s [ a r r s t r s . l e n g t h −2] ) ;
l e t p e n u l t i m a t e e l e m e n t = a r r s t r s [ a r r s t r s . l e n g t h −2];
co n s o l e . l o g ( p e n u l t i m a t e e l e m e n t ) ;
What does it print? Prints: ”programming” twice

exp arr.push(exp elm): adds a new element (resulted from evaluating expression
exp elm) to the end of array exp arr:
a r r s t r s . push ( ” F a l s e ! ” ) ;
co n s o l e . l o g ( a r r s t r s . l e n g t h ) ; / / p r i n t s : 5
co n s o l e . l o g ( a r r s t r s ) ;
What does it print? Prints: [”I”, ”love”, ”programming”, ”!”, ”False!”]

exp arr.pop(): removes the last element from the array (resulted from evaluating
the expression) exp arr and returns it:
l e t l a s t e l m = a r r s t r s . pop ( ) ;
co n s o l e . l o g ( a r r s t r s . l e n g t h ) ; / / p r i n t s : 4
co n s o l e . l o g ( l a s t e l m ) ; co n s o l e . l o g ( a r r s t r s ) ;
What does it print?
Let’s Recap: How Do We Read and/or Modify an Array?
exp arr[exp ind]: returns the element at position exp ind from the array exp arr
exp arr is an expression whose evaluation produces an array;
exp ind is an expression whose evaluation produces an integer.
l e t a r r s t r s = [ ” I ” , ” l o ve ” , ” prog ” + ” ramming ” , ” ! ” ] ;
co n s o l e . l o g ( a r r s t r s [ a r r s t r s . l e n g t h −2] ) ;
l e t p e n u l t i m a t e e l e m e n t = a r r s t r s [ a r r s t r s . l e n g t h −2];
co n s o l e . l o g ( p e n u l t i m a t e e l e m e n t ) ;
What does it print? Prints: ”programming” twice

exp arr.push(exp elm): adds a new element (resulted from evaluating expression
exp elm) to the end of array exp arr:
a r r s t r s . push ( ” F a l s e ! ” ) ;
co n s o l e . l o g ( a r r s t r s . l e n g t h ) ; / / p r i n t s : 5
co n s o l e . l o g ( a r r s t r s ) ;
What does it print? Prints: [”I”, ”love”, ”programming”, ”!”, ”False!”]

exp arr.pop(): removes the last element from the array (resulted from evaluating
the expression) exp arr and returns it:
l e t l a s t e l m = a r r s t r s . pop ( ) ;
co n s o l e . l o g ( a r r s t r s . l e n g t h ) ; / / p r i n t s : 4
co n s o l e . l o g ( l a s t e l m ) ; co n s o l e . l o g ( a r r s t r s ) ;
What does it print? Prints: ”False!”, then prints: [”I”, ”love”, ”programming”, ”!”]
Today’s Lecture

Strings

Arrays vs Strings

Array Cheat Sheet

Three Ways to Add One to Each Element of an Array

Multi-Dimensional Arrays

Online Programming
1st Version: Create an Empty Array and Push into It
Problem: write a function that returns a new array by adding one
to each element of an input array.
Textual description of the implementation plan:
declare a variable that is initialized to an empty array
(and is intended to hold the result array);
inside a for loop that traverses the elements of the input array do the following:
1 save the current element of the input array in a variable,
2 add one to the current element,
3 push the new element (resulted from step 2) to the end of the
result array;
return the result array.
1st Version: Create an Empty Array and Push into It
Problem: write a function that returns a new array by adding one
to each element of an input array.
Textual description of the implementation plan:
declare a variable that is initialized to an empty array
(and is intended to hold the result array);
inside a for loop that traverses the elements of the input array do the following:
1 save the current element of the input array in a variable,
2 add one to the current element,
3 push the new element (resulted from step 2) to the end of the
result array;
return the result array.
f u n c t i o n a d d O n e To Ar r a yVe r s i o n 1 ( i n p u t a r r a y ) {
l e t r e s u l t a r r a y = [ ] ; / / i n i t i a l i z e t h e r e s u l t a r r a y t o empty
for ( l e t i =0; i < i n p u t a r r a y . length ; i = i +1) {
l e t current element = i n p u t a r r a y [ i ] ;
l e t new element = c u r r e n t e l e m e n t + 1 ;
r e s u l t a r r a y . push ( new element ) ; / / append new e l e m e n t a t t h e end
}
return r e s ul t a r r ay ;
}
l e t a r r = [ 1 ,2 ,3 ,4 ,5 ] ;
co n s o l e . l o g ( a d d O n e To Ar r a yVe r s i o n 2 ( a r r ) ) ; / / P r i n t s : [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ]
co n s o l e . l o g ( a r r ) ; / / P r i n t s : [ 1 ,2 ,3 ,4 ,5 ]
2nd Version: Create a New Array and Update its Elements
Problem: write a function that returns a new array by adding one
to each element of an input array.
Textual description of the implementation plan:
declare a variable that is initialized to an array of the same size as the input array
(and is intended to hold the result array);
inside a for loop that traverses the elements of the input array do the following:
1 save the current element of the input array in a variable,
2 add one to the current element,
3 assign to/update the current element of the result array to the value
resulted from step 2;
return the result array.
2nd Version: Create a New Array and Update its Elements
Problem: write a function that returns a new array by adding one
to each element of an input array.
Textual description of the implementation plan:
declare a variable that is initialized to an array of the same size as the input array
(and is intended to hold the result array);
inside a for loop that traverses the elements of the input array do the following:
1 save the current element of the input array in a variable,
2 add one to the current element,
3 assign to/update the current element of the result array to the value
resulted from step 2;
return the result array.
f u n c t i o n a d d O n e To Ar r a yVe r s i o n 2 ( i n p u t a r r a y ) {
l e t r e s u l t a r r a y = new A r r a y ( i n p u t a r r a y . l e n g t h ) ; // initialized
for ( l e t i =0; i < i n p u t a r r a y . length ; i = i +1) {
l e t current element = i n p u t a r r a y [ i ] ;
l e t new element = c u r r e n t e l e m e n t + 1 ;
r e s u l t a r r a y [ i ] = new element ; / / u p d a t e c u r r e n t element of r e s u l t
}
return r e s ul t a r r ay ;
}
l e t a r r = [ 1 ,2 ,3 ,4 ,5 ] ;
co n s o l e . l o g ( a d d O n e To Ar r a yVe r s i o n 2 ( a r r ) ) ; / / P r i n t s : [ 2 ,3 ,4 ,5 ,6 ]
co n s o l e . l o g ( a r r ) ; // Prints : [ 1 ,2 ,3 ,4 ,5 ]
3nd Version: Update the Input Array (In Place)
Problem: write a function that updates (i.e., in-place) all elements
of an input array by adding one to each of them.
Textual description of the implementation plan:
no initialization is required since we will update the input array in place,
inside a for loop that traverses the elements of the input array do the following:
1 save the current element of the input array in a variable,
2 add one to the current element,
3 assign to/update the current element of the input array to the value
resulted from step 2;
no need to return anything since the input array will be updated.
3nd Version: Update the Input Array (In Place)
Problem: write a function that updates (i.e., in-place) all elements
of an input array by adding one to each of them.
Textual description of the implementation plan:
no initialization is required since we will update the input array in place,
inside a for loop that traverses the elements of the input array do the following:
1 save the current element of the input array in a variable,
2 add one to the current element,
3 assign to/update the current element of the input array to the value
resulted from step 2;
no need to return anything since the input array will be updated.
f u n c t i o n a d d O n e To Ar r a yVe r s i o n 3 ( i n p u t a r r a y ) {
/ / no i n i t i a l i z a t i o n s i n c e we w i l l u p d a t e t h e i n p u t a r r a y i n p l a c e
for ( l e t i =0; i < i n p u t a r r a y . length ; i = i +1) {
l e t current element = i n p u t a r r a y [ i ] ;
l e t new element = c u r r e n t e l e m e n t + 1 ;
i n p u t a r r a y [ i ] = new element ; / / u p d a t e c u r r e n t e l e m e n t o f i n p u t
} / / no need t o r e t u r n a n y t h i n g
}
...
l e t a r r = [ 1 ,2 ,3 ,4 ,5 ] ;
a d d O n e To Ar r a yVe r s i o n 3 ( a r r ) ;
co n s o l e . l o g ( a r r ) ; / / p r i n t s [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ]
Today’s Lecture

Strings

Arrays vs Strings

Array Cheat Sheet

Three Ways to Add One to Each Element of an Array

Multi-Dimensional Arrays

Online Programming
What is a Matrix (of numbers)?
The elements of an array can be, e.g., numbers or string or ...?
What is a Matrix (of numbers)?
The elements of an array can be, e.g., numbers or string or ...?
A matrix is an array whose elements are arrays of numbers.
an m × n matrix consists of m rows,
each row is represented by an array of n numeric elements,
the matrix is thus an array of length m of rows!
Write a function that return a string representation of a matrix:
What is a Matrix (of numbers)?
The elements of an array can be, e.g., numbers or string or ...?
A matrix is an array whose elements are arrays of numbers.
an m × n matrix consists of m rows,
each row is represented by an array of n numeric elements,
the matrix is thus an array of length m of rows!
Write a function that return a string representation of a matrix:
f u n ct i o n matrix2String ( matrix ) {
l e t r e s s t r = ” ” ; / / i n i t i a l i z e r e s u l t t o empty s t r i n g
f o r ( l e t i = 0 ; i < m a t r i x . l e n g t h ; i = i + 1 ) { / / l o o p o v e r m a t r i x ’ s r o ws
l e t row = m a t r i x [ i ] ; / / g e t t h e c u r r e n t row
/ / append t o r e s u l t a s t r i n g r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e row :
r e s s t r = r e s s t r + ” \ t [ ” + row . t o S t r i n g ( ) + ” ] \ n ”
}
return r e s s t r ;
}

l e t mat = [ [ 1 ,2 ,3 ] , [ 4 ,5 ,6 ] , [ 7 ,8 ,9 ] ] ;
l e t m a t s t r = m a t r i x 2 S t r i n g ( mat ) ;
co n s o l e . l o g ( m a t s t r ) ;
1st Version: Build a Matrix of Random Numbers by Push
A matrix is an array whose elements are arrays of numbers.
Creating a m × n matrix (2-dimensional array) of random numbers:
f u n c t i o n mkMa trixVe r1 (m, n ) {
l e t m a t r i x = [ ] ; / / i n i t i a l i z e t o empty a r r a y

f o r ( l e t i = 0 ; i < m; i = i + 1 ) { / / e a ch i t e r a t i o n b u i l d s a row :
l e t row = [ ] ; / / i n i t i a l i z e c u r r e n t row t o t h e empty a r r a y

for ( l e t j = 0; j < n ; j = j +1) {

/ / c r e a t e a random number between 0 and 1 ( e x c l u s i v e ) :
l e t new element = Math . random ( ) ;
/ / append t h e new e l e m e n t a t t h e end o f c u r r e n t row :
row . push ( new element ) ;
}
m a t r i x . push ( row ) ; / / add t h e new row ( e l e m e n t ) t o m a t r i x
}
return matrix ;
}

l e t mat = mkMa trixVe r1 ( 3 , 5 ) ;

co n s o l e . l o g ( m a t r i x 2 S t r i n g ( mat ) ) ;
2nd Version: Build a Matrix of Randoms by Update
A matrix is an array whose elements are arrays of numbers.
Creating a m × n matrix (2-dimensional array) of random numbers:
f u n c t i o n mkMa trixVe r2 (m, n ) {
l e t m a t r i x = new A r r a y (m ) ; / / i n i t i a l i z e t o an a r r a y o f l e n g t h m
f o r ( l e t i = 0 ; i < m; i = i + 1 ) {
/ / s e t e a ch m a t r i x row t o an u n i t i a l i z e d a r r a y o f s i z e n
m a t r i x [ i ] = new A r r a y ( n ) ;
}

/ / s e t e a ch e l e m e n t o f t h e m a t r i x t o a random numbers :
f o r ( l e t i = 0 ; i < m; i = i + 1 ) { / / f o r e a ch row i :
f o r ( l e t j = 0 ; j < n ; j = j + 1 ) { / / f o r e a ch column j :
/ / s e t t h e e l e m e n t a t row i and column j t o a new random :
m a t r i x [ i ] [ j ] = Math . random ( ) ;
}
}
return matrix ;
}

l e t mat = mkMa trixVe r2 ( 3 , 5 ) ;

co n s o l e . l o g ( m a t r i x 2 S t r i n g ( mat ) ) ;
Today’s Lecture

Strings

Arrays vs Strings

Array Cheat Sheet

Three Ways to Add One to Each Element of an Array

Multi-Dimensional Arrays

Online Programming
A Very Important Algorithm
Ci,j = Σq−1
k=0 Ai,k · Bk,j
What is the formula above?
A Very Important Algorithm
Ci,j = Σq−1
k=0 Ai,k · Bk,j
What is the formula above? Matrix Multiplication:
input: A is a m × q matrix and B is a q × n matrix,
result: C is a m × n matrix,
the element on row i and column j of C is computed by summing up all the products
Ai,k · Bk,j , where k = 0, . . . , q − 1.
A Very Important Algorithm
Ci,j = Σq−1
k=0 Ai,k · Bk,j
What is the formula above? Matrix Multiplication:
input: A is a m × q matrix and B is a q × n matrix,
result: C is a m × n matrix,
the element on row i and column j of C is computed by summing up all the products
Ai,k · Bk,j , where k = 0, . . . , q − 1.

f u n c t i o n matMult ( A , B ) {
l e t m = A . length ; l e t q = B . length ; l e t n = B [ 0 ] . length ;
/ / i n i t i a l i z e C t o a 2D a r r a y o f m x n u n i n i t i a l i z e d e l e m e n t s :
l e t C = new A r r a y (m ) ;
f o r ( l e t i = 0 ; i < m; i = i + 1 ) { C [ i ] = new A r r a y ( n ) ; }

f o r ( l e t i = 0 ; i < m; i = i + 1 ) { / / f o r e a ch row i :
f o r ( l e t j = 0 ; j < n ; j = j + 1 ) { / / f o r e a ch column j :
/ / compute and s e t t h e e l e m e n t o f C a t row i and column j :
l e t sum = 0 ;
for ( l e t k = 0; k < q ; k = k +1) {
sum = sum + A [ i ] [ k ] * B [ k ] [ j ] ;
}
C [ i ] [ j ] = sum ;
}
return C;
}
Summary

Array is a fundamental data-structure

(deep learning, quantum computing, . . .),

There are lots of goodies in the standard library for both

strings and arrays,

Matrices are just arrays whose elements are arrays,

three-dimensional arrays are arrays of arrays of arrays,
...

programming with one dimensional arrays extends naturally

to programming with multi-dimensional arrays:
a good example of language composibility!