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 Applications of Microsoft® Excel in
Analytical Chemistry
Second Edition

Stanley R. Crouch
Michigan State University

F. James Holler
University of Kentucky

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 © 2014 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning ISBN-13: 978-1-285-08795-5
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 16 15 14 13 12

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 CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 Excel Basics 1
Getting Started 2
Calculating a Molar Mass 4
Entering Text and Data in the Worksheet 4
Entering an Equation 5
Documenting the Worksheet 7
Laboratory Notebook Example 8
Changing the Width of a Column 10
Entering Numbers into the Spreadsheet 10
Filling Cells Using the Fill Handle 11
Making Complex Calculations with Excel 13
An Example from Gravimetric Analysis 14
More Cell Formatting 14
Entering the Data 15
Calculating Molar Masses 16
Calculating the Percentages 16
Documenting the Spreadsheet 17
Importing and Using Molar Mass Data 19
Importing Data from Web Pages 19
Dealing with Character Strings 21
Making the Calculation 29
Summary 31
Problems 31

CHAPTER 2 Basic Statistical Analysis with Excel 34

Calculating a Mean with Excel 34
Finding the Mean 35
Using Excel’s Built-in Functions 36
Finding the Deviations from the Mean 37
Editing Formulas 38
Computing the Standard Deviation 39
Finding the Variance 39
A Shortcut for Performing a Summation 40
Finding the Standard Deviation 42
The Built-in Statistical Functions of Excel 43
The Coefficient of Variation, or Percent
Relative Standard Deviation 44
Standard Error of the Mean 45
Computing Descriptive Statistics
with the Analysis ToolPak 47
The Analysis ToolPak 47
Calculating the Pooled Standard Deviation 49
Finding the Sum of the Squares
of the Deviations 50
Finding the Total Sum of Squares 52
Confidence Intervals 54
Confidence Intervals when σ is Known 54
Confidence Intervals when s Must Be Used 57
Summary 59
Problems 60
iii

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 CHAPTER 3 Statistical Tests with Excel 64
t Tests 64
Comparing Means Assuming Equal Variances 64
Manual Calculation 65
Using the Excel Built-in Functions 68
Paired Two-Sample t Test 70
F Test for Comparison of Variances 74
ANOVA 77
Entering ANOVA Formulas Manually 77
The Analysis ToolPak ANOVA Tool 81
Distribution-Free Methods 83
Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test for Single Samples 84
Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test for Paired Data 87
Summary 88
Problems 89

CHAPTER 4 Least-Squares and Calibration Methods 95

Linear Least-Squares Analysis 95
The Slope and Intercept 96
Using LINEST 99
The Analysis ToolPak Regression Tool 100
Plotting a Graph of the Data and the
Least-Squares Fit 102
Using Excel to Find Unknown Concentrations
from a Calibration Curve 105
The Internal Standard Method 109
Method of Standard Additions 111
Principles of Multiple Standard Additions 111
Finding the Unknown Concentration 113
Analyzing Errors 113
Plotting the Curve 115
Multiple Linear Regression 115
LINEST 116
Analysis ToolPak 117
Linear Regression with Polynomials 118
Summary 122
Problems 123

CHAPTER 5 Equilibrium, Activity and Solving Equations 132

A Quadratic Equation Solver 132
Using Excel to Iterate 134
Using Excel’s Solver 136
Solving a Cubic Equation 141
Solving a Quartic Equation 143
Exploring the Ionic Strength Dilemma 143
An Iterative Solution 144
Using Solver to Obtain the Solution Directly 148
Summary 151
Problems 151

iv

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 CHAPTER 6 The Systematic Approach to Equilibria: Solving Many
Equations 155
Using Solver for Complex Equilibrium Problems 156
Finding the Concentrations Simultaneously
with Solver 156
Finding A Single Concentration with Solver 158
Goal Seek 160
What is Goal Seek and How Does it Work? 160
Finding the Solubility of Mg(OH)2
with Goal Seek 160
Solving Simultaneous Linear Equations 163
Method of Determinants 164
Matrix Operations 167
Systems with Large Numbers of Equations
and Unknowns 169
Some Additional Examples of Equilibrium Problems 170
Solubility at a Fixed pH 170
Solubility When the pH is Unknown 173
Summary 175
Problems 176
CHAPTER 7 Neutralization Titrations and Graphical Representations 179
Calculating and Plotting a Strong Acid/Strong Base
Titration Curve 179
Stoichiometric Method 179
Using the Charge-Balance Equation 186
Weak Acid-Strong Base Titrations 188
Stoichiometric Method 189
Master Equation Approach 193
Distribution of Species: α Plots 197
Derivative Plots 199
First Derivative Plot 200
Second Derivative Plot 203
Producing a Combination Plot 206
Gran Plots 208
Summary 210
Problems 211
CHAPTER 8 Polyfunctional Acids and Bases 214
Distribution Diagrams 214
A General Expression for α Values 214
Diprotic Acid System 215
What About Bases? 217
Logarithmic Concentration Diagrams 218
Estimating Concentrations at a Given pH Value 221
Finding pH Values 221
Titration Curves for Weak Acids 223
Stoichiometric Method 223
Alpha Values During a Titration 230
An Inverse Master Equation Approach 232
Titration Curves for Difunctional Bases 237
Amphiprotic Species, Amino Acids, and the
Isoelectric Point 239
Summary 242
Problems 243
v

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CHAPTER 9 Complexometric and Precipitation Titrations 247
Complexation Equilibria 247
α-Values for Complexes 248
Inverse Master Equations for Complexometric
Titrations 252
Ligands that Protonate 254
Complexation Reactions with Protonating
Ligands 255
Conditional Formation Constants 255
EDTA: A Ubiquitous Ligand 256
EDTA as a Tetraprotic Acid 256
Titrating EDTA with Base 259
Titrating Metals with EDTA 260
Stoichiometric Approach 261
Inverse Master Equation Approach 264
Precipitation Titrations 267
Stoichiometric Method 267
Direct Master Equation Approach 272
Calculation of Volumes Needed to Produce
a Given pAg 274
Summary 277
Problems 278

CHAPTER 10 Potentiometry and Redox Titrations 282

Calculating Electrode Potentials 282
Cell Potentials and Equilibrium Constants 284
α-Values for Redox Species 285
Redox Titrations 289
Stoichiometric Method 289
Inverse Master Equation Approach 291
Calculating System Potentials from the
Master Equation 293
A More Complex Titration Example 294
Summary 296
Problems 297

CHAPTER 11 Dynamic Electrochemistry 300

Controlled-Potential Coulometry 300
Basic Principles 300
Numerical Integration 301
Coulometric Titrations 306
Voltammetry 310
Voltammetric Determination 310
Determination of Half-Wave Potentials 311
Determination of Formation Constant and
Formula of a Complex 313
Amperometric Titrations 314
Summary 318
Problems 320

vi

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 CHAPTER 12 Spectrochemical Methods 325
Beer’s Law 325
Absorptivity 326
Deviations from Beer’s Law 327
Precision of Absorption Measurements 333
Calibration Methods 336
External Standard Methods 336
Adding Error Bars to a Chart 338
Standard Additions Methods 340
Weighted Linear Regression 341
Multicomponent Methods 347
Iteration 348
Method of Determinants 350
Matrix Methods 352
Spectrophotometric Titrations 352
Spectrophotometric Study of Complex Ions 356
Method of Continuous Variations 357
Producing Charts with Insets 358
Summary 359
Problems 360

CHAPTER 13 Kinetic Methods 368

Rate Laws for Simple Reactions 368
Comparing First- and Second-Order Reactions 368
Determining Reaction Orders 371
Pseudo First-Order Systems 374
Enzyme-Catalyzed Reaction 379
Linear Transformation 379
Nonlinear Regression Approach 382
Kinetic Methods of Analysis 385
Summary 389
Problems 390

CHAPTER 14 Chromatography 394

Chromatographic Terminology and Basic Equations 394
Simulating a Chromatogram 397
Finding the Number of Plates to Achieve a Given
Resolution 400
Nonideal Peak Shapes 401
Optimizing Chromatographic Methods: van Deemter
Equation 404
Van Deemter Plots 404
Using Solver to Find van Deemter Coefficients 406
Quantitative Chromatography 409
Method of External Standards 410
Internal Standard Method 411
Summary 413
Problems 415

vii

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CHAPTER 15 Electrophoresis and Other Separation Methods 419
Resolution of Overlapped Gaussian Peaks 419
Electrophoresis 423
Determining Mobilities of Inorganic Ions 424
Determining the pKa Values of Weak Acids 427
Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary Chromatography 430
Summary 433
Problems 434

CHAPTER 16 Data Processing with Excel 436

Smoothing of Data 436
Generating Noise 437
Moving Average Smoothing 439
Exponential Moving Averages 442
Savitzky-Golay Smoothing 444
Feature Removal and Enhancement 446
Feature Removal 447
Feature Enhancement 449
Recursive Estimation Methods 453
Summary 458
Problems 459

viii

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 Chapter 1

Excel Basics

The spreadsheet is one of the most useful personal computer tools. Spreadsheets were first used

in business applications for financial analysis, modeling, forecasting, database management and

similar tasks. In analytical chemistry, spreadsheets are particularly useful for statistical and

graphical analysis, computing and plotting titration curves, performing equilibrium calculations,

curve fitting, simulations, matrix manipulations, and solving equations.1 Throughout this book,

we present many examples to illustrate the construction and applications of spreadsheets for

performing tasks in quantitative analytical chemistry. Because of its widespread availability and

general utility, we have chosen to illustrate our examples using Microsoft® Excel 2010. Because

there are few changes from Excel 2007, most of the worksheets and instructions also apply to

Excel 2007. When significant differences occur, they are noted in the text or in the appropriate

figure. Because Excel 2010 and Excel 2007 are very different from previous versions, we refer

you to our previous book for illustrations and examples using Office 1997-2003.2 Unless

otherwise noted, we assume that Excel 2010 is configured with the default options as delivered

from the manufacturer. Although the syntax and commands for other spreadsheet software are

somewhat different from those in Excel, the general concepts and principles of operation are

similar. If a program other than Excel is used, the precise instructions must be modified in the

examples presented.

1
For more information on the use of spreadsheets in chemistry, see R. de Levie, How to Use Excel in Analytical
Chemistry and in General Scientific Data Analysis, (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001); .E. J. Billo,
Excel for Chemists: A Comprehensive Guide, 2nd ed. (New York, Wiley-VCH, 2001)D. Diamond and V. C. A.
Hanratty, Spreadsheet Applications in Chemistry Using Microsoft Excel, (New York: Wiley, 1997); H. Freiser,
Concepts & Calculations in Analytical Chemistry: A Spreadsheet Approach, (New York: CRC Press, 1992);.
2
S. R. Crouch and F. J. Holler, Applications of Microsoft® Excel in Analytical Chemistry. Belmont, CA:
Brooks/Cole, 2004.

Copyright 201 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Crouch and Holler Chapter 1

It is our conviction that we learn best by doing, not by reading about doing. Although

software producers have made great strides in generating manuals and other materials for their

products, it is still generally true that when we know enough to read a software manual

efficiently, we no longer need the manual. With this in mind, we have tried to provide a series of

spreadsheet exercises that evolve in the context of analytical chemistry, not a software manual.

Excel commands and syntax are introduced only when they are needed to accomplish a particular

task. If more detailed information is needed, please consult the help screens. Help is available at

the click of a mouse button from within Excel by clicking on the Help icon or by pressing F1.

Getting Started

In this book, we will assume that you are familiar with Windows™. If you need assistance with

Windows, please consult the Windows guide Getting Started or use the on-line help facility

available. To start Excel, double click on the Excel icon or use the Start button and click on

Start/All Programs/Microsoft Office/Microsoft Office Excel 2010. The window shown in

Figure 1-1 then appears on your computer screen.

Versions of Excel prior to Excel 2007 contained menus such as File, Edit, View, Insert,

Format, Tools, etc. The menus and toolbars have been completely removed from Excel 2007 and

2010 and replaced by the ribbon, a two-dimensional layout of icons and words. Each tab, such as

Home, Insert, Page Layout, Formulas, Data, Review, and View, brings up a different ribbon with

its own set of icons and descriptions. Although the ribbon takes up space, it can be minimized by

clicking the minimize ribbon arrow, entering Ctrl+F1, or by right clicking anywhere on the

ribbon and selection Minimize the Ribbon from the list that appears. To maximize workspace,

you may operate with the ribbon minimized. Excel 2007 does not have the File button. Instead

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 Crouch and Holler Chapter 1

commands such as Save, Print, Open, Close, and Send are located in the Office button to the left

of the Home tab.

Figure 1-1 The opening window in Microsoft Excel. Note the location of the File button, the
Quick Access Toolbar, the active cell, and the mouse pointer.

Below the ribbon in Figure 1-1 is the worksheet consisting of a grid of cells arranged in

rows and columns. The rows are labeled 1, 2, 3, and so on, and the columns are labeled A, B, C,

and so on. Each cell has a unique location specified by its address. For example, the active cell,

which is surrounded by a dark outline as shown in Figure 1-1, has the address A1. The address of

the active cell is always displayed in the box just above the first column of the displayed

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Crouch and Holler Chapter 1

worksheet in the formula bar. You may verify this display of the active cell by clicking on

various cells of the worksheet.

Calculating a Molar Mass

In our first exercise we will use Excel as a basic calculator to find the molar mass of sulfuric

acid, H2SO4.

Entering Text and Data in the Worksheet.

Cells may contain text, numbers, or formulas. We will begin by typing some text into the

worksheet. Click on cell A1, and type Molar Mass of Sulfuric Acid followed by the

Enter key []. This is the spreadsheet title. Notice after entering the title that the active cell is

now A2. In this cell type AM H[] as a label to indicate the atomic mass of hydrogen. In A3

type AM S[], and in A4 type AM O[]. In cell A6, type Sulfuric Acid[]. In cell B2

to the right of the label AM H, enter the atomic mass of hydrogen, 1.00794. Likewise in cell B3,

enter the atomic mass of sulfur, 32.066, and in cell B4, enter the atomic mass of oxygen,

15.9994. As you type, the data that you enter appears in the formula bar. If you make a mistake,

just click the mouse in the formula bar, and make necessary corrections. Because the title of the

spreadsheet should be easily distinguished from the body, it is appropriate to format the title in

boldface font. This can be done by selecting cell A1. In the formula bar select the entire title by

dragging the mouse over the words Molar Mass of Sulfuric Acid. When the title has

been selected, click the Bold button in the Font group on the Home tab. This action will make the

title appear in boldface font.

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 Crouch and Holler Chapter 1

Entering an Equation

In cell B6 we will enter the formula that we want Excel to use to calculate the molar mass of

sulfuric acid. Type into cell B6, the following:

=2*B2+B3+4*B4[]

The expression just typed is called a formula. In Excel, formulas begin with an equal sign [=]

followed by the desired numerical expression. This formula will calculate the molar mass of

H2SO4 by summing twice the atomic mass of hydrogen (cell B2), the atomic mass of sulfur (cell

B3), and four times the atomic mass of oxygen (cell B4). The result should be as shown in Figure

1-2.

Figure 1-2 Excel spreadsheet to calculate the molar mass of sulfuric acid.

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Crouch and Holler Chapter 1

Note in Figure 1-2, that Excel has expressed the molar mass of sulfuric acid to five digits

past the decimal point. In Section 6D of Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, 9th edition

(FAC9) and Section 6D of Analytical Chemistry: An Introduction, 7th edition (AC7), reference to

the significant figure convention indicates that the molar mass should be expressed to only three

digits beyond the decimal point since the atomic mass of sulfur is only known to this number of

digits. Hence, a more appropriate result would be 98.079 for the molar mass of H2SO4. To

change the number of displayed digits, bring up the Home ribbon and then click on cell B6.

From the Cells group, select the Format command and Format Cells… from the pull down menu.

The Format Cells window shown below then appears on the screen.

Select the Number tab and then Number from the list. In the Decimal places box select or type 3.

Click the OK button. Cell B6 should now contain 98.079. Note that the effect of change the

number of decimal places can be previewed in the Sample box in the Format Cells window. You

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 Crouch and Holler Chapter 1

can also increase or decrease the number of decimal places by clicking the Increase or Decrease

Decimal button in the Number group on the Home ribbon.

Documenting the Worksheet

Since the spreadsheet does not display the equations entered or indicate which cells contained

data, it is important to document all cells that contain an equations or data. There are several

different documentation schemes, but we shall introduce a method that is quite easy to

implement. Make cell A9 the active cell and type Documentation[]. Make the font for this

cell boldface. In cell A10, type

Cells B2:B4=user entries[]

The colon between B2 and B4 specifies a range. Thus, B2:B4 means the range of cells B2

through B4.

In cell A11, type

Cell B6=2*B2+B3+4*B4[]

The spreadsheet should now appear as shown in Figure 1-3. This documentation indicates the

data entered by the user and shows the formula entered in cell B6 to calculate the molar mass of

sulfuric acid. In many cases, it is apparent which cells contain user entered data. Hence, often the

documentation section will contain only formulas.

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Crouch and Holler Chapter 1

Figure 1-3 Final spreadsheet for calculating the molar mass of sulfuric acid including a
documentation section. Note that we have omitted the Excel ribbon and formula bar for clarity in
this figure.

If desired, you can save your file to the hard disk by clicking on the File (Office in Excel 2007)

button and choosing Save As. You can save as an Excel Workbook and various other formats

including a format compatible with Excel 97-2003. Choose Excel Workbook and enter a

location and a file name such as molarmass. Excel will automatically append the file extension

.xlsx to the file name so that it will appear as molarmass.xlsx. Choosing to save in a

format compatible with Excel 97-2003 appends the file extension .xls to the file.

Laboratory Notebook Example

As another illustration of spreadsheet use, we will use Excel to carry out some functions of the

laboratory notebook illustrated in FAC9, Figure 2-24 and AC7, Figure 2-24. We begin by typing

some text into the worksheet. Click on cell A1 and type Gravimetric Determination

of Chloride followed by the Enter key []. Notice that the active cell is now A2, so you

may now type Samples[]. As you type, the data that you enter appears in the formula bar. If

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 Crouch and Holler Chapter 1

you make a mistake, just click the mouse in the formula bar, and make necessary corrections.

Continue to type text into the cells of column A as shown below.

Mass of bottle plus sample, g[]

Mass of bottle less sample, g[]

Mass of sample, g[]

[ ]

Crucible masses, with AgCl, g[]

Crucible masses, empty, g[]

Mass of AgCl, g[]

[ ]

%Chloride[]

Mean %Chloride[]

Standard Deviation, %Chloride[]

RSD, parts per thousand[]

When you have finished entering the text, the worksheet should appear as shown in Figure 1-4.

Figure 1-4 The appearance of the worksheet after entering the labels.

Copyright 201 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Crouch and Holler Chapter 1

Changing the Width of a Column

Notice that the labels that you typed into column A are wider than the column. You can change

the width of the column by placing the mouse pointer on the boundary between column A and

column B in the column head as shown in Figure 1-5a and dragging the boundary to the right so

that all of the text shows in the column as in Figure 1-5b .

(a) (b)

Figure 1-5 Changing the column width. (a) Place the mouse pointer on the boundary between
column A and column B, and drag to the right to the position shown in (b).

Entering Numbers into the Spreadsheet.

Now let’s enter the numerical data into the spreadsheet. Click on cell B2 and type

1[]

27.6115[]

27.2185[]

At this point, we wish to calculate the difference between the data in cells B3 and B4, so we type

10

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Crouch and Holler Chapter 1

=b3-b4[]

Notice that the difference between the contents of cell B3 and cell B4 is displayed in cell B5.

Figure 1-6 Sample data entry.

Filling Cells Using the Fill Handle.

The formulas for cells C5 and D5 should be identical to the formula in cell B5 except that the

cell references for the data are different. In cell C5, we want to compute the difference between

the contents of cells C3 and C4, and in cell D5, we want the difference between D3 and D4. We

could type the formulas in cells C5 and D5 as we did for cell B5, but Excel provides an easy way

to duplicate formulas, and it automatically changes the cell references to the appropriate values

for us. To duplicate a formula in cells adjacent to an existing formula, simply click on the cell

containing the formula, which is cell B5 in our example, then click on the fill handle (see Figure

1-1), and drag the corner of the rectangle to the right so that it encompasses the cells where you

want the formula to be duplicated. Try it now. Click on cell B5, click on the fill handle, and drag

to the right to fill cells C5 and D5. When you let up on the mouse button, the spreadsheet should

11

Copyright 201 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Crouch and Holler Chapter 1

appear like Figure 1-7. Now click on cell B5, and view the formula in the formula bar. Compare

the formula to those in cells C5 and D5.

Figure 1-7 Use of the fill handle to copy formulas into adjacent cells of a spreadsheet. In this
example, we clicked on cell B2, clicked on the fill handle, and dragged the rectangle to the right
to fill cells C5 and D5. The formulas in cells B5, C5, and D5 are identical, but the cell references
in the formulas refer to data in columns B, C, and D, respectively.

Now we want to perform the same operations on the data in rows 7, 8, and 9 shown in

Figure 1-8, so enter the remaining data into the spreadsheet now.

Figure 1-8 Entering the data into the spreadsheet in preparation for calculating the mass of dry
silver chloride in the crucibles.

Now click on cell B9, and type the following formula:

=b7-b8[]

Again click on cell B9, click on the fill handle, and drag through columns C and D to copy the

formula to cells C9 and D9. The mass of silver chloride should now be calculated for all three

crucibles.

12

Copyright 201 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Crouch and Holler Chapter 1

Making Complex Calculations with Excel

The equation for finding the % chloride in each of the samples is (see FAC9, Chapter 12, or

AC7, Chapter 8)

mass AgCl mass AgCl

 molar mass Cl  35.4527 grams/mol
molar mass AgCl 143.321 grams/mol
%chloride =  100% =  100%
mass sample mass sample

Our task is now to translate this equation into an Excel formula and type it into cell B11 as

shown below.

=B9*35.4527*100/143.321/B5[]

Once you have typed the formula, click on cell B11, and drag on the fill handle to copy the

formula into cells C11 and D11. The %chloride for samples 2 and 3 should now appear in the

spreadsheet as shown in Figure 1-9.

Figure 1-9
Completing the
calculation of
percent
chloride. Type
the formula in
cell B11, click
on the fill
handle, and drag
to the right
through cell
D11.

13

Copyright 201 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Crouch and Holler Chapter 1

We will complete and document the spreadsheet in Chapter 2 after we have explored

some of the important calculations of statistical analysis. For now, click on the File (Office)

button and choose Save As and Excel Workbook. Enter a file name such as grav_chloride,

and save the spreadsheet for retrieval and editing later.

An Example From Gravimetric Analysis

Let’s now use some of the basics we have learned to solve a problem of gravimetric analysis. In

Example 12-2 of FAC9 or 8-2 of AC7, we calculate the percentage of Fe and Fe3O4 in a 1.1324-

g sample of an iron ore. After precipitation as Fe2O3•xH2O, the residue was ignited to give

0.5394 g of pure Fe2O3.

More Cell Formatting

First, select cell A1 and type a title such as Gravimetric Analysis Example in bold.

You can either do as before by typing the title in regular font, selecting it and clicking the Bold

button, or you can click the Bold button before typing so that all subsequent typing in the active

cell appears in bold. Next, in cell A2 type mppt. Now we’ll learn how to make the abbreviation

ppt appear as a subscript as in mppt. Select cell A2. In the formula bar, use the mouse to highlight

(select) the ppt part of mppt. With ppt highlighted, Click the right mouse button and select

Format Cells from the list. The Format Cells window shown below should appear.

14

Copyright 201 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Crouch and Holler Chapter 1

Note that since cell A2 contained only text, only the Font tab appears in the window.

Recall from the molar mass example that when there are numbers in the cell, the Format Cells

window contains tabs for Number, Alignment, Font, Border, Fill, and Protection. Select

Subscript in the Effects box so that a checkmark appears as shown. Click on the OK button and

note that cell A2 now contains mppt as a label for mass of precipitate. Similarly in cells A3, A4

and A5 type msamp, MFe, and MO as labels for sample mass, atomic mass of iron, and atomic mass

of oxygen.

Entering the Data

In cell B2, enter the number 0.5394 for the mass of the precipitate. In cell B3, type the number

1.1324 for the sample mass. In cells B4 and B5, type the atomic masses of iron (55.847) and

oxygen (15.9994). Your spreadsheet should now look as shown in Figure 1-10.

15

Copyright 201 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Crouch and Holler Chapter 1

Figure 1-10 Data entry for gravimetric analysis example.

Calculating Molar Masses

In order to solve the problem, we need the molar masses of Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 in addition to the

atomic masses of iron and oxygen. We can use Excel to calculate these molar masses. In cell A7

type MFe2O3. Because Excel cannot make sub-subscripts, Fe2O3 will be used as the subscript.

Likewise in cell A8, type MFe3O4. We will put the calculated molar mass of Fe2O3 in cell B7 and

the molar mass for Fe3O4 in cell B8. In cell B7, type

=2*B4+3*B5[]

and in B8 type

=3*B4+4*B5[]

The molar masses of Fe2O3 (159.692) and Fe3O4 (231.539) should appear in cells B7 and B8. If

more than three digits beyond the decimal point are displayed, change the number format to

show three digits.

Calculating the Percentages

Our final task is to use the mass of the sample, the mass of the precipitate, the molar masses, and

stoichiometric information to calculate the desired percentages. Type into cells A10 and A11 the

labels %Fe and %Fe3O4. For Fe, the following equation allows us to calculate the percentage.

16

Copyright 201 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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 Crouch and Holler Chapter 1

mppt
 2 MFe
MFe O
% Fe = 2 3
100%
msamp

Type into cell B10, the formula

=B2/B7*2*B4/B3*100[]

The calculation should return the result 33.32 for % Fe. Again adjust the number of significant

figures if too many digits are displayed.

For Fe3O4, the equation for the percentage is

mppt 2
  MFe O
MFe O 3 3 4
% Fe3O4 = 2 3
100%
msamp

Type into cell B11, the formula

=B2/B7*2/3*B8/B3*100[]

This should return the result 46.04 for % Fe3O4. Note that because these calculations involve

only multiplications and division, it is not necessary to tell Excel the order in which to do the

calculations. This hierarchy of operations is necessary when there is a combination of

multiplications or divisions and additions or subtractions. We will see later how to add

parentheses to tell Excel how to carry out the calculation.

Documenting the Spreadsheet

Now let’s add the documentation to the spreadsheet. We will assume that cells B2 through B5

contain user-entered values and so will omit these from the documentation. It should be apparent

to someone looking at the spreadsheet and the problem that these are values to be entered. We

mainly want to document the calculations done in cells B7, B8, B10 and B11. Select cell A13

17

Copyright 201 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Crouch and Holler Chapter 1

and type Documentation[] into this cell in bold. Instead of retyping the formulas entered

in cells B7, B8, B10 and B11 from scratch, there is an easy way to copy them into the

documentation cells. This shortcut also prevents typing errors in entering the formulas in the

documentation. To illustrate, select cell A14, and type Cell B7[] in this cell. Now select

cell B7 and highlight the formula displayed in the formula bar. Click on the Copy icon in the

Clipboard group on the Home tab. To prevent Excel from copying the formula and changing the

cell references, hit the Escape key on the keyboard to cancel the operation. The text copied,

however, is still in the Windows clipboard. Now select cell A14 and position the cursor after the

B7 in the formula bar. Click on the Paste icon. This will copy the formula for the molar mass of

Fe2O3 into cell A14 as a text string. Repeat these copy operations for cells A15 through A17.

You can also use the keyboard shortcuts Ctrl-c for copy and Ctrl-v for paste instead of

using the mouse. Your final spreadsheet should be as shown in Figure 1-11.

Figure 1-11 Final spreadsheet for the gravimetric analysis example.

18

Copyright 201 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Crouch and Holler Chapter 1

Save your spreadsheet to the disk with a file name such as grav_analysis.xls.

Importing and Using Molar Mass Data

In this exercise, we will learn how to import data from an external data source, to manipulate the

data to obtain the desired numerical values for molar masses of the elements, to look up the

appropriate values of the molar masses of the elements, and finally, to calculate molar masses of

compounds.

Importing Data from Web Pages

The development of the Internet and the resulting capability for widespread storage and retrieval

of textual and numerical data have made it quite easy to gain access to the latest values for molar

masses, universal constants of nature, and raw data from the scientific literature. The most

important potential advantage of direct import of numerical data is the elimination of human

transcription errors. In addition, if you require more than a few values, importing them may save

considerable time. If only a few values need to be imported, the easiest way to get the data into a

spreadsheet is to use the basic editing features of all Windows programs. For example, you may

simply highlight the desired number or string of characters, and click on the copy icon (or the

keyboard shortcut Ctrl-c), and then place the cursor in the desired location in your

spreadsheet, and click on the paste icon (Ctrl-v) or on Paste Special…in the Paste menu in

the Clipboard group. Another way is to use the Data Import function in Excel. We will test this

approach by importing atomic weight data from the Web. With a blank worksheet and the cursor

in cell A1, click on the Data tab in Excel. At the far left in the Data Ribbon is a group titled Get

External Data. Click on the From Web icon. Note that this opens up a New Web Query

19

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